Journal articles: 'Northern Caribbean plate'

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Corbeau, J., F. Rolandone, S. Leroy, B. Meyer, B. Mercier de Lépinay, N. Ellouz-Zimmermann, and R. Momplaisir. "How transpressive is the northern Caribbean plate boundary?" Tectonics 35, no. 4 (April 2016): 1032–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015tc003996.

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Styron, Richard, Julio García-Pelaez, and Marco Pagani. "CCAF-DB: the Caribbean and Central American active fault database." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 3 (March 25, 2020): 831–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-831-2020.

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Abstract. A database of ∼250 active fault traces in the Caribbean and Central American regions has been assembled to characterize the seismic hazard and tectonics of the area, as part of the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) Foundation's Caribbean and Central American Risk Assessment (CCARA) project. The dataset is available in many vector GIS formats and contains fault trace locations as well as attributes describing fault geometry and kinematics, slip rates, data quality and uncertainty, and other metadata as available. The database is public and open source (available at: https://github.com/GEMScienceTools/central_am_carib_faults, last access: 23 March 2020), will be updated progressively as new data become available, and is open to community contribution. The active fault data show deformation in the region to be centered around the margins of the Caribbean plate. Northern Central America has sinistral and reverse faults north of the sinistral Motagua–Polochic fault zone, which accommodates sinistral Caribbean–North American relative motion. The Central Highlands in Central America extend east–west along a broad array of normal faults, bound by the Motagua–Polochic fault zone in the north and trench-parallel dextral faulting in the southwest between the Caribbean plate and the Central American forearc. Faulting in southern Central America is complicated, with trench-parallel reverse and sinistral faults. The northern Caribbean–North American plate boundary is sinistral off the shore of Central America, with transpressive stepovers through Jamaica, southern Cuba and Hispaniola. Farther east, deformation becomes more contractional closer to the Lesser Antilles subduction zone, with minor extension and sinistral shear throughout the upper plate, accommodating oblique convergence of the Caribbean and North American plates.

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Davison, I., J. N. F. Hull, and J. Pindell. "About this title - The Basins, Orogens and Evolution of the Southern Gulf of Mexico and Northern Caribbean." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 504, no. 1 (2021): NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp504.

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This volume brings together 17 comprehensive, data-rich analyses to provide an updated perspective on the Mexican sector of the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and the northern Caribbean. The papers span a broad range of scales and disciplines from plate tectonic evolution to sub-basin-scale analysis. Papers are broadly categorized into three themes: (1) geological evolution of the basins of the southern Gulf of Mexico in Mexico, Bahamas and Florida and their hydrocarbon potential; (2) evolution of the region's Late Cretaceous to Neogene orogens and subsequent denudation history; and (3) geological evolution of the basins and crustal elements of the northern Caribbean. This book and its extensive datasets are essential for all academic and exploration geoscientists working in this area. The volume also includes two large maps detailing the Mexican Gulf of Mexico and the Northern Caribbean areas.

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Calais, Eric, and Bernard Mercier de Lepinay. "From transtension to transpression along the northern Caribbean plate boundary off Cuba: implications for the Recent motion of the Caribbean plate." Tectonophysics 186, no. 3-4 (February 1991): 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90367-2.

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5

Escuder-Viruete, J., A. Suárez-Rodríguez, J. Gabites, and A. Pérez-Estaún. "The Imbert Formation of northern Hispaniola: a tectono-sedimentary record of arc-continent collision and ophiolite emplacement in the northern Caribbean subduction-accretionary prism." Solid Earth Discussions 7, no. 2 (June 26, 2015): 1827–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-1827-2015.

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Abstract. In northern Hispaniola, the Imbert Formation (Fm) has been interpreted as an orogenic "mélange" originally deposited as trench-fill sediments, an accretionary (subduction) complex formed above a SW-dipping subduction zone, or the sedimentary result of the early oblique collision of the Caribbean plate with the Bahama Platform in the middle Eocene. However, new stratigraphical, structural, geochemical and geochronological data from northern Hispaniola indicate that the Imbert Fm constitutes a coarsening-upward stratigraphic sequence that records the transition of the sedimentation from a pre-collisional forearc to a syn-collisional piggy-back basin. This piggy-back basin was transported on top of the Puerto Plata ophiolitic complex slab and structurally underlying accreted units of the Rio San Juan complex, as it was emplaced onto the North America continental margin units. The Imbert Fm unconformably overlies different structural levels of the Caribbean subduction-accretionary prism, including a supra-subduction zone ophiolite, and consists of three laterally discontinuous units that record the exhumation of the underlying basement. The distal turbiditic lower unit includes the latest volcanic activity of the Caribbean island arc; the more proximal turbiditic intermediate unit is moderately affected by syn-sedimentary faulting; and the upper unit is a (caotic) olistostromic unit, composed of serpentinite-rich polymictic breccias, conglomerates and sandstones, strongly deformed by syn-sedimentary faulting, slumping and sliding processes. The Imbert Fm is followed by subsidence and turbiditic deposition of the overlying El Mamey Group. The 40Ar / 39Ar plagioclase plateau ages obtained in gabbroic rocks from the Puerto Plata ophiolitic complex indicate its exhumation at ∼ 45–40 Ma (lower-to-middle Eocene), contemporaneously to the sedimentation of the overlying Imbert Fm. These cooling ages imply the uplift to the surface and submarine erosion of the complex to be the source of the ophiolitic fragments in the Imbert Fm, during of shortly after the emplacement of the intra-oceanic Caribbean island-arc onto the continental margin.

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Escuder-Viruete, J., Á. Suárez-Rodríguez, J. Gabites, and A. Pérez-Estaún. "The Imbert Formation of northern Hispaniola: a tectono-sedimentary record of arc–continent collision and ophiolite emplacement in the northern Caribbean subduction–accretionary prism." Solid Earth 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-11-2016.

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Abstract. In northern Hispaniola, the Imbert Formation (Fm) has been interpreted as an orogenic “mélange” originally deposited as trench-fill sediments, an accretionary (subduction) complex formed above a SW-dipping subduction zone, or the sedimentary result of the early oblique collision of the Caribbean plate with the Bahama Platform in the middle Eocene. However, new stratigraphical, structural, geochemical and geochronological data from northern Hispaniola indicate that the Imbert Fm constitutes a coarsening-upward stratigraphic sequence that records the transition of the sedimentation from a pre-collisional forearc to a syn-collisional basin. This basin was transported on top of the Puerto Plata ophiolitic complex slab and structurally underlying accreted units of the Rio San Juan complex, as it was emplaced onto the North America continental margin units.The Imbert Fm unconformably overlies different structural levels of the Caribbean subduction-accretionary prism, including a supra-subduction zone ophiolite, and consists of three laterally discontinuous units that record the exhumation of the underlying basement. The distal turbiditic lower unit includes the latest volcanic activity of the Caribbean island arc; the more proximal turbiditic intermediate unit is moderately affected by syn-sedimentary faulting; and the upper unit is a (chaotic) olistostromic unit, composed of serpentinite-rich polymictic breccias, conglomerates and sandstones, strongly deformed by syn-sedimentary faulting, slumping and sliding processes. The Imbert Fm is followed by subsidence and turbiditic deposition of the overlying El Mamey Group.The 40Ar ∕ 39Ar plagioclase plateau ages obtained in gabbroic rocks from the Puerto Plata ophiolitic complex indicate its exhumation at ∼ 45–40 Ma (lower-to-middle Eocene), contemporaneously to the sedimentation of the overlying Imbert Fm. These cooling ages imply the uplift to the surface and submarine erosion of the complex to be the source of the ophiolitic fragments in the Imbert Fm, during or shortly after the emplacement of the intra-oceanic Caribbean island arc onto the continental margin.

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Larue, D. K. "Active Strike-Slip and Collisional Tectonics of the Northern Caribbean Plate Boundary Zone." Marine and Petroleum Geology 17, no. 5 (May 2000): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-8172(99)00067-7.

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Corbeau, J., F. Rolandone, S. Leroy, B. Mercier de Lépinay, B. Meyer, N. Ellouz-Zimmermann, and R. Momplaisir. "The northern Caribbean plate boundary in the Jamaica Passage: Structure and seismic stratigraphy." Tectonophysics 675 (April 2016): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.03.022.

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Rodríguez-Zurrunero, A., J. L. Granja-Bruña, A. Muñoz-Martín, S. Leroy, U. ten Brink, J. M. Gorosabel-Araus, L. Gómez de la Peña, M. Druet, and A. Carbó-Gorosabel. "Along-strike segmentation in the northern Caribbean plate boundary zone (Hispaniola sector): Tectonic implications." Tectonophysics 776 (February 2020): 228322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228322.

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Cerón, John F., James N. Kellogg, and Germán Y. Ojeda. "BASEMENT CONFIGURATION OF THE NORTHWESTERN SOUTH AMERICA - CARIBBEAN MARGIN FROM RECENT GEOPHYSICAL DATA." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 3, no. 3 (December 31, 2007): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.474.

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The oceanic nature of the crust in northern Colombia (underlying the Lower Magdalena Basins) has been postulated by different authors as a northern extension of the Cretaceous, mafic and ultramafic rocks accreted to the western margin of northwest Colombia (in the Western Cordillera and Baudo range). Localized, small outcrops of oceanic affinity rocks seem to support this hypothesis. However, geophysical data do not support this northern extension, but clearly mark the boundary between the collisional Panamá terrane with northern South America and the over thrusting of the latter on top of the obliquely convergent Caribbean plate. We produced maps to basement and Moho topography by integrated modeling of gravity, magnetics, seismic reflection surveys and well data from northwest Colombia and the southwestern Caribbean. In areas with good seismic coverage, the basement under the Lower Magdalena Basins (LMB) is represented by a clear reflector. In areas where seismic data shows poor imaging or is absent, we use a back stripping methodology to model first the sedimentary section, with known densities, composition and geometry controlled by oil wells and high quality seismic data, and then the deeper section. 2,5D gravity and magnetics modeling results in an initial Moho that can be extended to the entire region based on the control of available seismic refraction points. This controlled Moho provides the basis for basement modeling for the whole area and this sequence is iterated for several sections across the region. Our results indicate that the crust under northern Colombia is continental to thinned continental (transitional) in nature, with densities between 2,6 and 2,7 g/cm3. Our model also requires a dense wedge of sediments (density 2,5 g/cm3) at the base of the modern fold belt, which may represent a fossil sedimentary wedge attached to the continental margin. This wedge may have served as a backstop for the modern fold belt. The gravity modeling does not require oceanic crust to form the basement in the Sinú and San Jacinto fold belts as previously suggested. Discrete layers and thin slivers of oceanic sediments and basement could have been scrapped off the incoming plate and thrusted into an accretionary mélange, and eventually exposed at the surface, as seen in the Mulatos, Chalan and Cansona locations. The shape of the continental wedge / oceanic crust boundary resembles that of a very low angle/flat subduction zone (ß angle between 2º to 3º), and is interpreted here as a low angle over thrusting of northern South America riding in a highly oblique direction over the underlying Caribbean plate. The map to basement depth obtained during this study forms the basis for basin analysis, oil maturation and evolutionary studies of the region. As an example, we apply our map to a flexural analysis of the LMB.

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Johnson, Claudia C. "Cretaceous Caribbean paleobiogeography: a comparison of the generic and species distributions of rudist bivalves in light of dispersal versus vicariance biogeography." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007127.

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A dynamic interplay of tectonics and eustasy controlled the development and distribution of Cretaceous carbonate platforms, and subsequently influenced patterns of gene flow among tropical reef-forming rudist bivalves of the Caribbean Province. Mediterranean faunas first entered the Caribbean during the Valanginian, via trans-Atlantic larval drift. Larval drift distance was exceeded during the mid-Cretaceous opening of the Atlantic, and resulted in isolation of rudist gene pools and an Albian burst of endemism, the first of two for the Cretaceous. Following a Cenomanian, Turonian and Coniacian diversity drop, Caribbean endemism climbed again during the Santonian, Campanian and Maastrichtian. This second explosion of endemism is attributed, in part, to vicariance biogeography as Caribbean terranes split and became isolated, and in part to biotic factors (competition, niche partitioning) as terranes collided when the Caribbean plate moved eastward from its Pacific Ocean origin. Paleobiogeographic maps were compiled per stage of the Cretaceous, with substage resolution for the critical Albian, Campanian and Maastrichtian. Data utilized were 58 genera and 214 species of rudist bivalves plotted on Recent mercator projections and on 119, 100, 95, and 80 million year plate tectonic reconstructions. Diversity trends and indices of similarity were analyzed in drawing paleobiogeographic divisions. Generic plots delineated regions of tropical carbonate sedimentation, the northern and southern limits of reef building, and fluctuations of this reef line through time. Generic plots also identified areas with the greatest generic diversity per stage, and defined the timing and regional extent of the postulated Supertethyan climate zone. Paleobiogeographic plots revealed that Tropical reef-building in the Caribbean Province was wholly north of the paleoequator - a major paleoclimatic dilemna. Species plots mimicked those of genera for the Valanginian, Barremian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian, but provided important new details of the movements of terranes, dispersal pathways, and isolation of rudist gene pools for the Aptian, Albian, Cenomanian, Campanian and Maastrichtian. These detailed data, the first to combine Cretaceous Tropical paleontology with Caribbean tectonic reconstructions, provide a framework for testing rates, patterns, and causes of evolution among Tropical bivalves.

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Leal, Jose H., and M. G. Harasewych. "Deepest Atlantic Molluscs: Hadal Limpets (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Cocculiniformia) from the Northern Boundary of the Caribbean Plate." Invertebrate Biology 118, no. 2 (1999): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3227054.

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Pollitz, Fred F., and Timothy H. Dixon. "GPS measurements across the Northern Caribbean Plate Boundary Zone: Impact of postseismic relaxation following historic earthquakes." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 12 (June 15, 1998): 2233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl00645.

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Malavé, Gustavo, and Gerardo Suárez. "Intermediate-depth seismicity in northern Colombia and western Venezuela and its relationship to Caribbean plate subduction." Tectonics 14, no. 3 (June 1995): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95tc00334.

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Dixon, T. H., G. Gonzalez, S. M. Lichten, and E. Katsigris. "First epoch geodetic measurements with the Global Positioning System across the Northern Caribbean Plate Boundary Zone." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, B2 (1991): 2397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90jb02003.

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Redwood, Stewart D. "The mineral deposits of Panama: Arc metallogenesis on the trailing edge of the Caribbean large igneous province." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): A130220. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a130220.

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The mineral deposits of the Panama microplate are hosted by a composite volcano-plutonic island arc of Late Cretaceous to Quaternary age developed on an oceanic plateau, the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP), on the western, trailing edge of the Caribbean Plate. Large igneous provinces are formed by gold and chalcophile element-enriched, mantle plume-related magmas, which may explain the strong metal endowment of Panama of about 32 Mt copper and >984 t gold. The progressive collision of the Panama arc with South America since the middle Eocene resulted in deformation and oroclinal bending of the arc and metallogenic belts. In western Panama, the copper-gold belts young from south to north away from the subduction zone, whereas in eastern Panama the belts young from north to south. An Early Arc of late Campanian to Eocene age (71-34 Ma) developed related to northerly subduction of the Farallon Plate. It has submarine Si-Mn-Fe exhalite deposits in the Nombre de Dios and Montijo belts with showings of Au-rich VMS Cu-Zn mineralization. The San Blas porphyry Cu-Au belt formed in eastern Panama (Rio Pito and other porphyry Cu-Au prospects), while the western continuation, offset by 200 km sinistrally to the Azuero Belt, hosts high sulphidation epithermal Au-Cu deposits (Cerro Quema and others) in porphyry lithocaps.The arc migrated to the northern Azuero-Soná belt in the middle to late Eocene with the formation of epithermal Au-Ag-Pb-Cu mineralization, and a porphyry Au prospect (Soná). A Middle Arc developed in the Oligocene to lower Miocene (31-18 Ma) related to the NE-dipping subduction of the Farallon Plate followed by the Nazca Plate. In eastern Panama, the arc formed intermediate sulphidation epithermal Au deposits in high grade breccias (Espiritu Santo de Cana mine) and carbonates (Rio Mogue prospect), and porphyry Cu mineralization (Ipeti). The eastern Panama arc shut down in the lower Miocene as a result of the change of the Nazca Plate convergence to strike slip. The Middle Arc in western Panama, on the northern side of the Central Cordillera, hosts the Petaquilla belt of porphyry Cu (the supergiant Cobre Panama porphyry Cu-Mo-Au-Ag deposit) and epithermal Au (Molejon) deposits, and probably the epithermal Au deposits of the Veraguas belt. The Later Arc of Miocene to Quaternary age (18-0 Ma) of the Central Cordillera of western Panama hosts low sulphidation epithermal Au vein and breccia-hosted deposits (Capira, Remance, Santa Rosa), high sulphidation epithermal Au deposits (Cerro Lloron, Rio Liri), and porphyry Cu deposits (the supergiant Cerro Colorado porphyry Cu-Mo-Au-Ag deposit and the Cerro Chorcha porphyry Cu-Au deposit). Uplift of the young porphyries in the western part of the belt is related to the subduction of the Cocos aseismic oceanic ridge. Deposits formed by Quaternary weathering include lateritic bauxite and iron ore in the Chiriqui-Veraguas belt; heavy mineral Fe-Ti sands in beach/marine placer deposits in the Gulf of Panama; and extensive placer Au deposits in Northern Darien, Darien, Chepo, Coclé, Veraguas, western Azuero-Soná, and many other small deposits.

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Rincon, Daniel, Jose Arenas, Carlos H. Cuartas, Andres L. Cardenas, Carlos E. Molinares, Claudia Caicedo, and Carlos Jaramillo. "Eocene-Pliocene planktonic foraminifera biostratigraphy from the continental margin of the southwest Caribbean." Stratigraphy 4, no. 4 (2007): 261–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.04.4.01.

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Biostratigraphy in northern Colombia has traditionally been done using foraminifera. Quantitative biostratigraphic techniques could improve the zonations that have been proposed for the region. We analyze the biostratigraphic information from 190 planktonic foraminifera species, and 1961 ditch-cutting samples from 26 oil wells in northern Colombia to produce a zonation for the region. A quantitative biostratigraphic technique known as Constrained Optimization was used to analyze the data. The proposed zonation relies exclusively on last occurrences, which are readily applied to petroleum exploration. It has thirteen zones and eight subzones for the Eocene to Pliocene interval. Three zones and two subzones are defined for the Eocene, three zones for the Oligocene, six zones and six subzones for the Miocene, and one zone for the Pliocene. The zonation reveals three major unconformities: (1) a late Eocene - early Oligocene hiatus; (2) a late Oligocene - early Miocene hiatus; and (3) a late Miocene hiatus; the hiatuses are related to the collision of the Caribbean with the South American plate.

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Corbeau, J., O. L. Gonzalez, V. Clouard, F. Rolandone, S. Leroy, D. Keir, G. Stuart, R. Momplaisir, D. Boisson, and C. Prépetit. "Is the local seismicity in western Hispaniola (Haiti) capable of imaging northern Caribbean subduction?" Geosphere 15, no. 6 (September 30, 2019): 1738–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02083.1.

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Abstract The boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates in the Hispaniola region is the northwestern termination of the North American plate subduction evolving from westward subduction in the Lesser Antilles to southward subduction in the Greater Antilles and oblique collision against the Bahamas platform in Cuba. We analyze P waveforms recorded by 27 broadband seismic temporary stations deployed during the Trans-Haiti project. Seismicity recorded by the temporary network from June 2013 to June 2014 is used to locate the earthquakes. A total of 514 events were identified with magnitudes ranging from 1 to 4.5. Twenty-six moment tensors were calculated by full waveform inversion using the ISOLA software. The analysis of the new moment tensors for the Haiti upper lithosphere indicates that normal, thrust and strike-slip faulting are present but with a majority of thrust faulting. The mean P and T axes for the moment tensors indicated that the current compressional deformation is mainly N-S to NNE-SSW. Moreover, a dozen intermediate-depth earthquakes (>70 km) are located under Haiti, with one event in the south of the island reaching 260 km depth. The seismic data of the Haiti network, over a one-year time period, tend to confirm the existence of a lithospheric slab inherited from southward subduction under the Greater Antilles. The scarcity of the intermediate-depth seismic events in this area may be the effect of the lack of a dense seismic network or may indicate that we image the western slab edge.

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Meighan, Hallie E., and Jay Pulliam. "Seismic anisotropy beneath the northeastern Caribbean: implications for the subducting North American lithosphere." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 184, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2013): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.184.1-2.67.

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Abstract Active plate boundaries in the Caribbean form a complex tectonic environment that includes transform and subduction zones. The Caribbean-North American plate boundary is one such active margin, where subduction transitions from arc- to oblique-type off the northeast coast of Puerto Rico. Understanding mantle flow in this region will not only help determine the nature of tectonic activity and mantle dynamics that control these margins, but will also aid our understanding of the fate of subducting lithosphere. The existence of tears, windows, and gaps in subducting slabs has been proposed at various locations around the world but few have been confirmed. Since mantle flow and crustal deformation are believed to produce seismic anisotropy in the asthenosphere and lithosphere, searching for changes in, for example, SKS splitting parameters can help identify locations at which subducting slabs have been disrupted. Several lines of evidence support the notion of a slab tear within the subducting North American plate at this transition zone, including the counter-clockwise rotation of the Puerto Rico microplate over the past ~10 Ma, clusters of small seismic events, and trench collapse initiating ~3.3 m.y. Here we present results from a detailed investigation of seismic anisotropy from 28 stations across six networks in the Northeast Caribbean that support the hypothesis of a significant slab gap in the vicinity of the U.S. and British Virgin islands. A regional synthesis of our results reveals fast shear wave polarizations that are generally oriented parallel to the plate boundary with intermediate to high SH-SV delay times. For example, polarization directions are oriented roughly NE-SW along the bulk of the Lesser Antilles, E-W along the Puerto Rico trench and the northern Lesser Antilles, and NW-SE beneath Hispaniola. Beneath the U.S. and British Virgin Islands, however, the fast polarization direction differs markedly from the regional pattern, becoming almost perpendicular to the plate boundary. Stations on Anegada, British Virgin islands and St. Croix, U.S. Virgin islands show a fast polarization direction that is oriented nearly NNE-SSW and smaller delay times than surrounding stations. These results suggest that mantle flow is redirected NE-SW at this location through a gap in the subducted lithosphere of the North American plate.

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Dillon, William P., James A. Austin, Kathryn M. Scanlon, N. Terence Edgar, and Lindsay M. Parson. "Accretionary margin of north-western Hispaniola: morphology, structure and development of part of the northern Caribbean plate boundary." Marine and Petroleum Geology 9, no. 1 (February 1992): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(92)90005-y.

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Lin, Guoqing, Victor A. Huerfano, and Wenyuan Fan. "Crustal Architecture of Puerto Rico Using Body-Wave Seismic Tomography and High-Resolution Earthquake Relocation." Seismological Research Letters 93, no. 2A (December 1, 2021): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210223.

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Abstract Puerto Rico is a highly seismically active island, where several damaging historical earthquakes have occurred and frequent small events persist. It situates at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates, featuring a complex fault system. Here, we investigate the seismotectonic crustal structure of the island by interpreting the 3D compressional-wave velocity VP and compressional- to shear-wave velocity ratio VP/VS models and by analyzing the distribution of the relocated earthquakes. The 3D velocity models are obtained by applying the simul2000 tomographic inversion algorithm based on the phase arrivals recorded by the Puerto Rico seismic network. We find high-VP and low-VP/VS anomalies in the eastern and central province between the Great Northern Puerto Rico fault zone and the Great Southern Puerto Rico fault zone, correlating with the Utuado pluton. Further, there are low-VP anomalies beneath both the Great Southern Puerto Rico fault zone and the South Lajas fault, indicating northerly dipping structures from the southwest to the northwest of the island. We relocate 19,095 earthquakes from May 2017 to April 2021 using the new 3D velocity model and waveform cross-correlation data. The relocated seismicity shows trends along the Investigator fault, the Ponce faults, the Guayanilla rift, and the Punta Montalva fault. The majority of the 2019–2021 Southwestern Puerto Rico earthquakes are associated with the Punta Montalva fault. Earthquakes forming 17° northward-dipping structures at various depths possibly manifest continuation of the Muertos trough, along which the Caribbean plate is being subducted beneath the Puerto Rico microplate. Our results show complex fault geometries of a diffuse fault network, suggesting possible subduction process accommodated by faults within a low-velocity zone.

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DRAPER, GRENVILLE. "Blueschists and associated rocks in eastern Jamaica and their significance for Cretaceous plate-margin development in the northern Caribbean." Geological Society of America Bulletin 97, no. 1 (1986): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<48:baarie>2.0.co;2.

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Cortés, Martín, Jacques Angelier, and Bernard Colletta. "Paleostress evolution of the northern Andes (Eastern Cordillera of Colombia): Implications on plate kinematics of the South Caribbean region." Tectonics 24, no. 1 (February 2005): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003tc001551.

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Gomez, Shenelle, Dale Bird, and Paul Mann. "Deep crustal structure and tectonic origin of the Tobago-Barbados ridge." Interpretation 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): T471—T484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0176.1.

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The north–south-trending Tobago-Barbados ridge (TBR) extends 250 km from its southern end at the island of Tobago to its northern end at the island of Barbados. On Tobago, exposed metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks have been identified as fragments of a Mesozoic primitive island arc, whereas on Barbados, exposed sedimentary rocks record Paleogene development of the Barbados accretionary prism (BAP). We integrate gravity data with seismic refraction data, well constraints, and seismic reflection data to improve our understanding of the TBR’s crustal structure, uplift mechanism, along-strike compositional variations in the crust, and tectonic origin. Three 2D gravity models suggest that the TBR is underlain by a “pop-up” crustal block uplifted in the trench between the overriding Caribbean plate and the westwardly subducting South American plate. At approximately 11.75° N, the character of the TBR changes over a distance of 60 km from a symmetrical and more elevated, crystalline, thrust fault-bounded structure to a west-verging thrust belt that is less elevated. The symmetrical pop-up and asymmetrical, west-verging thrust belt accommodate east–west, subduction-related shortening that deforms the westernmost edge of the BAP. We think that the crystalline basement of the southern and central TBR is the buried, northeastern continuation of Mesozoic intraoceanic-arc crust and metamorphic belt of Tobago that accreted along the eastern margin of the Great Arc of the Caribbean during its subduction polarity reversal in the early Cretaceous.

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Grajales, Jeny Alejandra, Ángel F. Nieto-Samaniego, Darío Barrero Lozano, Jairo Alonso Osorio, and Mario Andrés Cuellar. "Emplacement of Paleocene-Eocene magmatism under transtensional regime and its evolution to a dynamic equilibrium on the western edge of Colombia." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 37, no. 3 (November 24, 2020): 250–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2020.3.1570.

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The Cretaceous and Paleogene magmatic arcs of the Central and Western Cordilleras of Colombia have been attributed to the evolution of a subduction system in the Colombian Pacific coast. In this work the distribution and crystallization ages of plutons emplaced between 60 Ma and 53 Ma in the Central and Western Cordilleras are analyzed. From 53 Ma the magmatic arc migrates towards the west of Colombia, installing magmas in a plate edge transitional crust. The crystallization ages analyzed in this work suggest that, within the study area, the plutonic belt is continuous throughout the Western Cordillera. From 40±5 Ma to 26 Ma there was a significant reduction in the convergence velocity of the Farallon plate; as it decreases, also the tectonic loading diminishes resulting in a process of regional stress relaxation. The process of relaxation of the regional stress also occurred in the intra-continental environments producing peneplanization process in the topographic highs of northern Colombia, the reactivation of the piedmont with westwards progradation of sedimentation and the development of a middle- to late-Eocene regional unconformity. In continental shelf environments, the relaxation of the tectonic stress is evidenced by the distribution of reef limestone sequences throughout the Colombian Pacific margin and the Caribbean of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Costa Rica, and by a magmatic gap from 33 Ma to 26 Ma. The Paleocene-Eocene magmatic event distributed in the Central and Western Cordilleras took place under a transtensional regime, with the maximum horizontal compressive stress (σ1) oriented SW-NE, product of the oblique convergence between the Farallon and South American plates.

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Calais, Eric, Nicole Béthoux, and Bernard Mercier de Lépinay. "From transcurrent faulting to frontal subduction: A seismotectonic study of the Northern Caribbean Plate Boundary from Cuba to Puerto Rico." Tectonics 11, no. 1 (February 1992): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91tc02364.

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Salazar, Carlos A., Camilo Bustamante, and Carlos J. Archanjo. "Magnetic fabric (AMS, AAR) of the Santa Marta batholith (northern Colombia) and the shear deformation along the Caribbean Plate margin." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 70 (October 2016): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2016.04.011.

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Erikson, Johan P., James L. Pindell, and David K. Larue. "Mid-Eocene-Early Oligocene Sinistral Transcurrent Faulting in Puerto Rico Associated with Formation of the Northern Caribbean Plate Boundary Zone." Journal of Geology 98, no. 3 (May 1990): 365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629410.

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Murphy, John C., Alvin L. Braswell, Stevland P. Charles, Renoir J. Auguste, Gilson A. Rivas, Amaël Borzée, Richard M. Lehtinen, and Michael J. Jowers. "A new species of Erythrolamprus from the oceanic island of Tobago (Squamata, Dipsadidae)." ZooKeys 817 (January 15, 2019): 131–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.817.30811.

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Tobago is a small island on the southeast edge of the Caribbean Plate with a continental flora and fauna. Using DNA sequences from Genbank, new sequences, and morphological data from the snakesErythrolamprusepinephalus,E.melanotus,E.reginae, andE.zweifeli, the species status of specimens of a Tobago snake previously considered to beErythrolamprusreginaewas assessed.Erythrolampruszweifeli, long considered a subspecies ofE.reginae, was found to be a northern Venezuela-Trinidad endemic and the sister toE.reginae. The trans-Andean speciesE.epinephalusis shown to be non-monophyletic while the Costa Rican lineage ofE.epinephalusis weakly supported as the sister to the Tobago population. The TobagoErythrolamprusis described as a distinct taxon based upon five specimens from four localities in lower montane rainforest. Much of the new species range includes the Main Ridge Forest Reserve of Tobago, the oldest protected forest in the Western Hemisphere. All known locations fall within a 400-ha area, and its total geographic distribution is likely to be less than 4,566 ha. The restricted distribution of this new snake makes it a likely candidate for threatened status. The new species also becomes another biogeographic link between northern Venezuela and Tobago.

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Andreani, L., and R. Gloaguen. "Geomorphic analysis of transient landscapes in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains (northern Central America): implications for the North American–Caribbean–Cocos plate boundary." Earth Surface Dynamics 4, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-71-2016.

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Abstract. We use a geomorphic approach in order to unravel the recent evolution of the diffuse triple junction between the North American, Caribbean, and Cocos plates in northern Central America. We intend to characterize and understand the complex tectonic setting that produced an intricate pattern of landscapes using tectonic geomorphology, as well as available geological and geophysical data. We classify regions with specific relief characteristics and highlight uplifted relict landscapes in northern Central America. We also analyze the drainage network from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains in order to extract information about potential vertical displacements. Our results suggest that most of the landscapes of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains are in a transient stage. Topographic profiles and morphometric maps highlight elevated relict surfaces that are characterized by a low-amplitude relief. The river longitudinal profiles display upper reaches witnessing these relict landscapes. Lower reaches adjust to new base-level conditions and are characterized by multiple knickpoints. These results backed by published GPS and seismotectonic data allow us to refine and extend existing geodynamic models of the triple junction. Relict landscapes are delimited by faults and thus result from a tectonic control. The topography of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas evolved as the result of (1) the inland migration of deformation related to the coupling between the Chiapas Massif and the Cocos forearc sliver and (2) the compression along the northern tip of the Central American volcanic arc. Although most of the shortening between the Cocos forearc sliver and the North American Plate is accommodated within the Sierra de Chiapas and Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, a small part may be still transmitted to the Maya Mountains and the Belize margin through a "rigid" Petén Basin.

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Andreani, L., and R. Gloaguen. "Geomorphic analysis of transient landscapes from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains (northern Central America): implications for the North American–Caribbean–Cocos plate boundary." Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 941–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-3-941-2015.

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Abstract. We use a geomorphic approach in order to unravel the recent evolution of the diffuse triple junction between the North American, Caribbean, and Cocos plates in northern Central America. The complex tectonic setting produced an intricate pattern of landscapes that we try to systemize using remote sensing tectonic geomorphology and available geological and geophysical data. We classify regions with specific relief characteristics and highlight uplifted relict landscapes in northern Central America. We also analyze the drainage network from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains in order to extract information about potential vertical displacements. Our results suggest that most of the landscapes of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains are in transient stage. Topographic profiles and morphometric maps highlight elevated relict surfaces that are characterized by a low amplitude relief. The river longitudinal profiles display upper reaches witnessing these relict landscapes while lower segments characterized by multiple knickpoints, that adjust to new base-level conditions. These results backed by published GPS and seismotectonic data allow us to refine and extend existing geodynamic models of the triple junction. Relict landscapes are delimited by faults and thus result from a tectonic control. The topography of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas evolved as the result of (1) the inland migration of deformation related to the coupling between the Chiapas Massif and the Cocos fore-arc sliver, and (2) the compression along the northern tip of the Central America Volcanic Arc. Although most of the shortening between the Cocos fore-arc sliver and the North American plate is accommodated within the Sierra de Chiapas and Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, a small part may be still transmitted to the Maya Mountains and the Belize margin through a "rigid" Petén basin.

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Kennan, Lorcan, and James L. Pindell. "Dextral shear, terrane accretion and basin formation in the Northern Andes: best explained by interaction with a Pacific-derived Caribbean Plate?" Geological Society, London, Special Publications 328, no. 1 (2009): 487–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp328.20.

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Abdullin, Fanis, Luigi Solari, Carlos Ortega-Obregón, and Jesús Solé. "New fission-track results from the northern Chiapas Massif area, SE Mexico: trying to reconstruct its complex thermo-tectonic history." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 35, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2018.1.523.

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The Chiapas Massif Complex, which represents the crystalline basement of the southern Maya block within the North American plate, records numerous thermo-tectonic and magmatic events that occurred in southern Mexico at least since the late Mesoproterozoic. The present study was performed across the northern Chiapas Massif region to reconstruct its complex thermo-tectonic history from Mesozoic to present times. Basement samples and sandstones of the San Ricardo Formation derived from the Chiapas Massif Complex source area were analyzed by in situ apatite fission-track dating. The new fission-track results obtained in this study, together with previously published data, indicate that the Chiapas Massif Complex, or rather the whole Maya terrane, have experienced a complex long-term geodynamic evolution with at least five post-Permian tectonic and magmatic events: (1) a Late Triassic cooling event, likely related to the initial breakup of Pangea; (2) Early Jurassic volcanism that can be linked to the Nazas volcanic arc; (3) a Middle Jurassic tectonic event that was triggered by continental rifting at the beginning of the opening of the Gulf of Mexico; (4) a Late Cretaceous to Paleocene orogeny that may actually represent the southernmost continuation of the Laramide sensu lato which affected central and northern Mexico; and (5) the middle–late Miocene Chiapanecan event that is tectonically controlled by the interaction of the North American, Caribbean, and Cocos plates. This interpretation could be useful towards a better understanding of the geological history of southern North America. Some recommendations on sampling and analytical strategies are also given for consideration in further thermochronological studies in Chiapas.

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LÁZARO, C., A. GARCÍA-CASCO, Y. ROJAS AGRAMONTE, A. KRÖNER, F. NEUBAUER, and M. ITURRALDE-VINENT. "Fifty-five-million-year history of oceanic subduction and exhumation at the northern edge of the Caribbean plate (Sierra del Convento mélange, Cuba)." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 27, no. 1 (January 2009): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2008.00800.x.

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Guzmán-Speziale, Marco. "Active seismic deformation in the grabens of northern Central America and its relationship to the relative motion of the North America–Caribbean plate boundary." Tectonophysics 337, no. 1-2 (July 2001): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(01)00110-x.

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Calais, E., and B. Mercier De Lepinay. "A Natural Model of Active Transpressional Tectonics the en Échelon Structures of the Oriente Deep, Along the Northern Caribbean Transcurrent Plate Boundary (Southern Cuban Margin)." Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole 45, no. 2 (March 1990): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:1990013.

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Ellero, Alessandro, Alessandro Malasoma, Michele Marroni, Luca Pandolfi, and Franco Urbani. "Tectono-metamorphic history of the Tacagua ophiolitic unit (Cordillera de la Costa, northern Venezuela): Insights in the evolution of the southern margin of the Caribbean Plate." Island Arc 16, no. 1 (March 2007): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2007.00561.x.

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Lara, M., A. Cardona, G. Monsalve, J. Yarce, C. Montes, V. Valencia, M. Weber, F. De La Parra, D. Espitia, and M. López-Martínez. "Middle Miocene near trench volcanism in northern Colombia: A record of slab tearing due to the simultaneous subduction of the Caribbean Plate under South and Central America?" Journal of South American Earth Sciences 45 (August 2013): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2012.12.006.

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39

Perrot, J., E. Calais, and B. Mercier de Lépinay. "Tectonic and Kinematic Regime along the Northern Caribbean Plate Boundary: New Insights from Broad-band Modeling of the May 25, 1992, M s = 6.9 Cabo Cruz, Cuba, Earthquake." Pure and Applied Geophysics 149, no. 3 (June 1, 1997): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050036.

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40

Andjić, Goran, Peter O. Baumgartner, and Claudia Baumgartner-Mora. "Collision of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province with the Americas: Earliest evidence from the forearc of Costa Rica." GSA Bulletin 131, no. 9-10 (March 20, 2019): 1555–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35037.1.

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AbstractThe Cretaceous period was marked by the most voluminous episodes of oceanic plateau volcanism in the Phanerozoic Eon. Primarily affecting the Pacific, mantle plumes generated oceanic plateaus during three main phases (ca. 145–140 Ma, ca. 122–115 Ma, and ca. 100–90 Ma). Central America is one of the very few circum-Pacific margins where remnants of these Cretaceous plateaus were accreted. The study of their onland exposures provides a highly valuable insight into the complexity and diversity of oceanic plateau histories, from their eruption to their accretion. Exposed in northern Costa Rica, the plateau remnants of the Nicoya Peninsula originated from a Jurassic oceanic crust over-thickened by Early and Late Cretaceous hotspots. These sheared-off pieces of the Farallon Plate testify to the early tectonic interaction of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP, ca. 94–89 Ma) with North America, initiated <5 m.y. after the onset of CLIP eruption. By combining our results with previously published data, we propose an updated tectono-stratigraphic framework that divides the Nicoya Peninsula into two oceanic plateau terranes. (1) The accretion timing of the Aptian to Turonian Manzanillo Terrane is constrained by the Coniacian (ca. 89–86 Ma) base of the overlapping Loma Chumico Formation. The proximal tuffaceous forearc deposits of the Loma Chumico Formation are the oldest evidence of a volcanic arc in Costa Rica—called here the Berrugate Arc—as revealed by new biostratigraphic and geochemical data. (2) The Nicoya Complex s. str. is a composite plateau remnant containing rocks of Bajocian to earliest Campanian age. Its accretion occurred during the middle Campanian (ca. 79–76 Ma) and shut down the Berrugate Arc. In contrast to the collision of CLIP with North America, onset of the collision of CLIP with South America began much later, during the latest Campanian (ca. 75–73 Ma).

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Masek, Michal, Michal Motyka, Dominik Kusy, Matej Bocek, Yun Li, and Ladislav Bocak. "Molecular Phylogeny, Diversity and Zoogeography of Net-Winged Beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae)." Insects 9, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040154.

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We synthesize the evidence from molecular phylogenetics, extant distribution, and plate tectonics to present an insight in ancestral areas, dispersal routes and the effectiveness of geographic barriers for net-winged beetle tribes (Coleoptera: Lycidae). Samples from all zoogeographical realms were assembled and phylogenetic relationships for ~550 species and 25 tribes were inferred using nuclear rRNA and mtDNA markers. The analyses revealed well-supported clades at the rank of tribes as they have been defined using morphology, but a low support for relationships among them. Most tribes started their diversification in Southeast and East Asia or are endemic to this region. Slipinskiini and Dexorini are Afrotropical endemics and Calopterini, Eurrhacini, Thonalmini, and Leptolycini remained isolated in South America and the Caribbean after their separation from northern continents. Lycini, Calochromini, and Erotini support relationships between the Nearctic and eastern Palearctic faunas; Calochromini colonized the Afrotropical realm from East Asia and Metriorrhynchini Afrotropical and Oriental realms from the drifting Indian subcontinent. Most tribes occur in the Oriental and Sino-Japanese realms, the highest alpha-taxonomic diversity was identified in Malesian tropical rainforests. The turn-over at zoogeographical boundaries is discussed when only short distance over-sea colonization events were inferred. The lycid phylogeny shows that poor dispersers can be used for reconstruction of dispersal and vicariance history over a long time-span, but the current data are insufficient for reconstruction of the early phase of their diversification.

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Obrist-Farner, Jonathan, Andreas Eckert, Peter M. J. Douglas, Liseth Perez, Alex Correa-Metrio, Bronwen L. Konecky, Thorsten Bauersachs, et al. "Planning for the Lake Izabal Basin Research Endeavor (LIBRE) continental scientific drilling project in eastern Guatemala." Scientific Drilling 32 (October 26, 2023): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-32-85-2023.

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Abstract. As Earth's atmospheric temperatures and human populations increase, more people are becoming vulnerable to natural and human-induced disasters. This is particularly true in Central America, where the growing human population is experiencing climate extremes (droughts and floods), and the region is susceptible to geological hazards, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and environmental deterioration in many forms (soil erosion, lake eutrophication, heavy metal contamination, etc.). Instrumental and historical data from the region are insufficient to understand and document past hazards, a necessary first step for mitigating future risks. Long, continuous, well-resolved geological records can, however, provide a window into past climate and environmental changes that can be used to better predict future conditions in the region. The Lake Izabal Basin (LIB), in eastern Guatemala, contains the longest known continental records of tectonics, climate, and environmental change in the northern Neotropics. The basin is a pull-apart depression that developed along the North American and Caribbean plate boundary ∼ 12 Myr ago and contains > 4 km of sediment. The sedimentological archive in the LIB records the interplay among several Earth System processes. Consequently, exploration of sediments in the basin can provide key information concerning: (1) tectonic deformation and earthquake history along the plate boundary; (2) the timing and causes of volcanism from the Central American Volcanic Arc; and (3) hydroclimatic, ecologic, and geomicrobiological responses to different climate and environmental states. To evaluate the LIB as a potential site for scientific drilling, 65 scientists from 13 countries and 33 institutions met in Antigua, Guatemala, in August 2022 under the auspices of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) and the US National Science Foundation (NSF). Several working groups developed scientific questions and overarching hypotheses that could be addressed by drilling the LIB and identified optimal coring sites and instrumentation needed to achieve the project goals. The group also discussed logistical challenges and outreach opportunities. The project is not only an outstanding opportunity to improve our scientific understanding of seismotectonic, volcanic, paleoclimatic, paleoecologic, and paleobiologic processes that operate in the tropics of Central America, but it is also an opportunity to improve understanding of multiple geological hazards and communicate that knowledge to help increase the resilience of at-risk Central American communities.

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Carrillo, Eduardo, Franck A. Audemard M., Christian Beck, Michel Cousin, François Jouanne, Victor Cano, Raymi Castilla, Luis Melo, and Thierry Villemin. "A Late Pleistocene-Holocene natural seismograph along the Boconó Fault (Mérida Andes, Venezuela): the moraine-dammed Los Zerpa paleo-lake." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 177, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/177.1.3.

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Abstract The Boconó Fault system is a major active tectonic feature accommodating an important part of the dextral relative motion between the Caribbean Plate and northern South-America. The main trace follows an axial valley running SW-NE within the Mérida Andes (northwestern Venezuela), and crosscuts a series of moraines related to late Pleistocene glaciers developments and retreats, at an altitude between 2600 and 5000 m. Several lakes were generated after the last retreat (between the Late Glacial Maximum –LGM– and the Younger Dryas re-advance), dammed by lateral and frontal moraines. Among them, the Los Zerpa moraine system yielded rich outcrops ranging from an upstream very coarse torrential to deltaic fill, to a downstream clayey-silty horizontal laminated lacustrine accumulation; a fore-set-type heterogeneous “prograding” body links the two sets. The whole system, as well as the surrounding moraines, underwent successive major earthquakes during the Late Glacial/lower Holocene period as evidenced by co-seismic scarps in the moraines, migrations of the outlet, and associated sagponds. Besides active faulting affecting both the moraines and the sedimentary fill, the latter –main purpose of our detail study– exhibits various evidence of strong disturbances which we relate to seismic shaking, such as: i) successive unconformities with co-seismic slips along fractures in the coarse proximal sediments; ii) successive dip changes, discontinuities, and slumps in the foreset-like set; iii) slumps with basal liquefaction, syn-sedimentary fractures, and instantaneous re-sedimentation in the fine-grained laminated accumulation. Lateral (temporal) correlations are established between the successive disturbances detected in the three situations; in turn, these sedimentary events are correlated with seismic activity of the Boconó Fault main trace. Thus, the whole paleo-lake may be considered as a natural seismograph which worked during several thousands years, after the end of the LGM and during early Holocene.

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Hervouët, Yves, Leonardo Gonzalez-Montilla, Damien Dhont, Guillaume Backe, and José Tomas Castrillo-Delgado. "Deformation of the northeastern Venezuelan Andes. Relationships with the Caribbean overthrusts." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 176, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/176.1.93.

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Abstract Introduction The Mérida Andes (Venezuela) formed in the middle Miocene due to oblique convergence between the South American plate and the Maracaibo block [Audemard et al., 2002] (figs. 1A and 1B). The study area corresponds to the so-called “Barbacoas platform” [Renz, 1960], which constitutes the northeastern termination of the belt, NE of Valera (fig. 2). It is located in the northeastern part of Trujillo block [Hervouët et al., 2001], considered as an independent block separated from the main Maracaibo block along the Valera fault. According to Stéphan [1982], the N170°E-trending Caribbean compression developed in this area from late Cretaceous to Eocene. It was followed by a N105°E-trending compression older than middle Miocene, and finally by the NW-SE Andean compressional stage that lasted till now in most of the chain. However, east of El Empedrado fault, a NNE-SSW compression presently occurs that is oblique to the classical Andean stage. The tectonic evolution of the Andean stage is not well understood. The Mérida Andes are mainly composed of Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks. The northern part of the belt only comprises a complete and continuous Jurassic to Paleogene cover. This lithologic pattern is probably a consequence of the tectonic escape of the Maracaibo block, and more particularly of the smaller Trujillo block. The Mérida and Carribean belts being close to each other, the influence of the Andean deformation on the Caribbean allochthonous must be taken into account. In order to make a structural analysis at regional scale, we privileged the use of remote sensing data (Landsat, Spot and Radar images) and aerial photographs. This was complemented by structural data obtained in the field, allowing the study of geometric and chronological relationships between the tectonic structures. Lithostratigraphy of the northeastern Andes Andean formations The first Mesozoic deposits rest unconformably upon the marine Permian (Palmarito Fm.) [Gonzalez de Juana et al., 1980]. During the Jurassic, continental deposits of La Quinta Fm. were trapped in NE-SW grabens [Gonzalez de Juana et al., 1980] that opened due to rifting of the northern margin of the South-American plate. The first marine sediments are composed of thick sandstone layers at the bottom and limestone at the top, Barremian-Albian in age (Peñas Altas Fm). It is followed by Cenomanian-Campanian (La Luna Fm.) composed of euxinic black limestone and clay. Cretaceous ends with the Maastrichtian (Colon Fm.) composed of clay and limestone lenses with the intercalation of a white sandstone layer (Cujisal Member) [Renz, 1959; Pierce, 1960; Gonzalez de Juana et al., 1980]. Paleogene layers correspond to low depth deposits, such as the Paleocene-Eocene (Humocaro Fm.), and the upper Paleocene-early Eocene (Quebrada Arriba Fm). The Caribbean allochthonous The Caribbean series outcrop in the El Tocuyo area (fig. 3). The Barquisimeto Fm. (late Cretaceous) is composed of clay, clayey schist, marl, dark gray and black limestone, and phtanite [Bellizia, 1985; Stéphan, 1982; Lexico Estratigra-fico de Venezuela, 1997]. The Matatere Fm. (late Cretaceous-Paleocene) is composed of sandy turbidites involving sandy conglomerates. Tectonic structures of the northeastern Andes and adjacent plains The study area (figs. 3, 4) forms reliefs that can reach 3000 m. It is westerly and easterly surrounded by flat lying plains (La Pastora plain to the west ; El Tocuyo “synclinorium” [Stéphan, 1982] to the east) with elevations less than 500 m. To the north and east, it is overlain by the Lara overthrusts belonging to the Caribbean orogen. To the south, the Andean reliefs are mainly composed of Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks. This Barbacoas platform is westerly and easterly bounded by the San Pedro and Humocaro anticlines respectively, separated by the “Barbacoas synclinorium” [Renz, 1960] forming a flat-lying area. The Humocaro anticline: inversion of a Jurassic graben The 9 km width and 16 km length NE-trending Humocaro Bajo anticline is composed of a complete Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary sequence. It is overturned toward the SE (fig. 4). The Jurassic layers outcrop in the San Pedro and Humocaro Bajo anticlines whereas they are missing in the Barbacoas synclinorium, showing that the area was organized in horsts (Barbacoas) and grabens during the Jurassic. The western boundary of the Jurassic layers is not defined (El Empedrado fault?) compared to the eastern border where the layers overstep the Humocaro area. We interpret that the Humocaro anticline formed during inversion of a preexisting graben in the Andean stage. This led to formation of a wide anticline overturned outwards of the eastern graben. This is not the case of the San Pedro anticline overturned inwards of the western graben. The Barbacoas synclinorium: formation of flower structures Both the morphology and trend of the folds in the Barbacoas synclinorium (fig. 4) differ from those of the Humocaro anticline. Folds, trending ~N030°E, are narrow and well displayed on the remote sensing imagery. There are bounded by N030°E to N045°E trending left-lateral strike-slip faults juxtaposing contiguous anticlines. Numerous tectonic structures of various sizes affect these folds. In the field, we observed tension fractures striking N050°–060°E, N110°E and N150°E, an high-grade N030°–040°E deformation nearby strike-slip faults, fractures in various directions, and a field of flattened ammonites stretched in the N010°– to N030°E direction associated with a N010°E-striking cleavage. A N-S to NNE-SSW compression is well individualized (fig. 5, VE01–14, VE01–26, Ve02–30). It is responsible for left-lateral strike-slip motions along N030–045°E directed faults. Narrow anticlines, parallel to these faults, can be interpreted as flower structures. Nearby these tectonic irregularities, the compression turns from N-S to N110°E. The western area : associate pull-apart and buckling The western plain can be considered as a pull-apart basin that opened locally at the step-over of a NE-SW left-lateral fault (figs. 3, 5, VE03–12). The San Pedro anticline is parallel to and has the same length of the La Pastora plain. Since it is overturned toward the Jurassic graben (fig. 4), it cannot be related to a positive tectonic inversion. We interpret the San Pedro anticline as an extensional forced fold [Cosgrove and Ameen, 2000; Maurin and Nivière, 2000] because of (1) its position relative to the La Pastora graben; (2) the lack of internal flank; and (3) the 1500 m lowering between San Pedro and La Pastora. This deformation is associated to the NNE-SSW compressional stage (fig. 5; Ve03–12), which appears also in other areas of the northeastern Andes (figs. 5, 9). The allochthonous deformation West of El Tocuyo (figs. 3, 6), the Caribbean allochthonous, Upper Cretaceous in age (Barquisimeto Fm.), associated to the Paleocene-Eocene Morán Fm. is juxtaposed to the Andean autochthonous along vertical or sub-horizontal faults (fig. 6, 7). The Andean series are composed of the Peñas Altas and La Luna Fms. The Morán Fm. is highly folded comparatively to the underlying Cretaceous deposits. Moreover, since the intermediate deposits (Colon, Humocaro and Quebrada Arriba Fms.) do not outcrop, we interpret that the Morán Fm. is allochthonous in this area. To the south, in the Humocaro area, the Morán Fm. is slightly deformed and rests conformably upon the Quebrada Arriba Fm., showing that it is autochthonous in this southern area. In the El Tocuyo area, the Barquisimeto Fm. is represented as olistolites involved in the Morán Fm. (fig. 7B). In the Barquisimeto Fm., we observed N070°E- to N140°E-trending folds (fig. 8) with sub-horizontal axes that formed during the emplacement of the Caribbean overthrusts. These folds were reactivated during the Andean stage into recumbent folds trending N175°E to N050°E. In both the Barquisimeto and Morán Fms., we observed N000°– to N035°E-trending folds that can be sorted into two units corresponding (1) to sub-horizontal axes (plunges from 5°to 30°to the north) associated to a fracture or crenulation cleavage; and (2) to upright (45°to 64°to the north) axes. High-grade deformation develops at the bottom of the sedimentary units, showing that folding is related to ESE-ward displacement of these two formations. The upright fold axes, only observed on the borders of the El Tocuyo plain, characterize strike-slip motion of sub-meridian faults bounding this basin. Flat lying plains develop east and west of the northeastern Andes (figs. 3, 6, 7) and constitute an abrupt change in the topography. Our analysis of satellite imagery complemented by field observations show that the El Tocuyo plain (fig. 6) may be interpreted as a pull-apart basin that initiated along a left-lateral fault relay trending N000°E. The synclinal-like morphology of the basin results from the progressive breaking of the western fault, that locally buckles before vanishing in the south (fig. 7). This geometry greatly resembles to that of extensional forced folds initiating at the borders of grabens. Here, this deformation is associated to the NW-SE compressionnal Andean stage (fig. 9, VE01–49, VE02–54). Conclusions The northeastern part of the Mérida Andes recorded several tectonic stages that can be described as follows: – (1) the Jurassic rifting, corresponding to the formation of NE-trending grabens filled by La Quinta Fm.; – (2) the Caribbean orogen (upper Cretaceous-early Oligocene) associated with the emplacement of Caribbean overthrusts. The front of some units (Barquisimeto Fm.) can be partly involved into the Paleocene-Eocene Morán Fm. This stage is characterized by N070°E- to N150°E-trending folds; – (3) an ESE-WNW compression older than the middle Miocene, that may correspond to the N105°E-trending stage of Stéphan [1982], and related to ESE-ward displacement of the Morán Fm. and the Caribbean units; – (4) the NW- to NNW-directed Andean compression lasting from middle Miocene onwards. It is responsible for the formation of NE-SW folds, sometimes related to reactivation of the Jurassic grabens (Humocaro anticline); – (5) a NNE-SSW compression, younger than the Andean compression, and responsible for N-S right-lateral strike-slip faulting and NE-SW left-lateral strike-slip faulting. Relays along strike-slip faults locally created transtensional or transpressional areas, which localized flower structures (Barbacoas area for instance) and pull-apart basins (La Pastora) respectively. Important lowering along the pull-apart basins created the buckling of the sedimentary cover responsible for the formation of extensional forced folds. Near NE-SW strike-slip faults, the stress turns anti-clockwise to strike N100°E. North of the Boconó fault and east of the Valera fault, the Trujillo block [Hervouët et al., 2001] is composed of several compartments separated by sub-meridian left-lateral strike-slip faults. Our analysis of satellite imagery, structural observations in the field and slip vectors derived from focal mechanisms of earthquakes [Dhont et al., 2002; 2004] show that the Trujillo block tectonically escapes towards the north or north-east. However, between El Empedrado fault and Bocono fault, in front of the Carribean overthrusts, numerous focal mechanisms of earthquakes and structural observations in the field indicate that the Andean compressional stage is relieved by a NNE-SSW compression. North of the Trujillo block, the Caribbean overthrusts act as a barrier for the escape of this triangular block towards the north-east (fig. 1C).

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Salt, Karen, and Susan P. Mains. "Conversing with Caribbean and Northern Scottish Landscapes and Lifescapes." Northern Scotland 9, no. 1 (May 2018): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nor.2018.0145.

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This conversation–and the 2015 Landscapes and Lifescapes Symposium (in Inverness) out of which it grew—offers a starting point for us to collaboratively explore transatlantic histories and geographies and to open up other interdisciplinary conversations addressing how we understand our relationships to identity, history and place. The discussion addresses five key questions that provide a broad scope for thinking about how the relationships between the Anglo-Caribbean and Northern Scotland have been depicted historically, and how the idea of landscapes and lifescapes may help us to diversify this dialogue further. These questions are: 1) what can we learn from investigating the entangled histories and geographies of Scotland and the Anglophone Caribbean; 2) how are these two places—and the islands that surround them—linked; 3) how do we shift depictions of Scottish history to include Caribbean people, movements, systems and perspectives; 4) what is lost in representations of the Caribbean and Scotland as ‘peripheral’ British territories; and, 5) what role can community-based collaborative research projects play in our societal understanding of landscapes and lifescapes (in all forms) in both regions

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Londoño Díaz, Wilhelm. "Our Museum of Colonialism: Indigenous Representations of Museography in the Colombian Caribbean." Jangwa Pana 22, no. 2 (September 8, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21676/16574923.5425.

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This article is a philosophical exploration of the logic of colonial object collection by Kogui communities in northern Colombia. As revealed in a recent publication, some elders of the Kogui community of the northern slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta preserved what could be an ax and a sword used in the conquest campaigns of the region, which occurred in the first decades of the sixteenth century. The information collected on this practice of artifact conservation was gathered within the framework of a series of conversations with leaders of this Indigenous community in northern Colombia that took place between 2018 and 2019. In these conversations, the logic of conserving these objects in the framework of the Indigenous social movement's political project was specified. In this case study, we first review the analytical tools that allow us to shift our attention from the classical theories of how museums, archeology, and history are defined. Then, we present the Kogui case, which questions the hegemonic narratives of regional history.

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Budd, Ann F., Thomas A. Stemann, and Kenneth G. Johnson. "Stratigraphic distributions of genera and species of Neogene to Recent Caribbean reef corals." Journal of Paleontology 68, no. 5 (September 1994): 951–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000026585.

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To document evolutionary patterns in late Cenozoic Caribbean reef corals, we compiled composite stratigraphic ranges of 49 genera and 175 species using Neogene occurrences in the Cibao Valley sequence of the northern Dominican Republic and faunal lists for 24 Miocene to Recent sites across the Caribbean region. This new compilation benefits in particular from increased sampling at late Miocene to early Pleistocene sites and from increased resolution and greater taxonomic consistency provided by the use of morphometric procedures in species recognition.Preliminary examination and quantitative analysis of origination and extinction patterns suggest that a major episode of turnover took place between 4 and 1 Ma during Plio-Pleistocene time. During the episode, extinctions were approximately simultaneous in species of all reef-building families, except the Mussidae. Most strongly affected were the Pocilloporidae (Stylophora and Pocillopora), Agariciidae (Pavona and Gardineroseris), and free-living members of the Faviidae and Meandrinidae. At the genus level, mono- and paucispecific as well as more speciose genera became regionally extinct. Many of the extinct genera live today in the Indo-Pacific region, and some are important components of modern eastern Pacific reefs. Global extinctions were concentrated in free-living genera. During the turnover episode, no new genera or higher taxa arose. Instead, new species originated within the surviving Caribbean genera at approximately the same time as the extinctions, including many dominant modern Caribbean reef-building corals (e.g., Acropora palmata and the Montastraea annularis complex).Excluding this episode, the taxonomic composition of the Caribbean reef-coral fauna remained relatively unchanged during the Neogene. Minor exceptions include: 1) high originations in the Agariciidae and free-living corals during late Miocene time; and 2) regional or global extinctions of several important Oligocene Caribbean reef builders during early to middle Miocene time.

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Hernaiz Huerta, P. P., F. Pérez-Valera, M. Abad, J. Monthel, and A. Diaz de Neira. "Mélanges and olistostromes in the Puerto Plata area (northern Dominican Republic) as a record of subduction and collisional processes between the Caribbean and North-American plates." Tectonophysics 568-569 (September 2012): 266–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.10.020.

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Budd, Ann F., James S. Klaus, and Kenneth G. Johnson. "Cenozoic Diversification and Extinction Patterns in Caribbean Reef Corals: A Review." Paleontological Society Papers 17 (October 2011): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s108933260000245x.

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Statistical analyses of occurrence data based on collections made from scattered Caribbean sections over the past 20 years indicate that turnover occurred in the Caribbean reef coral fauna between the late Miocene and early Pleistocene. The collections have been identified using standardized procedures, and age-dates assigned using high-resolution chronostratigraphic methods. During turnover, ~80% of the > 100 species and 17 of the 41 genera that were living in the Caribbean during the early Pliocene became extinct, and > 60% of the species now living in the Caribbean originated. Turnover involved increased speciation beginning in the late Miocene and ended with a pulse of extinction in Plio-Pleistocene time. Turnover was preceded by faunal collapse during the late Oligocene to early Miocene, and it was followed by stasis during the late Pleistocene to Recent. During these preceding and succeeding intervals, reef development was at a maximum, although reef coral diversity was relatively low. As a consequence of origination preceding extinction during turnover, most modern Caribbean reef coral species originated before the Plio-Pleistocene peak of extinction, under quite different ecological conditions from those in which they have lived over the past million years. The unusual relationship between origination and extinction may have been caused by changes in productivity associated with emergence of the Central American Isthmus, followed by the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation.During turnover, faunal change was stepwise or gradual. Local assemblages consisted of a mix of extinct and living species, which varied in composition but not in richness. Important reef dominants such as Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis arose in the southern Caribbean and appear to have migrated northward. Faunal change took place in shallow exposed environments, before it occurred in deep protected environments that served as refuges. Plio-Pleistocene extinction was selective for corals with small colonies, and resulted in a faunal shift to the large, fast-growing species that dominate Caribbean reefs today.

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Barbosa-Espitia, Ángel A., George D. Kamenov, David A. Foster, Sergio A. Restrepo-Moreno, Andrés Pardo-Trujillo, and Sebastián Echeverri. "Comment on “Emplazamiento del magmatismo Paleoceno-Eoceno bajo un régimen transtensional y su evolución a un equilibrio dinámico en el borde occidental de Colombia” by Grajales et al., Rev. Mex. Cienc. Geol. (2020), 37(3), 250-268." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 38, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2021.2.1615.

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Grajales et al. (2020) reviewed geochronological and geochemical data from Paleogene volcanic and plutonic rocks outcropping in the Panama-Choco Block (north western Cordillera) and southern Western Cordillera, as well as the Central Cordillera of Colombia. These data were used to support a model of continuous Paleogene arc magmatism along the Colombian continental margin, and to propose a paleogeographic model for the arc. The authors did not discuss previously published paleomagnetic, geochemical, geochronological, thermochronological and provenance constraints from Cretaceous to Miocene rocks of western and northern Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador that support a more plausible model of a double subduction system controlled by the convergence of the Caribbean and Farallon plates beneath the north Andean block during Paleogene. In this comment, we discuss shortcomings in the data and model proposed by Grajales et al. (2020) and present an alternative interpretation for contemporaneous arc-like magmatism during the Paleogene in the Northern Andes. We conclude that the double subduction system is the more plausible explanation for the contemporaneous arc-like magmatism during the Paleogene, currently exposed in the northern and southern portions of the Northern Andes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Northern Caribbean plate'

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