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Hu, Zhiyuan, Jianping Huang, Chun Zhao, Yuanyuan Ma, Qinjian Jin, Yun Qian, L. Ruby Leung, Jianrong Bi, and Jianmin Ma. "Trans-Pacific transport and evolution of aerosols: spatiotemporal characteristics and source contributions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 19 (October 10, 2019): 12709–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12709-2019.
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Abstract. Aerosols in the middle and upper troposphere have a long enough lifetime for trans-Pacific transport from East Asia to North America to influence air quality on the west coast of the United States (US). Here, we conduct quasi-global simulations (180∘ W–180∘ E and 70∘ S–75∘ N) from 2010 to 2014 using an updated version of WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting model fully coupled with chemistry) to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics and source contributions of trans-Pacific aerosol transport. We find that trans-Pacific total aerosols have a maximum mass concentration (about 15 µg m−3) in the boreal spring with a peak between 3 and 4 km above the surface around 40∘ N. Sea salt and dust dominate the total aerosol mass concentration below 1 km and above 4 km, respectively. About 80.8 Tg of total aerosols (48.7 Tg of dust) are exported annually from East Asia, of which 26.7 Tg of aerosols (13.4 Tg of dust) reach the west coast of the US. Dust contributions from four desert regions in the Northern Hemisphere are analyzed using a tracer-tagging technique. About 4.9, 3.9, and 4.5 Tg year−1 of dust aerosol emitted from north Africa, the Middle East and central Asia, and East Asia, respectively, can be transported to the west coast of the US. The trans-Pacific aerosols dominate the column-integrated aerosol mass (∼65.5 %) and number concentration (∼80 %) over western North America. Radiation budget analysis shows that the inflow aerosols could contribute about 86.4 % (−2.91 W m−2) at the surface, 85.5 % (+1.36 W m−2) in the atmosphere, and 87.1 % (−1.55 W m−2) at the top of atmosphere to total aerosol radiative effect over western North America. However, near the surface in central and eastern North America, aerosols are mainly derived from local emissions, and the radiative effect of imported aerosols decreases rapidly. This study motivates further investigations of the potential impacts of trans-Pacific aerosols from East Asia on regional air quality and the hydrological cycle in North America.
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Martell, Mark S., Charles J. Henny, Peter E. Nye, and Matthew J. Solensky. "Fall Migration Routes, Timing, and Wintering Sites of North American Ospreys as Determined by Satellite Telemetry." Condor 103, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.4.715.
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Abstract Satellite telemetry was used to determine fall migratory movements of Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) breeding in the United States. Study areas were established along the lower Columbia River between Oregon and Washington; in north-central Minnesota; on Shelter Island, New York; and in southern New Jersey. Seventy-four adults (25 males, 49 females) were tracked from 1995 through 1999. Migration routes differed among populations but not by sex. Western Ospreys migrated through California and to a lesser degree other western states and wintered in Mexico (88%), El Salvador (6%), and Honduras (6%) (25.9°N to 13.0°N and 108.3°W to 87.3°W). Minnesota Ospreys migrated along three routes: (1) through the Central U.S. and then along the east coast of Mexico, (2) along the Mississippi River Valley, then across the Gulf of Mexico, or (3) through the southeastern U.S., then across the Caribbean. East Coast birds migrated along the eastern seaboard of the U.S., through Florida, and across the Caribbean. Midwestern birds wintered from Mexico south to Bolivia (22.35°N to 13.64°S, and 91.75°W to 61.76°W), while East Coast birds wintered from Florida to as far south as Brazil (27.48°N to 18.5°S and 80.4°W to 57.29°W). Dates of departure from breeding areas differed significantly between sexes and geographic regions, with females leaving earlier than males. Western birds traveled a shorter distance than either midwestern or eastern Ospreys. Females traveled farther than males from the same population, which resulted in females typically wintering south of males. Rutas de Migración Otoñales, Coordinación y Sitios de Invernada de Pandion haliaetus Determinados por Telemetría Satelital Resumen. Se utilizó telemetría satelital para determinar los movimientos de migración de otoño de individuos de Pandion haliaetus que nidifican en los Estados Unidos. Las áreas de estudio se establecieron a lo largo del Río Columbia entre Oregon y Washington; en el centro-norte de Minnesota; en la Isla Shelter, Nueva York; y en el sur de Nueva Jersey. Setenta y cuatro adultos (25 machos, 49 hembras) fueron seguidos mediante telemetría desde 1995 hasta 1999. Las rutas de migración se diferenciaron entre poblaciones pero no entre sexos. Los individuos de P. haliaetus del oeste, migraron a través de California y en menor grado a través de otros estados del oeste e invernaron en México (88%), El Salvador (6%) y Honduras (6%) (25.9°N a 13.0°N y 108.3°O a 87.3°O). Las aves de Minnesota migraron a lo largo de tres rutas: (1) a través del los E.E.U.U. centrales y luego a lo largo de la costa este de México, (2) a lo largo del valle del Río Mississippi y luego a través del Golfo de México, o (3) a través del sur de los E.E.U.U. y luego a través del Caribe. Las aves de la costa este, migraron a lo largo de la costa este de los E.E.U.U., por Florida y a través del Caribe. Las aves del medio-oeste, invernaron desde México hacia el sur hasta Bolivia (22.35°N a 13.64°S, y 91.75°O a 61.76°O), mientras que las aves de la costa este invernaron desde Florida hasta tan al sur como Brasil (27.48°N a 18.5°S y 80.4°O a 57.29°O). Las fechas de partida desde las áreas de nidificación difirieron significativamente entre sexos y regiones geográficas, partiendo las hembras antes que los machos. Las aves del oeste viajaron distancias más cortas que las aves del medio-oeste y del este. Considerando una misma población, las hembras viajaron más lejos que los machos, lo que resultó en que las hembras invernaron típicamente más al sur que los machos.
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Lin-Ye, Jue, Manuel García-León, Vicente Gràcia, María Ortego, Piero Lionello, Dario Conte, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, and Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla. "Modeling of Future Extreme Storm Surges at the NW Mediterranean Coast (Spain)." Water 12, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020472.
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Storm surges are one of the main drivers for extreme flooding at the coastal areas. Such events can be characterized with the maximum level in an extreme storm surge event (surge peak), as well as the duration of the event. Surge projections come from a barotropic model for the 1950–2100 period, under a severe climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) at the northeastern Spanish coast. The relationship of extreme storm surges to three large-scale climate patterns was assessed: North Atlantic Oscillation ( N A O ), East Atlantic Pattern ( E A W R ), and Scandinavian Pattern ( S C ). The statistical model was built using two different strategies. In Strategy #1, the joint probability density was characterized by a moving-average series of stationary Archimedean copula, whereas in Strategy #2, the joint probability density was characterized by a non-stationary probit copula. The parameters of the marginal distribution and the copula were defined with generalized additive models. The analysis showed that the mean values of surge peak and event duration were constant and were independent of the proposed climate patterns. However, the values of N A O and S C influenced the threshold and the storminess of extreme events. According to Strategy #1, the variance of the surge peak and event duration increased with a fast shift of negative S C and a positive N A O , respectively. Alternatively, Strategy #2 showed that the variance of the surge peak increased with a positive E A W R . Both strategies coincided in that the joint dependence of the maximum surge level and the duration of extreme surges ranged from low to medium degree. Its mean value was stationary, and its variability was linked to the geographical location. Finally, Strategy #2 helped determine that this dependence increased with negative N A O .
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Rossi-Santos, Marcos R., Elitieri S. Neto, Clarêncio G. Baracho, Sérgio R. Cipolotti, Enrico Marcovaldi, and Marcia H. Engel. "Occurrence and distribution of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on the north coast of the State of Bahia, Brazil, 2000–2006." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 4 (March 20, 2008): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn034.
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Abstract Rossi-Santos, M. R., Neto, E. S., Baracho, C. G., Cipolotti, S. R., Marcovaldi, E., and Engel, M. H. 2008. Occurrence and distribution of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on the north coast of the State of Bahia, Brazil, 2000–2006. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 667–673. The Abrolhos Bank off Brazil is considered the main breeding ground for the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Southwest Atlantic. However, owing to an increase in the occurrence of the species along the north coast of the State of Bahia, it has been suggested that the species is reoccupying that region, which was probably utilized by the whales before commercial whaling. Information is presented on the occurrence and distribution of humpback whales along the north coast of the State of Bahia, with a comparative overview, for the period 2000–2006. Daily research cruises were conducted from July to October, departing from Praia do Forte (13°40′S 38°10′W) and lasting ∼9 h. Data on sampling and sighting effort, and geographical position and composition of groups of humpback whales, were collected on standardized field sheets. In all, 230 surveys were performed, covering some 9740 nautical miles in 1645 h of sampling effort, during which 1626 humpback whales were sighted, including 118 calves. Humpback whales were sighted throughout the study area. Solitary individuals and pairs were the most frequent group composition, 26% and 37% of the observed groups (n = 723), respectively. Depth of water varied from 15 to 1657 m (mean = 62.4; s.d. = 99). The sightings values were grouped into depth classes to ascertain the highest frequencies (∼30%) for the two classes, i.e. between 35.1 and 55 m of water. There was an increase in the encounter rates of humpback whales on the north coast of the State of Bahia between 2000 and 2006, identifying a difference in SPUE [sightings per unit (h) of effort] among years (Kruskal–Wallis H = 30.155, d.f. = 6, p < 0.05). The results support the hypothesis that humpback whales are reoccupying former breeding areas along the Brazilian coast.
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Harden, B. E., I. A. Renfrew, and G. N. Petersen. "A Climatology of Wintertime Barrier Winds off Southeast Greenland." Journal of Climate 24, no. 17 (September 2011): 4701–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4113.1.
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A climatology of barrier winds along the southeastern coast of Greenland is presented based on 20 yr of winter months (1989–2008) from the ECMWF Interim Reanalysis (ERA-Interim). Barrier wind events occur predominantly at two locations: Denmark Strait North (DSN; 67.7°N, 25.3°W) and Denmark Strait South (DSS; 64.9°N, 35.9°W). Events stronger than 20 m s−1 occur on average once per week during winter with considerable interannual variability—from 7 to 20 events per winter. The monthly frequency of barrier wind events correlates with the monthly North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) index with a correlation coefficient of 0.57 (0.31) at DSN (DSS). The associated total turbulent heat fluxes for barrier wind events (area averaged) were typically about 200 W m−2 with peak values of 400 W m−2 common in smaller regions. Area-averaged surface stresses were typically between 0.5 and 1 N m−2. Total precipitation rates were larger at DSS than DSN, both typically less than 1 mm h−1. The total turbulent heat fluxes were shown to have a large range as a result of a large range in 2-m air temperature. Two classes of barrier winds—warm and cold—were investigated and found to develop in different synoptic-scale situations. Warm barrier winds developed when there was a blocking high pressure over the Nordic seas, while cold barrier winds owed their presence to a train of cyclones channeling through the region.
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Brenes, Carlos, Daniel Ballestero, Rosario Benavides, Juan Pablo Salazar, and Gustavo Murillo. "Variations in the geostrophic circulation pattern and thermohaline structure in the Southeast Central American Pacific." Revista de Biología Tropical 64, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i1.23421.
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<p>This study was conducted in the southeast region of the Central American Pacific, an area of great oceanographic importance due to the presence of various upwelling phenomena and the direct influence of the ENSO on its waters. Its main objective was to contribute to the knowledge of the main factors that modulate the regional dynamics. We describe the geostrophic circulation and thermohaline features along two transects obtained in October 2010 and March 2011, one from Costa Rica at (84°54’ W - 9°37’ N) to the SW of Cocos Island at (88°19’ W - 3°06’ N), and the second oriented zonally across the island from (88°14’ W - 5°33’ N) to (84°33’ W - 5°33’ N). Surface temperatures ranged from 27°C to 29°C and a near isothermal layer, with an average thickness of 40 m, was apparent above the thermocline centered at 60 m. Surface salinities were between 32 and 32.8, typical values of the Tropical Surface Water. In both years, Cocos Island was located in a region of low surface salinities (~32). The salty core of the Subtropical Subsurface Water (~35) was located at an average depth of 150m. In October the circulation between Cocos Island and the continent was dominated by the presence of the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC), with speeds above 40 cm s<sup>-1 </sup>in the upper 50 m of the water column. No flow to the northwest near the coast that could be associated with the Costa Rica Coastal Current (CRCC) in October was observed. The Cocos Island was located in the center of a 150 m deep, 100 km diameter anticyclonic eddy, with surface speeds of 10 cm s<sup>-1</sup>and 20 cm s<sup>-1</sup>. In March the study area was again dominated by an anticyclonic cell, with eastward flow between 50 cm s<sup>-1</sup> and 60 cm s<sup>-1</sup> located between 200 km north and 100 km south of the island. The southern end of this cell, with velocities between 10 cm s<sup>-1 </sup>and 50 cm s<sup>-1</sup> to the northwest, was located 200 km south of Cocos Island. A flow to the NW near the edge of the continental shelf, consistent with the CRCC, was observed in May. Our study contributes to document the oceanography of the eastern end of the Equatorial Current System near the coast of Central America, where regional forcing modifies the zonal flow which prevails west of the study area.</p><div> </div>
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Silva, A. C., B. Bourles, and M. Araujo. "Circulation of the thermocline salinity maximum waters off the Northern Brazil as inferred from in situ measurements and numerical results." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 5 (May 4, 2009): 1861–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-1861-2009.
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Abstract. High resolution hydrographic observations of temperature and salinity are used to analyse the subsurface circulation along the coast of North Brazil, off the Amazon mouth, between 2° S and 6° N. Observations are presented from four cruises carried out in different periods of the year (March–May 1995, May–June 1999, July–August 2001 and October–November 1997). Numerical model outputs complement the results of the shipboard measurements, and are used to complete the descriptions of mesoscale circulation. The Salinity Maximum Waters are here analyzed, principally in order to describe the penetration of waters originating in the Southern Hemisphere toward the Northern Hemisphere through the North Brazil Current (NBC)/North Brazil Undercurrent (NBUC). Our results show that, if the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) is fed by Northern Atlantic Waters, this contribution may only occur in the ocean interior, east of the western boundary around 100 m depth. Modeling results indicate a southward penetration of the Western Boundary Undercurrent (WBUC) below the thermocline, along the North Brazilian coast into the EUC or the North Equatorial Undercurrent (NEUC) (around 48° W–3° N). The WBUC in the region does not flow more south than 3° N. The northern waters are diverted eastward either by the NBC retroflection or by the northern edge of the associated clockwise rings. The existence of subsurface mesoscale rings associated to the NBC retroflection is evidenced, without any signature in the surface layer, so confirming earlier numerical model outputs. These subsurface anticyclones, linked to the NBC/NBUC retroflection into the North Equatorial Undercurrent and the EUC, contribute to the transport of South Atlantic high salinity water into the Northern Hemisphere.
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Zhang, Dongxiao, Michael J. McPhaden, and William E. Johns. "Observational Evidence for Flow between the Subtropical and Tropical Atlantic: The Atlantic Subtropical Cells*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1783–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2408.1.
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Abstract This study determines the mean pathways and volume transports in the pycnocline and surface layer for water flowing between the subtropical and tropical Atlantic Ocean, using potential vorticity, salinity, geostrophic flow maps on isopycnal surfaces, and surface drifter velocities. In both hemispheres, subducted salinity maximum waters flow into the Tropics in the pycnocline along both interior and western boundary pathways. The North Atlantic ventilating trajectories are confined to densities between about 23.2 and 26.0 σθ, and only about 2 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s–1) of water reaches the Tropics through the interior pathway, whereas the western boundary contributes about 3 Sv to the equatorward thermocline flow. Flow on shallower surfaces of this density range originates from the central Atlantic near 40°W between 12° and 16°N whereas flow on the deeper surfaces originates from near 20°W just off the coast of Africa at higher latitudes. The pathways skirt around the potential vorticity barrier located under the intertropical convergence zone and reach their westernmost location at about 10°N. In the South Atlantic, about 10 Sv of thermocline water reaches the equator through the combination of interior (4 Sv) and western boundary (6 Sv) routes in a slightly higher density range than in the North Atlantic. Similar to the North Atlantic, the shallower layers originate in the central part of the basin (along 10°–30°W at 10°–15°S) and the deeper layers originate at higher latitudes from the eastern part of the basin. However, the ventilation pathways are spread over a much wider interior window in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere that at 6°S extends from 10°W to the western boundary. The equatorward convergent flows in the thermocline upwell into the surface layer and return to the subtropics through surface poleward divergence. As much as 70% of the tropical Atlantic upwelling into the surface layer is associated with these subtropical circulation cells, with the remainder contributed by the warm return flow of the large-scale thermohaline overturning circulation.
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Karakostas, V. G., E. E. Papadimitriou, M. D. Tranos, and C. B. Papazachos. "ACTIVE SEISMOTECTONIC STRUCTURES IN THE AREA OF CHIOS ISLAND, NORTH AEGEAN SEA, REVEALED FROM MICROSEISMICITY AND FAULT PLANE SOLUTIONS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 4 (January 25, 2017): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11396.
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Data from a digital seismological network operating during April–July 2002 were used for the microseismicity study of the area around Chios Island (East Aegean Sea, Greece). Numerous microearthquakes were detected and more than 950 well–located hypocenters were obtained along with 96 reliably determined focal mechanisms. The epicentral distribution and focal mechanisms of several earthquakes revealed that the NE–SW striking dextral strike–slip faults dominate in the study area as is the dominant pattern in North Aegean Sea. An earthquake swarm near Psara Island and a cluster offshore the west coast of Chios Island are associated with NW–SE trending left–lateral strike–slip faults, orthogonal to the dextral ones. Near the west coast of the Island the microseismicity evidences that oblique faulting dominates, whereas onshore and offshore the North Chios Island, clusters of events manifest the activation of either E–W or N–S striking normal faults. This complex deformation pattern is the manifestation of the dextral strike–slip faulting termination against conjugate sinistral ones, the transition from strike–slip to normal through the oblique faulting, as well as the activation of biaxial normal faulting in places.
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Abe, Hiroto, Youichi Tanimoto, Takuya Hasegawa, and Naoto Ebuchi. "Oceanic Rossby Waves over Eastern Tropical Pacific of Both Hemispheres Forced by Anomalous Surface Winds after Mature Phase of ENSO." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 11 (November 2016): 3397–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0118.1.
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AbstractThe present study examined ENSO-related wind forcing contribution to off-equatorial Rossby wave formations in the eastern tropical regions of the North and South Pacific using satellite altimeter data and atmospheric reanalysis data during the period of 1993–2013. After mature phases of ENSO events, the sea surface height anomaly fields showed that off-equatorial Rossby waves propagated westward along 11°N and 8°S from the eastern Pacific. Starting longitudes of the westward propagation were distant from the eastern coast, especially for weak El Niño events in the 2000s, in contrast to the strong 1997/98 El Niño event in which the propagations started from the coast. Based on observational data, it was hypothesized that the Rossby waves could be formed by off-equatorial zonal belts of wind stress curl anomalies (WSCAs) in 135°–90°W rather than by wave emissions from the eastern coast. A numerical model forced only by WSCAs, that is, without wave emissions from the coast, successfully reproduced observed features of the Rossby waves in 180°–120°W, supporting the study’s hypothesis. During mature phases of El Niño events, equatorially symmetric negative sea level pressure anomalies (SLPAs) resulting from hydrostatic adjustment to the underlying warm sea surface temperature anomalies dominated over the eastern tropical Pacific. Anomalous surface easterlies blowing around the negative SLPA area as geostrophic winds were a major contributor in forming the anticyclonic WSCAs. The polarity of the anomalies is reversed during La Niña events. Therefore, spatial patterns of the SLPAs associated with the ENSO events are necessary to understand the Rossby wave formations.
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Rouse, M. N., C. A. Griffey, and W. S. Brooks. "First Detection of Puccinia hordei Virulence to Barley Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Rph3 and Combination with Virulence to Rph7 in North America." Plant Disease 97, no. 6 (June 2013): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-12-0785-pdn.
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Barley leaf rust, caused by Puccinia hordei Otth., has been problematic in United States barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production in the Mid-Atlantic coast region and California. During the early 1990s, P. hordei pathotypes with virulence to resistance gene Rph7 caused average yield losses from 6 to 16% (3). ‘Doyce’ barley was released in 2003 and was described as being resistant to leaf rust (2). Initially in April 2010 and subsequently in spring 2011 and 2012, high severities and infection responses were observed on experimental plots of ‘Doyce’ in Warsaw and Blacksburg, Virginia. Three single uredinial isolates of P. hordei were derived from collections made from ‘Doyce’ barley. The isolates were characterized for virulence to barley leaf rust resistance genes by inoculating at least two replicates of a barley leaf rust differential set including 12 Rph genes (1). Previous methods used for inoculation, incubation, and pathotyping were followed (1). Infection types were scored on a 0 to 4 scale where 2 and below indicated resistance and 3 and above indicated susceptibility (4). The three isolates collected from Doyce barley displayed large pustules with infection types 3,3+ to cultivars Estate (Rph3) and Cebada Capa (Rph7). Avirulent isolates of P. hordei displayed infection types 0; to 0;1c to Estate and ;n to 0;1n to Cebada Capa (1). The data indicated that all three isolates were virulent to both barley leaf rust resistance genes Rph3 and Rph7. Though combined Rph3 and Rph7 virulence has been reported in the Mediterranean region, this is the first report of Rph3 virulence in North America. These isolates of P. hordei are virulent to important sources of resistance to barley leaf rust and threaten barley production in environments conducive for disease development in North America. References: (1) W. S. Brooks et al. Phytopathology 90:1131, 2000. (2) W. S. Brooks et al. Crop Sci. 45:792, 2005. (3) C. A. Griffey et al. Plant Dis. 78:256, 1994. (4) M. N. Levine and W. J. Cherewick. U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1056, 1952.
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Žák, Jiří, Igor Soejono, Vojtěch Janoušek, and Zdeněk Venera. "Magnetic fabric and tectonic setting of the Early to Middle Jurassic felsic dykes at Pitt Point and Mount Reece, eastern Graham Land, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 24, no. 1 (September 23, 2011): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102011000599.
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AbstractAt Pitt Point, the east coast of Graham Land (Antarctic Peninsula), the Early to Middle Jurassic (Toarcian–Aalenian) rhyolite dykes form two coevally emplaced NNE–SSW and E–W trending sets. The nearly perpendicular dyke sets define a large-scale chocolate-tablet structure, implying biaxial principal extension in the WNW–ESE and N–S directions. Along the nearby north-eastern slope of Mount Reece, the WNW–ESE set locally dominates suggesting variations in the direction and amount of extension. Magnetic fabric in the dykes, revealed using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) method, indicates dip-parallel to dip-oblique (?upward) magma flow. The dykes are interpreted as representing sub-volcanic feeder zones above a felsic magma source. The dyke emplacement was synchronous with the initial stages of the Weddell Sea opening during Gondwana break-up, but it remains unclear whether it was driven by regional stress field, local stress field above a larger plutonic body, or by an interaction of both.
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Malloy, Jonny W., Daniel S. Krahenbuhl, Chad E. Bush, Robert C. Balling, Michael M. Santoro, Joshua R. White, Renée C. Elder, Matthew B. Pace, and Randall S. Cerveny. "A Surface Wind Extremes (“Wind Lulls” and “Wind Blows”) Climatology for Central North America and Adjoining Oceans (1979–2012)." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 3 (March 2015): 643–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0009.1.
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AbstractThis study explores long-term deviations from wind averages, specifically near the surface across central North America and adjoining oceans (25°–50°N, 60°–130°W) for 1979–2012 (408 months) by utilizing the North American Regional Reanalysis 10-m wind climate datasets. Regions where periods of anomalous wind speeds were observed (i.e., 1 standard deviation below/above both the long-term mean annual and mean monthly wind speeds at each grid point) were identified. These two climatic extremes were classified as wind lulls (WLs; below) or wind blows (WBs; above). Major findings for the North American study domain indicate that 1) mean annual wind speeds range from 1–3 m s−1 (Intermountain West) to over 7 m s−1 (offshore the East and West Coasts), 2) mean durations for WLs and WBs are high for much of the southeastern United States and for the open waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, respectively, 3) the longest WL/WB episodes for the majority of locations have historically not exceeded 5 months, 4) WLs and WBs are most common during June and October, respectively, for the upper Midwest, 5) WLs are least frequent over the southwestern United States during the North American monsoon, and 6) no significant anomalous wind trends exist over land or sea.
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Moody, J. L., W. C. Keene, O. R. Cooper, K. J. Voss, R. Aryal, S. Eckhardt, B. Holben, J. R. Maben, M. A. Izaguirre, and J. N. Galloway. "Flow climatology for physicochemical properties of dichotomous aerosol over the western North Atlantic Ocean at Bermuda." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 8 (August 29, 2013): 22383–444. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-22383-2013.
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Abstract. Dichotomous aerosols (nominal super- and sub-μm-diameter size fractions) in sectored on-shore flow were sampled daily from July 2006 through June 2009, at the Tudor Hill Atmospheric Observatory (THAO) on the western coast of Bermuda (32.27° N, 64.87° W) and analyzed for major chemical and physical properties. Flexpart retroplumes were calculated for each sampling period and aerosol properties were stratified accordingly based on transport from different regions. Transport from the northeastern United States (NEUS) was associated with significantly higher (factors of 2 to 3 based on median values) concentrations of bulk particulate non-sea-salt (nss) SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ and associated scattering and absorption at 530 nm, relative to transport from Africa (AFR) and the Oceanic background. These differences were driven primarily by higher values associated with the sub-μm size fraction under NEUS flow. We estimate that 75 (± 3)% of the NEUS nss SO42− was anthropogenic in origin, while only 25 (± 9)% of the AFR nss SO42− was anthropogenic. Integrating over all transport patterns, we estimate the contribution of anthropogenic sulfate has dropped 14.6% from the early 1990's. Bulk scattering was highly correlated with bulk nss SO42− in all flow regimes but the corresponding regression slopes varied significantly reflecting differential contributions to total scattering by associated aerosol components. Absorption by super-μm aerosol in transport from the NEUS versus AFR was similar although the super-μm aerosol size fraction accounted for a relatively greater contribution to total absorption in AFR flow. Significantly greater absorption angstrom exponents (AAEs) for AFR flow reflects the wavelength dependence of absorption by mineral aerosols; lower AAEs for NEUS flow is consistent with the dominance of absorption by combustion-derived aerosols. Higher AOD associated with transport from both the NEUS and AFR relative to Oceanic background flow results in a top of atmosphere direct radiative forcing on the order of −1.6 to −2.5 W m−2, respectively, showing these aerosols drive cooling. The dominance of transport from the NEUS on an annual basis coupled with the corresponding decreases in anthropogenic nss SO42− aerosols since the early 1990's implies that emission reductions in the US account for a decline in atmospheric cooling over the western North Atlantic Ocean during this period.
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Gibbs, CF, GH Arnott, AR Longmore, and JW Marchant. "Nutrient and plankton distribution near a shelf break front in the region of the Bass Strait cascade." Marine and Freshwater Research 42, no. 2 (1991): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9910201.
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Nutrient enrichment of surface water to the east of a shelf break front at the eastern end of Bass Strait occurs in winter. This area of enrichment is more than 100 nautical miles (E-W) by 150 nm (N-S). From east of Banks Strait (40� 45'S,148�E), some of the nutrient-rich water is carried northwards with the northward flow of Bass Strait water which later forms the well-known 'cascade' below the warmer waters of the Tasman Sea. In September 1984, the chlorophyll a concentration increased along the line of this northward flow, producing a maximum off the Victorian coast near where the cascade occurs. In contrast to nutrient and chlorophyll a distributions, zooplankton biomass (dry weight) was higher in the shallow water of Bass Strait than over the continental slope. This suggests that the plankton growth observed in shallow Bass Strait waters in late winter had ceased by September, but was continuing to the north-east and over the slope in waters with a shallow mixed depth. We propose that the northward flow of water along the shelf break maintains plankton in a nutrient-rich environment, so that they continue to grow until they are carried below the photic zone by the cascade.
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Thompson, Kelsey B., Monte G. Bateman, and Lawrence D. Carey. "A Comparison of Two Ground-Based Lightning Detection Networks against the Satellite-Based Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 2191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00186.1.
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Abstract Lightning stroke data from both the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) and the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) were compared to lightning group data from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) from 1 January 2010 through 30 June 2011. The region of study, from 39°S to 39°N latitude, chosen based on the orbit of LIS, and 164°E east to 17°W longitude, chosen to approximate the possible Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) longitude, was considered in its entirety and then divided into geographical subregions. Over this 18-month time period, WWLLN had an 11.0% entire region, 13.2% North American, 6.2% South American, 16.4% Atlantic Ocean, and 18.9% Pacific Ocean coincidence percent (CP) value. The ENTLN CP values were 28.5%, 63.3%, 2.2%, 3.0%, and 2.5%, respectively. During the 18 months, WWLLN CP values remained rather consistent but low and often higher over ocean than land; ENTLN CP values showed large spatial and temporal variability. With both networks, North America had less variability during summer months than winter months and higher CP values during winter months than summer months. The highest ENTLN CP values were found in the southeastern United States, especially in a semicircle that extended from central Oklahoma, through Texas, along the northern Gulf of Mexico, across southern Florida, and along the U.S. East Coast. There was no significant change in CP values over time; the lowest monthly North American ENTLN CP value was found in June 2011 at 48.1%, the last month analyzed. These findings are consistent with most ENTLN sensors being located in the United States.
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Reddin, David G., Lars Petter Hansen, Vegar Bakkestuen, Ian Russell, Jonathan White, E. C. E. (Ted) Potter, J. Brian Dempson, et al. "Distribution and biological characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at Greenland based on the analysis of historical tag recoveries." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 9 (June 13, 2012): 1589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss087.
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Abstract Reddin, D. G., Hansen, L. P., Bakkestuen, V., Russell, I., White, J., Potter, E. C. E., Dempson, J. B., Sheehan, T. F., Ó Maoiléidigh, N., Smith, G. W., Isaksson, A., Jacobsen, J. A., Fowler, M., Mork, K. A., and Amiro, P. 2012. Distribution and biological characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at Greenland based on the analysis of historical tag recoveries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1589–1597. In this study, we examined 5481 records of tag recoveries at Greenland from a new tagging database held by ICES that contains information on salmon tagged in Canada, France, Faroes, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Spain, the UK (Northern Ireland, Scotland, England, and Wales), and the United States from the early 1960s to the present. For 4806 of the tag recoveries, latitude and longitude information were available, describing, to varying degrees of accuracy, the location of recovery of tagged fish. Release and recovery dates were variable, but no significant differences over time were noted. The information derived from tag recoveries was used to describe the distribution and growth of salmon of different origins. The proportion of recoveries from East Greenland suggested that potential multi-sea-winter salmon from northern Europe have a more easterly distribution than those from southern Europe. The location of recovery of salmon of North American origin differed from that of European salmon along the west coast of Greenland. Tag recoveries by country were not uniformly distributed across the respective NAFO Divisions. Tags from salmon originating in Canada and the United States were more commonly recovered in northern locations than tags from European-origin salmon. Analysis of rates of tag recovery suggested similar rates before and after the introduction of the NASCO Tag Return Incentive Scheme. The straight-line migration speed of both North American and European salmon changed very little over the time-series, but was ∼40% greater for North American salmon (0.43 m s−1) than for European salmon (0.29–0.32 m s−1).
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de Jesús Yáñez Morales, Ma, I. Alanis Martínez, J. Manuel Soto Rocha, D. K. Malvick, J. E. Kurle, C. M. Floyd, and S. V. Krupa. "Soybean Rust Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Detected in the State of Campeche on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico." Plant Disease 93, no. 8 (August 2009): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-8-0847a.
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Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd is a destructive foliar disease of soybean (Glycine max L), which was first confirmed in North America in Louisiana during 2004 (4). Soybean rust (SBR) has also been reported late in the growing season as far north as Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa. SBR was first confirmed in Mexico in 2005 in the state of San Luis Potosi on soybean (3) and subsequently reported in the states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and the southwestern coast of Chiapas. Symptoms of SBR were observed on leaves of multiple, nearly mature soybean plants near the city of Campeche (19.72796°N, 90.0771°W) on the Gulf Coast of the Yucatan Peninsula during November 2008. Angular and irregular chlorotic lesions on leaves contained necrotic spots and pale brown, erumpent, cone-like uredinia with a central opening. Ellipsoid to obovoid, echinulate, light tan urediniospores (10 to 13 × 16 to 18 μm) were observed microscopically. DNA was extracted from leaf tissue containing uredinia and from asymptomatic tissue with the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). P. pachyrhizi was confirmed in the symptomatic leaves by a PCR assay with Ppm1/Ppa2 primers, but not from the asymptomatic leaves (1). Subsequently, the DNA extracted from symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf tissues was tested again in another laboratory by a specific quantitative PCR assay (1), and positive results for the presence of soybean rust were obtained only from the symptomatic tissue. As a final confirmatory step, amplified DNA from the PCR assay was sequenced, and the results matched P. pachyrhizi sequences in the GenBank database. To our knowledge, these observations confirm for the first time the presence of P. pachyrhizi in the state of Campeche of southern Mexico. Although it was confirmed on soybean during 2008, it is not known how long the pathogen has been present or which other hosts may be infected there. The presence of SBR on the Yucatan Peninsula is significant because of its potential effects on local plant hosts. In addition, the climate allows possible year-round survival of the pathogen and long-distance transport of urediniospores to the United States. Potential transport of SBR spores from this part of Mexico to the United States has been reported through the application of NOAA's HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Transport) model and atmospheric back-trajectory analysis (2). References: (1) R. D. Frederick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002. (2) S. V. Krupa et al. Plant Dis. 90:1254, 2006. (3) A. C. Rodriguez et al. Plant Dis. 90:1260, 2006. (4) R. W. Schneider et al. Plant Dis. 89:774, 2005.
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Knippertz, Peter, Heini Wernli, and Gregor Gläser. "A Global Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports." Journal of Climate 26, no. 10 (May 8, 2013): 3031–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00401.1.
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Abstract In a recent paper, a climatology of tropical moisture exports (TMEs) to the Northern Hemisphere (NH) was constructed on the basis of 7-day forward trajectories, started daily from the tropical lower troposphere, which were required to reach a water vapor flux of at least 100 g kg−1 m s−1 somewhere north of 35°N. It was shown that TMEs contribute significantly to regional precipitation. Here, the authors complement and extend this work by (i) using 6-hourly European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data from 1979 to 2010 instead of the earlier 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), (ii) extending the climatology to the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and (iii) relating TME events to atmospheric rivers (ARs) previously discussed in the literature. The main conclusions are as follows: First, the TME climatology is not sensitive to the reanalysis dataset. Second, SH TME shows four activity centers: the central and eastern Pacific Ocean (170°–90°W, near the South Pacific convergence zone), eastern South America and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean (60°W–0°, near the South Atlantic convergence zone), the western Indian Ocean (30°–80°E), and western Australia (110°–140°E). Third, TME activity in the SH peaks in austral summer because of higher moisture contents and possibly because of increased Rossby wave activity from the NH. Fourth, El Niño warm events are associated with reduced activity over the South Pacific and increased activity over the South Atlantic and around Australia, while correlations with the southern annular mode are generally weak. Finally, around 90% of all ARs affecting the U.S. West Coast during December–May are connected to TME events, revealing their importance for heavy rain and flooding.
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Harland, W. Brian, and Isobel Geddes. "Chapter 17 Carboniferous-Permian history of Svalbard." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 17, no. 1 (1997): 310–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1997.017.01.17.
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Rocks formed in these two periods do not easily divide at their mutual boundary and it is convenient to treat them together. In doing so we are addressing perhaps the best known and most conspicuous formations of Svalbard. Few geologists have been to the archipelago without noticing fossils and making some observations on these rocks. We are therefore embarking on a substantial study. A three-fold division of Paleozoic rocks in Svalbard is convenient in which Silurian and Devonian or middle Paleozoic history, dominated by Caledonian events, is followed by a Late Paleozoic interval of increasingly stable conditions which show little impact from Variscan, Ellesmerian or Uralian events elsewhere. This contrast applies conspicuously in Permian western Arctic regions.The Carboniferous-Permian outcrops are shown on Fig. 17.1. These rocks are the lower element in the Post-Devonian cover sequence divided between the Spitsbergen Basin and the Eastern Platform and Bjørnøya.The outcrops are disposed in two main areas in Spitsbergen and one in Bjørnøya. The Spitsbergen Basin was at first divided into troughs by inherited N-S faults. These then coalesced and extended throughout Spitsbergen.The present outcrop pattern resulted (i) from Late Cretaceous tilting with loss by erosion to the north, burial to the south and wide E-W exposure across the middle.(ii) A linear belt along the west coast, brought to the surface by folding and uplift along the Cenozoic West Spitsbergen Orogenic Belt from Kongsfjorden to Hornsund. Outcrops are frequently controlled by overthrusting from the west.(iii) The Bjørnøya Carboniferous outcrop
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Peace, Alexander, Edward Dempsey, Christian Schiffer, J. Welford, Ken McCaffrey, Jonathan Imber, and Jordan Phethean. "Evidence for Basement Reactivation during the Opening of the Labrador Sea from the Makkovik Province, Labrador, Canada: Insights from Field Data and Numerical Models." Geosciences 8, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8080308.
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The onshore exposures adjacent to modern, offshore passive continental margins may preserve evidence of deformation from the pre-, syn-, and post-rift phases of continental breakup that allow us to investigate the processes associated with and controlling rifting and breakup. Here, we characterize onshore brittle deformation and pre-rift basement metamorphic mineral fabric from onshore Labrador in Eastern Canada in the Palaeoproterozoic Aillik Domain of the Makkovik Province. Stress inversion (1) was applied to these data and then compared to (2) numerical models of hybrid slip and dilation tendency, (3) independent calculations of the regional geopotential stress field, and (4) analyses of palaeo-stress in proximal regions from previous work. The stress inversion shows well-constrained extensional deformation perpendicular to the passive margin, likely related to pre-breakup rifting in the proto-Labrador Sea. Hybrid slip and dilatation analysis indicates that inherited basement structures were likely oriented in a favorable orientation to be reactivated during rifting. Reconstructed geopotential stresses illuminate changes of the ambient stress field over time and confirm the present paleo-stress estimates. The new results and numerical models provide a consistent picture of the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic lithospheric stress field evolution in the Labrador Sea region. The proto-Labrador Sea region was characterized by a persistent E–W (coast-perpendicular) extensional stress regime, which we interpret as the pre-breakup continental rifting that finally led to continental breakup. Later, the ridge push of the Labrador Sea spreading ridge maintained this general direction of extension. We see indications for anti-clockwise rotation of the direction of extension along some of the passive margins. However, extreme persistent N–S-oriented extension as indicated by studies further north in West Greenland cannot be confirmed.
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Wang, Wanqiu, and Pingping Xie. "A Multiplatform-Merged (MPM) SST Analysis." Journal of Climate 20, no. 9 (May 1, 2007): 1662–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4097.1.
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Abstract Previous observational studies indicated that local sea surface temperatures (SSTs) near the west coast of the United States, in the Gulf of California, and in the Gulf of Mexico have strong impacts on the North American monsoon (NAM) system. Simulations of the NAM by numerical models are also found to be sensitive to the specification of SSTs. Accordingly, a reliable SST dataset is essential for improving the understanding, simulation, and prediction of the NAM system. In this study, a new fine-resolution SST analysis is constructed by merging in situ observations from ships and buoys with retrievals from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites (NOAA-16 and NOAA-17), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR). Called the multiplatform-merged (MPM) SST analysis, this new product of 3-hourly SST is defined on a 0.25° × 0.25° latitude–longitude grid over the Western Hemisphere (30°S–60°N, 180°–30°W). The analysis for the period of 15 May–30 September 2004 shows that the MPM is capable of capturing small-scale disturbances such as those associated with the tropical instability waves. It also depicts local sharp gradients around Baja California and the Gulf Stream with reasonable accuracy compared with the existing analyses. Experiments have been conducted to examine the impacts of the addition of satellite observations on the quality of the MPM analysis. Results showed that inclusion of observations from more satellites progressively improves the quantitative accuracy, especially for diurnal amplitude of the analysis, indicating the importance of accommodating observations from multiple platforms in depicting critical details in an SST analysis with high temporal and spatial resolutions.
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Nelson, E. V., M. L. Fairweather, S. M. Ashiglar, J. W. Hanna, and N. B. Klopfenstein. "First Report of the Armillaria Root Disease Pathogen, Armillaria gallica, on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Arizona." Plant Disease 97, no. 12 (December 2013): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-13-0450-pdn.
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In August 2010, a mycelial fan (isolate AZ32F) of Armillaria sp. was collected from the root collar of a living Douglas-fir tree on the Mogollon Rim within the Coconino National Forest (approximate location 34°25′31.26″N, 111°20′41.04″W, elevation 2,293 m) in central Arizona. Mycelial fans under the bark of living trees are a sign of pathogenicity, and symptoms of the diseased tree included resinosis, sloughing bark, and thinning crown. The infected tree was located on a south-facing slope with approximately 30% tree cover, dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), with lesser components of Douglas-fir and Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii). Based on three replications of somatic incompatibility tests against 24 tester isolates representing seven North American Armillaria spp., isolate AZ32F showed 100% intraspecific compatibility (colorless antagonism) with all four A. gallica isolates, 22% compatibility with A. calvescens, and 0% compatibility with the remaining Armillaria spp. Based on GenBank BLASTn of isolate AZ32F sequences, the partial LSU-IGS1 (GenBank Accession No. KF186682) showed 99 to 100% similarity to A. gallica and two other related Armillaria spp. with 99 to 100% coverage, and translation elongation factor-1 alpha (tef-1α) sequences (KC525954) showed 96% similarity to A. gallica (JF895844) with 100% coverage. Thus, isolate AZ32F was identified as A. gallica, based on somatic incompatibility tests and DNA sequences (partial LSU-IGS1 and tef-1α). Although the isolate is identified as A. gallica with similarities to other North American isolates, evidence is mounting that currently recognized A. gallica likely represents a species complex that comprises multiple phylogenetic species (4). Previous surveys in Arizona have noted A. mellea and A. solidipes (as A. ostoyae) (3), but A. gallica has never been previously confirmed in this state. Within North America, A. gallica is commonly reported east of the Rocky Mountains and in West Coast states of the United States, where it infects hardwoods and conifers including Douglas-fir (1,2). Its ecological behavior ranges from saprophyte to weak/aggressive pathogen (1,2). Because damage by A. gallica appears to increase on hosts predisposed by stress (1), further surveys are needed to document its distribution, frequency, and ecological behavior in the southwestern United States, where climate change will likely cause tree stress due to maladaptation. Continued surveys for Armillaria spp. will better determine their potential threat within the geologically and ecologically unique Mogollon Rim of Arizona. References: (1) K. Baumgartner and D. M. Rizzo. Plant Dis. 85:947, 2001. (2) N. J. Brazee and R. L. Wick. For. Ecol. Manage. 258:1605, 2009. (3) R. L. Gilbertson and D. M. Bigelow. J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 31:13, 1998. (4) M.-S. Kim et al. Phytopathology 102:S4.63, 2012.
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Lima, Leonardo Nascimento, and Clemente Augusto Souza Tanajura. "A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF ALTIMETRY DATA ASSIMILATION ON SHORT-TERM PREDICTABILITY OF THE HYCOM OCEAN MODEL IN REGIONS OF THE TROPICAL AND SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v31i2.302.
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ABSTRACT. In this study, assimilation of Jason-1 and Jason-2 along-track sea level anomaly (SLA) data was conducted in a region of the tropical and South Atlantic (7◦N-36◦S, 20◦W up to the Brazilian coast) using an optimal interpolation method and the HYCOM (Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model). Four 24 h-forecast experiments were performed daily from January 1 until March 31, 2011 considering different SLA assimilation data windows (1 day and 2 days) and different coefficients in the parameterization of the SLA covariance matrix model. The model horizontal resolution was 1/12◦ and the number of vertical layers was 21. The SLA analyses added to the mean sea surface height were projected to the subsurface with the Cooper & Haines (1996) scheme. The results showed that the experiment with 2-day window of along-track data and with specific parameterizations of the model SLA covariance error for sub-regions of the METAREA V was the most accurate. It completely reconstructed the model sea surface height and important improvements in the circulation were produced. For instance, there was a substantial improvement in the representation of the Brazil Current and North Brazil Undercurrent. However, since no assimilation of vertical profiles of temperature and salinity and of sea surface temperature was performed, the methodology employed here should be considered only as a step towards a high quality analysis for operational forecasting systems. Keywords: data assimilation, optimal interpolation, Cooper & Haines scheme, altimetry data. RESUMO. Neste estudo, a assimilação de dados de anomalia da altura da superfície do mar (AASM) ao longo da trilha dos satélites Jason-1 e Jason-2 foi conduzida em uma região do Atlântico tropical e Sul (7◦N-36◦S, 20◦W até a costa do Brasil) com o método de interpolação ótima e o modelo oceânico HYCOM (Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model). Foram realizados quatro experimentos de previsão de 24 h entre 1 de janeiro e 31 de março de 2011, considerando diferentes janelas de assimilação de AASM (1 dia e 2 dias) e diferentes coeficientes na parametrização da matriz de covariância dos erros de AASM do modelo. A resolução horizontal empregada no HYCOM foi 1/12◦ para 21 camadas verticais. As correções de altura da superfície do mar devido à assimilação de AASM foram projetadas abaixo da camada de mistura através da técnica de Cooper & Haines (1996). Os resultados mostraram que o experimento com assimilação de dados ao longo da trilha dos satélites com a janela de 2 dias e com parametrizações da matriz de covariância específicas para sub-regiões da METAREA V foi o mais acurado. Ele reconstruiu completamente a altura da superfície do mar e também proporcionou melhorias na circulação oceânica reproduzida pelo modelo. Por exemplo, houve substancial melhoria da representação nos campos da Corrente do Brasil e Subcorrente Norte do Brasil. Entretanto, tendo em vista que não foi realizada a assimilação de perfis verticais de temperatura e de salinidade e da temperatura da superfície do mar, a metodologia apresentada deve ser considerada apenas como um passo na conquista de uma análise oceânica e de um sistema previsor de qualidade para fins operacionais. Palavras-chave: assimilação de dados, interpolação ótima, técnica de Cooper & Haines, dados de altimetria.
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Machado, A. C. Z., O. F. Dorigo, A. Boss, and P. Tironi. "First Report of Meloidogyne javanica Parasitizing Duboisia sp. in Paraná State, Brazil." Plant Disease 98, no. 12 (December 2014): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-14-0649-pdn.
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Duboisia sp. is a small tree belonging to the family Solanaceae originating from the rainforest areas of the eastern coast of Australia. Dried leaves are used for the extraction of pharmaceutical alkaloids, making this a commercially viable crop. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita has been reported parasitizing Duboisia myoporoides (5); however, no information of other root-knot nematode species associated with this plant was found. Duboisia sp. is cultivated at Solana Farm, near Arapongas (23°25′08″ S, 51°25′26″ W), Paraná State, Brazil. During the renovation of a production field in this municipality, galled roots were observed on plants and samples were submitted to the Nematology Laboratory at Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, IAPAR, on December 2013. Plants did not exhibit any above-ground symptoms. The specimens were identified through perineal patterns and esterase phenotypes of 20 adult females extracted from dissected roots (2,3) and morphometrics of 10 second-stage juveniles extracted from roots using the blender-sieving method (1). Morphological characteristics were consistent with those described for M. javanica (4). Females had rounded perineal patterns with low, trapezoid shape dorsal arch, striae smooth interrupted by a pair of incisures on both sides, corresponding to lateral fields, clearly demarcated from striae by more or less parallel lines, tail whorl often distinct (4). The juvenile mean body length was 459.9 ± 28.7 μm and tail length averaged 51.6 ± 5.1 μm, with 10 to 16 μm long hyaline region and finely rounded tail tip (4). Results from the esterase electrophoresis were typical of M. javanica (2) with the J3 (Rm = 1.0, 1.3, and 1.4) phenotype being obtained. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. javanica on Duboisia sp. in Brazil. This finding has great importance for Brazilian production since this nematode may damage plants, reduce yields, and control of this nematode on Duboisia sp. is difficult (5). Additional work is necessary in order to elucidate the losses caused by M. javanica on Duboisia sp. References: (1) J. I. Bonetti and S. Ferraz. Fitopatol. Bras. 6:533, 1981. (2) P. R. Esbenshade and A. C. Triantaphyllou. J. Nematol. 22:10, 1990. (3) K. M. Hartman and J. N. Sasser. Page 115 in: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Volume II Methodology. K. R. Barker et al., eds. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, 1985. (4) D. J. Hunt and Z. A. Handoo. Page 55 in: Root-Knot Nematodes. R. N. Perry et al., eds. CABI International, Wallingford, UK, 2010. (5) A. M. Mello et al. Nematol. Bras. 22(2):12, 1998.
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PERKINS, PHILIP D. "New species and new collection records of Prosthetopine water beetles from southern Africa (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)." Zootaxa 1864, no. 1 (September 3, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1864.1.1.
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New species of Hydraenidae are described in the genera Prosthetops Waterhouse (1), Pterosthetops Perkins (1), Parasthetops Perkins & Balfour-Browne (13), and Mesoceration Janssens (24). New collecting locality data are given for the following species described by Perkins & Balfour-Browne (1994): Parasthetops aeneus, P. nigritus, P. spinipes, P. curidius, Mesoceration distinctum, M. rivulare, M. jucundum, M. splendorum, M. rubidum, M. fusciceps, M. languidum, M. dissonum, M. rufescens, and M. brevigranum. High resolution digital images of the holotypes of new species are presented (online version in color), and male genitalia are illustrated. Distribution maps are provided for all prosthetopine species in the genera Prosthetops, Pterosthetops, Parasthetops, and Mesoceration. The following 39 new species are described (type locality in South Africa unless otherwise given): Prosthetops gladiator (Eastern Cape Province, summit of Prentjiesberg); Pterosthetops hawequas (Western Cape Province, Hawaquas radio tower); Parasthetops benefossus(Western Cape Province, Wiedouw farm), P. buunicornus (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. confluentus (Eastern Cape Province, Little Karroo, Baviaanskloof N valley), P. lemniscus (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. namibiensis (Namibia: Windhoek, Eros Mt.), P. pampinus (Western Cape Province, Dorps River into Prins Albert, Swartbergpas), P. parallelus (Northern Cape Province, Richtersveld, Oemsberg), P. propitius (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. retinaculus (Eastern Cape Province, Sundays River system, Letskraal), P. sebastiani (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. semiplanus (Eastern Cape Province, Sundays River system, Letskraal), P. striatus (Northern Cape Province, Namaqualand, Kamieskroon), P. unicornus (Eastern Cape Province, Naudes Nek, 12 miles ENE Rhodes); Mesoceration barriotum (Western Cape Province, Cape-Swartberg, Seweweekspoort Kloof), M. bicurvum (Eastern Cape Province, Wildebees River), M. bispinum (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Weza, Impetyene Forest), M. compressum (Eastern Cape Province, S. coast, Dwesa forest reserve), M. concavum (Mpumalanga Province, Blyderiver Canyon), M. curvosum (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Umtamvuna River), M. disjunctum (Eastern Cape Province, Nature's Valley Reserve), M. drakensbergensis (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. durabilis (Western Cape Province, 2 miles SW of Citrusdal), M. granulovestum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. incarinum (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. integer (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Busheladi Stream on Lundy's Hill near Deepdale), M. littlekarroo (Western Cape Province, Little Karroo, Rus-en-vredewaterf), M. longipennis (Western Cape Province, W. Wiedouw farm), M. maluti (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. natalensis (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Umkomaas River, where crossed by Himeville to Impendhle road), M. periscopum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. piceum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. rapidensis (Western Cape Province, S. W. Cape Mts., Hawequas SE), M. repandum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. reticulatum (Western Cape Province, Nuweberg Forest Station), M. semicarinulum (Western Cape Province, Groot Toren farm), M. tabulare (Western Cape Province, Platteklip Gorge, north face of Table Mountain), M. umbrosum (Western Cape Province, Wiedouw farm).
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Miller, E. L., and V. E. Verzhbitsky. "Structural studies near Pevek, Russia: implications for formation of the East Siberian Shelf and Makarov Basin of the Arctic Ocean." Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series 4 (September 17, 2009): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/smsps-4-223-2009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The Pevek region of Arctic Russia provides excellent beach cliff exposure of sedimentary and igneous rocks that yield detailed information on the nature, progression and timing of structural events in this region. Regional folding and thrust faulting, with the development of a south-dipping axial plane cleavage/foliation developed during N-S to NE-SW directed shortening and formation of the Chukotka-Anyui fold belt. This deformation involves strata as young as Valanginian (136–140 Ma, Gradstein et al., 2004). Fold-related structures are cut by intermediate to silicic batholiths, plutons and dikes of Cretaceous age. Reported K-Ar whole rock and mineral ages on the granitoids range from 144 to 85 Ma, but to the south, more reliable U-Pb zircon ages on compositionally similar plutons yield a much narrower age range of ~120–105 Ma (Miller et al., this volume) and a pluton in Pevek yields a U-Pb age on zircon of 108.1±1.1 Ma with evidence for inheritance of slightly older 115 Ma zircons. Magmas were intruded during an episode of E-W to ENE-WSW directed regional extension based on the consistent N-S to NNW-SSE orientation of over 800 mapped dikes and quartz veins. Analysis of small-offset faults and slickensides yield results compatible with those inferred from the dikes. Younger tectonic activity across this region is minor and the locus of magmatic activity moved southward towards the Pacific margin as represented by the <90 Ma Okhotsk-Chukotsk volcanic belt (OCVB). A lengthy period of uplift and erosion occurred after emplacement of Cretaceous plutons and produced the peneplain beneath the younger OCVB. Based on our studies, we speculate that ~120–105 Ma magmatism, which heralds a change in tectonic regime from compression to extension, could represent one of the consequences of the inception of rifting in the Amerasian Basin of the Arctic, forming the Makarov Basin north of the Siberian shelf at this longitude. A synthesis of available seismic reflection, gravity and magnetic data for the offshore Siberian Shelf reveals a widespread, seismically mappable basement-sedimentary cover contact that deepens northward towards the edge of the shelf with few other significant basins. Various ages have been assigned to the oldest strata above the unconformity, ranging from Cretaceous (Albian – 112–100 Ma) to Tertiary (Paleocene–Eocene – ~60–50 Ma). The period of uplift and erosion documented along the Arctic coast of Russia at this longitude could represent the landward equivalent of the (yet undrilled) offshore basement-sedimentary cover contact, thus overlying sedimentary sequences could be as old as early Late Cretaceous. Although quite speculative, these conclusions suggest that land-based geologic, structural, petrologic and geochronologic studies could provide useful constraints to help resolve the plate tectonic history of the Arctic Ocean.
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Akers, Pete D., Ben G. Kopec, Kyle S. Mattingly, Eric S. Klein, Douglas Causey, and Jeffrey M. Welker. "Baffin Bay sea ice extent and synoptic moisture transport drive water vapor isotope (<i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O, <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H, and deuterium excess) variability in coastal northwest Greenland." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 13929–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13929-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. At Thule Air Base on the coast of Baffin Bay (76.51∘ N, 68.74∘ W), we continuously measured water vapor isotopes (δ18O, δ2H) at a high frequency (1 s−1) from August 2017 through August 2019. Our resulting record, including derived deuterium excess (dxs) values, allows an analysis of isotopic–meteorological relationships at an unprecedented level of detail and duration for high Arctic Greenland. We examine isotopic variability across multiple temporal scales from daily to interannual, revealing that isotopic values at Thule are predominantly controlled by the sea ice extent in northern Baffin Bay and the synoptic flow pattern. This relationship can be identified through its expression in the following five interacting factors: (a) local air temperature, (b) local marine moisture availability, (c) the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), (d) surface wind regime, and (e) land-based evaporation and sublimation. Each factor's relative importance changes based on the temporal scale and in response to seasonal shifts in Thule's environment. Winter sea ice coverage forces distant sourcing of vapor that is isotopically light from fractionation during transport, while preventing isotopic exchange with local waters. Sea ice breakup in late spring triggers a rapid isotopic change at Thule as the newly open ocean supplies warmth and moisture that has ∼10 ‰ and ∼70 ‰ higher δ18O and δ2H values, respectively, and ∼10 ‰ lower dxs values. Sea ice retreat also leads to other environmental changes, such as sea breeze development, that radically alter the nature of relationships between isotopes and many meteorological variables in summer. On synoptic timescales, enhanced southerly flow promoted by negative NAO conditions produces higher δ18O and δ2H values and lower dxs values. Diel isotopic cycles are generally very small as a result of a moderated coastal climate and the counteracting isotopic effects of the sea breeze, local evaporation, and convection. Future losses in Baffin Bay's sea ice extent will likely shift mean annual isotopic compositions toward more summer-like values, and local glacial ice could potentially preserve isotopic evidence of past reductions. These findings highlight the influence that the local environment can have on isotope dynamics and the need for dedicated, multiseason monitoring to fully understand the controls on water vapor isotope variability.
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Kusuma Wijayanti, Puspita Adhi, and Surya Cahyadi. "Antecedents-Consequences Modification to Decrease Hyper-activity and Improve Attention of Child with ADHD." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 13, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.132.03.
Full textAbstract:
The prevalence of ADHD children increases every year. Some researchers have shown that psychosocial behavior therapy (antecedents-consequences modification) was effective to decrease hyperactivity and increase attention to ADHD children. This study aims to find out the effectiveness of antecedents-consequences modification by parents and teachers to decrease hyperactivity and increase attention to a 6 years old boy with ADHD. The study was a single case experimental design. Psychosocial behavior therapy has been used with antecedents-consequences modification. The antecedents-consequences modification was applied by teacher at school and parents at home. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results showed that there’s a significant decrease of hyperactivity behavior and significant increase of doing his assignment both at school and also at home. Not only about the content of behavior therapy itself, but how to give the therapy is important. Parents and teacher should do the therapy consistently, immediately, specifically and saliency to reach the target of intervention.
Keywords: ADHD Children, Antecedents, Consequences, Modification
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Card, Capt James C., and Lt John A. Meehan. "Response to the American Trader Oil Spill1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-305.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT A spill of approximately 9,500 bbl of Alaskan North Slope crude oil (27.5 API gravity) occurred on February 7, 1990, when the 818-foot, 37,768-gross-ton, U.S.-flag tank vessel American Trader grounded on one of her anchors while attempting to maneuver into Golden West Refining Company's Huntington Beach offshore mooring at position 33°37.7’N, 118°00.5’W. Oil flowed from a three-foot-by-five-foot puncture in the No. 1 starboard wing tank, and a 40-square-mile slick developed during the next three days. By February 13, 14 miles of recreational beach along Southern California's heavily populated coast had been affected by the spill. The response mounted by the federal on-scene coordinator (OSC) and the responsible party as a result of this accident became one of the most successful open sea oil recovery operations in U. S. history and has been called a textbook example of shoreline cleanup and interagency cooperation. The relative effectiveness and short duration of the cleanup were due to favorable weather, fast response, availability of oil spill recovery equipment, good strategic planning, and cooperation between the responsible party and the government. An extensive offshore response effort (15 major skimming systems, 25 support vessels), coupled with fair weather and mild sea conditions, resulted in unusually high open sea oil recovery rate (25.1 percent of the total crude spilled). Major wetlands, including the Bolsa Chica National Wildlife Refuge, Newport Bay, and the Santa Ana River, were protected with containment booms within eight hours after the accident, excluding the oil slick from these vital estuaries. An intensive beach cleanup with sorbents and shovels began with initial shoreline oiling on February 8 and peaked on February 13, when some 1,300 workers were deployed to combat heavy oil sludge forced ashore by southerly storm winds. By employing people in lieu of heavy machinery on these fragile beaches (Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Bolsa Chica Beach), environmental impact was minimized and a rapid, thorough cleanup was attained. By March 2, all beaches had been cleaned; the rest of the cleanup consisted of low-pressure cold water flushing and high-pressure hot water spraying of oil-contaminated jetties, piers, and rocky shorelines. On April 3, 1990, final cleanup operations were completed, and the OSC concluded all monitoring activities associated with this incident.
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Rejment-Grochowska, I. "Contribution to the Hepatic flora of the north coast of Hornsund (S. W. Svalbard)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 36, no. 3 (2015): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1967.050.
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Iqbal, Zafar, Tanveer Akhtar, Afia M. Akram, Muhammad Khalid, Ijaz Husssain Shah, Aamir Aleem, Muhammad Khalid, et al. "Detection of Compound BCR-ABL Mutations in TKI Resistant CML Patients Including a Novel K245N Mutation Associated with Primary Nilotinib Resistance By Employing a Newly Developed Cost Effective BCR-ABL Sequencing Protocol." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 1810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.1810.1810.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction: BCR-ABL mutations are the major background players in manifestation of resistance to all FDA approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) including imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, Bosutinib and ponatinib 1. Detection of mutations is a vital part of European or North American clinical guidelines at the time of resistance and/or drug switching, because resistance-causing mutations appearing as a result of one drug are sensitive to other in many instances and mutational data can therefore help in prescription of better alternative TKI in case of resistance or unsatisfactory response 1,2. Although BCR-ABL sequencing protocols are reported, they either lack the experimental details or are not cost-effective to be used in third world countries 1’3. Therefore, objective of this study was to develop a cost-effective protocol for BCR-ABL mutation detection in TKI resistant CML. Material and Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from 10 imatinib resistant, 10 imatinib sensitive, 5 CML patients receiving nilotinib, positive for Philadelphia chromosome by conventional cytogenetics, and 10 healthy volunteers. Isolation of RNA was performed using TriZol® LS reagent and complementary DNA (cDNA) was prepared using random hexamer primers. The integrity of cDNA was checked by amplification of housekeeping gene GAPDH. A nested RT-PCR assay was optimized for ABL kinase domain amplification using standard PCR optimization techniques. PCR bands of 1306 or 1380 base pairs, corresponding to b2a2 and b3a2 BCR-ABL splice variants, were detected in 25 CML patients but no healthy controls. Consumables for CDNA and PCR were used from Fermentas (USA). PCR products were purified using Quick gel extraction kit (Invitrogen). DNA sequencing was performed using BigDye® Terminator v3.1Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems). Results: Compound mutations were detected in CML patient showing primary resistance to nilotinib, including a novel K245N mutation and G250W mutations (Figure 1) while 4 of nilotinib responders did not show any mutations. Similarly, mutations detected in four (4/10, 40%) imatinib resistant were (G250W), (T394A), (Y253H), (E355G, Y393H}. Of 10 imatinib sensitive patients, mutations were detected in 3, 2 in accelerated phase and 1 in blast crisis, while none in 7 c chronic phase CML (Figure 2). Discussion: We show association of BCR-ABL mutations with imatinib/nilotinib resistance and disease progression in CML patients, which is in accordance with previous studies 1’2’4,5. This also proves the usefulness and applicability of our BCR-ABL sequencing protocol for detection of clinically relevant mutations in CML patients receiving TKI treatment. A cost effective protocol it will facilitate the incorporation of mutation detection in clinical setting in low-resourced laboratories from third world countries and thus help better manage clinical interventions in drug-resistant CML 6’7. References: 1. Baccarani M, Soverini S, De Benedittis C. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2014:167-75. 2. Kang Y, Hodges A, Ong E, Roberts W, Piermarocchi C, Paternostro G.PLoS One. 2014 Jul 16;9(7):e102221. 3. Branford S, Hughes T. Methods Mol Med. 2006; 125:93-106. 4. Viganò I, Di Giacomo N, Bozzani S, Antolini L, Piazza R, Gambacorti Passerini C. Am J Hematol. 2014 Jul 15. 5. Balabanov S, Braig M, Brümmendorf TH. Drug Discov Today Technol. 2014 Mar;11:89-99. 6. Jabbour E, Kantarjian H. Am J Hematol. 2014 May;89(5):547-56. 7. Kagita S, Jiwtani S, Uppalapati S, Linga VG, Gundeti S, Digumarti R. Tumour Biol. 2014 May;35(5):4443-6. Figure 1: Electropherogram showing compound mutations, including a novel BCR-ABL mutation associated with primary nilotinib resistance in CML patient Figure 1:. Electropherogram showing compound mutations, including a novel BCR-ABL mutation associated with primary nilotinib resistance in CML patient Figure 2: Response to imatinib and BCR-ABL mutation status in CML patients Figure 2:. Response to imatinib and BCR-ABL mutation status in CML patients Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Meirelles, Ana Carolina O., Cassiano Monteiro-Neto, Aline M. A. Martins, Alexandra F. Costa, Helen M. D. R. Barros, and Maria Danise O. Alves. "Cetacean strandings on the coast of Ceará, north-eastern Brazil (1992–2005)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 5 (June 3, 2009): 1083–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409002215.
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This study reviews and updates information on cetacean strandings in the state of Ceará, Brazil (02°30′S 41°15′W– 04°30′S 36°45′W), comprising 573 km of coastline. In the years 1992–2005, there were 252 cetacean stranding events, representing 19 species: three species of Balaenopteridae, three Physeteridae, two Kogiidae, two Ziphiidae and 11 Delphinidae. Three species comprised the majority (78.9%) of stranding events: estuarine dolphin, Sotalia guianensis (61.9%); sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus (10.3%); and rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis (6.7%). There was an increasing trend in the number of cases reported in the first five years with a highest frequency achieved in 1996. Stranding events occurred throughout the year, with the lowest frequency occurring in the autumn (March–May). Approximately 4% of the events were attributed to natural causes while 24.6% were human-related, mainly incidental captures. Meat removal for human consumption or bait was recorded in 6.7% of events. In the study area, Sotalia guianensis, P. macrocephalus and Steno bredanensis were the most abundant cetacean species, whereas Lagenodelphis hosei, Pseudorca crassidens, Orcinus orca, Kogia sima, Mesoplodon europaeus, Balaenoptera acutorostrata and Balaenoptera bonaerensis are probably rare in the area.
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Biays, Pierre. "Le courant du Labrador et quelques-unes de ses conséquences géographiques." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 4, no. 8 (April 12, 2005): 237–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/020220ar.
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I. A part of the West Greenland current flows westwards across the Davis Strait and meets the Canadian (Baffin Land) current to form the Labrador current which follows southwards the shelf and slope of Labrador Coast {figure I). Meeting the northern edge of the Newfoundland Banks, the Labrador current splits in a minor western branch running along the Avalon Peninsula and a major one proceeding south along the eastern edge of the shelf down to the Tail of the Grand Banks. There it meets the Atlantic current which very often forms a prominent westward salient at about 45°N. and 47 - 48°W. (figure IX). This salient tends to deflect and turn back east or northeastwards a variable portion of the major branch. The turning point and the volume of the deflected stream are subject to change according to the position and importance of the Atlantic salient. It is estimated that the West Greenland current and the Canadian current join respectively in a 60% and 40% ratio. The major eastern branch in the Grand Banks region amounts to 80 to 90%, splitting in turn about fifty-fifty in an eastward stream flowing just north of Flemish Cap and the current proceeding southwards along the edge of the Grand Banks. One of the most striking features of the Labrador current is its banded structure. In the area where it forms there are at least three bands (figure VII) : 1. a fresh and very cold inshore band made of polar and coastal waters ; 2. an offshore stream in the Canadian current carrying Baffin Bay waters ; and, 3. — further seawards — the West Greenland portion whose waters are mild in temperature and possess Atlantic salinity. Two cold walls mark the sharp limits between these bodies of water. Along the Labrador Coast the banding agrees pretty well with the submarine topography ; an inshore slow, cold and fresh stream is confined to the continental shelf while an offshore fast, mild and salted current follows the edge of the shelf and slope. Both exhibit shoreward and seaward salients in agreement to the shelf varying in width. In the Grand Banks area — apart from the well known Newfoundland cold wall between the contrary Labrador and Atlantic currents (see figure XII, A) — there is a marked cold wall inside the eastwards proceeding current between the bulk of the Atlantic waters and that part of Labrador waters that have been deflected by the Atlantic salient and incorporated to the eastward drift (see figures X and XIII). The point of annual cycle and long term temperature and volume variations is not discussed here in full. Some words are devoted to the vernal warming and the maintaining jar into the summer of cold waters on the central part of the Grand Banks (figure XIV). II. Three kinds of sea ice occur along the Labrador Coast and the Atlantic Coast of Newfoundland : 1. the bay or winter ice ; 2. the drift ice ; 3. the icebergs. The bay or winter ice forms every winter and disappears during spring time. The inner parts of the bays of Northern Labrador are frozen over by the middle of December while the offshore inlets and archipelagos are jammed much later, say in the course of January. A tentative map has been sketched to show the date of occurrence of the winter ice. Ice grows till it reaches a width of between 10 and 40 miles, but its thickness never exceeds three feet or so. The bay ice is subject to break during stormy weather and therefore is able to feed largely the drift ice in the heart of winter. Drift ice is made up of both local winter ice and — mainly in the first summer months —• old arctic ice. Due to age and hummockying processes the latter is characterized by heavy pieces and floes which often reach a thickness of 30 to 50 feet. Although the main track of the drift ice is governed by the Labrador current the actual short-range movements are controlled by the changing wind conditions. Four examples of drifting fields are reported. Wind control is pretty well illustrated by sketch-maps XVIII and XIX which show the appearance, deterioration and receding of ice fields carried by the Labrador current in the vicinity of Newfoundland's northern and eastern coasts. The disappearance of an ice field drifting off Southern Labrador and blocking the eastern entrance to the Strait of Belle-Isle — as shown on figure XX — is typical of the features marking the end of the ice season. Figure XXI represents heavy arctic pieces and drift ice of local origin closely packed in the central arc of the Labrador Coast before being swept away by land-breeze. Because of these changing conditions it seems difficult to de fine an average annual cycle of drift ice. The maximum limits are reached by the middle of April ; at that time ice extends as jar south as the 47 th or the 46 th parallel, but normally it keeps off the coast south of St. John s, this harbour being very seldom closed to navigation for more than ten successive days. Tentative is made to show in sketch-maps the average conditions in winter (figure XVI) as well as the receding of the drifting fields and tongues during spring and summer months (figure XVII). The story of the bergs from the parent glaciers of West Greenland down to their melting place around the Banks begins to be a well known one (see figure XXII). According to their very deep draft the bergs are less subject than the drift ice to be driven by the surface and subsurface wind wurrents. Mortality in Baffin Bay, melting and grounding on the Labrador Coast, differential velocity of inshore and offshore bands of the current, location of the point of partition between the eastern and western branches are discussed in order to explain the observed distribution of bergs in the Grand Banks region, jour typical patterns of which are shown on figure XXIII. III. An attempt has been made to show the division between ice and navigation at selected places along the coasts watered by the Labrador current. Figure XXIV is only tentative since the actual conditions due to changing weather often differ strongly from the average ones. When possible, drift ice season has been distinguished. The relatively favoured position of the St. John's harbour appears both on figure XXIV and figures XVI and XVIII. Along the Labrador Coast and in the northern part of the island of Newfoundland, dog sleigh is often the only means of transportation in winter, when fiat bay ice is wide enough and has not been hummockied or broken by stormy weather. Main sleigh tracks and their alternatives are governed by physical conditions as well as winter settlement pattern and therefore are seldom subject to change. Examples of sleigh tracks have been taken in Northern and Central Labrador (figures XXV and XXVI). In the populated areas of Northeastern Newfoundland where fast access to markets and mass transportation are needed, sleighing in winter is no more possible. It can be said that these economic conditions are the main stimulus forroad building in the island. More and more « outports » are progressively freed from backward means of transportation and yin summertime yfrom the navigation itself too. The closing of navigation in the Bay of Exploits (the innermost part of Notre Dame Bay) results in the railway between the said bay and St. John s being peculiarly overloaded in winter, since paper from Bishop's Falls and ore concentrates from Buchans can no more be shipped through Botwood on the Bay of Exploits {figure XXVII).
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Yang, X. B., and F. Feng. "Ranges and Diversity of Soybean Fungal Diseases in North America." Phytopathology® 91, no. 8 (August 2001): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.8.769.
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Introduced in 1765, soybean is the second largest crop in North America and is grown over a diverse agroecosystem that covers a geographic area of 2,300 km in north-south (N-S) and 2,400 km in east-west (E-W) directions (latitude 28°33 to 48°33′N, longitude 74°W to 103°02′W). The diversity and the distribution ranges of soybean fungal diseases in this agroecosystem were examined and several geographic patterns were identified. Disease diversity measured by the number of diseases per latitudinal breadth had a gradient that decreased as latitude increased. Diseases with ranges centered at higher latitudes had greater geographic ranges in the N-S direction. Disease diversity measured by number of diseases per longitudinal breadth decreased from E-W. Significant linear relationships between disease diversity and planting area were found. A region centered around the Delta Area (approximately 36 to 39°N and 88 to 91°W), which is a transition area of three rainfall regime regions of the continent and is an area of confluence of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers, had the highest disease diversity in this agroecosystem.
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Ramos, A. M., R. Nieto, R. Tomé, L. Gimeno, R. M. Trigo, M. L. R. Liberato, and D. A. Lavers. "Atmospheric rivers moisture transport from a Lagrangian perspective." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 6, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): 2617–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-6-2617-2015.
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Abstract. An automated atmospheric rivers (ARs) detection algorithm is used for the North Atlantic Ocean Basin allowing the identification of the major ARs that affected western European coasts between 1979 and 2014 over the winter half-year (October to March). The entire west coast of Europe was divided into five domains, namely, the Iberian Peninsula (9.75° W; 36–43.75° N), France (4.5° W; 43.75–50° N), UK (4.5° W; 50–59° N), southern Scandinavia and the Netherlands (5.25° E; 50–59° N), and northern Scandinavia (5.25° E; 59–70° N). Following the identification of the main ARs that made landfall in western Europe, a Lagrangian analysis was then applied in order to identify the main sources of moisture that reach each domain. The Lagrangian dataset used was obtained from the FLEXPART model global simulation from 1979 to 2012, where the atmosphere was divided into approximately 2.0 million parcels, and it was forced by ERA-Interim reanalysis on a 1° latitude–longitude grid. Results show that, in general, for all regions considered, the major climatological source of moisture extends along the subtropical North Atlantic, from the Florida Peninsula (northward of 20° N), to each sink region, with the nearest coast to each sink region always appearing as a local maximum of evaporation. In addition, during the AR events, the Atlantic subtropical source is reinforced and displaced, with a slight northward movement of the moisture sources is found when the sink region is positioned at higher latitudes. In conclusion, the results confirm the advection of moisture linked to ARs from subtropical ocean areas, but also the existence of a tropical one, and the mid-latitude sources further the analysed longitude along the North Atlantic is located eastward.
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Kalvas, A., and L. Kautsky. "Morphological Variation in Fucus Vesiculosus Populations along Temperature and Salinity Gradients in Iceland." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 3 (August 1998): 985–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400044921.
Full textAbstract:
Geographical morphological variations in Fucus vesiculosus populations were studied along the coast of Iceland. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on 11 morphological characters clustered the 26 sampling sites into four different morphological types as follows: (1) a morphological type found along the S-SW-W coast; (2) an intermediate form comprising only two populations in the NW; (3) a type found along the N-NE-E-SE coast; and (4) a type found independent of geographical area, in estuaries and at sites influenced by large freshwater outflows. Populations influenced by low salinity had significantly (P ≤ 0·001) shorter thalli, a shorter distance from the holdfast to the oldest dichotomy, smaller fronds, narrower stipes and midrib width compared to the morphology of all other more saline populations. No significant difference in frond width was found between the S-SW-W and the N-NE-E-SE populations. However, significant (P ≤ 0·001) morphological differences between them were observed, the former having shorter thalli, a greater distance from the holdfast to the oldest dichotomy, narrower stipes and smaller midrib width compared to the latter.
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Gómez-del-Campo, María, Ana Centeno, and David J. Connor. "Yield determination in olive hedgerow orchards. I. Yield and profiles of yield components in north - south and east - west oriented hedgerows." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 5 (2009): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08252.
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A study of the vertical distribution of flowering and fruit set and of components of yield (fruit numbers, fruit size, and fruit oil content) was maintained for 2 years in N–S- and E–W-oriented olive hedgerows of comparable structure (row spacing 4 m, hedgerow height to 2.5 m, width c. 1 m) near Toledo, Spain (39.9°N). Mean yield of the N–S orchard was 1854 kg oil/ha without difference between sides or years. Yield of the E–W orchard was greater in 2006, producing 2290 kg/ha, but only 1840 kg/ha in 2007, the same as the N–S orchard. The S side of the E–W orchard yielded more (59%) than the N side in 2007. In both orchards and years, most fruit was produced at 1.0–2.0 m height and fruit density was the most influential component in these differences, reflecting more intense bud initiation in these upper layers. Other components that determined fruit number, fertile inflorescences, fruits per fertile inflorescence, and fruit drop were not significantly different between layers. Fruit characteristics depended on hedgerow position. In both N–S and E–W hedgerows, fruit high in the hedgerow was the largest, most mature, and with highest oil content. These differences were more marked in N–S than in E–W hedgerows. Fruit growth and development were concentrated from the middle of September until the end November. Oil content per fruit increased linearly during that period when 65% of final oil content was accumulated. Similar patterns were observed between sides. The results of yield and yield profiles are discussed in the general context of light interception. The results suggest the importance of hedgerow porosity, and distinct penetration patterns of direct-beam radiation through N–S and E–W hedgerows, as the basis for explanation of the high yield of the N side of E–W hedgerows.
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Rehman, Shafiqur. "Offshore Wind Power Assessment on the East Coast of Saudi Arabia." Wind Engineering 29, no. 5 (September 2005): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/030952405775992643.
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This paper, to the best of author's knowledge, presents the first wind resource assessment for offshore-wind energy off the mainland coasts of Saudi Arabia, despite the onshore wind resource being known. The study utilized wind speed data from, in effect, an offshore meteorological station to study the annual and seasonal variation of wind speed, wind speed frequency distribution, energy yield and consequent opportunity for reduction in green house gases (GHG) emissions. These results were compared with contemporaneous data from a mainland location ∼ 10 km inland at the same longitude Energy yields were calculated using HOMER and RetScreen models. The annual mean wind measured at Abu Ali Island, the offshore location, was 5.43 m/s. This is larger than the 4.9 m/s measured over the same period at Abu Kharuf, the nearby inland location. Larger wind speeds were found in winter months than in summer months at both locations. At Abu Ali Island, the power of the wind could be extracted for 75% of the time at hub-height of 60 meters using modern wind machines of cut-in-speed 4 m/s, in comparison with 60% of time at Abu Kharuf. The prevailing wind direction was found to be North (N), North West (NNW) and North East (NNE).
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Khemira, Habib, P. B. Lombard, David Sugar, and Anita N. Azarenko. "Hedgerow Orientation Affects Canopy Exposure, Flowering, and Fruiting of `Anjou' Pear Trees." HortScience 28, no. 10 (October 1993): 984–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.10.984.
Full textAbstract:
Mature hedgerows of `Anjou' pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees, planted north(N)-south (S) or east (E)-west (W), were used to study the effect of hedgerow orientation on fruiting and canopy exposure. In 1990, flower bud density tended to be lower on the E-W rows, especially on their N sides. Fruit set (FS) was highest on the S side of E-W rows and lowest on the N side, while the E and W sides of the N-S rows were intermediate. Crop density (CD) had a similar pattern as FS, with more fruit on the S than on the N side of the E-W rows. CD was more evenly distributed between the sides on the N-S hedgerows. Differences in FS and CD between sides were related to different levels of sunlight interception. Light exposure was lowest on the N sides of the E-W rows and highest on the S sides throughout the growing season and especially toward the equinoxes. Increased exposure to the sun on the S and W sides late in the season led to more fruit with solar injury. Fruit from E–W rows were larger and less firm. Accumulated yields over 11 years showed a 21.4% increase in the N-S rows over those of the E-W rows.
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Félix-Ortiz, José A., Manuel E. Siu-Quevedo, Nicolás Castañeda-Lomas, Guillermo Rodríguez-Domínguez, Gustavo Rodríguez-Montes de Oca, and E. Alberto Aragón-Noriega. "Species composition and timing of penaeid shrimp postlarvae (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in two zones of the Mexican Pacific coast." Crustaceana 87, no. 7 (2014): 801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003324.
Full textAbstract:
The species composition and variation in density (postlarvae m−3) of penaeid shrimp postlarvae were surveyed every 14 days in two zones of the Mexican Pacific coast; in the north (Mazatlán, 23°N 106°W) and south (Gulf of Tehuantepec, 15°N 95°W). Sampling coincided with full moon and new moon, and they were carried out with plankton net (0.3 m mouth diameter and 450 μm mesh size). Average sea surface temperature (SST) for 1985-1995 increased from Mazatlán (26.2 ± 0.2°C) to Tehuantepec (28.3 ± 0.5°C). The difference in SST between the coldest and warmest month was 7.8°C in Mazatlán and 3.3°C in Tehuantepec. Four species of penaeid shrimp postlarvae were identified: Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931), L. stylirostris (Stimpson, 1874), Farfantepenaeus californiensis (Holmes, 1900) and F. brevirostris (Kingsley, 1878). There was a regional variation in the species composition. L. vannamei was abundant at both coasts with 40% and F. californiensis varied from south to north from 45 to 36%; the less representative species were L. stylirostris and F. brevirostris, which varied from south to north from 15 to 24%. The occurrence period near Mazatlán is seven months, and it is year-round in Tehuantepec. This study suggests that warm water and low seasonal SST variability facilitate the presence of the shrimp larvae over a longer period.
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Campos, Paula Nepomuceno, Rosildo Santos Paiva, Ana Cristina Teixeira Bonecker, Nuno Filipe Alves Correia de Melo, Glauber David Almeida Palheta, Cristiane Teixeira Contente, and Caio Aguiar Rodrigues Ramos. "First occurrence of Dolicholagus longirostris larvae (Maul 1948) (Osmeriformes, Bathylagidae) near the mouth of the Amazon River." Biota Neotropica 7, no. 1 (2007): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032007000100026.
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The family Bathylagidae contains eight genera and 22 species, of which only five occur in the Southwest Atlantic. Until recently, only adult specimens of the bathylaginin Melanolagus bericoides had been recorded off southern Brazil, between the Santa Marta Cape and Rio Grande (31° S and 49° W). The present work reports the first occurrence of Dolicholagus longirostris larvae on the northern Brazilian coast, expanding its distribution in the Southwest Atlantic. The two specimens found were collected near the mouth of the Amazon River (02° 00' 19" N, 47° 03' 30" W, and 00° 49' 06" N, 46° 25' 09" W).
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Rezende, Sérgio de Magalhães, and Beatrice Padovani Ferreira. "Age, growth and mortality of dog snapper Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) in the northeast coast of Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 52, no. 2 (June 2004): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592004000200003.
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The age and growth of Lutjanus jocu was assessed through readings of growth marks in sagitta otoliths. From August 1996 to March 2000, fish were sampled (n=3.539) in the northeast portion of the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. Sagitta otoliths were extracted from a sub sample of 216 individuals caught around the oceanic bank Sirius (03°59' s; 35°59' w) and over continental shelf from Ceará (05°03's; 36°02'w) to Bahía States (09°01's; 35°12'w). Opaque bands, presumed to be annual, were observed on whole (n= 210) and sectioned (n= 197) otoliths, showing ages from 0 to 20 and from 0 to 25 years respectively. The von Bertalanffy growth model was fit to length-at-age data resulting in the values of Li= 77.22 cm, K= 0.110 and t0= -3.73. Incremental widths from the first to twentieth opaque band on sectioned otoliths (n = 39) were used on back calculation of length-at-ages and the estimated values were Li= 71,20 cm, K= 0.112 e t0= -4.32. Otolith reading from sections is a reliable technique for aging L. jocu, which presented medium to high longevity and slow growth. Total mortality (Z) estimated by the catch curve was 0.134 corresponding to an annual survival rate of 87.5%. The natural mortality (M) estimated by the Ault et al. (1998) methodology was 0.12 for 25 years of longevity.
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Nithart, Mathilde, Elisabeth Alliot, and Chantal Salen-Picard. "Production, respiration and ammonia excretion of two polychaete species in a north Norfolk saltmarsh." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 6 (December 1999): 1029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315499001265.
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The secondary production of Nereis diversicolor and Scoloplos armiger (Annelida, Polychaeta) was studied at Stiffkey saltmarshes (north Norfolk coast). Production estimation on the basis of monthly sampling (August 1992–July 1993) gives 17.91 g C m−2 y−1 for N. diversicolor, 3.37 g C m−2 y−1 for S. armiger. Oxygen consumption of individuals was studied using a respirometer at four temperatures (5, 10, 15 and 20°C). At 15 °C, the relationships between O2 consumption (mg h−1) and body dry weight (mg) is Y=0.003X0.695 for S. armiger and Y=0.003X0.498 for N. diversicolor. Ammonia excretion of S. armiger tends to increase with decreasing temperature whereas it increases from 5 to 15 °C for N. diversicolor. Carbon loss through respiration for the sampling period is estimated at 32 g C m−2 y−1 for S. armiger, and 31.7 g C m−2 y−1 for N. diversicolor. About 20% of the potential supply of phytobenthic carbon in the marsh would be converted by the populations of both species. Estimations of carbon and nitrogen budgets of S. armiger are discussed.
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Ramos, Alexandre M., Raquel Nieto, Ricardo Tomé, Luis Gimeno, Ricardo M. Trigo, Margarida L. R. Liberato, and David A. Lavers. "Atmospheric rivers moisture sources from a Lagrangian perspective." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 2 (April 22, 2016): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-371-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. An automated atmospheric river (AR) detection algorithm is used for the North Atlantic Ocean basin, allowing the identification of the major ARs affecting western European coasts between 1979 and 2012 over the winter half-year (October to March). The entire western coast of Europe was divided into five domains, namely the Iberian Peninsula (9.75° W, 36–43.75° N), France (4.5° W, 43.75–50° N), UK (4.5° W, 50–59° N), southern Scandinavia and the Netherlands (5.25° E, 50–59° N), and northern Scandinavia (5.25° E, 59–70° N). Following the identification of the main ARs that made landfall in western Europe, a Lagrangian analysis was then applied in order to identify the main areas where the moisture uptake was anomalous and contributed to the ARs reaching each domain. The Lagrangian data set used was obtained from the FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion) model global simulation from 1979 to 2012 and was forced by ERA-Interim reanalysis on a 1° latitude–longitude grid. The results show that, in general, for all regions considered, the major climatological areas for the anomalous moisture uptake extend along the subtropical North Atlantic, from the Florida Peninsula (northward of 20° N) to each sink region, with the nearest coast to each sink region always appearing as a local maximum. In addition, during AR events the Atlantic subtropical source is reinforced and displaced, with a slight northward movement of the sources found when the sink region is positioned at higher latitudes. In conclusion, the results confirm not only the anomalous advection of moisture linked to ARs from subtropical ocean areas but also the existence of a tropical source, together with midlatitude anomaly sources at some locations closer to AR landfalls.
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KIM, KYEONGHEE, CHAN-SOO KIM, SANG-HUN OH, and CHONG-WOOK PARK. "A new species of Peucedanum (Apiaceae) from Korea." Phytotaxa 393, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.393.1.7.
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A new species, Peucedanum chujaense K. Kim, S.-H. Oh, C.-S. Kim & C.-W. Park (Apiaceae), is described and illustrated. The new species distributed in the Chuja Islands off the north coast of Jeju Island in South Korea. It is morphologically similar to P. litorale, but is distinct from the latter in having 2-pinnate leaves (vs. 1-pinnate leaves), conspicuous calyx teeth 0.4–1 mm long (vs. minute calyx teeth 0.1–0.3 mm long), 20–24 (vs. 10–18) flowers per umbellet, seeds oblong (vs. semicircular) in cross section.
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Lodi, Liliane, Leonardo Liberali Wedekin, Marcos Roberto Rossi-Santos, and Milton César Marcondes. "Movements of the bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the Rio de Janeiro State, Southeastern Brazil." Biota Neotropica 8, no. 4 (December 2008): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032008000400020.
Full textAbstract:
Aiming to verify the movements of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) at Rio de Janeiro State coast, southeastern Brazil, we performed a photoidentification comparison between the catalogued individuals of the Cagarras Archipelago (23° 02' S and 43° 12' W) in 2004 and 2006 (n = 26) and the images obtained (n = 179) during the Southeastern Cetaceans Expedition, conducted during months of June and November of 2005. Eight individuals (three females and five dolphins of unknown gender) identified in the Cagarras Archipelago were resighted in the Grande Island (23° 21'S and 44° 15' W), about 100 km southwestwards from Cagarras Archipelago. The observed movements include distances commonly recorded for the species elsewhere and are probably related to search for prey.
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Jansen, Okka E., Mardik F. Leopold, Erik H. W. G. Meesters, and Chris Smeenk. "Are white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris food specialists? Their diet in the southern North Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, no. 8 (September 1, 2010): 1501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410001190.
Full textAbstract:
The white-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris is the most numerous cetacean after the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena in the North Sea, including Dutch coastal waters. In this study, the diet of 45 white-beaked dolphins stranded on the Dutch coast between 1968 and 2005 was determined by analysis of stomach contents. Although 25 fish species were identified, the diet was dominated by Gadidae (98.0% by weight, 40.0% in numbers), found in all stomachs. All other prey species combined contributed little to the diet by weight (2.0%W). The two most important prey species were whiting Merlangius merlangus (91.1% frequency of occurrence (FO), 30.5%N, 37.6%W) and cod Gadus morhua (73.3%FO, 7.4%N, 55.9%W). In numbers, gobies were most common (54.6%N), but contributed little to the diet by weight (0.6%W). Three stomachs contained different prey compared to the others: one animal had taken 2250 gobies, accounting for 96.4% of all gobies found; one animal had fed on 29 small sepiolids; and one animal had solely taken haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus. Squid and haddock were not found in any other stomach. The overall diet showed a lasting predominance of whiting and cod, without clear changes over time (35 years) or differences between sexes or size-classes of dolphins. This study adds to earlier published and unpublished data for Dutch coastal waters and agrees well with studies of white-beaked dolphins from other parts of the species’ range, in the North Sea and in Canadian waters, with Gadidae dominating the diet on both sides of the Atlantic.
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Lamptey, Benjamin L. "Comparison of Gridded Multisatellite Rainfall Estimates with Gridded Gauge Rainfall over West Africa." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1586.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Two monthly gridded precipitation datasets of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP; the multisatellite product) and the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) Variability Analysis of Surface Climate Observations (VASClimO; rain gauge data) are compared for a 22-yr period, from January 1979 to December 2000, over land areas (i.e., latitudes 4°–20°N and longitudes 18°W–15°E). The two datasets are consistent with respect to the spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal rainfall climatology over the domain and along latitudinal bands. However, the satellite generally overestimates rainfall. The inability of the GPCC data to capture the bimodal rainfall pattern along the Guinea coast (i.e., south of latitude 8°N) is an artifact of the interpolation of the rain gauge data. For interannual variability, the gridded multisatellite and gridded gauge datasets agree on the sign of the anomaly 15 out of the 22 yr (68% of the time) for region 1 (between longitude 5° and 18°W and north of latitude 8°N) and 18 out of the 22 yr (82% of the time) for region 2 (between longitude 5°W and 15°E and north of latitude 8°N). The datasets agreed on the sign of the anomaly 14 out of the 22 yr (64% of the time) over the Guinea Coast. The magnitudes of the anomaly are very different in all years. Most of the years during which the two datasets did not agree on the sign of the anomaly were years with El Niño events. The ratio of the seasonal root-mean-square differences to the seasonal mean rainfall range between 0.24 and 2.60. The Kendall’s tau statistic indicated statistically significant trends in both datasets, separately.
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Guiavarc'h, C., A. M. Treguier, and A. Vangriesheim. "Deep currents in the Gulf of Guinea: along slope propagation of intraseasonal waves." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 1 (January 7, 2009): 57–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-57-2009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. In the Gulf of Guinea, intraseasonal variability is large at the equator and along the coast. Current data on the continental slope near 7.5° S show very energetic biweekly oscillations at 1300 m depth. A high resolution numerical model demonstrates that this deep variability is forced by equatorial winds, through the generation of equatorial Yanai waves that propagate eastward and at depth, and then poleward as coastal-trapped waves upon reaching the coast of Africa. Intraseasonal variability is intensified along the coast, especially in the 500–1500 m depth range, with the largest intensification in the 10–20 day period range. The structure of kinetic energy is well explained at first order by a linear model with six baroclinic modes. Along the equator, eastward intensification of energy and bottom intensification are in qualitative agreement with vertically propagating Yanai waves, although the signal is clearly influenced by the details of the bathymetry. Along the coast, vertical modes 3 to 5 are important close to the equator, and the signal is dominated by lower modes farther south. Additional current meter data on the continental slope near 3° N display an energy profile in the 10–20 day period band that is strikingly different from the one at 7.5° S, with surface intensification rather than bottom intensification and a secondary maximum near 800 m. The model reproduces these features and explains them: the surface intensification in the north is due to the regional wind forcing, and the north-south dissymetry of the deep signal is due to the presence of the zonal African coast near 5° N. A 4 years time series at 7.5° S displays intermittencies of the 10–20 day signal near the bottom. This intermittency is not correlated with fluctuations of the equatorial winds and does not seem to be a simple linear response to the wind forcing.