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1
García, Marcelo. "Évolution oligo-néogène de l'Altiplano occidental (arc et avant-arc du Nord du Chili, Arica) : tectonique, volcanisme, sédimentation, géomorphologie et bilan érosion-sédimentation." Grenoble 1, 2001. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00546057.
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L'évolution géodynamique oligo-néogène de l' Altiplano au niveau du "Coude d'Arica", est caractérisée par déformation compressive et volcanisme importants. Dans la partie orientale de la chaîne (Bolivie), le raccourcissement est bien documentée (190-280 km), et il explique une croûte très épaisse (65 km). Dans la partie occidentale (Nord du Chili), cependant, l'histoire géologique n'est pas bien connue et est en partie controversée. L'étude de la région d'Arica, sur trois transects régionaux (au 1:50. 000), permet de proposer un model représentatif d'évolution géodynamique pour l'Altiplano occidental. L'Oligocène (-35-26 Ma) est caractérisé par une sédimentation fluviatile, enregistrée dans la partie la plus profonde de la Dépression Centrale. Les dépôts, atteignant 500m d'épaisseur, recouvrent en discordance angulaire une surface d'érosion régionale peu accidentée. Ils sont poligéniques et proviennent de l'Est, de l'érosion d'une proto-Cordillère Occidentale. Ils sont affectés par des chevauchements subverticaux à vergence Ouest. L'Oligocène terminal-Miocène précoce (26-19 Ma) est une période intensive de volcanisme effusif et explosif. A l'Est (Cordillère Occidentale), l'arc volcanique est représenté par au maximum de 2. 500 m d'andésites, dacites et ignimbrites rhyolitiques, intercalées de niveaux alluviales et lacustres. Cet arc, très actif, a été associé à la formation des caldeiras d'effondrement. A l'Ouest (Précordillère et Dépression Centrale), les dépôts d'avant-arc sont représentés par jusqu'à 1. 000 m d'ignimbrites rhyolitiques (extra-caldeira), avec intercalations fluviatiles et lacustres. Dans la Cordillère de la Côte, une sédimentation alluviale oligo-miocène est enregistrée dans des bassins restreints (<200 fi d'épaisseur). Au cours de ce cycle, on ne note pas d'indices d'une activité tectonique importante, sauf un plissement faible dans la Cordillère Occidentale. Le Néogène (,. . . ,18-0Ma) est caractérisé par un volcanisme andésito-dacitique, principalement effusif, développé dans la Cordillère Occidental avec un volume modeste par rapport à la période antèrieur. Ce volcanisme est accompagné d'une tectonique compressive importante associé à sédimentation fluviatile syntectonique relativement restreinte. La déformation est représentée par un système de plis et de chevauchements à vergence Ouest impliquant le socle, dont le raccourcissement minimum est estimé à 7 km. Cette déformation s'est développée surtout dans la partie ouest de la Cordillère Occidentale, entre 18 et 5 Ma avec des réactivations mineures pendant le Plio-Quaternaire. Ceci implique une vitesse de racourcissement horizontal, pendant le Néogene, de l'ordre de O,54km/Ma. Au niveau de la Dépression Centrale, pendant le Miocène, une sédimentation fluviatile et lacustre est représentée par au maximum de 350 m de dépôts volcanogéniques provenant de l'Est. Vers 12 Ma, la sédimentation fluviatile s'est arrêté et une surface de pédimentation régionale s'est mis en place. Postérieurement l'avant-arc a été affectée par une forte incision (atteignant 1. 000 m) concentrée sur un petit nombre de vallées. L'événement coincide avec un important changement climatique qui a induit la désertification d'Atacama, accompagné d'une baisse eustatique (au maximum de 200 m). Pendant le Miocène supérieur-Quaternaire, cependant, la forte incision n'est pas expliquée seulement par effects exogènes. Un soulèvement majeur (-800 m) de l'avant-arc s'est donc produit. Le soulèvement et l'abrasion marine ont généré un abrupt côtier, tandis que dans les vallées incisées se sont déclenché d'importants glissements de terrain. La déformation contemporaine de l'avant-arc est localisée au niveau de failles et de plis flexures larges, associés à la propagation aveugle de chevauchements subverticaux avec des déplacements verticaux importants (jusqu'à 850 m) et des raccourcissements négligeables (jusqu'à 100 m). Le soulèvement de la Précordillère s'est produit entre 12 et 10 Ma, et il a été suivi d'un mega-glissement gravitaire. Les roches volcaniques oligo-néogènes d'Arica sont calco-alcalines fortement potassique, et leur composition varie peu au cours du temps. Cependant, on note un enrichissement croissant en éléments lithophiles, une participation de plus en plus importante du grenat comme phase résiduelle dans la croute inférieure, et une diminution relative du taux de fusion partiel dans la source mantélique. Par ailleurs, l'évolution structurale et le bilan érosion-sédimentation montrent que la Cordillère Occidentale d'Arica a été soulévée et soumise à l'érosion depuis l'Eocène. Au cours de la période considérée (Olîgo-Néogène), l'épaississement crustal de l'AltipIano occidental a donc été relativement lent par rapport à l'Altiplano oriental et non seulement liée à des processus tectoniquesThe oligo-neogene geodynamic evolution of Altiplano, at the latitude od "Codo de Arica", is characterised by an important compressive defonnation and volcanism. In the eastern part of the chain (Bolivia), the shortening is weIl documented (190-280 km), and it explain a very thick crust (65 km). However, in the western part, the geological history is not weIl known and in part controversial. The study of the Arica region, on three regional transects (to scale 1:50. 000), permit to propose a representative model for the geodynamic evolution of the western Altiplano. The Oligocene (-35-26 Ma) is characterised by fluvial sedimentation, recorded in the deeper part of the Central Depression. The deposits, up to 500 m thickness, cover a topographically smooth regional unconformity. They are polymictic and provene from the East, from the erosion of a proto-Cordillera Occidental. They are cut by subvertical west-vergent faults. The Late Oligocene-Early Miocene (26-19 Ma) is a period of intense effusive and explosive volcanism. To the East (Cordillera Occidental), the volcanic arc is represented by a maximum of 2. 500 m of andesites, dacites and rhyolitic ignimbrites, with alluvial and Iacustrine intercalations. This arc, very actif, was asociated to formation of collapse calderas. To the West (Precordillera and Central Depression), the fore-arc deposits are represented by up to 1. 000m of rhyolitic ignimbrites (extra-caldera), with fluvial and lacustrine intercalations. In the Coastal Cordillera, oligo-miocene alluvial sedimentation is recorded in restricted bassins (<200 m thickness). Throughout this cycle, no evidence has been found for important tectonic compressive activity, except in a gentle folding in the Cordillera Occidental. The Neogene (--18-0Ma) is characterised by a andesite-dacitic volcanism, mainly effusif, developed in the Cordillera Occidental with a modest volume respect to the previous period. This volcanism was coeval of restricted fluvial syntectonic sedimentation. The deformation is represented by a west-vergent thrusts and folds system, involving the basement, and with a minimum shortening estimate to he 7 km. This deformation developed essentially in the west part of the Cordillera Occidental, between 18 and 5 Ma with Plio-Quaternary little reactivations. This implies a velocity of horizontal shortening, during Neogene, close to 0,54 km/Ma. In the Central Depression, during Miocene, fluvial and lacustrine sedimentation is represented by a maximum of 350 m of volcanoclastic deposits, which provene from the East. Close 12 Ma, the fluvial sedimentation ceased and a regional pedimentation surface developed. Afetr it, the fore-arc was afected by strong incision (down to 1. 000 m) concentrated in a few valleys. The event would he associated to a regional climatic change, which have induced the desiccation of Atacama, coeval with an eustatic descent (maximum of 200 m). During Late Miocene-Quaternary, however, the incision is not only explain by exogene phenoma. Therefore, un major uplift (--800 m) of the fore-arc is infered. The uplift and marine abrasion have generated an abrupt coastal cliff, and in the incised valleys produced important ground-mass collapses. The coeval deformation ofthe fore-arc is located at the fault and gentle tlexure-folds associated to the blind propagation of the subvertical faults, which induce important vertical displacement (up to 850 m) and negligeable shortening (up to 100 m). The uplift of the Precordillera produced between 12 and 10 Ma, and it has been followed by a giant gravitational collapse. The Oligo-Neogene volcanic rocks ofArica are high-potassium calc-alkaline, and its composition do not vary significantly with time. However, we note an increasing enrichment of lithophiles elements, a more important participation of gamet as residual phase in the lower crust, and a relative decreasing ofthe partial fusion rate in the mantle source. On the other hand, the structural evolution and the erosion-sedimentation balance show that the Cordillera Occidental of Arica region bas been uplif and exposed to erosion since Eocene. In the considered period (Oligo-Neogene), the crustal thickning of the western Altiplano was slow respect to the eastern Altiplano and not only associated to the tectonic processus
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Cowan, Grace. "CHILE: Mi Conquista, de Norte a Sur." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/10.
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My thesis is a creative expression in poetry about my study abroad experience in Chile. During my time in Chile I traveled all over the country and tried to experience as much of the culture as possible. These poems speak of different parts of the country that I visited and different cultural aspects to which I was exposed. The work also includes photos from my travels to accompany several of my poems. This thesis was written with the hope that others might be able to better understand my semester in Chile.
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Ardill, John. "Sequence stratigraphy of the Mesozoic Domeyko basin, northern Chile." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307620.
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The Domeyko basin of northern Chile records Late Triassic-Early Cretaceous mixed carbonate and siliciclastic marine deposition along the western margin of Gondwana. The carbonate and siliciclastic ramp environment is characterised by the deposition of siliciclastic-dominated sediments at times of low accommodation space (lowstand and late highstand systems tracts) and carbonate-dominated sediments during periods of high accommodation space (transgressive and early highstand systems tracts). Along strike variations in siliciclastic sediment supply do not overprint the effects of basinwide changes of relative sea-level. Sequence stratigraphical analysis identifies five second-order sequences resulting from changes in accommodation space and hence, relative sea-level. Within these second-order cycles a higher-frequency cyclicity has also been identified. Each second-order sequence is composed of between 3 and 5 high-frequency sequences which results in a second-order composite sequence, but does not produce the "typical" sequence-sets normally associated with composite sequences. Comparison of the relative sea-level fluctuations interpreted from the Domeyko basin succession with those documented from other similar age South American marginal basins and northern hemisphere basins allows the distinction of regional from global events, and a methodology for potentially differentiating between eustatic and tectonic driving mechanisms. The choice of these basins permits an objective analysis of relative sea-level change using basins of different tectonic setting, on different continental plates. Relative sea-level fall in the late Early Sinemurian, earliest Pliensbachian, earliest Aalenian, Early Callovian, earliest Valanginian, and rises in the earliest Hettangian, earliest and Late Toarcian, Early and Late Bajocian, Late Bathonian and earliest Oxfordian of the Dorneyko basin appear time-equivalent to similar events in other southern and northern hemisphere basins and thus are interpreted to be products of eustatically driven, global sea-level cycles. Relative sea-level falls in the earliest Bathonian, Late Oxfordian, earliest Valanginian and rises in the Late Kimmeridgian are interpreted to be tectonically-driven, continental-scale changes in accommodation space. Although the earliest Valanginian relative sea-level fall can also be seen globally the sequence boundary is interpreted to be tectonically-enhanced by documented regional uplift in Chile and Argentina. The Domeyko basin succession appears to be dominantly controlled by global sea-level fluctuations during the Early-Middle Jurassic, interpreted to have been driven by glacio-eustasy, and by continental-scale fluctuations during the Middle Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous. Mesozoic back-arc basins of western South America record both eustatic and subduction-related relative sea-level fluctuations. To date, the latter have been assumed to be driven chiefly by Pacific plate spreading. However, five tectonically-driven sequence boundaries in the Domeyko and Neuquen basins which have no time correlative expressions in northern hemisphere basins display a close temporal association with five major Gondwanan fragmentation phases. They are: (A) the earliest Bathonian (170 Ma) sequence boundary was driven by the separation of Laurasia and Gondwana; (B) the Late Oxfordian (157 Ma) salinity crisis was driven by the separation of west from east Gondwana; (C) the termination of the marine Domeyko basin was driven by the fragmentation of east Gondwana; CD) the termination of the marine Neuquen Basin (114 Mal was driven by the opening of the South Atlantic; and (E) the major basin inversion associated with the Peruvian tectonic event (100 Mal was driven by the final fragmentation phase within east Gondwana. It is deduced that plate reorganisation associated with the initiation of new oceans during Gondwanan fragmentation resulted in increased coupling along the Andean subduction zone producing regional uplift and thus relative sea-level fall. Responses variously involve: basin barring and Kimmeridgian evaporite production; erosively-based fluvial sandstones directly overlying offshore marine deposits; closure of the Rocas Verdes oceanic marginal basin; sequential termination of marine conditions in the Domeyko and Neuquen back-arc basins; sudden influx of arc-derived alluvial conglomerates resulting from the onset of contractional tectonics; and an incremental jump in the eastward propagation of the Andean volcanic arc. Discrete contractional episodes in the otherwise extensional Andean active margin were thus driven by the incremental spreading phases of the supercontinent. Associated thermal signatures are recorded near the centre of Gondwana by kimberlite emplacement frequency maxima in southern Africa. Plate tectonic theory emphasises the dynamic interaction between adjacent plates, whereby relative rates of motion can be fixed to either the underriding or overriding plate as a reference frame. With reference to the circum-Gondwana subduction zone, I believe that in the past an overemphasis has been placed on the motions of oceanic plates in the Pacific region, while overlooking the role that the thermal evolution of the Pangean supercontinent played in driving circum-Pangean subduction. Thus, careful sequence stratigraphical analysis of active margin sedimentary basins provides a high resolution record, presently under-utilised in detecting, identifying and analysing global tectonic events in time.
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Matthews, Stephen John. "Volcanology, petrology and geochemistry of Lascar Volcano, northern Chile." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283332.
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Aronson, James. "Desert Plants of Use and Charm from Northern Chile." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/609119.
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Following a brief introduction to the geography, geomorphology, and climatic conditions of the arid northern regions of Chile, 20 taxa of plants are described in terms of their botany, ecology, distribution, and current and past uses. Emphasis is placed on perennial legumes, some of which are being used in a new research and development project in Chile. Discussion is also made of possible pre-Colombian plant exchanges between northern Chile and the region east of the Andes.
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May, Geoffrey. "Oligocene to recent evolution of the Calama Basin, northern Chile." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=191900.
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The Calama and eastern Pampa del Tamarugal Basins are located between 22°S and 23°S within the forearc of northern Chile. They are filled by sediments deposited in alluvial braidplain, fluvial, playa sandflat, lacustrine and volcaniclastic environments under a semi-arid to hyper-arid climate. The nature of the alluvial braidplain depositional environment is unusual in that it combines elements of both alluvial fan and fluvial depositional systems, in contradiction to recently published models of alluvial fan sedimentation. Detailed sedimentary logging, magnetostratigraphy and dating of 14 volcanic interbeds by the 40Ar/39Ar laser fusion method has established a lithostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic framework for the 700 m thick basin-fill. Basin formation was investigated by regional subsidence during the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene, followed by widespread alluvial braidplain deposition during the Oligocene(?). A change to fluvial and playa sandflat deposition during the Early to Mid-Miocene is considered to be coincident with a decrease in active subsidence. Sedimentation ceased and thick (25 m) gypcrete deposits developed along the eastern margin of the basin during the Mid-Miocene as a response to an increasingly arid climate. Phases of minor lacustrine, fluvial and alluvial braidplain deposition during the Late Miocene-Early-Pliocene and the Late Pliocene(?) to Pleistocene were primarily controlled by small-scale fault movements and folding events, although climatic variations may have been important in some cases. A new lithostratigraphic division of the basin-fill is proposed here, which comprises 13 different formations. The previously defined El Loa Formation comprises a number of depositional units which are spatially and temporally discrete formations, and is therefore awarded group status.
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McElderry, Susie. "Contrasting deformation styles in the Domeyko Fault System, northern Chile." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366424.
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Subduction of an oceanic plate under the Pacific margin of South America has heen prevalent since Jurassic times. Magmatic and deformation centres have migrated eastward since suhduction began. Northern Chile houses two north-south trench linked strike-slip fault systems, the Atacama Fault Zone and the Domeyko Fault System (DFS). The DFS lies within the Chilean Precordillera from 2 10 to 28°S. Lateral movement began on the DFS in the Eocene. The DFS can be divided into three segments which have apparently undergone differing deformation histories. This study has focused on the central segment of the DFS, to determine fault kinematics and to establish a relative chronology of deformation. Observations have been made in more detail than previous investigations and have heen used to infer the deformation history . Shallow level faulting has resulted in heavily fractured zones with occasional slickenline surfaces. It is difficult to infer kinematics of faulting from these. Much effort has been expended in developing techniques to analyse fracture patterns associated with brittle faulting under conditions of plane strain, simple shear. A novel approach of analysing the shapes of clasts of rock defined by secondary fractures within a fault zone has been used. The clasts approximate ellipses when viewed in 2 dimensions. Combining ellipse orientation and aspect ratio from mutually perpendicular sections through the fault zone allowed calculation of an ellipsoid representative of the clasts of rock in 3 dimensions. Independent determination of the fault kinematics using stratigraphic relationships across the fault, fracture distribution, incremental strain axes and palaeomagnetic analysis has all owed evaluation of the new technique. The shapes of rock clasts are found to be related to the kinematics of the fault system. Up to a critical stage of development of the fault zone the axes of the rock clasts parallel the slip direction, intermediate strain axis and pole to the boundary faults. Which rock clast axis parallels which structural feature depends upon the spacing and curvature of fractures and stage of development of the fault zone. Analysis of the shapcs or rock clasts defined by fractures can avoid bias of the data set towards thicker fractures or against irregular fractures, which can occur when measuring fracture orientations directly. The degree of development of the fault zone varies laterally along the fault over short distances. This causes the shape.: fabric of the rock clasts to change, so predictions of connectivity within a fault zone are limited. The history of the central segment of the DFS determined from this study is found to occur with earlier workers. The complementary deformation histories produced from two scales of ohservation verifies the reliability of the chronology. Lateral movements along the DFS are thought to begin in the Eocene with a sinistral transpressive event which occurred along all three segments of the DFS. En echelon folds, east and west verging thrusts and clockwise rotations associated with sinistral faulting along the master fault of the segment are documented. Later, in the Oligocene, dextral faulting occurred. large clockwise palaeomagnetic rotations, determined from Palaeozoic samples beside the master fault, indicate sinistral displacements have been larger than dextral disp acements. It is inferred that only one episode of large lateral transport occurred. This is the Eocene sinistral event. Normal faulting associated with sinistral displ acements along the western side of the system are documented. This later sinistral faulting has not been documented before in the central segment of the DFS. After Oligocene age dextral faulting, the three segments of the DFS underwent separate deformation histories, as the main Andean deformation foci had moved eastward.
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Leon, Alejandro. "Household Vulnerability to Drought and Ecosystem Degradation in Northern Chile." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193805.
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In the semi-arid Limari River basin, Region of Coquimbo in northern Chile sixty percent of years receive less than the long-term average annual precipitation, and dry spells tend to be multi-year. Below-normal precipitation is not always associated with ENSO cycles, but shows a high correlation to El Nino 3 region sea surface temperature.Since early during the colonial period, land in Coquimbo was utilized as a source of minerals, meat, wheat, and timber for smelters. These extractive productive processes caused the destruction of most of the natural vegetation. Impacts of past use have persisted until today and the region is still affected by intense degradation. Land ownership was originally held in haciendas and communes. Analysis of Landsat satellite imagery shows that vegetation response increases marginally during rainy years in both land tenure regimes. Most of the increase is explained by the planting of rainfed wheat and the response of less palatable native species such as Gutierrezia spp. Hence, the capacity of natural vegetation to respond to above normal precipitation is limited on both private and communal lands.Twenty five percent of the land belongs to agricultural communes, and families in these communes are considered to be poor or indigent. Three agricultural communes were surveyed, and a vulnerability index was constructed based on the community right-holders' responses. Findings show that access to productive resources (i.e., land, water, technology, credit) is a key determinant of differential vulnerability. Vulnerability is defined here as the capacity of an individual or a community to adapt (or cope, or respond) to drought. Differences in access within communities are caused by the inequitable distribution of land by the communes' boards of directors in the recent past. Access to agricultural credit is limited because families do not have collateral. Vulnerability is also conditioned by access to water, greenhouses, irrigation technology, chemicals, and improved seed. The most vulnerable families depend on off-farm employment provided by private agriculture. Governmental responses are reactive based on emergency relief rather than proactive: there is no drought long-term planning, nor consideration of differential levels of vulnerability levels among different segments of the population.
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Eisenberg, Amy. "Aymara perspectives: Ethnoecological studies in Andean communities of northern Chile." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280169.
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This dissertation presents participatory ethnographic research, which was conducted with the Aymara Indians of the northern Chilean Andes, from November 1998 through January 1999, in an attempt to understand Aymara perspectives of recent development that has taken place within their ancestral homeland. A study design was developed that would engage Aymara people directly in the assessment of their cultural and natural resources along an altitudinal gradient from the coastal city of Arica to the Altiplano, the high plateau at Lago Chungara. This interdisciplinary study in Arid Lands Resource Sciences draws upon the fields of ethnoecology, American Indian studies, applied cultural anthropology, botany, agriculture, history, physical and cultural geography, and social and environmental impact assessment. Ethnographic interviews with Aymara people were conducted in sixteen Aymara villages along an attitudinal transect from sea level to 4600 meters. A systematic social and environmental impact assessment was executed along International Chilean Highway 11, which connects Arica, Chile with the highlands of Bolivia. For Andean people, economic, spiritual and social life, are inextricably tied to land and water. The Chilean Aymara comprise a small, geographically isolated minority of Tarapaca, the northern border region, who are struggling to maintain their sustainable and traditional systems of irrigation waters distribution, agriculture and pastoralism in one of the most arid regions of the world, the Atacama Desert. Ethnoecological dimensions of the conflict between rapid economic growth and a sensitive cultural and natural resource base are explored through participatory research methods. The recent paving of Chilean Highway 11, the diversion of Altiplano waters of the Rio Lauca to the arid coast for hydroelectricity and irrigation, and Chilean national park policies regarding Aymara communities, their natural resources and cultural properties within Parque Nacional Lauca, the International Biosphere Reserve, are examined from the perspectives of the Aymara people. The potentiality of indigenous resource management of this protected area is discussed within the context of human-land reciprocal relations. The findings of this study, based on Aymara Indian perspectives, are designed to aid in understanding and appreciating the cosmological vision, and the needs of Andean communities in the poorest province of Chile. The Aymara showed great interest in having their perspectives and cultural concerns expressed and incorporated into historic and cultural preservation legislation.
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Uribe, Mauricio, and Carolina Aguero. "Alfarería, textiles y la integración del Norte Grande de Chile a Tiwanaku." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113368.
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Ceramics, Textiles and the Tiwanaku Integration of Chile's "Norte Grande"In this paper we explore Tiwanaku's iconography of power and its role in integrating south-central Andean frontier areas such as the Azapa Valley and oasis of San Pedro de Atacama, in northern Chile. It is presumed that Tiwanaku's expansive processes, like the powers that maintained its central hierarchy and the strategies that integrated peripheral and ultra-peripheral areas with the center, were ideological and political. This ideological and political nature was expressed materially in the stone sculptures of Tiwanaku, and widely distributed in portable art objects that generated and integrated Tiwanaku's interaction sphere. This idea motivates a reexamination of collections from the nuclear and peripheral areas, including the extreme south of Peru, south-central Bolivia, and northern Chile. Focusing on Chile's Azapa Valley, and San Pedro de Atacama, the authors seek to determine from iconography and artifacts the degree of integration between center and periphery, in hegemonic and territorial terms.En este trabajo se explora la iconografía del poder en Tiwanaku y su rol en la integración de zonas de frontera del área centro-sur andina, como lo son el valle de Azapa y San Pedro de Atacama, en el norte de Chile. Se asume que en el proceso expansivo de Tiwanaku, las sanciones que apoyaron la jerarquía central y las estrategias empleadas para integrar las zonas periféricas y ultraperiféricas al centro fueron de naturaleza ideológica y política, lo que se manifestaría materialmente en la iconografía que reproduce las imágenes de la litoescultura del lago, y que se distribuyó en objetos portátiles que integraron o generaron su esfera de interacción. Esta idea motivó la revisión de colecciones arqueológicas de las zonas nucleares y marginales de la esfera de influencia tiwanaku, comprendidas entre el extremo sur del Perú, centro-sur de Bolivia y norte de Chile. Aquí, en particular, los autores se referirán a los textiles y a la alfarería del valle de Azapa y de San Pedro de Atacama para, a través de las relaciones iconográficas y artefactuales, intentar determinar el grado de integración centro-periferia, ya sea en términos hegemónicos o territoriales.
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Berger, Ingeborg Agnete. "Salts and surface weathering features on alluvial fans in Northern Chile." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362619.
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Wilson, Jeff. "Emplacement of the Las Tazas plutonic complex, coastal cordillera, northern Chile." Thesis, Kingston University, 1996. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20601/.
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The Las Tazas Complex consists of two plutons; a granodioritic northern pluton and a monzonitic southern pluton. These were both emplaced during the Early Cretaceous along the Atacama Fault Zone during a change from dip-slip to transcurrent displacement. The Las Tazas Complex is a syntectonic intrusion. This is hased primarily on; (a) a fundamental agreement between plutonic and regional kinematic frameworks; (b) the presence of a down-temperature fabric continuum along the eastern contact of the Complex and; (c) melt-filled C' - surfaces in the wall-rocks. The Complex was emplaced under local contractional conditions during partitioned transpression. The northern pluton was emplaced during partitioned oblique dextral transpression, while the southern pluton was emplaced during east-side-down compressive dip-slip displacement. The transpressive setting suggests that the magma has actively dilated the fault surfaces under contractional conditions, rather than simply "filling in" space in dilatational jogs. Lithological zoning within the Las Tazas Complex has resulted from the open-system multiple injection of discrete magma hatches, not from the closed-system in-situ fractionation of a single parental magma body. Emplacement was characterised by periods of the multiple injection of small magma batches during fairly continuous magma production, punctuated by periods of quiescent magma production, represented by internal contacts. Emplacement-level mixing and fractionation has only occurred on a local scale during the evolution of the plutons. Geochemical models of in-situ crystallisation produce ambiguous non-unique models which can only be constrained by clear field observation. Strain-states associated with emplacement are localised phenomena, induced by a local interaction between magma supply and wall-rock displacement. On this basis strain-states in the vicinity of plutons do not reflect regional strain-states. As such, the kinematic framework and strain state associated with the emplacement of the Las Tazas Complex cannot be used to constrain the regional strain-state during the construction of the Cretaceous magmatic arc.
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Canales, Andrades Teresa Mariella. "Size based dynamics of the pelagic fish community off northern Chile." Thesis, University of York, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3282/.
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The well-being of humans and their societies depends on goods and services from marine ecosystems. Management of the fish stocks off Northern Chile is based on a single species approach. However, the fish species are not independent, and there is a need to understand the species interactions within the community and with the 3climate variability and human pressures. In this thesis I studied the size-based dynamics of pelagic fish community off Northern Chile. I investigated temporal effects of climate variability on size-based indicators from the pelagic fishery. I found that catches from the pelagic community have been declining and have become composed of smaller fish. The main signals from the environment were short-term effects, but the trends found were probably combined consequences of climate variability and fishing. I developed a multispecies size-spectrum model to explore the dynamics of the pelagic community. The model examined the effect of cannibalism and intraguild predation on anchovy and sardine dynamics under different environmental conditions. I found that climate variability and predation interactions are both needed to understand the coexistence and extinction of anchovy and sardine. The effect of fishing on anchovy dynamics was also explored through the model. Preliminary results showed that fishing below maturity has lower impact on anchovy dynamics than current fishing pattern off northern Chile. In addition the approach of a balanced harvest strategy would be more beneficial for anchovy only when it follows the relative growth rate of the species. Indicators and models are key tools in implementing the ecosystem-based approach. This thesis has combined these tools with emerging ecological theory about the role of size in the structuring marine ecosystems and, in this way, has set up a basic framework to work towards the ecosystem-based fishery management off Northern Chile.
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Pizarro, Roberto, Carolina Morales, Pablo Garcia-Chevesich, Peter F. Ffolliott, Oscar Vallejosa, Leonardo Vega, Rodrigo Valdes, Claudio Olivares, and Francisco Balocchi. "Soil Erosion in Arid and Semi-Arid Climates of Northern Chile." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296986.
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Huttunen, Marjukka. "Child, soldier, child soldier - the implications of the construction of 'child' and 'child soldier' for rehabilitation practices in Northern Uganda." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21619.
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This paper investigates the view that non-governmental organizations have on childhood and child soldiers, and what its implications on the rehabilitation and reintegration of former child soldiers can be. Four documents produced by the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers are examined by using qualitative discourse analysis. Postcolonial theory and new sociology of childhood are the main theoretical frameworks applied to the study. The study finds that the documents share a certain view of childhood, and that the aim of rehabilitation is to reproduce the child in that image. As the discourse may not be shared with local community, it is necessary to become aware of the different discourses and attempt to reconcile them.
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Mejías, Ortiz Francisco. "Terminal de pasajeros norte en Santiago." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100683.
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Actualmente la ciudad de Santiago cuenta con un conjunto de terminales concentrados en el sector centro-poniente, en la comuna de Estación Central y de Santiago. Esta ubicación se sustentaría en la accesibilidad que se tiene para toda la ciudad de manera igualitaria por estar en el centro de la misma, con una excelente conectividad con el transporte público (metro y micros), además de ser focos de desarrollo comercial.
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Almasi, Peter Ferenc. "Dating the paleobeaches of Pampa Mejillones, northern Chile, by cosmogenic chlorine-36." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2001. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0182_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Lister, James. "Petrogenesis of lavas from Volcano Azufre, Northern Chile: evidence for crustal input." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31378.
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Magmatism that occurs within the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) of the Andes is heavily influenced by processes of differentiation and assimilation that occur within the extremely thick continental crust. These processes, that result in crustal contamination of mantle derived magmas, are not uniform across the region and are determined locally. Data from Azufre is combined with that of previously studied volcanoes of the CVZ, and specifically the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC) in northern Chile, to further understand such processes that have occurred in this region. Factors that need to be taken into consideration when examining volcanoes of the APVC are the aforementioned thickness of the continental crust of the Andes, which differentiates the Andes from other volcanic arcs globally, and the presence of a zone of partial melt, the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body (APMB), below the APVC as they could both have had a major effect on erupting lavas. Elemental concentration and isotope data are used here to examine the role that the APMB has had on the evolution of Azufre. This data set is also compared to those of previously studied volcanoes of the APVC to further provide understanding as to the interaction between the APMB and the APVC. Major element data reveals well defined sub-alkaline trends, with samples predominantly being andesitic in composition. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7067 - 0.7075 and δ 18O values of 7.85 - 9.72 are high in comparison to those of other Central Andean lavas, however in comparison to other erupted lavas of the APVC they are low. A transition from the edges of the APVC towards the centre show an increase in 87Sr/86Sr and δ 18O. Conversely 143Nd/144Nd ratios decrease towards the centre, with Azufre displaying ratios of 0.5123 - 0.5124. These changing ratios from the edge to centre of the APVC correspond with changing thickness of the APMB below the APVC and are therefore viewed to represent the amount of interaction between parental magmas of the APVC with the partial melt of the APMB, primarily with increasing 87Sr/86Sr indicating increasing amounts of interaction. δ 18O data indicates that there are multiple sources of O enrichment, evidenced by two opposite data arrays, with one array indicating assimilation by magmas of high δ 18O crust and the second array indicating assimilation of low δ 18O crust. Modelling of δ 18O suggests that the magmas which have assimilated low δ 18O crustal material have interacted with between -2.01 and 3.49 . Low LREE/HREE ratios and a negative Eu anomaly support the idea that assimilation of crustal material occurred at shallow crustal levels by indicating shallow plagioclase fractionation and evolution in a garnet free environment, most likely within the APMB.
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Buddin, Timothy Stuart. "Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the continental forearc of Northern Chile 18deg.-25deg.S." Thesis, Keele University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314654.
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Marín, Espinosa Michel, and Reyes Felipe Silva. "Expansión Clínica Cumbres del Norte." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/142644.
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TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN ADMINISTRACIÓNMichel Marín Espinosa [Parte I], Sergio Varela Alegre [Parte II]
La oportunidad de negocio analizada está en la insatisfacción de los consumidores por los servicios prestados por las clínicas de la región de Antofagasta. Las ventas anuales bordean los $55.000 millones con un crecimiento en torno al 10%. Ésta insatisfacción se debe a la incapacidad de los ofertantes para satisfacer los servicios demandados y al constante crecimiento de estos. Las actuales clínicas no tienen un enfoque en el cliente y tampoco cuentan con las autorizaciones para aumentar su capacidad instalada debido a cambios en la normativa. Se considera importante y factible segmentar el mercado de la salud, apuntando a aquellos consumidores que valoren un servicio de calidad, accesible y oportuno. Características que las actuales empresas en funcionamiento no han logrado desarrollar. Clínica Cumbres del Norte posee los recursos necesarios tanto tangibles (médicos y terreno) como intangibles (cultura organizacional y prestigio) que en conjunto con las habilidades logradas durante sus 10 años de operación, conjugan competencias centrales que le permitirán alcanzar ventajas competitivas en la industria, un producto de calidad, innovador y adaptado a las necesidades del cliente. Se presenta un Plan de Negocios de expansión de la actual Clínica Cumbres del Norte en Antofagasta, para lo cual se requiere una inversión total de $1526 millones de pesos, entregando los resultados del siguiente resumen. RESUMEN INVERSIÓN REQUERIDA 1,526 millones de pesos Inversión en estudio de proyecto 243 millones de pesos Inversión en Activos 1,082 millones de pesos Inversión en Capital de Trabajo 201 millones de pesos RELACIÓN APORTE PATRIMONIAL 0.5 APORTE DEUDA BANCA 0.5 VAN SIN PROYECTO 1194 VAN CON PROYECTO 4322 VAN 3128 millones de pesos ROI 2.0 PAYBACK 3.5 años
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Navas, Muñoz Manuel Alejandro. "Riego Tecnificado con Energía Eólica en el Norte de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/104985.
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Pizarro, Maure Arak. "Evaluación de proyecto viviendas sustentables para el norte de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2013. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/113895.
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Seminario para optar al grado de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención AdministraciónEl presente estudio busca recomendar o desalentar la inversión para un proyecto de 100 viviendas sociales sustentables en el norte de Chile, las cuales puedan optimizar el agua y utilizar energía solar mediante la instalación de un sistema de aguas grises, el uso de paneles solares y calentadores solares. Su implementación apunta a reducir las cuentas de los suministros de servicios y al incentivo en el uso de energías limpias, y por ende a impulsar un desarrollo sustentable como país. La iniciativa de esta evaluación de proyecto nace a raíz de varios motivos. Primero, la necesidad de sumar alternativas limpias a la matriz energética, en la cual comienzan a aparecer tímidamente las energías renovables no convencionales Segundo, la escasez de agua en el norte de Chile y a nivel mundial requiere nuevos métodos para optimizar el uso de este recurso en el país. Tercero, el déficit cuantitativo (y cualitativo) de las viviendas sociales y el interés del gobierno para entregar viviendas dignas y de calidad, al altura de los nuevos desafíos. Cuarto, el norte del territorio posee las características idóneas para la aplicación de energías solares. La metodología utilizada corresponde a las técnicas de evaluación de proyectos, la cual incluye un estudio de viabilidad económica, centrado en el cálculo de los flujos (VAN diferencial) y una sensibilización bidimensional comparando cantidad de hogares y precios de suministros. Adicionalmente, se aplica un estudio de viabilidad técnica, la cual detalla el funcionamiento de cada mecanismo, y un estudio de viabilidad legal, tomando en cuenta la actual normativa chilena. Este estudio está elaborado sobre una zona geográfica específica, la cual cumple las condiciones climatológicas propicias, además de una escasez de agua importante, por lo que bajo este contexto no es posible extrapolarlo al resto del territorio chileno. Los resultados muestran que el tratamiento de aguas grises con el uso de esta para inodoro y riego resulta rentable, con un VAN positivo de 26.725.992. De acuerdo a la sensibilización, es importante un tamaño mínimo del conjunto habitacional para cubrir los costos operacionales. Lamentablemente este no es viable legalmente, ya que existen normas sanitarias que impiden el uso del agua tratada en el inodoro, pudiendo utilizarse bajo ciertos parámetros de forma exclusiva para riego, necesitando con urgencia una modificación para el tratamiento de aguas grises. El uso de paneles solares para generar energía muestra un VAN negativo -99.034.183, esto quiere decir que no se recomienda la inversión en este proyecto, a raíz principalmente de la alta inversión inicial y la adquisición de baterías cada 5 años para su operación. Sin embargo, esto puede cambiar dependiendo de los beneficios otorgados por la ley “Net Metering”, donde el ahorro de energía eléctrica se sumaría a un ingreso que puede marcar una diferencia significativa para efectos de este análisis en el futuro. De los tres elementos, el único que es factible legal y financieramente conveniente ejecutar es el termo solar. Este presenta un VAN positivo de 71.667.603 y una sensibilización positiva en todos los contextos evaluados, derivado principalmente del ahorro del gas licuado en un 75% con respecto al sistema tradicional y de los nulos costos operacionales. Es por esto que el gobierno ha entregado subsidios para su instalación, ya que genera un beneficio tangible para las familias de menos recursos.
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Fredborg, Isabelle. "Corporate Approaches to Child Labour : a Northern European Perspective." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-107130.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine what approaches large food retailers have to child labour. The study examines companies in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Germany.
In order to analyze the findings, a framework for comparing codes of conduct and a matrix for measuring effectiveness developed by Kolk and van Tulder (2002a) are used, as well as the model for comparing the companies' approach to ethical issues by Leeson (2000). Empirical data are collected through self-completion questionnaires and e-mail interviews. Additional second-hand data comes from the corporate websites as well as from other organisations.
The main findings show that the companies repeatedly referred to Business Social Compliance International (BSCI), International Labour Organization (ILO) and/or United Nations (UN). There are large differences between how much information on ethical issues companies present on their corporate websites, and how thorough the codes of conduct are. The approaches to child labour vary between companies, not between countries as much as between differently sized companies and companies with different price segments.
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Morales, Requena Diego. "San Cristóbal 150: frente norte de integración metropolitana (2017-2067)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/143406.
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Villalobos, Terrazas Daniela. "Análisis actual y proyecciones de la temperatura y precipitación del Norte Grande y su Altiplano en Chile: variabilidad (1970-2013) y cambio climático en el escenario futuro RCP 8.5 (2080)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/144463.
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Memoria para optar al título de GeógrafoEl cambio y variabilidad climática son fenómenos que afectan a todo el planeta, provocando entre otros efectos, cambios importantes en las condiciones normales del clima, por ejemplo, acentuando condiciones extremas de sequía e inundaciones. Dentro de las zonas más amenazadas a estos cambios, el norte grande y su altiplano chileno podrían manifestar una alta probabilidad de sufrir severas transformaciones, con alzas importantes en su temperatura y aumento de la variabilidad de episodios pluviométricos. Utilizando la proyección de las superficies climáticas generadas por Pliscoff et al. (2014), y la proyección del Modelo de Circulación Atmosférica Global (GCM) del CSIRO ACCESS 1.3 para el escenario RCP 8.5, fue posible visualizar los cambios proyectados para el 2080, y sus efectos en los ecosistemas presentes, verificando patrones de disminución de gran parte de la precipitación y aumento de su variabilidad, y por otra parte, alza de la temperatura para el norte grande, en especial en el altiplano.
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Hoffmann-Rothe, Arne. "Combined structural and magnetotelluric investigation across the West Fault Zone in northern Chile." Phd thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://pub.ub.uni-potsdam.de/2002/0025/ahoro.pdf.
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Hoffmann-Rothe, Arne. "Combined structural and magnetotelluric investigation across the west rault zone in northern Chile." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://pub.ub.uni-potsdam.de/2002/0025/ahoro.pdf.
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Brändlein, Dirk [Verfasser]. "Geo-electromagnetic monitoring of the Andean Subduction Zone in Northern Chile / Dirk Brändlein." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1037109996/34.
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Clavero, Jorge Eduardo. "Evolution of Parinacota volcano and Taapaca Volcanic Complex, Central Andes of Northern Chile." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393075.
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Stevens, Anthony. "NEOGENE PALEO-ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF QUEBRADA LA HIGUERA SECTION, BAHIA INLGESA, NORTHERN CHILE." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/283.
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Marine sediment samples were collected from Quebrada la Higuera, Chile to provide a record of planktonic and benthic foraminifera as a means of reconstructing the paleo-bathymetry and paleo-environment of the Quebrada la Higuera basin. The research area is located in northern Chile, south of Caldera in Quebrada la Higuera (S 27° 16.443, W 70° 54.887). The Quebrada la Higuera basin rests unconformably atop Mesozoic gabbroic basement, which is locally exposed, representing fault-bounded horsts and grabens. At the base of the section, diatomaceous sediment within the sequence suggests intervals of high productivity. The co-occurrence of the shallower water benthic species Nonionella miocenica and Epistominella pulchella with deep-water species Bolivina tumida, Uvigerina peregrina, Globobulimina auriculata, and Bolivina subfusiformis, at 10-23 m above the base of the section and again at 44-62 m, within fining-upward sedimentary packages suggests possible turbidites caused by transgressive-regressive cycles. Additionally, the occurrence and high abundance of these species are indicative of high productivity. A 30-40 cm Late Miocene phosphatic bed consisting of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils lies unconformably atop a poorly consolidated sand ~42 m from the base of the section. This phosphatic bed suggests that upwelling was occurring off the coast of Chile earlier than previously believed. The hyperaridity of Chile's Atacama Desert has been the result of the cold upwelling Peru-Chile current, which is further intensified by the rain-shadow effect of the Andes and the cold, dry descending Hadley cell. The occurrence of planktonic foraminifer Globigerina bulloides at the base of the section establishes the maximum possible lower age limit of 15.97 Ma (Middle Miocene). At 47 m, the co-occurrence of Globorotalia margaritae, Globorotalia crassaformis, and Dentogloboquadrina altispira establishes a maximum age limit for that horizon of ~3.6 Ma (Early Pliocene), providing an age range for the Quebrada la Higuera section from Middle Miocene through Early Pliocene. This study provides a record of planktonic and benthic foraminifera as a means of reconstructing the paleohistory of Quebrada la Higuera and more broadly through the Caldera region. The analyses address interactions between uplift, atmospheric conditions, sea level, and upwelling within the region from interpretations of the composite section, including facies relationship between sediments and occurring foraminifera species. These observations, along with the foraminiferal record, help broaden the understanding and development of the Quebrada la Higuera Neogene record.
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van, Alderwerelt Brennan Martin Edelman de Roo. "Diverse monogenetic volcanism across the main arc of the central Andes, northern Chile." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5668.
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Instances of fault-controlled monogenetic volcanism across the subduction arc of the Central Andes at ~ 23°S illuminate the nature of different parental melts being delivered to the crust. Evidence of magmatic history is preserved in bulk rock geochemistry, the content of melt inclusions, and mineral compositions. Volcanism in this region is dominated by felsic and intermediates lavas as the thickened crust (55 – 65 km) and vast volumes (> 500,000 km3) of mid-crustal magma beneath the Altiplano-Puna high plateau region prevent mafic magmas from reaching the surface (Davidson & De Silva, 1991; Beck et al., 1996; Perkins et al., 2016). However, small volumes of relatively undifferentiated lava have been delivered from the lower crust to the surface along zones of crustal weakness without extensive processing by crustal assimilation and/or extended storage in sub-volcanic magma chambers. Monogenetic eruptions of less-differentiated lava provide important constraints on compositions normally obscured by crustal processing in the Central Andes.
Basaltic andesite sampled within the frontal arc (Cerro Overo maar) is a regional mafic end-member and approximates the composition of parental arc magmas derived from partially-molten lower crustal regions where mantle-derived magmas interact with the surrounding lithosphere and undergo density differentiation (MASH zones). Basaltic olivine-hosted melt inclusions from Cerro Overo provide a glimpse of less-evolved melt composition from this region and suggest mobilization of MASH magma by injection of basaltic melt. Basaltic andesite sampled from the eastern (back) margin of the frontal arc (Puntas Negras – El Laco) is another regional mafic endmember, representing a mantle-derived magma composition that is transitional between subduction arc magmatism and intraplate magmatism of the back-arc. The internal crystal architecture revealed by major and trace element zoning of olivine phenocrysts indicates Cerro Overo magma experienced continuous ascent, while Puntas Negras magma experienced a brief period of stalling or storage near the brittle-ductile transition zone (~ 25 km). Aphyric intermediate monogenetic lavas sampled west of (before) the frontal arc display Adakite-like signatures (e.g. high Sr/Y and Sm/Yb) represent small amounts of melt generated with a significant contribution from direct melting of the metabasaltic slab or delaminated lithospheric root at high pressure. These three magmatic regimes sampled at monogenetic centers approximate different end-member compositions being delivered to the lower crust of the Central Andes from which the range of intermediate main arc volcanism in the Altiplano-Puna region is ultimately derived.
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Viguier, Benoît. "Caractérisation des facteurs de contrôle de la recharge et des écoulements souterrains à différentes échelles de temps en zone de piedmont aride et hyper-aride : exemple de l'aquifère de la Pampa del Tamarugal (Nord Chili)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT180/document.
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Dans les zones arides, la grande variabilité des eaux de surface a conduit les Hommes à exploiter les eaux souterraines. Cependant, afin de préserver durablement cette ressource, une bonne connaissance des processus de recharge est nécessaire. Ces travaux de thèse ont pour objectifs de caractériser les facteurs de contrôle de la recharge et des écoulements souterrains en zone de piedmont aride et hyper-aride. Dans le Nord du Chili, l’activité minière et les villes nouvelles associées aux déplacements de populations depuis quelques dizaine d’années ont engendré une surexploitation des ressources en eaux souterraines contenues dans l’Aquifère de la Pampa del Tamarugal. Cet aquifère régional est l’une des principales ressources en eau de l’ensemble du Nord du Chili, ce qui en fait une ressource stratégique. Le contexte hyper-aride de cette zone de piedmont (extension nord du Désert d’Atacama) semble suggérer que la recharge actuelle de l’aquifère ne permet pas de soutenir son bilan hydrologique.Afin d’identifier et de caractériser les facteurs de contrôle de la recharge et des écoulements souterrains de l’Aquifère de la Pampa del Tamarugal, une approche multidisciplinaire a été utilisée. Cette approche est basée dans un premier temps sur la caractérisation géologique et géomorphologique de la Dépression Centrale et notamment du Piedmont Andin entre 19,5°S et 20°S. Celle-ci a permis d’identifier le rôle du substratum pré-Oligocène sur l’organisation de la couverture fin-Cénozoïque (i.e. axes de drainages, barrières sédimentaires & paléovallées) et sur les circulations souterraines au niveau du piedmont. Dans un second temps, une approche hydrogéophysique et hydro(géo)logique a été utilisée afin de caractériser et d’identifier les conditions aux limites ainsi que l’évolution spatiale de la piézométrie au sein de la plaine de la Pampa del Tamarugal et du piedmont. De nombreux sondages de résistivité, réalisé par TDEM, ont permis d’identifier un contraste bien défini et corrélé avec le niveau piézométrique de la nappe libre. Des relevés hydro(geo)logiques ont permis de valider les échanges rivière-nappe (zones de recharge) qui ont été déduits à partir de l’étude géophysique. Dans un troisième temps, la caractérisation géochimique et isotopique des eaux souterraines de la zone d’étude a permis d’identifier les origines, les circulations ainsi que les processus de recharge de l’aquifère. La distribution des âges de l’eau de la zone saturée a permis d’identifier les grandes phases de recharge paléoclimatiques de l’Holocène. Dans un quatrième temps, une approche exploratoire par la modélisation des écoulements au sein de la zone non saturée, basée sur un modèle à base physique (Hydrus-1D) et complétée par des relevés de terrain, ont permis d’évaluer la recharge induite par une crue au niveau des cônes alluviaux. L’analyse des chroniques piézométriques a apporté de nombreuses informations sur la quantification de la recharge.Sur la base des résultats de cette étude multidisciplinaire, ces travaux de recherche ont permis de définir, au niveau de l’Aquifère de la Pampa del Tamarugal (Nord Chili), les facteurs de contrôle de la recharge et des écoulements souterrains en zone de piedmont aride et hyper-arideIn drylands, the scarcity of surface waters has led the population to mainly extract the groundwater resource for water supply. To preserve the groundwater resource of the over-exploitation, the understanding of the groundwater recharge processes is required. The present work aims to assess the factors of control on both the groundwater recharge and the groundwater circulation in dryland piedmonts.In Northern Chile, since a few tens of years, mining activities and the associated population movements have induced an over-exploitation of the Pampa del Tamarugal Aquifer. This regional size aquifer is one of the main groundwater resources of Northern Chile as a whole.In order to assess the controls on the groundwater recharge processes that allow recharging the Pampa del Tamarugal Aquifer as well as the groundwater circulation in the Andean Piedmont, a multidisciplinary approach was carried out in the endorheic catchment of the Pampa del Tamarugal (i.e. lowlands and piedmont) between 19.5°S and 20°S. Firstly, the study is based on a geological and geomorphological assessment of the Central Depression sedimentary basin with a focus on the Andean Piedmont. This work allowed identifying the control of the pre-Oligocene bedrock on both the late-Cenozoic piedmont cover (i.e. alluvial drainage axis, sedimentary barriers, and paleovalleys) and the groundwater circulation. Secondly, a hydrogeophysical (resistivity soundings, via TDEM) and hydrogeological characterization of the vadose zone and the saturated zone of the aquifer was carried out. These measurements allowed identifying a well-defined contrast of resistivity that is correlated with the water-table. This allows to better define the boundary conditions of the aquifer and to shift eastwards (i.e. in the piedmont) the oriental limit of the aquifer. Hydrological surveys allowed to validate the identification of groundwater recharge areas where the rivers fed the aquifer. Thirdly, the study is based on the assessment of the geochemical, isotopic and dissolved gas content of the groundwater. This approach allowed identifying the origin and also the groundwater circulation of the aquifer. The characterization of the groundwater distribution ages allowed to identify the main stages of recharge during Holocene and late-Pleistocene times. Fourthly, an exploratory approach was carried out in order to address the recharge fluxes in the vadose zone. Based on Hydrus-1D model and soil sampling carried out in the field, the recharge fluxes induced by one flood in the alluvial fans were estimated. The behavior analysis of water-table on time series of a few years were also used to estimate the recharge in the lower part of alluvial fans according to the surface geomorphology features.Based on this multidisciplinary approach, these works (performed in Northern Chile) allow defining the controls on the groundwater recharge and circulation in arid and hyperarid piedmont areas
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Barrena, Ruiz José Antonio. "Estudio de Economía Alternativa. Las comunidades Aymaras del Norte de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2003. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/108181.
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Meruane, Naranjo Carolina. "EcoDesolación SpA desalinización sustentable para la minería del norte de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/136974.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en AdministraciónEcoDesalación SpA es una empresa que nace para ayudar a solucionar el problema de la escasez hídrica en el norte de Chile, problema que pone en peligro el desarrollo y sustentabilidad de la minería del cobre. Nuestra propuesta es la desalinización del agua de mar como alternativa para el abastecimiento de agua dulce a los proyectos mineros que iniciarán actividades en el mediano plazo. Dado la tendencia mundial hacia el cuidado del medio ambiente, hoy en día las empresas mineras están dispuestas a pagar por la diferenciación ecológica, debido a que esto mejora su reputación ambiental y su relación con las comunidades locales. Es por ello que nuestra apuesta es por la alimentación de la planta de desalinización con energía solar limpia y sustentable, aprovechando el potencial de generación de energía solar del desierto del norte de Chile. Nuestra misión entonces es proveer de agua dulce a las empresas mineras en el altiplano, usando para esto energías renovables y tecnologías de última generación que minimizan los posibles impactos ambientales, cuidando así el medio ambiente en donde se emplazan sus faenas. En el largo plazo, nuestra visión es aportar al desarrollo de actividades económicas que consideren los aspectos medioambientales para lograr un crecimiento sustentable del país. Nuestra propuesta de negocio corresponde a la construcción y operación de una planta de desalinización de agua de mar alimentada con energía solar en la región de Antofagasta. Nuestra estrategia competitiva será la diferenciación ecológica, por ser una empresa sustentable que cuida del medio ambiente a través de la entrega de agua desalinizada con energías renovables, minimizando de esta manera los posibles impactos ambientales indirectos de nuestros clientes, cuidando así su reputación ambiental y su relación con las comunidades locales. Nuestra estrategia de entrada será participar en las licitaciones de los proyectos El Abra Mill Project de Freeport-McMoRan, Chuquicamata Subterránea de Codelco Norte y Radomiro Tomic Súlfuros de Codelco Norte. Se estima que estos proyectos demandarán cerca de 1.000 l/s de agua desalinizada, correspondiente al 33% del aumento esperado en la demanda de agua en la región de Antofagasta para el 2021. Como estrategia de ventas se considera obtener los permisos ambientales antes de que se abran las licitaciones de estos proyectos, de modo de garantizar la factibilidad de ejecución de los mismos y tener ventaja respecto del resto de los competidores. El resumen asociado a la evaluación financiera del proyecto se presenta en la Tabla 1.1. Como se observa, el proyecto es económicamente viable cuando se evalúa en su estado puro, sin considerar deuda. Tomando un precio de venta de 6 US$/m3 y una tasa de descuento del 15%, se obtuvo que para 20 años de operación el VAN del proyecto es MMUS$282 y la TIR es de 21%. Es así como este proyecto debería ejecutarse, dado que genera ganancias por sobre la rentabilidad exigida.
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Olivares, Lanas Pedro Esteban. "Análisis Operacional del Sistema de Distribución de Producción del Litoral Norte, V Región." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/103262.
Full textAbstract:
Contar con fuentes seguras de agua para la potabilización, es importante para el
desarrollo de los asentamientos humanos, de modo que optimizar la producción y la
distribución de este recurso, ya no contiene solo una componente económica sino
también social, dando vida a los diseños de ingeniería al asegurar el abastecimiento a
la población.
Específicamente, en esta memoria se modela el Sistema de Distribución de Producción
del Litoral Norte, V Región, utilizando el programa WATERCAD, además de proponer
recomendaciones de operación para una situación normal y para casos eventuales o de
emergencia.
Para ello fue necesario recopilar los antecedentes catastrales de todos los
componentes existentes en este sistema, información acerca de la calidad de las aguas
en las captaciones existentes, así como las demandas en las distintas localidades que
lo conforman.
Luego se incorporan a la modelación, tanto fuentes de La Ligua, del Litoral Norte
propiamente tal, y del río Aconcagua en Concón. O sea, se considera tanto la
conducción El Traro por el norte como la conducción Concón por el sur, que permiten
abastecer a todo el Litoral Norte.
Finalmente con el análisis de los resultados del modelo, se puede concluir que el
abastecimiento de todo el sistema es mucho más seguro utilizando la conducción
Concón-La Laguna, considerando además que el río Aconcagua representa una fuente
hidrológica mucho más segura que el río La Ligua.
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Lohrmann, Jo. "Identification of parameters controlling the accretive and tectonically erosive mass transfer mode at the south-central and north Chilean forearc using scaled 2D sandbox experiments." Potsdam : Geoforschungszentrum, 2002. http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/bib/pub/str0210/0210.pdf.
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López, Oliva Macarena. "Interpretación simbólica de la iconografía del sacrificador y el señor de los cetros: Una visión desde los mitos." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/106560.
Full textAbstract:
El objeto de estudio es la iconografía del Norte Grande de Chile, presente en distintos soportes y realizada a lo largo de distintas tradiciones culturales que se han sucedido y entrelazado durante los últimos tres mil años. Entre dichos soportes se encuentra la iconografía de bienes muebles (presente en textiles, vasijas cerámicas, tabletas para el uso de psicoactivos, etc.) o los imponentes geoglifos. Sin embargo, las manifestaciones concretas que elegí son las representaciones en tabletas para el uso de psicoactivos y el arte rupestre.
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Acuña, Salazar Jorge Eduardo. "Modelo de Negocio para Incrementar la Presencia de Nalco Chile en la Industria Minera de la Zona Norte de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/101977.
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Ramírez, Cabello Aracely Melania. "Documentos sobre inclusiones fluidas IV; fluidos que fueron atrapados con microorganismos en el Norte de Chile, Región de Atacama, Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/150702.
Full textAbstract:
GeólogaLa región de Atacama presenta sectores que poseen condiciones sumamente hostiles para la vida, la combinación entre un clima extremadamente árido con la alta radiación UV que recibe, lo ha instalado dentro de la comunidad científica como un potencial análogo terrestre a la superficie marciana, en el que además, se han reportado microorganismos y componentes orgánicos. Bajo este contexto se desarrolla este estudio, el cual analiza al salar Azufrera y a un sistema hidrotermal en sus cercanías, ambos ubicados en la parte noreste de la región, específicamente en el sector más cordillerano, donde si bien las condiciones imperantes no son tan adversas como las que se encuentran en el desierto de Atacama como tal, sí lo son para el desarrollo de la vida. El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar los fluidos que permiten la posible existencia de microorganismos en estos depósitos, intentar bosquejar su evolución y compararlos con fluidos que eventualmente podrían existir en la superficie marciana. Para esto se requiere una recopilación representativa de las zonas a estudiar, luego una caracterización petrográfica de los minerales de la zona y de las inclusiones fluidas primarias y secundarias que hayan albergado idealmente microorganismos. Con los datos obtenidos de estos procedimientos se realiza un análisis microtermométrico para determinar la composición de los fluidos. Se identificaron en las muestras del salar Azufrera diatomeas, coccis, algas y componentes orgánicos. Sin embargo, las inclusiones que aportan información válida para este estudio, lamentablemente no contienen ni microorganismos ni materia orgánica. Además un gran porcentaje de las inclusiones resultaron ser metaestables, lo cual imposibilitó la obtención de datos de un gran número de FIAs. En el sistema hidrotermal se encontraron filamentos, diatomeas e insectos alados afuera de las inclusiones desafortunadamente, por lo tanto no fue posible caracterizar los fluidos que permitieron su existencia en este sistema. Con el software Frezchem se modelaron los fluidos primarios del salar Azufrera y se intentó estimar la concentración de estos en un ambiente similar a Marte. Las condiciones ambientales fueron modeladas con pH 7.7 y 3.0. El pH neutro prevalece en el suelo marciano (Marion et al. (2010)) y en la mayoría de los salares de la zona de estudio; el pH ácido se justifica por la presencia de jarosita en Marte y la presencia de alteraciones hidrotermales en la tierra. Los resultados indican que las composiciones iónicas son tres órdenes de magnitud diferentes y por lo tanto poco comparables, además las variaciones en el pH no tendrían repercusiones en las concentraciones iónicas, no obstante, bajo ambos escenarios podría precipitar yeso, mineral con propiedades que permiten la preservación adecuada de microorganismos bajo condiciones adversas. Dado lo anterior no es posible concluir tajantemente al respecto.
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Romero, Guevara Álvaro Luís. "Organización social y economía política en la prehistoria tardía de los Valles de Arica (1.100 - 1.530 d.C.)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/113572.
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ArqueólogoNuestro problema de estudio es la búsqueda de una interpretación sobre los procesos culturales prehispánicos tardíos de Arica, que incluya ambas miradas, la hegemonía y la interacción social. Sostengo que ambos fenómenos ocurren en paralelo, y que lo que se ha interpretado como hegemonía corresponde esencialmente a la distribución de determinadas materialidades que sustentan el poder político y la ideología de las comunidades, tales como cerámica y textiles con iconografía. Sin duda, estos elementos actúan activamente en tales escenarios, pero también es probable que sean reproducidos socialmente de manera pasiva dentro de los procesos de enculturación. Por otro lado, la interacción, como se ha venido discutiendo desde decenios en la antropología andina, es un proceso que sobrepasa la actividad económica de las comunidades e involucra un rango más amplio de acciones como el parentesco, la ideología y la organización social.
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Püschel, Rouliez Stephan. "Muptu: — Museo Pukará de Turi." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100414.
Full textAbstract:
El Pukará de Turi constituye una de las ruinas u sitios arqueológicos más monumentales de
Chile. Es de hecho el pukará más grande presente en nuestro territorio en la actualidad. Se
erige como el complejo arquitectónico más extenso construido por la cultura atacameña del
que queden registros, fue invadido y dominado por el Imperio Inca llegando a convertirse en
un punto administrativo de importancia en dicho sector del Tahuantinsuyo, y fue declarado
monumento nacional en el año 1982 por el Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales. Sin
embargo en la actualidad no se encuentra valorado como debiera ser, encontrándose en
un estado de olvido y abandono que se hace evidente al observar el proceso de deterioro
en que se encuentra el sitio, el cuál ha sido víctima de una serie de saqueos y destrozos
por parte de personas que han sacado provecho de la falta de protección que posee
actualmente el lugar.
Se ubica en la localidad conocida como las vegas de Turi, en la provincia de El Loa,
en la II Región de Antofagasta.
El desafío de Turi entonces es situarse en el contexto turístico de la zona, pero siempre
teniendo cuidado de mantener su riqueza paisajística, cultural y patrimonial.
Objetivo inherente al proyecto es que a través de éste, se aporte a la comprensión de
un territorio bastante desconocido y olvidado por las sociedades actuales, y se contribuya
a acercarlo un poco más a los chilenos que no lo conocen, a fin de poner en valor las
bondades de un vasto territorio que entre sus relieves posee escondidas las ruinas de un
ancestral pukará al que se accedía por los milenarios caminos del Inca. De esta manera
no solo se le brindaría protección a un sitio patrimonial histórico, se entregaría también
un importante impulso al desarrollo futuro de las culturas que han habitado y seguirán
habitando este extenso territorio por cientos de años más.
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Taylor, Lisa Rende. "Globalization, parental decisionmaking, and child welfare in rural northern Thailand /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6497.
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Poblete, Palacios Carlos Ignacio. "Diseño de la instrumentación sísmica de edificios altos en el norte de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2013. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/113910.
Full textAbstract:
Ingeniero CivilAl ser Chile un país sísmico es de suma importancia conocer la física de los terremotos y más aún como afectan a las estructuras. La instrumentación sísmica de una estructura permite obtener información de las aceleraciones, velocidades, desplazamientos y de las propiedades dinámicas. Tener edificios instrumentados en el Norte de Chile permitirá medir las aceleraciones en estructuras ubicadas cerca del epicentro. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron diseñar la instrumentación sísmica de edificios altos en la zona norte del país y mejorar el actual sistema de instrumentación del edificio de la Cámara Chilena de la Construcción. Las estructuras a instrumentar y sus modelos computacionales fueron proporcionadas por empresas calculistas. Se escogieron tres edificios en la ciudad de Iquique los cuales se estudiaron detalladamente y se analizaron sus propiedades dinámicas teóricas. Luego de tener un conocimiento acabado de cada estructura se estableció la localización y disposición de los equipos de medición y procesamiento, además se establecieron los sistemas y modelos para procesar los datos y para transmitir la información. Se realizó una visita a las tres estructuras donde se tomaron registros de vibraciones ambientales en dos pisos de cada una. Las mediciones permitieron observar de manera adecuada la respuesta de la estructura y determinar en primera instancia, mediante métodos de identificación, las frecuencias, amortiguamientos y formas modales de los edificios, se valida entonces los parámetros del sistema de instrumentación diseñado. Se observaron similitudes en las formas modales medidas con las teóricas y mayores valores en las frecuencias identificadas. Se realizó el mejoramiento de la instrumentación del edificio de la Cámara Chilena de la Construcción, con los sensores EpiSensor ES-U2 actuales se agregaron dos sistemas de adquisición, unos para sismos y otro la vibraciones ambientales, que permitirán monitorear de manera continua los parámetros dinámicos de esta estructura.
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Lindsay, Darryl Desment. "Structural control and anisotropy of mineralization within the Chuquicamata porphyry copper deposit, northern Chile." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0025/NQ36560.pdf.
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Cafaggi, Sara. "Temporal and geochemical characterization of the Negros de Aras (northern Chile) monogenetic volcanic field." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
Negros de Aras is a monogenetic volcanic field located in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes in northern Chile, 26 km towards the north from active Socompa volcano, at a zone dominated by N-S trending faults. It is formed by lava flows and subordinate scoria cone, dated between < 1.5 and 0.6 ± 0.4 Ma, referable to six formations. Geochemically, lava flows display a range from 54.28 to 64.47 wt.% SiO2, respectively and show a compatible trending of major elements as Fe2O3, TiO2, MgO, whereas K2O and Na2O present an incompatible trending. Trace elements display elevated Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, high Sr values, depleted Y and HREE values, absence of an Eu anomaly, Nb and Ti negative anomalies, and relative enrichment LILE and LREE. The geochemical features suggest that the magma has fractionated garnet ± amphibole in its origin, with a low degree of contamination during its ascents to the surface. Besides, considering the small-volume magma batches, it is possible to suggest that the magmas did not have any prolonged stopping on the ascent to the surface. The content of volatiles dissolved, and the ascent rate of these magmas played an essential role in the definition and the change of dominant eruptive styles.
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Hartley, Adrian J. "Mesozoic to recent evolution of the Andean forearc of northern Chile (22-24 s)." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14378/.
Full textAbstract:
The Andean forearc of northern Chile comprises four morphotectonic units, which include from east to west: 1) The Cordillera de la Costa: composed of Jurassic granites and andesites, thought to represent a volcanic arc, the Mejillones terrane, an accreted allochthonous terrane, and the Lower Cretaceous Coloso basin, which formed through forearc extension along the suture between the Mejillones terrane and the Jurassic arc. Palaeomagnetic studies of the above units have identified approximately 29+/-11 degrees of clockwise rotation. Rotation is due to extension (caused by subduction roll back and slab pull), at an angle to the direction of absolute motion of the South American Plate. 2) The Central Depression: a large arid basin containing isolated fault-bounded blocks of pre-Mesozoic metamorphosed igneous rocks, Triassic sediments and volcanics, and Jurassic carbonates, deposited in a. back-arc basin setting. The isolated blocks formed through extension along previous thrust faults, these originated through compression of the back-arc basin due to accretion of the Jurassic volcanic arc. 3) The Precordillera.: composed of Permian-Triassic rift-related sediments and volcanics, Jurassic continental sediments synchronous with back-arc basin sedimentation, and Cretaceous and Oligo-Miocene continental sediments deposited in foreland basins. Palaeomagnetism has identified clockwise rotation in rocks ranging in age from Jurassic-Miocene. Rotation in the Precordillera. affected larger structural blocks than in the Cordillera de la Costa. 4) The Salar Depression: a. series of arid continental basins developed on continental crust. These basins nay have originated in the Triassic, when rifting of the South American craton is thought to have taken place. In conclusion, palaeomagnetic and geological evidence is consistent with the view that the north Chilean forearc was largely under an extensional stress regime. However, the presence of extensive compressional structures in Palaeocene and older rocks in the forearc together with the currently active foreland thrust belt of Argentina. indicate that throughout the evolution of the Andean Orogen, a delicate balance between compressional and extensional tectonic regimes has existed.
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Krishnan, Anand. "Gender inequity in child survival : travails of the girl child in rural north India." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-80254.
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Background: While substantial progress has been made globally towards achieving United Nations Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) on child mortality, the decline is not sufficient to reach the targets set for 2015. The South Asian region, which includes India, was to achieve the MDG 4 target of 39 deaths per 1000 live births by 2015 but was estimated to have reached only 61 by 2011. A part of this under-achievement is due to the gender-differentials in child mortality in South-Asia. The inherent biological advantage of girls, reflected inlower mortality rates as compared to boys globally, is neutralized by their sociocultural disadvantage in India. The availability of technology for prenatal sex determination has promoted sex-linked abortions. Current government efforts include a law that regulates the use of ultrasound and other diagnostic techniquesfor prenatal testing of sex and a conditional cash transfer (CCT) scheme thatinvests a certain amount of funds at the birth of a girl child to attain maturity when the girl turns 18 years of age. This thesis describes the trends in genderspecific mortality during the period 1992-2011 and gender differentials in causes of death among children (paper I), compares gender differentials in child survivalby socio-economic status of the family (paper II), explores the contribution of non-specific effects of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccination to the excess mortality among girls (paper III), and evaluates the impact of CCT schemes of the government and explores community attitudes and practices related to discrimination of girls (paper IV). Methods and Results: This study is set in Ballabgarh Health and DemographicSurveillance System (HDSS) of Haryana State in North India that covered a population of 88,861 across 28 villages in 2011. This study uses the electronic database that houses all individuals enumerated in the HDSS for the period 1992-2011 along with other demographic, socio-economic and health utilization variables. Sex ratio at birth (SRB) was adverse for girls throughout the study period, varying between 821 to 866 girls per 1000 boys. Overall, under-five mortality rates during the period 1992-2011 remained stagnant due to the increasing neonatal mortality rate and decreasing mortality in subsequent age groups. Mortality rates among girls were 1.6 to 2 times higher than boys during the post-neonatal period (1-11 months) as well as in the 1-4 year age group. Girls reported significantly higher mortality rates due to prematurity (relative risk of 1.52; 95% CI = 1.01-2.29); diarrhoea (2.29;1.59-3.29), and malnutrition (3.37; 2.05-5.53) during 2002-2007. The SRB and neonatal mortality rate were consistently adverse for girls in the advantaged groups. In the 1-36 month age group, girl children had higher mortality than boys in all SES groups. The age at vaccination for and coverage with ivabstractBacillus Calmette–Guérin, DTP, polio and measles vaccines did not differ by sex. There was significant excess mortality among girls as compared to boys in the period after immunization with DTP, for both primary (hazard ratio of 1.65; 95% CI 1.17-2.32) and DTPb (2.21; 1.24-3.93) vaccinations until the receipt of the next vaccine. No significant excess mortality among girls was noted after exposure to BCG (1.06; 0.67-1.67) or measles (1.34; 0.85-2.12) vaccine. A community survey showed poor awareness of specific government schemes for girl children. Four-fifths of the community wanted government to help families with girl children financially. In-depth interviews of government programme implementers revealed the themes of “conspiracy of silence” that was being maintained by general population, underplaying of the pervasiveness of the problem coupled with a passive implementation of the programme and “a clash between politicians trying to cash in on the public sentiment of need for subsidies for girl children and a bureaucratic approachof accountability which imposed lot of conditionalities and documentations to access these benefits”. While there has been some improvement in investment in girl children for immunization and education during the period 1992 to 2010, these were also seen among boys of the same houses and daughters in-laws who come from outside the state where such schemes are not in place. Conclusions: In the study area, girl children continue to be disadvantaged a tall periods in their childhood including in utero. In the short run, empowerment of individuals by education and increasing wealth without a concomitant change in culture of son-preference is harmful as it promotes the use of sex determination technology and female feticide to achieve desired family size and composition. There is a need to carefully review the use of health-enhancing technologies including vaccines so that they do not cause more harm to society. Current government efforts to address the gender imbalance are not working, as these are not rooted in a larger social context.
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Cisternas, Figueroa Jaime. "Indígenas y minería en la macrorregión minera del norte, 1813-1884: Un vínculo étnico económico en Chile durante el siglo xix." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/108957.
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La Historia de los pueblos originarios nortinos no ha terminado de ser investigada ni escrita. Las páginas de esta tesis doctoral se introducen en la difusa identidad de las variadas etnias ligadas al influjo cultural del mundo andino y mapuche en esta vasta región, pero la detectan a través de una presencia cuantitativa y cualitativa en un espacio geo-económico preciso: la Macrorregión Minera del Norte de Chile. Del vínculo entre los indígenas y la minería, éstos y sus aparentemente desaparecidas familias y asoladas comunidades, emergen vivencialmente. Su ejercicio minero los reinserta en la Historia republicana, aportándose así, desde este ángulo productivo, humano y cultural, a una nueva y necesaria discusión sobre el “ser” indígena y su devenir etnohistórico en Chile durante el siglo XIX.
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Chi, Durán Rodrigo Kimyen. "Caracterización de trazas sísmica en el campo cercano: Pisagua, Norte de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/134126.
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Ingeniero Civil EléctricoEn la actualidad, el estudio de los sismos se basa en la interpretación correcta de la señales que ellos emiten y que los humanos somos instrumentalmente capaces de medir. La señal que se obtiene de un sismo es conocida como traza sísmica y cuantifica la respuesta en velocidad que generan las ondas sísmicas en la superficie terrestre. La correcta caracterización de una señal sísmica entrega amplia información sobre el mismo, pudiéndose determinar cosas tales como su magnitud, lugar de ocurrencia, entre otros. Una de las principales características de una traza son la llegada de las ondas P y S, con las cuales se puede iniciar un primer análisis en la caracterización de una señal sísmica. La identificación de la aparición de estas dos ondas dentro de la traza sigue siendo un problema abierto en la sismología y que ha seguido siendo investigado con diversas técnicas de análisis de señales e inteligencia computacional. En este trabajo de título se proponen tres métodos para la identificación de las ondas P dentro de una traza sísmica: Método de los Espectrogramas, Método de los Fractales y Métodos de los Fractales modificado. El primer método utiliza técnicas en el dominio de la frecuencia, identificando las alzas energéticas que muestra el espectrograma para la identificación de la llegada de una onda, el segundo es un método que determina la ``dimensión fractal'' de cada punto del sismograma, logrando detectar en base a un cambio brusco de la dimensión generado por la llegada de la onda y, finalmente, el tercer método es un método mixto entre los dos anteriores, que mezcla sus características para una mejor identificación. Para la identificación de la onda S, se usó el algortimo Matching Basic Pursuit que es capaz de descomponer la señal en funciones wavelets. Usando esa metodología, la señal era descompuesta y era posible analizar sólo la onda S presente en la traza, pudiendo de esta forma identificar el tiempo de llegada de ésta. Los resultados de los métodos fueron positivos, el Método de los Espectrogramas y el Método de los Fractales obtuvieron cerca del 80% y 83% de detecciones correctas a menos de un segundo del tiempo real de la aparición de la onda P. El Método de los Fractales Modificado, que mezclaba características de ambos, elevó la cantidad detecciones al 88%. Por otro lado el método de reconocimiento de onda S obtuvo cerca del 83% de detecciones correctas en el mismo intervalo. En conclusión, los métodos propuestos en esta investigación mostraron ser eficaces, y se proyectan como una excelente solución a este problema de la sismología.
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Gardeweg, Moyra C. "The geology, petrology and geochemistry of the Tumisa volcanic complex, north Chile." Thesis, Kingston University, 1991. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20550/.
Full textAbstract:
Tumisa (5,658 m) is a Pleistocene composite volcano located in the western margin of the Upper Cenozoic volcanic chain of the CVZ in northern Chile. It consists of a ~ 25 km[sup]3 non-welded deposit of block-and-ash flow and small-volume ignimbrites, small flank domes and a double peak formed by two cones, the younger a composite of lava flows and domes. The lava flows, domes and blocks of the pyroclastic flows are coarse-grained, crystal-rich dacite (host lava) with dominant plagioclase (An[sub]30-50) and magnesio-hornblendes with different proportions of orthopyroxene (En[sub]62-68), biotite and quartz phenocryts. Accesory phases include Fe-Ti oxides and apatite. These mineral assemblage coexist in disequilibrium with Mg-olivine and Mg-orthopyroxene. In addition to disequilibrium textures and mineral assemblages, there are widespread fine-grained, dark mafic inclusions. The inclusions are interpreted as blobs of hot (> 1100°C) basic magma containing < 5% crystals (Mg-olivine, Mg-orthopyroxene, Cr-rich spinel), which quenched on intrusion into a cool (~ 770°C), wet dacitic magma in a shallow level chamber (4-14 km). Repetitive supplies of the basic magma from depth triggered eruptions in a slowly cooling magma chamber. Mingling and partial hybridization of compositionally distinct multiple end-members was the dominant evolutionary process, combined with limited fractional crystallization, mainly in the basic magma. Post-mixing crystallization produced strongly contrasting mineral compositions due to temperature and compositional gradients. Calcic plagioclase (An[sub]50-74) and low-SiO[sub]2/high-TiO[sub]2 hornblende crystallized as prismatic or acicular aggregates in the inclusions (hyalodoleritic textures), as thin reversely zoned rims on resorbed phenocrysts and as groundmass grains. Clinopyroxene formed as acicular crystals in the inclusions, groundmass grains in the dacites and as reaction coronas around quartz. Mechanical transfer of phenocrysts between the two magmas and partial hybridization shifted whole-rock compositions (58.9-66.2% SiO[sub]2 for the host lavas; 52.7-58.4% SiO[sub]2 for the inclusions). The compositions are typical of normal calc-alkaline volcanoes from the western margin in the Central Andes. Isotopic ratios ([sup]87 Sr/[sup]86 Sr: 0.7055-0.70683; [sup]143 Nd/ [sup]144 Nd: 0.51239 to 0.51255, [epsilon][sup]Nd: -2.1 to -4.8) are within the normal range for parental magmas in this region and reflect minimal interaction with crustal material.