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Journal articles on the topic 'Northern Humboldt current ecosystem'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 September 2022

Last updated: 26 October 2022

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1

Cornejo, Rodolfo, Luis La Cruz, and Ramiro Castillo. "Distribución y biomasa de anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) y múnida (Pleuroncodes monodon) en el ecosistema marino de la Reserva Nacional de Paracas, región sur del Perú." Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 51, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2022.51.1.1065.

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The present study determined the distribution and biomass of the Peruvian anchovy and pelagic red squat lobster related to the oceanographic characteristics in the marine protected area of the Paracas National Reserve in the Northern Humboldt Current System. Acoustic, biological, and oceanographic information was collected on the pelagic habitat in surveys carried out by the Peruvian Marine Research Institute during the summer and spring of 2018, 2019, and 2020. The results obtained indicated that the spatial occupation of the pelagic habitat of Peruvian anchovy and pelagic red squat lobster were influenced by the dynamics of upwelling, water masses, and a shallow and intense Oxygen Minimum Zone. Spatial overlap of high biomass of Peruvian anchovy and pelagic red squat lobster were recorded in the surface layer during the night. Although, with the presence of dense swarms of múnida in anoxic intermediate waters of the Oxygen Minimum Zone during the day. The Marine Protected Area off the Paracas National Reserve functions as a protection zone for the structure and functioning of the pelagic-neritic ecosystem and strengthens the fishery production of Peruvian anchovy stock in the Northern Humboldt Current System

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2

Gong, Yi, Yaxin Wang, Ling Chen, Yunkai Li, Xinjun Chen, and Bilin Liu. "Microplastics in different tissues of a pelagic squid (Dosidicus gigas) in the northern Humboldt Current ecosystem." Marine Pollution Bulletin 169 (August 2021): 112509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112509.

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3

Tam, J., S. Purca, L. O. Duarte, V. Blaskovic, and P. Espinoza. "Changes in the diet of hake associated with El Niño 1997−1998 in the northern Humboldt Current ecosystem." Advances in Geosciences 6 (January 9, 2006): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-6-63-2006.

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Abstract. Hake (Merluccius gayi peruanus) predation plays an important role in the dynamics of the Humboldt Current ecosystem (HCE). Changes in the hake trophic habits associated with physical variability are expected to impact prey populations and to propagate through the food web. Time series (1995–2002) of (a) stomach contents of hake, (b) biomass estimations of fish prey species of hake, and (c) depth of the 15°C isotherm was analysed with the aim of exploring the impacts of El Niño 1997–1998 on the diet of hake. Biomass estimations of fish prey species were used to indicate resource availability, and depth of the 15°C isotherm to represent variability associated with the ENSO cycle in the physical environment of hake. The richness of prey species increased during the months when 15°C isotherm reached its deepest position, supporting the hypothesis of increased biodiversity (tropicalization) of the HCE during El Niño events. An increased variability in stomach fullness of hake was detected after 1999 which could indicate high heterogeneity in the food supply as a consequence of impacts of the warm event in the biotic community structure of the HCE, a physiological impairment of hake or an effect of the abrupt reduction in the mean total length of hake, postulated as a compensatory response to fishery pressure. Hake can be characterized as an opportunist predator according to the observed changes in its diet during 1995–2002. Overall, the diet of hake in the northern HCE exhibited transitory (e.g. increased richness of prey species in the stomach contents) and medium term (e.g. increased variability in feeding activity) responses associated with El Niño 1997–1998, which should be incorporated both in population dynamics and food web analyses.

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4

Joo, Rocio, Arnaud Bertrand, Marilu Bouchon, Alexis Chaigneau, Hervé Demarcq, Jorge Tam, Monique Simier, et al. "Ecosystem scenarios shape fishermen spatial behavior. The case of the Peruvian anchovy fishery in the Northern Humboldt Current System." Progress in Oceanography 128 (November 2014): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.08.009.

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5

Tam, Jorge, Marc H. Taylor, Verónica Blaskovic, Pepe Espinoza, R. Michael Ballón, Erich Díaz, Claudia Wosnitza-Mendo, et al. "Trophic modeling of the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem, Part I: Comparing trophic linkages under La Niña and El Niño conditions." Progress in Oceanography 79, no. 2-4 (October 2008): 352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.10.007.

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6

Alegre, Ana, Arnaud Bertrand, Marco Espino, Pepe Espinoza, Teobaldo Dioses, Miguel Ñiquen, Iván Navarro, Monique Simier, and Frédéric Ménard. "Diet diversity of jack and chub mackerels and ecosystem changes in the northern Humboldt Current system: A long-term study." Progress in Oceanography 137 (September 2015): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.07.010.

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7

Taylor, Marc H., Jorge Tam, Verónica Blaskovic, Pepe Espinoza, R. Michael Ballón, Claudia Wosnitza-Mendo, Juan Argüelles, et al. "Trophic modeling of the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem, Part II: Elucidating ecosystem dynamics from 1995 to 2004 with a focus on the impact of ENSO." Progress in Oceanography 79, no. 2-4 (October 2008): 366–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.10.008.

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8

Grados, Daniel, Ronan Fablet, Michael Ballón, Nicolas Bez, Ramiro Castillo, Ainhoa Lezama-Ochoa, and Arnaud Bertrand. "Multiscale characterization of spatial relationships among oxycline depth, macrozooplankton, and forage fish off Peru using geostatistics, principal coordinates of neighbour matrices (PCNMs), and wavelets." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 4 (April 2012): 740–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2012-017.

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Upwelling ecosystems are particularly heterogeneous and present intense mesoscale (tens of kilometres) and submesoscale (hundreds of metres to kilometres) activity that are expected to drive the distribution of the organisms and thus their interactions. Here we addressed the impact of the physical forcing in the northern Humboldt Current system off Peru, which is characterized by the presence of an intense and shallow oxygen minimum zone and used the variability of the depth of the oxycline as a proxy of the physical forcing that impacts the epipelagic communities. We analyzed simultaneous high-resolution acoustic observations of the oxycline depth, the biomass in macrozooplankton, and the biomass in pelagic fish. Three complementary methodologies were considered: (i) geostatistical methods and correlation tests, (ii) principal coordinates of neighbour matrices, and (iii) wavelet analysis. Our results highlight the relevance of a multimethod framework to characterize the multiscale relationships between marine ecosystem components. We also provided evidence that the submesoscale-to-mesoscale variability of the oxycline depth drives the distribution of macrozooplankton, which further structures the distribution of forage fish in a bottom-up cascade.

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9

Ulloa, Raúl, Adolfo Vargas, Cristian Hudson, and Marcelo M. Rivadeneira. "Zoning of the Mejillones Peninsula marine protected coastal area of multiple uses, northern Chile." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 41, no. 3 (March 8, 2017): 506–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol41-issue3-fulltext-14.

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Marine protected areas of multiple uses (MPA-MU), are an important management tool to protect biodiversity and regulate the use of coastal marine resources. However, robust conservation plans require an explicit consideration of not only biological but also social components, balancing the protection of biodiversity with a sustainable exploitation of marine resources. Here we applied the decision-making algorithm MARXAN to provide a zoning analysis at the Mejillones Peninsula MPA-MU in northern Chile, one of largest MPA’s of the Humboldt Current Marine Ecosystem. We set conservation goals for coarse and fine-filter conservation targets that were crossed out against different threats and pressure factors from human activities across the area. We identified a portfolio of sites for conservation, within the Mejillones Peninsula MPA-MU, representing different ecological systems with different levels of human impacts and vulnerability. These results may serve as a foundational guideline for the future administration of the MPA-MU.

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10

Segura-Cobeña, Eduardo, Joanna Alfaro-Shigueto, Jeffrey Mangel, Angel Urzua, and Konrad Górski. "Stable isotope and fatty acid analyses reveal significant differences in trophic niches of smooth hammerhead Sphyrna zygaena (Carcharhiniformes) among three nursery areas in northern Humboldt Current System." PeerJ 9 (April 22, 2021): e11283. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11283.

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Fishery pressure on nursery areas of smooth hammerhead in northern Peruvian coast have become a serious threat to sustainability of this resource. Even though, some management actions focused on conservation of the smooth hammerhead populations were proposed in recent years, their scientific foundations are often limited, and biomass of smooth hammerhead in Peruvian waters continues to decrease. To inform management and conservation, this study aims to evaluate the trophic niche of smooth hammerhead juveniles from three nursery areas in the northern Peruvian coast using stable isotope and fatty acid analyses. First, we compared the environmental characteristics of each nursery area (i.e., sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration) and concluded that nursery areas differed significantly and consistently in sea surface temperature. Subsequently, we evaluated isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen and fatty acid profiles of muscle and liver tissues collected from juvenile smooth hammerhead from each nursery area. We found that juvenile smooth hammerhead captured in San José were enriched in heavier 13C and 15N isotopes compared to those captured in Máncora and Salaverry. Furthermore, the broadest isotopic niches were observed in juveniles from Máncora, whereas isotopic niches of juveniles from Salaverry and San José were narrower. This difference is primarily driven by the Humboldt Current System and associated upwelling of cold and nutrient rich water that drives increased primary production in San José and, to a less extent, in Salaverry. Compared to smooth hammerhead juveniles from Máncora, those from San José and Salaverry were characterised by higher essential fatty acid concentrations related to pelagic and migratory prey. We conclude that smooth hammerhead juveniles from three nursery areas in the northern Peruvian coast differ significantly in their trophic niches. Thus, management and conservation efforts should consider each nursery area as a unique juvenile stock associated with a unique ecosystem and recognize the dependence of smooth hammerhead recruitment in San José and Salaverry on the productivity driven by the Humboldt Current System.

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11

Escribano, R. "Influence of El Niño and La Niña on the population dynamics of Calanus chilensis in the Humboldt Current ecosystem of northern Chile." ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, no. 6 (December 2000): 1867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0953.

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12

Echevin, Vincent, Manon Gévaudan, Dante Espinoza-Morriberón, Jorge Tam, Olivier Aumont, Dimitri Gutierrez, and François Colas. "Physical and biogeochemical impacts of RCP8.5 scenario in the Peru upwelling system." Biogeosciences 17, no. 12 (July 1, 2020): 3317–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3317-2020.

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Abstract. The northern Humboldt Current system (NHCS or Peru upwelling system) sustains the world's largest small pelagic fishery. While a nearshore surface cooling has been observed off southern Peru in recent decades, there is still considerable debate on the impact of climate change on the regional ecosystem. This calls for more accurate regional climate projections of the 21st century, using adapted tools such as regional eddy-resolving coupled biophysical models. In this study three coarse-grid Earth system models (ESMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) are selected based on their biogeochemical biases upstream of the NHCS, and simulations for the RCP8.5 climate scenario are dynamically downscaled at ∼12 km resolution in the NHCS. The impact of regional climate change on temperature, coastal upwelling, nutrient content, deoxygenation, and the planktonic ecosystem is documented. We find that the downscaling approach allows us to correct major physical and biogeochemical biases of the ESMs. All regional simulations display a surface warming regardless of the coastal upwelling trends. Contrasted evolutions of the NHCS oxygen minimum zone and enhanced stratification of phytoplankton are found in the coastal region. Whereas trends of downscaled physical parameters are consistent with ESM trends, downscaled biogeochemical trends differ markedly. These results suggest that more realism of the ESM circulation, nutrient, and dissolved oxygen fields is needed in the eastern equatorial Pacific to gain robustness in the projection of regional trends in the NHCS.

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13

Vergara, Makarena, Marcelo E. Oliva, and José M. Riascos. "Population dynamics of the amphioxus Branchiostoma elongatum from northern Chile." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92, no. 3 (July 13, 2011): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315411000804.

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Amphioxi represent the evolutionary link between vertebrates and invertebrates. For this reason, research dealing with these animals has been focused mainly on embryological and anatomical studies. Out of 30 described species, only one, Branchiostoma elongatum, is known to inhabit shallow sandy bottoms along the Humboldt Current System (HCS) of Chile and Peru. The population dynamics of B. elongatum from northern Chile was studied between February 2008 and January 2009, and the results were compared with other species within the genus Branchiostoma inhabiting distinct ecosystems. Mean abundance of B. elongatum was low (158.6 ind m−2) in comparison with the abundance of other species within Branchiostoma. Although the gametogenic activity was continuous, a clear spawning event was observed between August and October, which seemingly produced a recruitment pulse during the summer and consequently a simultaneous increase in population density and decrease of mean length during that period. Growth of B. elongatum was best fitted to the seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth function (K = 0.45 year−1 and L∞ = 64.6 mm), with faster growth during summer–autumn. Growth performance (Ф′ = 3.273) was high in comparison with other species within the genus. Mortality of B. elongatum (Z = 1.075 year−1) was well fitted to the single exponential model (r2 = 0.92). The annual total production of B. elongatum reached 0.68 g ash-free dry mass (AFDM) m−2 and the annual mean biomass was 0.56 g AFDM m−2, which determined a production to biomass ratio of 1.22. The huge productivity of the HCS was not reflected in a high abundance and biomass of B. elongatum. However, this species displayed a high growth efficiency and P/B ratio that are comparable to those of other Branchiostoma inhabiting highly productive ecosystems.

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14

Blanchard, Julia L., Simon Jennings, Robert Holmes, James Harle, Gorka Merino, J. Icarus Allen, Jason Holt, Nicholas K. Dulvy, and Manuel Barange. "Potential consequences of climate change for primary production and fish production in large marine ecosystems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1605 (November 5, 2012): 2979–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0231.

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Existing methods to predict the effects of climate change on the biomass and production of marine communities are predicated on modelling the interactions and dynamics of individual species, a very challenging approach when interactions and distributions are changing and little is known about the ecological mechanisms driving the responses of many species. An informative parallel approach is to develop size-based methods. These capture the properties of food webs that describe energy flux and production at a particular size, independent of species' ecology. We couple a physical–biogeochemical model with a dynamic, size-based food web model to predict the future effects of climate change on fish biomass and production in 11 large regional shelf seas, with and without fishing effects. Changes in potential fish production are shown to most strongly mirror changes in phytoplankton production. We project declines of 30–60% in potential fish production across some important areas of tropical shelf and upwelling seas, most notably in the eastern Indo-Pacific, the northern Humboldt and the North Canary Current. Conversely, in some areas of the high latitude shelf seas, the production of pelagic predators was projected to increase by 28–89%.

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15

Guzmán-Rivas, Fabián, Marco Quispe-Machaca, Dante Queirolo, Mauricio Ahumada, and Ángel Urzúa. "Latitudinal changes in the lipid content and fatty acid profiles of juvenile female red squat lobsters (Pleuroncodes monodon) in breeding areas of the Humboldt Current System." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 22, 2021): e0253314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253314.

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The red squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon is a species of high commercial value that inhabits the Humboldt Current System. Along the Chilean coast, two populations are exploited by the fishing industry, one located off the coast of Coquimbo and the other off the coast of Concepción. Yet, it is unknown whether there are differences in the “bioenergetic fuel” (measured as lipid content and fatty acid profile) of juvenile populations of these two fishing units and whether these bioenergetic compounds can be modulated by differences in the environmental parameters (such as temperature or chlorophyll-a) of their breeding areas. To shed some light on this, we measured the lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the viscera and muscle of juvenile female red squat lobsters from these two fishing units, specifically from breeding areas near long-exploited fishing grounds: a) the northern fishing unit (NFU, from 26°S to 30°S) and b) the southern fishing unit (SFU, from 32°S to 37°S). We found differences in the lipid content, fatty acid profiles, and ratios of saturated fatty acids (C16:0/C18:0) of juvenile females from these two locations. In addition, the essential fatty acids (DHA/EPA) found in the viscera versus the muscle of these lobsters varied significantly. Juvenile females from the SFU (i.e. Concepción) showed a higher lipid content compared to the juvenile females from the NFU (i.e. Coquimbo). Consistently, individuals from the SFU had a higher content of fatty acids, which also proved to be richer in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids compared to those from the NFU. Our results are important for the fisheries in both areas because these juvenile populations are the source of new recruits for the adult populations that are exploited by the fishing industry. Our study also aids in determining which populations are healthier or of better quality in bioenergetic terms. Furthermore, increasing the incorporation of bioenergetic parameters in fishery models is essential for the recruitment and stock assessment within an ecosystem approach, since it allows for the evaluation of the nutritional condition of different fishing populations.

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16

Rios-Escalante, Patricio, Carlos Esse, Marco Retamal, Oscar Zúñiga, Maritza Fajardo, and Farhana Ghory. "Spatial Distribution of Cyclograpsus cinereus Dana 1851 on the Rocky Shores of Antofagasta (23°27′ S, Chile)." Diversity 14, no. 6 (May 24, 2022): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14060418.

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The decapod fauna in the intertidal zone of the rocky shores of Chile is highly diverse, especially along the northern and central mainland coasts, where the influence of the cold Humboldt Current results in high productivity. One of the most abundant species in these ecosystems is the decapod Cyclograpsus cinereus Dana, 1851. The aim of the present study, carried out in the spring and summer seasons between 2018 and 2020, was to determine the spatial distribution patterns of the decapod C. cinereus in different sites along the rocky shores of Antofagasta bay, northern Chile, in order to establish probabilistic models that explain its distribution at each site. Individuals were counted in random quadrants in the intertidal zone. The data thus obtained were processed by application of the variance/mean ratio to determine whether the distribution of individuals was random, aggregated or uniform, associated with Poisson, negative binomial or positive binomial distributions, respectively. The data revealed aggregated (negative binomial) distribution in 15 sampling events, and uniform (positive binomial) distribution in 4 events. The sampling sites were located on rocky shores in four sectors of an urban zone, and two in a protected zone; no significant differences were found between the densities of the sites in the two zones. The results of the interpretative probabilistic models indicated aggregated distribution patterns, agreeing with previously reported interpretative probabilistic models for the distribution of decapods on the rocky shores of central and southern Chile.

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17

Graco, Michelle I., Sara Purca, Boris Dewitte, Carmen G. Castro, Octavio Morón, Jesús Ledesma, Georgina Flores, and Dimitri Gutiérrez. "The OMZ and nutrient features as a signature of interannual and low-frequency variability in the Peruvian upwelling system." Biogeosciences 14, no. 20 (October 19, 2017): 4601–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4601-2017.

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Abstract. Over the last decades, the Humboldt Current upwelling ecosystem, particularly the northern component off the coast of Peru, has drawn the interest of the scientific community because of its unique characteristics: it is the upwelling system with the biggest catch productivity despite the fact it is embedded in a shallow and intense oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). It is also an area of intense nitrogen loss and anammox activity and experiences large interannual variability associated with the equatorial remote forcing. In this context, we examined the oceanographic and biogeochemical variability associated with the OMZ off central Peru from a monthly time series (1996–2011) recorded off the coast of Callao (12° 02′ S, 77° 29′ W). The data reveal a rich spectrum of variability in the OMZ that includes frequencies ranging from seasonal to interannual scales. Due to the efficient oceanic teleconnection off Peru, the observed variability is interpreted in the light of an estimate of the equatorial Kelvin wave contribution to sea level anomalies considering the peculiarities of its vertical structure (i.e., the first two baroclinic modes). The span of the data set allows us to contrast two OMZ regimes. The strong regime is associated with the strong 1997–1998 equatorial Pacific El Niño, during which the OMZ adjusted to Kelvin-wave-induced downwelling conditions that switched off the upwelling and drastically reduced nutrient availability. The weak regime corresponds to the post-2000 period associated with the occurrence of moderate central Pacific El Niño events and enhanced equatorial Kelvin wave activity, in which mean upwelling conditions are maintained. It is shown that the characteristics of the coupling between physics and biogeochemistry is distinct between the two regimes with the weak regime being associated with a larger explained variance in biogeochemical properties not linearly related to the ENSO oceanic teleconnection. The data also reveal a long-term trend from 1999 corresponding to a deepening of the oxygen-deficient waters and warming. The implications of our results for understanding the OMZ dynamics off Peru are discussed.

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18

Alheit, Jürgen, and Miguel Niquen. "Regime shifts in the Humboldt Current ecosystem." Progress in Oceanography 60, no. 2-4 (February 2004): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.02.006.

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19

Ferguson-Cradler, Gregory. "The Fishmeal Revolution: The Industrialization of the Humboldt Current Ecosystem." Hispanic American Historical Review 102, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-9798369.

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20

Gándara, Natalia. "The Fishmeal Revolution: The Industrialization of the Humboldt Current Ecosystem." Agricultural History 96, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-9825370.

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21

Contreras-Reyes, Javier E., and Carola Hernández-Santoro. "Assessing Granger-Causality in the Southern Humboldt Current Ecosystem Using Cross-Spectral Methods." Entropy 22, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22101071.

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The southern Humboldt Current ecosystem is an important topic among researchers working on the drivers of pelagic species’ biological indicators. While sea surface temperature is believed to be a major driver in anchovies’ (Engraulis ringens) reproductive and body condition indicators, this paper shows that regional drivers such as Pacific decadal oscillation anomalies also influence these biological processes. In addition, a warm condition could trigger increased gonad development of anchovies and synchronization of body condition dynamics with local environmental conditions stemming from sea turbulence and Ekman transport. To test the statistical significance of causality between two time series and determine the direction of causality, the frequency-domain Granger-causality method is considered. Therefore, this study provides additional predictive information, derived from past data on anchovy reproductive and feeding activities. The study could be useful for researchers working on relationships of environmental conditions and pelagic species to predict biological processes’ maximum and minimum peak movements and anchovy abundance in the southern Humboldt Current ecosystem.

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22

Salvatteci, Renato, Ralph R. Schneider, Eric Galbraith, David Field, Thomas Blanz, Thorsten Bauersachs, Xavier Crosta, et al. "Smaller fish species in a warm and oxygen-poor Humboldt Current system." Science 375, no. 6576 (January 7, 2022): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj0270.

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Species shifts Our anthropogenically warmed climate will lead to a suite of organismal changes. To predict how some of these may occur, we can look to past warm (interglacial) periods. Salvatteci et al . used this approach and looked at a marine sediment record of the Humboldt Current system off the coast of Peru (see the Perspective by Yasuhara and Deutsch). They found that previous warm periods were dominated by small, goby-like fishes, whereas this ecosystem currently is dominated by anchovy-like fishes. Such a shift is not only relevant to ecosystem shifts but also to fisheries because anchovies are heavily fished as a food source and gobies are much less palatable than anchovies. —SNV

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23

Montecino, Vivian, and Carina B. Lange. "The Humboldt Current System: Ecosystem components and processes, fisheries, and sediment studies." Progress in Oceanography 83, no. 1-4 (December 2009): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.041.

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24

Moloney, Coleen L., Astrid Jarre, Hugo Arancibia, Yves-Marie Bozec, Sergio Neira, Jean-Paul Roux, and Lynne J. Shannon. "Comparing the Benguela and Humboldt marine upwelling ecosystems with indicators derived from inter-calibrated models." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 3 (January 1, 2005): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.11.009.

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Abstract Large-scale, mass-balance trophic models have been developed for northern and southern regions of both the Benguela and Humboldt upwelling ecosystems. Four of these Ecopath models were compared and calibrated against one another. A common model structure was established, and a common basis was used to derive poorly known parameter values. The four resulting models represent ecosystems in which the main commercial fish species have been moderately to heavily fished: central-southern Chile (1992), northern-central Peru (1973–1981), South Africa (1980–1989), and Namibia (1995–2000). Quantitative ecosystem indicators derived from these models were compared. Indicators based on large flows (involving low trophic levels) or top predators were not well estimated, because of aggregation problems. Many of the indicators could be contrasted on the basis of differences between the Benguela and Humboldt systems, rather than on the basis of fishing impact. These include integrated values relating to total catches, and trophic levels of key species groups. Indicators based on integrated biomass, total production, and total consumption tended to capture differences between the model for Namibia (where fish populations were severely reduced) and the other models. We conclude that a suite of indicators is required to represent ecosystem state, and that interpretation requires relatively detailed understanding of the different ecosystems.

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Riquelme-Bugueño, Ramiro, Jaime Gómez-Gutiérrez, Rubén Escribano, Paula Ruz, Pamela Hidalgo, and Wolfgang Schneider. "First measurements of euphausiid growth rates in the northern Humboldt Current (23ºS)." Revista de biología marina y oceanografía 51, no. 2 (August 2016): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-19572016000200020.

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26

Matys, E. D., J. Sepúlveda, S. Pantoja, C. B. Lange, M. Caniupán, F. Lamy, and R. E. Summons. "Bacteriohopanepolyols along redox gradients in the Humboldt Current System off northern Chile." Geobiology 15, no. 6 (August 3, 2017): 844–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12250.

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27

Oozeki, Yoshioki, Miguel Ñiquen Carranza, Akinori Takasuka, Patricia Ayón Dejo, Hiroshi Kuroda, Jorge Tam Malagas, Takeshi Okunishi, et al. "Synchronous multi-species alternations between the northern Humboldt and Kuroshio Current systems." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 159 (January 2019): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.11.018.

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28

Weichler, Tanja, Stefan Garthe, Guillermo Luna-Jorquera, and Julio Moraga. "Seabird distribution on the Humboldt Current in northern Chile in relation to hydrography, productivity, and fisheries." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2003.07.001.

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AbstractFactors affecting seabird distribution in the Humboldt Current upwelling system in northern Chile were studied in January 1999 using ship transect counts. Of 24 species recorded, the Peruvian booby (Sula variegata), the kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) and the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) were the most abundant. Species composition varied among different areas of the system and distribution patterns differed substantially among eight of the more abundant species. Most species showed links to variation in environmental factors (trawler distribution, SST and chlorophyll concentration). Principal component analysis identified a feeding-flock factor as the most important one for explaining observed distribution patterns. One-third of all birds recorded were associated in feeding flocks and 3% of all individuals were directly attending fishing vessels.

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Morgan, Cheryl A., Brian R. Beckman, Laurie A. Weitkamp, and Kurt L. Fresh. "Recent Ecosystem Disturbance in the Northern California Current." Fisheries 44, no. 10 (June 13, 2019): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsh.10273.

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Collareta, Alberto, Olivier Lambert, Felix G. Marx, Christian de Muizon, Rafael Varas-Malca, Walter Landini, Giulia Bosio, et al. "Vertebrate Palaeoecology of the Pisco Formation (Miocene, Peru): Glimpses into the Ancient Humboldt Current Ecosystem." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111188.

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The northward-flowing Humboldt Current hosts perpetually high levels of productivity along the western coast of South America. Here, we aim to elucidate the deep-time history of this globally important ecosystem based on a detailed palaeoecological analysis of the exceptionally preserved middle–upper Miocene vertebrate assemblages of the Pisco Formation of the East Pisco Basin, southern Peru. We summarise observations on hundreds of fossil whales, dolphins, seals, seabirds, turtles, crocodiles, sharks, rays, and bony fishes to reconstruct ecological relationships in the wake of the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, and the marked cooling that followed it. The lowermost, middle Miocene Pisco sequence (P0) and its vertebrate assemblage testify to a warm, semi-enclosed, near-shore palaeoenvironment. During the first part of the Tortonian (P1), high productivity within a prominent upwelling system supported a diverse assemblage of mesopredators, at least some of which permanently resided in the Pisco embayment and used it as a nursery or breeding/calving area. Younger portions of the Pisco Formation (P2) reveal a more open setting, with wide-ranging species like rorquals increasingly dominating the vertebrate assemblage, but also local differences reflecting distance from the coast. Like today, these ancient precursors of the modern Humboldt Current Ecosystem were based on sardines, but notably differed from their present-day equivalent in being dominated by extremely large-bodied apex predators like Livyatan melvillei and Carcharocles megalodon.

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Gutiérrez, Dimitri, Michael Akester, and Laura Naranjo. "Productivity and Sustainable Management of the Humboldt Current Large Marine Ecosystem under climate change." Environmental Development 17 (January 2016): 126–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2015.11.004.

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Rossi, Sergio, Enrique Isla, Susanne Fietz, Alfredo Martìnez-Garcia, Elisabet Sañé, and Nùria Teixidò. "Temporal variation of seston biomarkers within the Humboldt Current System off northern Chile (21." Advances in Oceanography and Limnology 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiol.2012.5324.

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Proportions and concentrations of seston fatty acids, n-alkanes and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) were used to assess potential differences in the phytoplankton composition and food quality in the Humboldt Current System (winter 2006, summer 2007 and winter 2007) in surface, oxycline, intermediate and bottom water layers. The zone below the intermediate depth was poorer in fatty acids (minimum 15 – maximum 117mg fatty acids L

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33

Marı́n, Victor H., Ruben Escribano, Luisa E. Delgado, Gonzalo Olivares, and Pamela Hidalgo. "Nearshore circulation in a coastal upwelling site off the Northern Humboldt current system." Continental Shelf Research 21, no. 13-14 (August 2001): 1317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(01)00022-x.

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34

Chaigneau, Alexis, Noel Dominguez, Gérard Eldin, Luis Vasquez, Roberto Flores, Carmen Grados, and Vincent Echevin. "Near-coastal circulation in the Northern Humboldt Current System from shipboard ADCP data." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118, no. 10 (October 2013): 5251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20328.

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35

Pacheco, Aldo S., Jose M. Riascos, Fernanda Orellana, and Marcelo E. Oliva. "El Niño-Southern Oscillation cyclical modulation of macrobenthic community structure in the Humboldt Current ecosystem." Oikos 121, no. 12 (April 24, 2012): 2097–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20257.x.

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36

SCHULTEN, SUSAN. "GET LOST: ON THE INTERSECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND INTELLECTUAL HISTORY." Modern Intellectual History 5, no. 1 (April 2008): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244307001576.

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I finished The Humboldt Current at noon on a glorious spring day in northern California. Sachs concludes with a call to follow the work of Alexander von Humboldt: get lost in nature, allow it to overtake you even in everyday life. So I set off from my in-laws' home in the hills of the East Bay, and made my way to the local park nestled at the top of a ridge. Just as I have for the last ten years, I passed a sign that read “No Trespassing”—a message reinforced with barbed wire. Emboldened by Sachs and the spirit of Humboldt, I defied the sign, slipped the fence, and followed a footpath to the most spectacular views of the Bay I have ever experienced. Each bend rewarded me with verdant hillsides, wildflowers, and canyons. How could I have gone so many years without taking this path?

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Le Croizier, Gaël, David Point, Marina Renedo, Jean-Marie Munaron, Pepe Espinoza, Felipe Amezcua-Martinez, Sophie Lanco Bertrand, and Anne Lorrain. "Mercury concentrations, biomagnification and isotopic discrimination factors in two seabird species from the Humboldt Current ecosystem." Marine Pollution Bulletin 177 (April 2022): 113481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113481.

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Mariano Gutiérrez, T., P. Jorge Castillo, B. Laura Naranjo, and Michael J. Akester. "Current state of goods, services and governance of the Humboldt Current Large Marine Ecosystem in the context of climate change." Environmental Development 22 (June 2017): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2017.02.006.

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Chavez, Francisco P., Arnaud Bertrand, Renato Guevara-Carrasco, Pierre Soler, and Jorge Csirke. "The northern Humboldt Current System: Brief history, present status and a view towards the future." Progress in Oceanography 79, no. 2-4 (October 2008): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.10.012.

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Grados, Carmen, Alexis Chaigneau, Vincent Echevin, and Noel Dominguez. "Upper ocean hydrology of the Northern Humboldt Current System at seasonal, interannual and interdecadal scales." Progress in Oceanography 165 (July 2018): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.05.005.

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Alegre, Ana, Frédéric Ménard, Ricardo Tafur, Pepe Espinoza, Juan Argüelles, Víctor Maehara, Oswaldo Flores, Monique Simier, and Arnaud Bertrand. "Comprehensive Model of Jumbo Squid Dosidicus gigas Trophic Ecology in the Northern Humboldt Current System." PLoS ONE 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2014): e85919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085919.

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González, H. E., R. Giesecke, C. A. Vargas, M. Pavez, J. Iriarte, P. Santibáñez, L. Castro, R. Escribano, and F. Pagès. "Carbon cycling through the pelagic foodweb in the northern Humboldt Current off Chile (23°S)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 572–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.03.021.

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Abstract The structure of the zooplankton foodweb and their dominant carbon fluxes were studied in the upwelling system off northern Chile (Mejillones Bay; 23°S) between October 2000 and December 2002. High primary production (PP) rates (1–8 gC m−2 d−1) were mostly due to the net-phytoplankton size fraction (>23 μm). High PP has been traditionally associated with the wind-driven upwelling fertilizing effect of equatorial subsurface waters, which favour development of a short food chain dominated by a few small clupeiform fish species. The objective of the present work was to study the trophic carbon flow through the first step of this “classical chain” (from phytoplankton to primary consumers such as copepods and euphausiids) and the carbon flow towards the gelatinous web composed of both filter-feeding and carnivorous zooplankton. To accomplish this objective, feeding experiments with copepods, appendicularians, ctenophores, and chaetognaths were conducted using naturally occurring plankton prey assemblages. Throughout the study, the total carbon ingestion rates showed that the dominant appendicularian species and small copepods consumed an average of 7 and 5 μgC ind−1 d−1, respectively. In addition, copepods ingested particles mainly in the size range of nano- and microplankton, whereas appendicularians ingested in the range of pico- and nanoplankton. Small copepods and appendicularians removed a small fraction of total daily PP (range 6–11%). However, when the pico- + nanoplankton fractions were the major contributors to total PP (oligotrophic conditions), grazing by small copepods increased markedly to 86% of total PP. Under these more oligotrophic conditions, the euphausiids grazing increased as well, but only reached values lower than 5% of total PP. During this study, chaetognaths and ctenophores ingested an average of 1 and 14 copepods ind−1 d−1, respectively. In terms of biomass consumed, the potential impact of carnivorous gelatinous zooplankton on the small-size copepod community (preferred prey) was important (2–12% of biomass removed daily). However, their impact produced more significant results on copepod abundance (up to 33%), which suggests that carnivorous gelatinous zooplankton may even modulate (control) the abundance of some species as well as the size structure of the copepod community.

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Gutiérrez, Marcelo H., Ana M. Jara, and Silvio Pantoja. "Fungal parasites infect marine diatoms in the upwelling ecosystem of the Humboldt current system off central Chile." Environmental Microbiology 18, no. 5 (March 21, 2016): 1646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13257.

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Castillo, Ruth, Tarsicio Antezana, and Patricia Ayón. "The influence of El Niño 1997–98 on pelagic ostracods in the Humboldt Current Ecosystem off Peru." Hydrobiologia 585, no. 1 (July 2007): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0626-5.

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Ruz, P. M., P. Hidalgo, R. Escribano, J. E. Keister, L. Yebra, and B. Franco-Cisterna. "Hypoxia effects on females and early stages of Calanus chilensis in the Humboldt Current ecosystem (23°S)." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 498 (January 2018): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2017.09.018.

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Stewart, JS, EL Hazen, DG Foley, SJ Bograd, and WF Gilly. "Marine predator migration during range expansion: Humboldt squid Dosidicus gigas in the northern California Current System." Marine Ecology Progress Series 471 (December 19, 2012): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps10022.

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47

Brochier, Timothée, Christophe Lett, Jorge Tam, Pierre Fréon, François Colas, and Patricia Ayón. "An individual-based model study of anchovy early life history in the northern Humboldt Current system." Progress in Oceanography 79, no. 2-4 (October 2008): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.10.004.

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48

Laudien, Jürgen, Manuel E. Rojo, Marcelo E. Oliva, Wolf E. Arntz, and Sven Thatje. "Sublittoral soft bottom communities and diversity of Mejillones Bay in northern Chile (Humboldt Current upwelling system)." Helgoland Marine Research 61, no. 2 (March 21, 2007): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10152-007-0057-8.

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Antezana, Tarsicio. "Species-specific patterns of diel migration into the Oxygen Minimum Zone by euphausiids in the Humboldt Current Ecosystem." Progress in Oceanography 83, no. 1-4 (December 2009): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.039.

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50

Moriarty, Katie M., Joel Thompson, Matthew Delheimer, Brent R. Barry, Mark Linnell, Taal Levi, Keith Hamm, et al. "Predicted distribution of a rare and understudied forest carnivore: Humboldt marten (Martes caurina humboldtensis)." PeerJ 9 (July 21, 2021): e11670. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11670.

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Background Many mammalian species have experienced range contractions. Following a reduction in distribution that has resulted in apparently small and disjunct populations, the Humboldt marten (Martes caurina humboldtensis) was recently designated as federally Threatened and state Endangered. This subspecies of Pacific marten occurring in coastal Oregon and northern California, also known as coastal martens, appear unlike martens that occur in snow-associated regions in that vegetation associations appear to differ widely between Humboldt marten populations. We expected current distributions represent realized niches, but estimating factors associated with long-term occurrence was challenging for this rare and little-known species. Here, we assessed the predicted contemporary distribution of Humboldt martens and interpret our findings as hypotheses correlated with the subspecies’ niche to inform strategic conservation actions. Methods We modeled Humboldt marten distribution using a maximum entropy (Maxent) approach. We spatially-thinned 10,229 marten locations collected from 1996–2020 by applying a minimum distance of 500-m between locations, resulting in 384 locations used to assess correlations of marten occurrence with biotic and abiotic variables. We independently optimized the spatial scale of each variable and focused development of model variables on biotic associations (e.g., hypothesized relationships with forest conditions), given that abiotic factors such as precipitation are largely static and not alterable within a management context. Results Humboldt marten locations were positively associated with increased shrub cover (salal (Gautheria shallon)), mast producing trees (e.g., tanoak, Notholithocarpus densiflorus), increased pine (Pinus sp.) proportion of total basal area, annual precipitation at home-range spatial scales, low and high amounts of canopy cover and slope, and cooler August temperatures. Unlike other recent literature, we found little evidence that Humboldt martens were associated with old-growth structural indices. This case study provides an example of how limited information on rare or lesser-known species can lead to differing interpretations, emphasizing the need for study-level replication in ecology. Humboldt marten conservation would benefit from continued survey effort to clarify range extent, population sizes, and fine-scale habitat use.

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