Journal articles on the topic 'North Atlantic Treaty Organization – Armed Forces – Afghanistan'
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1
POPKO, Serhii. "MILITARY EXERCISES AND PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE (2014–2016)." Contemporary era 7 (2019): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/nd.2019-7-38-47.
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The features of the participation of military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) in multinational military exercises held in our country and abroad in 2014–2016 are considered. The occupation of the Crimean Peninsula by the Russian Federation (RF), the veiled appearance of Russian troops on the territory of Donetsk and Lugansk regions, which marked the beginning of the so-called "Hybrid warfare" forced the leadership of our state to intensify contacts with the member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and pay considerable attention to multinational training, as within the framework of the Partnership for Peace program. During military exercises («Saber Guardian / Rapid Trident»), «Flaming Thunder», «Flaming Sword», «Anakonda», «Hunter», «Combined Resolve» etc.), military personnel exchange knowledge and combat experience, strengthening partnerships, compatibility, and ability of the military of Ukraine, NATO member states, and their partners to work together. The features of the AFU servicemen's peacekeeping activities at the initial stage of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war (United Nations operations in Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Afghanistan, the UN Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo etc.) are considered. It was stated that during peacekeeping operations, military personnel mainly patrolled the areas of responsibility, transported United Nations (UN) personnel, escorted humanitarian aid, controlled the ceasefire, as well as the withdrawal of troops. Keywords: NATO, Ukraine, Partnership for Peace, international military exercises, peacekeeping operations, Armed Forces of Ukraine.
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Marchant, Emma J. "Insufficient Knowledge in Kunduz: The Precautionary Principle and International Humanitarian Law." Journal of Conflict and Security Law 25, no. 1 (2020): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krz033.
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Abstract The targeting protocols applied by forces during armed conflict are some of the most secretive documents held by any military. However, their role in applying principles of international humanitarian law (IHL) means that they are key to understanding their development. This piece is primarily concerned with practical and operational application of the precautionary principle under IHL; how much knowledge is sufficient to carry out an attack lawfully during modern armed conflict. In order to establish if a standard has developed with the increase in intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance technology, this piece uses the framework of an investigation into an incident in Kunduz, Afghanistan in 2009. I explore the difficulties of obtaining information post-incident, the differential standards expected by North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Bundesgerichtshof (German Federal Court of Justice), and the manner in which these can be evaluated through the principles of proportionality, distinction and precautions in attack. The piece looks at the interrelated issues raised by the Rules of Engagement and Tactical Directives, as well as the problems surrounding the clarity of intelligence available. I argue that this case is demonstrative of the failings inherent in the application and practical use of the precautionary principle outlined by IHL. The lack of transparency afforded in, and after, incidents of this nature prevents objective analysis and so the development of IHL can be obfuscated. I conclude that the lack of information following incidents of this kind confuses any intelligence standard that exists under IHL.
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Kamiński, Wiesław. "DIRECTIONS AND CAUSES OF CHANGES IN THE COMMAND SYSTEM AND ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND." Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka - Refleksje 31, no. 31 (September 28, 2018): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8597.
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The article presents the directions and causes of changes in the command system and organization of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland. It presents issues related to the changes that took place in the Polish Armed Forces after 1989 resulting from changes in the international security environment and resulting from Polish accession to the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
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Plotnikova, M. V., and A. L. Kovalenko. "Reforming the Armed Forces in the сontext of Ukraine's Euro-Atlantic Integration: Interaction of International and National Law." Legal horizons, no. 24 (2020): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i24.p116.
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Sources of legal regulation of the reform of the national armed forces in Ukraine are explored in the article. The interaction of international and national law in this area is characterized. The reform of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is a long process and has been going on for more than twenty years. The reform is conditioned by the need to create a combat-ready armed forces that will perform the tasks of Ukraine's defense. A feature of reforming this area is the implementation of the provisions of the standards of such an international organization as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. This determines the interaction of national and international law. The Charter on a Distinctive Partnership between North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Ukraine and the other international treaties between NATO and Ukraine are international legal sources regulating the reform of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Laws of Ukraine «On the Armed Forces of Ukraine», «On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine on Military Standards», the Strategic Defense Bulletin of Ukraine, the Military Doctrine of Ukraine and other regulations are domestic sources of legal regulation of defense sector reform. Based on the analysis of these documents, the author claims that one of the important directions in the reform of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is the implementation of NATO standards. The provisions of NATO standards are not directly applicable and are subject to implementation in Ukrainian law. Ukraine is not a member of multilateral agreements within NATO, but bilateral agreements with the Alliance regulate cooperation in the implementation of NATO Standards in Ukraine. The practice of implementing NATO legal provisions helps to avoid legal conflicts in the regulation of the defense sphere, which may arise due to the regulation by international acts of army reform.
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ORZOŁ, Andrzej. "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LINK 16 IN THE POLISH ARMED FORCES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON DEFENCE CAPABILITIES, NATIONAL SECURITY AND IMAGE OF POLAND AS A NATO MEMBER." National Security Studies 7, no. 1 (May 12, 2015): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/sbn/135284.
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The article shows the history and origins of Tactical Data Systems, their structure and purposes in countries who are members of North Atlantic Treaty Organization with the emphasis on LINK 16 standard. It describes the epect of LINK 16 implementation in the Polish Armed Forces on Poland’s interoperability as a fully – uedged NATO member thus increasing defense capabilities, national security and enhancing the Polish Armed Forces’ image in the international arena. What is more, typical examples of Tactical Data Links operations during military exercises, in peacetime and while trying to solve geopolitical, military conuicts in the world have also been characterized.
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Enchev, Yavor, and Tihomir Eftimov. "Bulgarian military neurosurgery: from Warsaw Pact to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization." Neurosurgical Focus 28, no. 5 (May 2010): E15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.3.focus109.
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After 45 years as a closest ally of the Soviet Union in the Warsaw Pact, founded mainly against the US and the Western Europe countries, and 15 years of democratic changes, since 2004 Bulgaria has been a full member of NATO and an equal and trusted partner of its former enemies. The unprecedented transformation has affected all aspects of the Bulgarian society. As a function of the Bulgarian Armed Forces, Bulgarian military medicine and in particular Bulgarian military neurosurgery is indivisibly connected with their development. The history of Bulgarian military neurosurgery is the history of the transition from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics military system and military medicine to NATO standards in every aspect. The career of the military neurosurgeon in Bulgaria is in many ways similar to that of the civilian neurosurgeon, but there are also many peculiarities. The purpose of this study was to outline the background and the history of Bulgarian military neurosurgery as well as its future trends in the conditions of world globalization.
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Luft, Antoine, Simon-Pierre Corcostegui, Marianne Millet, Jonathan Gillard, Jerome Boissier, Patrick Rondy, Jérôme Bancarel, and Cyril Carfantan. "Aeromedical Evacuations Within the French Armed Forces: Analysis of 2,129 Patients." Military Medicine 185, no. 3-4 (October 23, 2019): 468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz268.
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Abstract Introduction The doctrine of medical support during French military operations is based on a triptych: forward medical stabilization, forward damage control surgery, and early strategic aeromedical evacuation (Strategic-AE). The aim of this study was to describe the last piece, the evacuation process of the French Strategic-AE. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using patient records from 2015 to 2017. All French service members requiring an air evacuation from a foreign country to a homeland medical facility were included. Data collected included age, medical diagnosis, priority categorization, boarding location, distance from Paris, type of plane and flight, medical team composition, timeline, and dispatch at arrival. Results We analyzed 2,129 patients evacuated from 71 countries, most from Africa (1,256), the Middle East (382), and South America (175). Most patients (1,958) were not severely injured, although some considered priority (103) or urgent (68). Diagnoses included disease (48.6%), nonbattle injuries (43%), battle stress (5.3%), and battle injuries (3%). 246 Strategic-AE used medical teams in flight, 136 of them in a dedicated Falcon aircraft. The main etiologies for those evacuations were battle injuries (24%), cardiovascular (15.4%), infections (8%), and neurologic (7.3%). The median time of management for urgent patients was about 16 hours but longer for priority patients (26 hours). Once in France, 1,146 patients were admitted to a surgery department and 96 to an intensive care unit. Conclusion This is the first study to analyze the French Strategic-AE system, which is doctrinally unique when compared to its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies. North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies favor care in the theatre in place of the French early Strategic-AE. However, in the event of a high intensity conflict, a combination of these two doctrines could be useful.
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Korolczuk, Adam. "Transformacja Sił Zbrojnych RP 1999-2014. Aspekt finansowy." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 3 (November 23, 2016): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2016.3.8.
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The last decade of 20th century as well as last 15 years were two frames of time where armed forces went under major transformation. Since 1999 almost all fields of regulations in Polish Army has been changed: organizational culture, professionalization of staff, drafting of women, procedures, technologies, armament and training. In spite of the above, some changes are still under debate, concerning mainly organizational structures, economic and political conditioning of its functioning. Transformation in military aspect has a special meaning, and due to universal coverage it is interpret in many different ways. Colloquially transformation identifies change and alteration, therefore we can differentiate political or system transformation and on the other hand military or Armed Forces. The objective of this article is to describe transformation process of the Polish Armed Forces, since Poland became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, indication of important changes concerning professionalization, budget structure, financing and military expenditures of the Ministry of National Defense, as well as analysis of technical modernization process.
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Mihai, Eduard Ionut. "Comparative analysis of the military pilots training programs in the Romanian Air Force and the Polish Air Force." MATEC Web of Conferences 290 (2019): 13007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929013007.
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The primary purpose of the military pilots training system is to select objectively and to provide practical and qualitative training, both with regard to their academics and in terms of their specialization as aviation personnel. The current state of the military pilots training system has been marked by difficulties due to its attempt in overcoming a prolonged transition period and adapting to modern armed forces and partner training standards within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Based on the comparative analysis of the training of military aeronautical personnel in Romania and Poland, we will try to observe whether flight training needs to be more or less phased in order for the Air Force to benefit from pilots capable of responding to the current challenges. Accordingly, the aim of the current paper consists of a qualitative analysis meant to prove the necessity of adjusting curricula to the exigencies of the geopolitical reality within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and to identify both strong common and distinctive points of the military pilots training programs in the Romanian Air Force and the Polish Air Force.
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Chumak, V. V. "Activities of the Armed Forces of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: Experience for Ukraine." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 87, no. 4 (December 22, 2019): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2019.4.16.
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The current state of activity of the Armed Forces of the Baltic States such as Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia has been studied. The experience of the Armed Forces of these countries in ensuring collective defense, security and peace in accordance with NATO standards has been analyzed.
It is stated that the National Armed Forces of the Republic of Latvia is a group of troops intended to protect the fundamental freedoms, independence and territorial integrity of the state. It’s a part of the Ministry of Defence of Latvia. It is emphasized that the Armed Forces of the Republic of Lithuania are a state military organization whose purpose is to protect the territorial integrity and inviolability of the state. It is a structural unit of the Ministry of National Defence Republic of Lithuania. It is noted that the Armed Forces of Estonia (Defence Forces) is a military organized unit of the Executive authority, which is headed by the government of the Republic and the Ministry of Defence of Estonia. It is stated that the activities of the Armed Forces of the Baltic States are carried out on the principle of collective defence of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which task is to protect the member States from military threat.
Based on the analyzed experience of the Baltic States’ Armed Forces, it has been concluded that the effective functioning and activities of the Armed Forces depends on a clear definition of the main priorities in the field of defenсe, chains of international community and valid logistical support. It is noted about the possible implementation of certain positive provisions regarding the transformation about the integrated leadership system of the defenсe forces and military management in the Armed Forces in accordance with NATO standards and the provision of advisory assistance.
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MIREA, Adrian. "TARGETING IMPLICATION IN A JOINT FORCE OPERATION FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE." INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERINCE "STRATEGIESXXI" 18, no. 1 (December 6, 2022): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2971-8813-22-35.
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In this paper I wanted to highlight the importance of the targeting process in planning and conducting an eventual joint force operation for the purpose of armed national defense. Even though Romania is an active member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), for national defense purposes Romanian armed forces must be capable to plan and conduct operations with existent armed structures until allied forces would intervene in case of an armed aggression under article 5 specifications. Having participated with forces and structures in various multinational operations and exercises alongside current national contributions under NATO partnership, Romanian armed forces continuously improve their level of training and over time implemented in our standing doctrines and field manuals many of our partner’s procedures. One such procedure is the target management process. National joint force headquarters including those functioning at component and division levels should permanently consider, plan and conduct target management training for responsible personnel, especially with those working in information and operation modules, as they will be part of targeting working committees, groups or cells that activate at their respective structures both in peacetime or combat operations. One other significant factor influencing the target management process in a national defense operation is the application of Laws of Armed Conflict and rules of engagement in an eventual armed aggression.
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Nedegaard, Randall C., Rachel E. Foster, Mercy Yeboah-Ampadu, and Andrew J. Stubbs. "Lessons Learned in Afghanistan: A Multi-national Military Mental Health Perspective." Advances in Social Work 13, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/1880.
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America has been at war for almost 10 years. Because of this, continuing missions in the Middle East require the support and cooperation of our allied North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces from around the world. In this paper we provide an overview of the mission at Kandahar Air Field (KAF) and the Multi-National Role 3 hospital located at KAF. Next, we explain the mental health capabilities and unique perspectives among our teammates from Canada, Great Britain, and the United States to include a discussion of the relevant cross-cultural differences between us. Within this framework we also provide an overview of the mental health clientele seen at KAF during the period of April 2009 through September 2009. Finally, we discuss the successes, limitations, and lessons learned during our deployment to Kandahar, Afghanistan.
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POPKO, Serhii. "PARTICIPATION OF SERVICEMEN OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE IN INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING AND SECURITY OPERATIONS (1992-2018)." Contemporary era 8 (2020): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/nd.2020-8-122-133.
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The paper retrospectively covers the peacekeeping activities of the servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the independence of Ukraine. The Ukrainian military's peacekeeping activities were authorized by the Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "Pro uchast batalionu Zbroinykh Syl Ukrainy v Myrotvorchykh Sylakh Orhanizatsii Obiednanykh Natsii u zonakh konfliktiv na terytorii kolyshnoi Yuhoslavii" (1992). The author focused on the characteristics of peacekeeping activities of the Ukrainian military in the countries of the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eastern Slavonia, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia), on the African continent (Angola, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire), countries of the Middle East (Lebanon, Tajikistan, Kuwait, Iraq) and others. It is noted that servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) during peacekeeping operations mostly patrol areas of responsibility, engaged in the transportation of United Nations personnel, escort humanitarian cargos, control the ceasefire, and withdrawal of troops. International peacekeeping operations vary in duration (from several months to several years), funding, and the number of personnel involved. Usually, the results of Ukrainian peacekeepers were highly praised by the leadership of international security organizations. Participation of Ukrainian Armed Forces servicemen in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) programs, Partnership for Peace, international peacekeeping activities under the auspices of the United Nations, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) brings our country closer to NATO membership, contributes to strengthening its international prestige. Keywords: armed forces, NATO, peacekeeping operations, UN, Ukrainian contingent.
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Melnyk, Serhii. "Legal principles of input of standards of North Atlantic Treaty Organization are in functioning of the Armed Forces of Ukraine." Entrepreneurship, Economy and Law, no. 4 (2021): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2021.4.27.
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Hedlund, Erik. "Team Learning and Leadership in Multinational Military Staff Exercises." Armed Forces & Society 43, no. 3 (August 26, 2016): 459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x16667088.
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Cooperation in multinational military operations is one of the main tasks for the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF), which means that Swedish officers need to be able to meet international military staff standards. For this reason, the SAF and the Swedish Defence University organize an annual international staff exercise which aims to train officers in and increase their knowledge of North Atlantic Treaty Organization staff methods and procedures. The essence of successful staff work is good leadership and effective team work. In this article, we present findings from three staff exercises that have significant impact on leadership and possibilities for good team learning that relate to a team learning model. These findings have great potential to be of value in planning and improving leadership education and training in both military and civilian contexts.
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Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis. "The Crisis of NATO Political Consultation, 1973–1974: From DEFCON III to the Atlantic Declaration." Journal of Cold War Studies 19, no. 3 (August 2017): 104–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00755.
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After war broke out between Arab countries and Israel in October 1973, the U.S. government asked its allies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to do the unthinkable: establish an agreed position on an ongoing “out-of-area” crisis. Then, on 25 October, the United States unilaterally raised the alert level of its armed forces to DEFCON III, affecting the NATO area without consulting any allies. These actions constituted a radical departure from established NATO practice and angered the Europeans. U.S. officials, for their part, were upset at what they saw as a dismal European failure to support U.S. objectives in the Middle East crisis. In subsequent months, NATO frantically searched for ways to improve consultation, especially on out-of-area issues. The outcome in 1974 was the promulgation of the Atlantic Declaration, along with a series of functional reforms in alliance consultation procedures. The crisis forced NATO to adjust to the new trends of globalization that were rapidly becoming evident.
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Epstein, Rachel A. "When Legacies Meet Policies: NATO and the Refashioning of Polish Military Tradition." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 20, no. 2 (May 2006): 254–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325404273358.
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Polish military tradition has long revolved around the ideal of defending the country’s territorial, political, and cultural integrity. Given Poland’s history of partition, occupation, and foreign domination, however, the institutionalization of democratically accountable civilian control over the armed forces had never been an objective, let alone a reality. Thus, when the North Atlantic Treaty Organization committed to expanding its membership in the mid-1990s, there was a notable clash of Polish military legacies on one hand and NATO’s proposed policies on the other. In analyzing the interaction between domestic traditions and international pressure, the author argues that NATO greatly accelerated the consolidation of democratic civilian control in Poland. By removing key elements of Polish military tradition from both the rhetoric and practice of Polish public policy, the alliance had the practical effect of cultivating a civilian interest in far-reaching oversight while undermining the preexisting societal consensus in Poland that had long brooked high levels of military political authority.
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Helms, Christian, Florian Wertenauer, Kai-Uwe Spaniol, Peter Lutz Zimmermann, and Gerd-Dieter Willmund. "Suicidal behavior in German military service members: An analysis of attempted- and completed suicides between 2010 and 2016." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): e0256104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256104.
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Studies identified service members of the United States (US) Armed Forces as a high-risk group for suicide. A significant increase in the suicide rate in the US Armed Forces was found in recent years. To date, there is no military suicide statistic available for the German Armed Forces. This study examined attempted and completed suicides in active service members of the German Armed Forces between 2010 and 2016 retrospectively, on the basis of archived personal and medical records in the central archives of the Medical Service of German Armed Forces. The primary goal was to establish a suicide-statistic for the German Armed Forces and to calculate and compare the suicides rates with the German population. Secondary every case’s data was analysed the groups of attempted and completed suicides were compared. 262 attempted suicides and 148 completed suicides were included in this study (N = 410). The suicide rates of the German Armed Forces peaked over the years 2014–2015 with a suicide rate of 15–16/100.000 active military service members and exceeded the civilian suicide rate in Germany of around 12/100.000 people during those years, although no general trend could be determined. These service members were mostly young men (attempted suicide 81.7%, completed suicide 99.3%), at the age of 17 - <35 years old (87% attempted suicide, 68,3% completed suicide), and were employed less than 6 years in the German Armed Forces (attempted suicide 72.9%, completed suicide 46.3%). Service members with attempted suicides belonged mostly to the military North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-rank-group for other ranks (lowermost military professionals) OR-1 –OR-4 (48.1%) or to the rank-group OR-6 –OR-9 in the group of completed suicides (34.5%). Only in about one third of cases a psychiatric diagnosis could be found in the records. Most frequent diagnoses were neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision^ICD-10: F4) in 46.8%, and affective disorders (ICD-10: F3) in 43.3% of all cases. In the majority of cases there were signs for potential stressors in the private sector (attempted suicide 90.6%, completed suicide 82.6%). No typical risk factors which would enable a specific prevention could be identified in this analysis. Therefore, should preventive strategies be aiming at a multi-level intervention program.
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Mahomedov, Andrey. "Joint international military exercises of NATO countries... within the implementation of programs supporting peace and security in Ukraine." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica 25, no. 325 (May 29, 2021): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20813333.25.2.
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This article considers the issue of annexation of the Ukrainian Crimea peninsular territory by the RussianFederation and further deployment of the secessionist movement in the southeastern regions of Ukraine thatsubsequently developed into a military conflict in the east of Ukraine. The research analysed the directionsand character of the cooperation between the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the Alliance military units. Thelevel of practical interaction within the framework of existing NATO-Ukraine bilateral partnership programs,including military trainings, was also identified. The chronology of transformation of organizational formsof Ukrainian army’s presence in the east of Ukraine from the Anti-Terrorist Operation to the Joint ForcesOperation and the role of NATO in this process were also considered. The elements of the North AtlanticAlliance’s influence on the reform of the Ukrainian army were identified directly following the requirementsand standards defined by the Organization. The role of NATO’s Liaison Office, located in Kyiv, Ukraine, andthe Center for Security and Information Processing was outlined. Particular attention was paid to the issueof counteracting cybercrimes and protecting the state’s information systems from external influences. Inparticular, reference was made to the protection of the state’s critical infrastructure elements (nuclear powerplants, strategic state-owned enterprises, etc.), including electronic registers of citizens e-lists and the state’sbanking system databases. The activities of the NATO Cybercrime Operations Centers and the establishmentof similar institutions in Ukraine were also researched. The maritime component of cooperation betweenUkraine and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was analysed, taking into account the aggravation ofthe situation in Azov-Black Sea region during 2018, associated with the passage of Ukrainian warships of theAzov Fleet of the Naval Forces of Ukraine through the Kerch Strait which is under the control of the occupyingtroops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. As a result, so-called border conflicts were causedleading to the capture of Ukrainian warships and sailors by Russians in November 2018.
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Proshchyn, Ihor, and Volodymyr Shypovskyi. "Cyber security in the national security & defence sector of Ukraine: todayʼs challenges and ways to avoid possible threats." Journal of Scientific Papers "Social development and Security" 10, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33445/sds.2020.10.1.1.
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Development of strategic communications is necessary for the effective preparation and use of the Armed Forces, for the coordination of actions of state bodies in defence matters, as well as for the purpose of forming and strengthening the confidence of Ukrainian society in the stateʼs military policy. The basic elements of strategic communications of the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces are public relations, public relations in the military sphere, public diplomacy, information and psychological operations.
In turn, one of the components of the information operations system is cyberspace actions. The strategic importance of actions in cyberspace is due to the fact that cyber threats today, with devastating consequences, pose no less danger than direct military intervention. In 2016, during the Summit of Heads of State and Government of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the first ever EU-NATO security cooperation agreement was signed, in particular on hybrid wars and cyberattacks. Cyberspace, along with land, air, sea, and space, has been recognized as a new operational space, and cyber-operations (cyberattacks) are an integral part of the hybrid war. Also, cyber weapons in terms of scale of successors are compared with weapons of mass destruction. In this regard, cyber security is one of the top priorities for the state.
The article is devoted to the research of actual problems of providing the cyber security of the Armed Forces units of Ukraine in the current conditions of development of the information society and during hybrid threats from the Russian Federation side. The authors explain the basic concepts and definitions of the scientific field and explain conceptual approaches to cybersecurity and propose some ways to improve the existing cybersecurity mechanism or how to enhance it.
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STEINER, ALOJZ. "SLOVENIA'S MILITARY PATH TO THE ALLIANCE." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, Volume 2019 Issue 21/3 (September 3, 2019): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.21.3.8.
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Abstract In 2019, while the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is celebrating the 70th anniversary of its existence, Slovenia is celebrating the 15th anniversary of membership of it. Two more anniversaries must also be highlighted: namely the 25th anniversary of the beginning of international military cooperation by the Slovenian Armed Forces, and the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the declaration on the fulfilment of the conditions for the army to be fully integrated into the Alliance. In addition, the Slovenian military path to the Alliance has several other interesting facts and special features that are presented in this article. These include the relatively short transition from the army consisting solely of a military reserve and later a conscript army, to a professional army with a voluntary reserve; the accelerated and incomplete process of functional professionalization; and the successful integration into NATO, followed by rather irresponsible abandonment of the commitments given to the Alliance with regard to financial investments and capability building. Key words development path, accession, integration, full membership, transition, transformation.
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Hlobenko, I. O. "On the way to the struggle of the Ukrainian people against Russian aggression." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (July 2, 2022): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.01.65.
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The article states that the war is the highest degree of aggravation of relations between Ukraine and the Russian Federation in the struggle of the Ukrainian people against the Russian occupier, which will take place until the Ukrainian people win over Putin's totalitarian regime, using all possible military, economic, humanitarian , medical, legal and other means to the full restoration of justice and payment of contributions to the state of Ukraine and the Ukrainian people.
The confrontation of the Armed Forces and other power structures of Ukraine against the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation took place in the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions after the occupation of Crimea until 2022. In general, Russia annexed the Ukrainian peninsula of Crimea and carried out a separatist regime in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, supplying troops and weapons to their territory.
Accordingly, political instability in Ukraine, the choice of the European vector of development, its desire to join the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), unwillingness to have any relations with the aggressor country led to the war between Ukraine and Russia.
For Ukraine's victory in this nation, it is necessary to: - continue military resistance against Russia; - the Ukrainian army to counterattack and expel the occupiers from our land; - state support for the citizens of Ukraine and the creation of favorable conditions for prolonging their lives in armed conflict and reducing the emigration of the younger generation - support for Western allies and imposing tough sanctions to destroy the Putin regime and Russia's economy; - use all possible methods to prevent nuclear war; - after the victory, citizens of Ukraine and victims of hostilities have the right to a contribution from Russia.
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Pușcașu, Gigel, and Dorin Eparu. "ENHANCEMENT OF THE NATIONAL DEFENCE POSTURE BY USING THE MILITARY POWER." STRATEGIES XXI - Security and Defense Faculty 17, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-2001-21-10.
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The development of a national defence enhanced posture is a fundamental requirement in line with the developments of the current and possible future security environment, as well as regards the commitments made at North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and European Union (EU) level in relation with the development of capabilities and contributions to missions and operations. Romanian Army prepares, integrates at national level and, if necessary, makes use, in accordance with the law, of all available resources. While peacekeeping or peace-building operations are presented in the various defence and national security strategies as the last resort, the last option after all other measures have been actively explored, it remains in the eyes of public opinion and policy makers the first face of the armed forces, the heart of the profession of soldier. The conventional deterrence has always existed – if vis pacem para bellum. Two main mechanisms can discourage a potential opponent. The first is the threat of retaliation, also known as deterrence by punishment. The second mechanism consists in persuading him of the impossibility, or at least of great practical difficulty, of achieving his immediate objectives, thus prompting him to give up not for fear of the consequences of his action, but due to his low chances of success. The guarantee of sovereignty, independence and state unity, the territorial integrity of the country and constitutional democracy is the most fundamental task of the armed forces. It is, after all, the primary role of defending the land of the homeland when it is threatened. The most obvious expression of that is the concept of ensuring the capacity to implement defence plans drawn up at national level.
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Lisovenko, D., and G. Belous. "MILITARY FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE AND NATO AS THE BASIS OF SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA REGION." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 2, no. 14 (January 25, 2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2020.14.2.51-58.
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The article considers the issue of Cooperation of Ukraine with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Beginning in 2014, Ukraine is actually improving control with the use of international assistance in the security industry and the relevant reporting on operational and tactical levels. General activities of Ukraine and the Alliance in the direction of security and defence, objectives: transformation and strengthening of the national security and defence sector, in relation to the performance of inherent tasks, according to the interests of the country. To ensure regional, large-scale and stable security; to facilitate and improve the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; to involve Ukraine in the performance of tasks in accordance with the requirements of the state defence and participation in international operations; to achieve effective compatibility of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of other component parts of defence and security to ensure the performance of tasks in international operations and exercises. After the annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces of Ukraine received significant assistance in 2014. The priority of joint activities with NATO is primarily to guarantee the alliance of the principle of collective defence, to preserve and strengthen peace and to ensure the prospect of future security. The Alliance's ability to perform strategic tasks depends on a high degree of coordination and planning of compatible actions at the political level of the defence sector. Analysis of the participation of the Naval Forces of Ukraine and the Alliance during joint international exercises and operations, the events of the war in 2014, the military aggression of the Russian Federation, the construction of relations between Ukraine and the United States during the armed conflict, adaptation of NATO standards and principles – a number of issues for the need for rapid solution in turbo mode. Based on the analysis, the authors conclude that it is legitimate and expedient to use and gain experience in the context of the concept of development of the Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Involvement and participation in multinational military exercises is a set of measures in the context of international military cooperation, which is allowed in conditions as close as possible to combat and real. Comprehensive improvement of the level of combat training of units of the Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the increase of the level of professionalism, combat readiness and combat ability. The necessity of introduction and application of compatible measures for performance of peacekeeping, humanitarian, search and rescue and other special tasks is the priority of the concept of modern Ukraine. Constant improvement of the combat readiness level in modern conditions is achieved during the international exercises for the necessity and possibility to strengthen the professional experience of partnership, which always fundamentally affects the quality of combat tasks ahead of the number of participants involved in joint activities. Keywords: NATO, Alliance, Ukrainian Navy, Armed Forces of Ukraine, standards, training, security, Charter.
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Núñez Espinosa, Miguel Ángel. "Training strategies for the improvement of NATO Level 2 results for English Functional Level exams in the armed forces." F1000Research 10 (December 22, 2021): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74328.1.
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Background: As NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) countries participate in many international missions and joint operations around the world, NATO considered it a necessity for personnel to be able to communicate in a common language. Therefore, one of the main tasks of the NATO multinational setting is the teaching and the assessment of languages. Consequently, there is a need for personnel to achieve the Standard Language Profiles (SLP). Each NATO country must develop SLP exams to achieve the required levels based on NATO STANAG (Standard agreement) 6001. If the examinees do not achieve those levels and the global results are unsatisfactory, NATO members can be affected by a reduction of financial support or the assignment to NATO postings. This study aimed to create a training strategies proposal (TSP) for personnel to achieve NATO L2. Methods: The study consisted of four separate studies: 1) Preliminary survey/interview of military personnel about NATO L2 training; 2) gathering data from NATO L2 exams after normal training; 3) gathering of data from NATO L2 exams after the TSP had been implemented; 4) Post-training survey. Data was collected from examinees over a period of six months or one year, using mixed data collection methods: surveys, interviews, and exam results. Results: A total of 50 examinees took part in the study. Results showed that the number of examinees who passed the NATO L2 increased after going through the TSP. Conclusions: The results show that the TSP, using newer methodologies and different techniques, improved NATO L2 results. The outcomes of this study will help to inform future training and education programs.
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Olson, Peter M. "Agreement Between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on the Status of NATO Forces and NATO Personnel Conducting MutuallyAgreed NATO-led Activities in Afghanistan & Security and Defense Cooperation Agreement Between the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan." International Legal Materials 54, no. 2 (April 2015): 272–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.54.2.0272.
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On September 30, 2014, Afghanistan signed agreements with the United States and NATO providing for U.S. and NATO military presences in Afghanistan following termination in December 2014 of the post-9/11 U.S. “Operation Enduring Freedom” (OEF) and NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) military missions.
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Denysiuk, Irmina. "Irregular Warfare and Modern Defense – Counterinsurgency Operations." Safety & Defense 6, no. 2 (July 28, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/sd.71.
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Nowadays, there are a lot of dangers, not only those related to the military. Particular attention should be paid to the threat of guerrilla activity. Therefore, the aim of this article is to indicate the essence of contemporary guerrilla operations in conflicts, and their methods of operation that allow them to achieve their goals. It was also assumed that the modern crisis response operations, and especially COIN (counterinsurgency) operations, constitute a comprehensive approach to counteracting guerrilla activity.
This article uses theoretical methods. Using the analysis and synthesis of materials and studies, the most important conclusions were pointed out.
The leading role in prevention insurgency activities lies with the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and their crisis response operations. In the Strategic Concept NATO 2010 specialists are putting more attention to conducting counterinsurgency operations (COIN). COIN operations are nowadays the most comprehensive tool for combating guerrilla activity, which mainly hits the civilian population. The concepts of using the assumptions of anti-Partisan operations should be implemented on a full scale, including in the armed forces of the Republic of Poland.
Particular attention should be paid to the threat of the guerrilla activity in conflicts. These problems are complex and they deal with many aspects (social, economic, cultural, political and many others). Moreover the partisans activities are irregular and they are often targeted at civilians. This article indicates the methods and techniques used by insurgents in the fight against the state / government. Reference has also been made to the activities that inhibit their activity - complex counterinsurgency operations.
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Vladu, Mircea, and Stelian Popescu. "Considerations on the Impact of Emerging and Disruptive Technologies on Security Policies." Scientific Bulletin 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2021-0026.
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Abstract The issue of the impact of emerging and disruptive technologies on security policy is a major concern of the North Atlantic Treaty Alliance. This is also demonstrated by the meeting between the Board members and the newly-established Advisory Group for Emerging and Disruptive Technologies, consisting of top experts in the fields of Cyber, Artificial Intelligence, Quantum Computing, Big Data, Space, Robotics and Autonomous or Biotechnological Systems, to find new synergies between NATO, the private, governmental and academic sectors and to maintain the technological supremacy of the Alliance. At the same time, the fact that the Romanian Army has mastered the defining elements of the impact of emerging and disrupted technologies on security policy and acts to make them operational is demonstrated by the meeting of July 12, 2021, of the Minister of National Defense, Nicolae-Ionel Ciuca with Heidi Grant, director of the US Defense and Security Cooperation Agency, on which occasion Romania received from the US the name of “Dependable Undertaking (DU)” under which contracts for the purchase of military equipment can be concluded without any payment in advance. Based on these elements, we would like to continue to talk about some aspects of innovation in dual military technologies, such as the influence of emerging and disruptive technologies on the organization and use of the armed forces. The research method undertaken consisted in identifying bibliographic resources, studying them, drawing relevant conclusions and formulating points of view on the impact of emerging and disruptive technologies on security policies.
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CHIȚAC, Georgiana-Cătălina. "CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN MODERN SOCIETIES – PROTECTION, SAFETY, SECURITY." STRATEGIES XXI - Command and Staff College 17, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-2028-21-51.
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Abstract: Nowadays, the modern security environment has it foundation based on some vital pilons, that are also important for the normal functionality of the modern society. This paper will offer a new perspective on critical infrastructure protection, defining the relationships that take place freely in a modern society. The international security could be analyzed from functional (systemic) and structural points of view. From the systemic point of view, the global security is characterized by five major systems: political, economic, social (socio-demographic), cultural and ecological. From the structural point of view, besides the above systems there are other ones: military, intelligence, communications and infrastructure (the critical infrastructure, health, financial, culture, education and research). There are certain infrastructures such as: telecommunications, transports, systems of power or water supply, IT systems, diverse systems and emergency services, that are actually fundamental to a prosperous economy and therefore critical to the development of human society. Telecommunications, power systems and transport infrastructures are essential infrastructures that ensure not only the mobility, but also the adequate performance of the armed forces, which is one more reason for which these infrastructures are critical. The degree of development and resilience of national and European critical infrastructures is essential for the economic growth and for ensuring the security and welfare of society on the whole. Therefore, the modern national security, seen as a system or a structure, has been passing through a reform and modernization process in order to adapt to the challenges of the 21st Century and the requirements triggered by North Atlantic Treaty Organization and European Union memberships, and not only. In this context there is a need for some security politics and strategy which could increase the national security condition.
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Ivanov, Igor M., Evgeniy V. Ivchenko, Mikhail A. Yudin, Nikolay G. Vengerovich, Alexander S. Nikiforov, Igor S. Drachev, and Alexander V. Stepanov. "Application aspects of medications for inhalation at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma58989.
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This study aimed to determine the aspects of inhalation application of drugs as medical means of protection against lesions by factors of radiation, chemical, and biological nature at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation. Advantages of inhalation administration of drugs and use of individual inhalers of portable type over parenteral and oral administration methods are described. The existing drugs that are most suitable for inhalation at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation include emergency prevention and treatment of toxic pulmonary edema, analgesics, antiradiation, drugs for arresting radiation primary reaction, agents for accelerated radionuclides elimination, and antibacterial and antiviral agents. This list is conditioned by the rapid achievement of the protective effect of the drug during inhalation, both due to the local action in the area of the entrance gate of the intake of damaging agents and the accelerated absorption and systemic action on target organs. This study presents data on existing and promising inhalation drugs (antidotes for warfare agents, recombinant forms of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase) and technical means of their delivery (a metered aerosol inhaler, a metered dry powder inhaler) in the Armed Forces of the European North Atlantic Treaty Organization bloc and the United States for the prevention and treatment of damage e to chemical agents, as well as the prospects of radiomitigator usage (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) by inhalations for acute radiation syndrome treatment and inhalation of complexones of radioactive isotopes. The prospects of inhalation in combination with bronchodilators in the development of acute respiratory failure and toxic pulmonary edema on the background of poisoning with the use of a metered-dose powder inhaler are described. The introduction and use of a metered-dose dry powder inhaler at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation determines the need for its development, taking into account the specifics of the drug usage, as well as the need to unify the dosage form of drugs in combination with one type of inhaler (single-dose or multi-dose).
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Chervyakova, O., O. Середа, and E. Yarigina. "Equality of rights of men and women in military service in Ukraine: challenges of wartime." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 72 (November 27, 2022): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.72.50.
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The current state and promising ways of ensuring gender equality in the defense and security sector of Ukraine is analyzed in the article. The aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the violation of territorial integrity, sovereignty as a result, encroachment on Ukraine's independence, brought to the fore the issue of overcoming gender stereotypes, establishing equality, and countering gender-based and sexual violence both in Ukraine and around the world. First of all, in these conditions, the state policy regarding the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine was revised.
The strategic course of Ukraine for the acquisition of full membership of Ukraine in the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, enshrined in paragraph 5, part 1 of art 85 of the Constitution of Ukraine. It defines the priorities of Ukraine's cooperation in the international environment. Standardization in order to achieve the interoperability of the security and defense sectors of Ukraine, as a partner with enhanced capabilities and NATO member states, is currently a priority task for Ukraine to receive the Action Plan for NATO membership, a prerequisite for the restoration of sovereignty and security, and the reintegration of temporarily occupied territories.
First of all, in the article during the analysis of the foreign experience of ensuring gender equality in the field of defense, the attention was focused on the experience of the member countries of the Alliance and taking into account the status of Ukraine as a partner of NATO with shared capabilities, as well as the intention to become a member of NATO. However, countries which are not part of NATO, but have some success in the processes of ensuring world order and taking an active part in the peace-building processes were also included in the analysis. Both from the point of view of the achieved results, and regarding promising ways of intensifying the participation of women in the processes of maintaining peace and stability in the world, ensuring the safety of humanity and the international legal order.
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Anastopoulos, George, Petros Schinas, Ypatia Zannikou, Maria Komiotou, Fanourios Zannikos, and Dimitrios Karonis. "Impact of N,N-Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) Fatty Acid Amides on the Lubrication Performance of Kerosene Fuel F-34 for Use in CI Engines." Fuels 4, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels4010002.
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In an attempt to avoid serious problems that can affect the efficiency of refueling ground-operated vehicles and aircraft during military operations, the Armed Forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are introducing the use of a unique fuel for both air and land use. The fuel that has been selected is the F-34, similar to Jet A-1, which is used in civil aviation, in order to replace diesel fuel in many applications. It has to be mentioned that tests performed with this fuel, which is kerosene type on the high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) have shown that such fuel is responsible for severe wear. This very high wear is related to the very low lubricity of aviation fuel. Having the idea to improve the lubricity of aviation fuel to the level of fuels used in compression ignition engines (diesel fuel), seven N,N-Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) fatty acid amides were formulated from various vegetable oils (sunflower oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, tobacco seed oil, coconut oil, used frying oil), and they were evaluated as lubricity improvers of the aviation fuel. The required tribological measurements for lubricity rating were carried out by employing ISO 12156-1 test method on an HFRR instrument. The test conditions during the measurements were in the range of 55% to 58% for the relative humidity and 24 °C for the temperature. The results from the tribological measurements showed that all N,N-Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) fatty acid amides used were rated as efficient in order to provide an acceptable mean wear scar diameter (below 460 μm) at concentrations from 150 to 300 ppm. Additive concentrations below 150 ppm did not improve the lubricity at the required level. The increase of N,N-Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) fatty acid amides at concentrations over 300 ppm did not have any significant decrease in the wear scar diameter. A comparison between the N,N-Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) fatty acid amides showed that those formulated by non-polyunsaturated oils like olive oil and coconut oil seem to have better lubricity improver characteristics.
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Ramez, Sayed, and Valliappan Raju. "Exploring Consequences of U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan: An Overview and Perspective on Economy." Global Journal Of Emerging Sciences, 2020, 05–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37187/gjoes.0320.0201.02.
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Since 2003, the economic situation, life expectancy, and per capita income of Afghanistan were increasing. This was mainly due to foreign aid reported $83 billion from 2003 to 2016. 90% of Afghanistan's military budget was also coming from international donors. The role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces was strengthening the Afghan government. However, recently the USA has decided to withdraw its troops. It is expected that the rest of NATO forces will also evacuate Afghanistan. The whole process of withdraw of USA of Afghanistan is mainly discussed in the military perspective in literature. There are fewer articles on the expected economic impact of USA withdrawal. Therefore, this research paper has provided an overview of the existing situation of the Afghan economy, in parallel with war impacts and consequences of US withdrawal. The paper concludes that in one USA evacuation will result in the diminishing of foreign aid and reduction in the legitimacy of government, yet it will create opportunities for Afghanistan to strengthen its relationship with neighbors and strengthen its foundation.
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"INTRODUCTION EU AND NATO: SECURITY RELATIONS." EU IN NATO: VARNOSTNA RAZMERJA/EU AND NATO: SECURITY RELATIONS, VOLUME 2021/ISSUE 23/2 (June 15, 2021): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.23.2.00.
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In this issue of the Contemporary Military Challenges, we focus on the relations between the European Union and NATO in the field of security. On 1 June 2021, NATO Foreign Ministers met in Brussels to discuss the details of the NATO Summit to be held on 14 June 2021 in Brussels, Belgium; the period, which coincides with the publication of this thematic issue. Twenty foreign ministers represented NATO member states, which are also EU members, making an event such as the NATO summit all the more important for the future of European security. Many topics were mentioned at the ministerial, such as Afghanistan, Belarus, Russia and China. In general, however, the emphasis was put on the fact that NATO should adapt to new challenges, security settings in a highly competitive environment. As mentioned by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, we are presented with a number of challenges to our security that we need to tackle together, because no country and no continent can deal with them alone. This includes strengthening the existing partnerships and building new ones, including in the Asia-Pacific, Africa, and Latin America. The participants also discussed the stepping up of training and capability building for partners, as well as work to address the security impact of climate change. In the conclusion, the ministers broadly agreed that it was important to start work on NATO's next Strategic Concept, because our strategic environment has significantly changed since 2010. Secretary General underlined that NATO’s future adaptation would require Allies to continue investing in defence, and to invest more together, as a force multiplier and a strong message of unity and resolve. During Donald Trump’s mandate as President of the United States, the fact that the European Union or its Member States pay too little attention and thus resources for their own defence has often been a hot topic of political debate. In 2016, a year before the US President Trump took office, the European Union adopted a Global Strategy which envisaged several options to strengthen the Common Security and Defence Policy, which we will discuss in further detail in the next issue of the Contemporary Security Challenges. The Global Strategy provided that the European Defence Fund, the Permanent Structured Cooperation, the Coordinated Annual Review on Defence, and other existing and new mechanisms would operate in such a way that activities, resources and capabilities would not duplicate with NATO’s, but would complement each other. True enough that, within the Common Security and Defence Policy, the European Union has already foreseen many activities at its meetings and in the adopted documents in terms of strengthening this policy, but later implemented little. Has anything changed in this area in the past four years, or will perhaps something change at the time of the conference on the European future? Just as the Alliance is planning a new strategic concept, the European Union is announcing a Strategic Compass, which will set new directions for future cooperation, also in the field of security. In this issue, the authors present how the cooperation between the European Union and NATO is taking place in 2021 in some areas of security. The article titled EU-NATO cooperation and the Slovenian presidency of the Council of the European Union by Marko Mahnič presents an interesting thesis on whether obstacles to the coherent functioning of the European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the field of common security and defence are of a purely technical nature, or are there maybe differences in the policies, bilateral relations and national ambitions of certain countries. Damjan Štrucl writes about the EU-NATO partnership and ensuring information security and cybersecurity: theory and practice. According to him, the development of information and communication technology and new challenges of the modern security environment have led to the signing of the Joint Declaration on deepening the strategic partnership between both organizations in 2016. The author provides an analysis of the EU-NATO strategic partnership in ensuring security and defence in the modern security environment. Defence initiatives to strengthen the security of the European Union motivated Gregor Garb to write an article presenting what the 2016 European Union Global Strategy contributed to the EU’s strategic defence autonomy. Initially, in a theoretical sense, and after five years in a practical sense. All of course, given the fact that the European Union will continue to maintain strong relations and cooperation with the North Atlantic Alliance. David Humar and Nina Raduha present the process of creating the Military Strategy of the Republic of Slovenia in the Slovenian Armed Forces. Changes in the international environment have initiated security-related strategic considerations of NATO and the European Union. Slovenia as a member of both organizations also needs a strategic consideration in both military and security fields. Their article provides more details about the The process of devising the Military Strategy of the Republic of Slovenia. Tackling irregular migration in Europe is a topic addressed by Miklós Böröcz. Ever since 2015, the then mass illegal migration has posed a major problem for Europe and the European Union. The mass refugee crisis has gradually transformed into illegal migrations of individuals and small groups, who have maintained and strengthened contact with everybody along the way, who take part in this and ensure that the migration flow with of illegal character does not subside. The author provides some solutions to this problem.
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Sarwar, Fareeha, and Uzma Siraj. "Afghan Peace Process: Regional Complexities and the Role of China." NUST Journal of International Peace & Stability, January 25, 2021, 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37540/njips.v4i1.78.
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In the wake of the 9/11 'war against terrorism‘, Bush‘s vision of 'Pax Americana‘ and 'Axis of Evil‘ played a crucial role in shaping the global interactions among states. It resulted in the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, led by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) coalition forces, against transnational terrorism. However, almost two decades later, they neither could eradicate terrorism from the global map nor are anywhere close to achieving the Pax Americana. An analytical study in this paper shows that their exit from Afghanistan, even if it is not a complete exit, will not be an easy task without losing a strong geostrategic foothold in this sensitive region where Russia, China, and India are already looking for opportunities to develop their dominance for regional power aspirations. The theoretical model — comprising the theory of complex interdependence and the regional security complex theory — aptly explains the complexity of Afghanistan‘s situation. With regards, this paper focuses on the different facets of conflict resolution in Afghanistan, focusing on Pakistan and China‘s interests and other regional players. China has also emerged as one of the noteworthy players in this context since a peaceful Afghanistan has a long-term impact on the smooth progress of the Belt and Road Initiative. This complex interdependence of multiple players in the Afghanistan peace process has turned it as one of the most thin-skinned and almost unattainable goals. Nevertheless, with various geostrategic and economic interests at stake, we must recognize the efforts being made to bring the peace process to finality.
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van Dongen, T. T. C. F., R. R. Berendsen, F. J. M. de Jong, E. L. Endert, R. A. van Hulst, and R. Hoencamp. "Frostbite: a systematic review on freezing cold injuries in a military environment." BMJ Military Health, February 7, 2023, e002171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/military-2022-002171.
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BackgroundMilitary practice or deployment in extreme conditions includes risks, dangers and rare disorders. One of the challenges is frostbite; however, current literature does not provide an overview of this condition in a military context. This review aims to map the incidence, risk factors and outcome of frostbite in military casualties in the armed forces.MethodsA systematic literature search on frostbite (freezing cold injuries) in military settings from 1995 to the present was performed. A critical appraisal of the included articles was conducted. Data on incidence, risk factors, treatment and outcome were extracted.ResultsFourteen studies were included in our systematic review. Most studies of frostbite in a military setting were published nearly half a century ago. Frostbite incidence has declined from 7% to around 1% in armed forces in arctic regions but could be as high as 20% in small-scale arctic manoeuvres. Overall and military-specific risk factors for contracting frostbite were identified.ConclusionDuring inevitable arctic manoeuvres, frostbite is a frequently diagnosed injury in service members. Postfreezing symptoms often persist after severe frostbite injury, which decreases employability within the service. Over time, military practice has changed considerably, and modern protective materials have been introduced; therefore, re-evaluation and future study in the military field are appropriate, preferably with other North Atlantic Treaty Organization partners.
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Hossain-López, Sheima, and D. Ruiz-Berdún. "Being a woman, being a soldier, being a mother: a qualitative analysis of perceptions of pregnancy on working lives of women in the Spanish Armed Forces." BMJ Military Health, March 9, 2021, bmjmilitary—2020–001722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001722.
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IntroductionThirty-two years after Spain first allowed women to join the armed forces, 12% of active troops are women, although there are no data on how many of them are mothers. There is a lack of research related to the impact of motherhood on their careers and the challenges they face as well. Previous quantitative research, within North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces, has focused on the increased vulnerability and reduced performance of women returning to service after childbirth. However, no study to date has examined the narratives of these women.MethodsA qualitative, cross-sectional study was carried out by means of individual interviews which were subsequently analysed employing the interpretative approach of hermeneutic phenomenology. All the interviews were conducted by videoconference, being recorded for subsequent transcription and analysis with MAXQDA v.2018.ResultsServicewoman reported experiencing fear of informing their command chain of their pregnancy. Many women described feelings of constantly having to prove their worth, and thus perceived the physical restrictions associated with pregnancy and/or postpartum as a threat to their previous achievements. This sometimes led to behaviours that posed a risk to the health of mothers and babies, or eventually resulted in both acute and chronic conditions.ConclusionsSome restrictions put in place to protect them during their pregnancies become a source of additional anxiety. Returning to active service, we found that women’s desire to fulfil their duties can cause long-term damage to their physical and psychological health. The attitudes servicewomen perceive towards pregnant women and mothers seems to exert a strong influence on the risks they are willing to assume. Understanding and addressing the needs of servicewomen after childbirth, either now, as active members of the Armed Forces, or in the foreseeable future, as veterans, is crucial to both military and civilian healthcare providers.
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Quinn V, John M., Trisha Jigar Dhabalia, Lada L. Roslycky, James M. Wilson V, Jan-Cedric Hansen, Olesya Hulchiy, Olga Golubovskaya, et al. "COVID-19 at War: The Joint Forces Operation in Ukraine." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, March 25, 2021, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2021.88.
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Abstract The ongoing pandemic disaster of coronavirus erupted with the first confirmed cases in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) novel coronavirus, the disease referred to as coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19. The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed the outbreak and determined it a global pandemic. The current pandemic has infected nearly 300 million people and killed over 3 million. The current COVID-19 pandemic is smashing every public health barrier, guardrail, and safety measure in underdeveloped and the most developed countries alike, with peaks and troughs across time. Greatly impacted are those regions experiencing conflict and war. Morbidity and mortality increase logarithmically for those communities at risk and that lack the ability to promote basic preventative measures. States around the globe struggle to unify responses, make gains on preparedness levels, identify and symptomatically treat positive cases, and labs across the globe frantically rollout various vaccines and effective surveillance and therapeutic mechanisms. The incidence and prevalence of COVID-19 may continue to increase globally as no unified disaster response is manifested and disinformation spreads. During this failure in response, virus variants are erupting at a dizzying pace. Ungoverned spaces where nonstate actors predominate and active war zones may become the next epicenter for COVID-19 fatality rates. As the incidence rates continue to rise, hospitals in North America and Europe exceed surge capacity, and immunity post infection struggles to be adequately described. The global threat in previously high-quality, robust infrastructure health-care systems in the most developed economies are failing the challenge posed by COVID-19; how will less-developed economies and those health-care infrastructures that are destroyed by war and conflict fare until adequate vaccine penetrance in these communities or adequate treatment are established? Ukraine and other states in the Black Sea Region are under threat and are exposed to armed Russian aggression against territorial sovereignty daily. Ukraine, where Russia has been waging war since 2014, faces this specific dual threat: disaster response to violence and a deadly infectious disease. To best serve biosurveillance, aid in pandemic disaster response, and bolster health security in Europe, across the North Atlantic Treaty Alliance (NATO) and Black Sea regions, increased NATO integration, across Ukraine’s disaster response structures within the Ministries of Health, Defense, and Interior must be reinforced and expanded to mitigate the COVID-19 disaster.
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Petrachkov, Oleksandr, and Nadiia Vysochina. "CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND WELLNESS TECHNOLOGIES OF THE NDUU NAMED AFTER IVAN CHERNIAKHOVSKYI." Sport Science and Human Health, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2664-2069.2019.1.6.
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Physical training is one of the main subjects of military training and immediately influences the level of combat efficiency of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (AF), military bodies and law enforcement authorities. Ministry of Defense of Ukraine performs a systematic work on the improvements of military education with the aim of drawing it near to the training system of military member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The issue of physical training is mainly considered from the point of view of maintenance of the healthy lifestyle, development of individual physical qualities and special abilities, use of reserve physical and psychic capacities of a person. The study of the process of physical improvement and organizational issues of the physical training is given full consideration in papers of military experts. The objective – to consider the preconditions for creation and analyze the prospects for the development of academic and research Institute of physical culture and wellness technologies of the NDUU named after Ivan Cherniakhovskyi. Methods: analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, Internet data. Results. The analysis has shown the state and prospects of the development of staff, scientific and methodological, material and technical facilities in the Military Academy (Odessa) and the Institute. Conclusions. It is possible to sum up that the expansion of the Institute will provide an opportunity for performing a coherent multilevel training of specialists in physical training and sport from the instructor – associate to a military expert of strategic-tactical level for the AF of Ukraine and other structures.
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"INTRODUCTION." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, Volume 2019 Issue 21/3 (September 3, 2019): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.21.3.00.
Full textAbstract:
The year 2019 marks three anniversaries of great significance to the Republic of Slovenia, its citizens, its security and defence system, and the members of the Slovenian Armed Forces. The first anniversary commemorates 70 years of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the other two relate to the 15 years of Slovenia's membership of the European Union and NATO. Celebrating 70 years of NATO is of central importance because of the Alliance's symbolic meaning. Although it was officially established on 4 April 1949, it is true to say that North Atlantic cooperation is far older. It began during the mass immigration of members of numerous nations from the territories of today’s European Union and other parts of the world into North America. So far, several generations have been connected through family ties on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean; yet, these ties are not the only ones. These relationships overcame terrible ordeals in both World Wars, and resulted in cooperation, later officially named the Alliance, in the aftermath of World War II for one reason only – for it to never happen again. On the celebration of the 70th anniversary of NATO in Washington, D.C., the NATO Secretary General, Jens Stoltenberg, said that “[the Treaty's] reach is vast, and it has stood the test of time – because we have united around our core commitment to protect and defend one another”. In a wider sense, however, this long lasting Alliance is probably all about striving to safeguard, preserve and develop the Western European cultural, historical, political, sociological, security, defence, military (and so on) identity. Recently, the geopolitical aspect and the importance of the Alliance in relation to other emerging political actors, mainly from the East, have become increasingly important. Nevertheless, despite the major changes it has undergone in the past 70 years, the Alliance, having seemed obsolete to other security organizations, is now as vital as ever. The fact that the Republic of Slovenia has already been a member of the European Union and NATO for 15 years appears logical, particularly from the historical perspective. The territory of what is now Slovenia, where our ancestors have lived for centuries, was part of the Holy Roman Empire for over a thousand years, the Austrian Empire for 63 years, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire for 51 years. The 20th century saw several different organizational structures, with us as part of them, together with those countries which are now collectively referred to as the Western Balkans. However, the 21st century brought us membership of the European Union and NATO, i.e. a “place” where we can finally belong. On 23 March 2003, a referendum on Slovenia’s membership of the EU and NATO was held, asking the citizens of the Republic of Slovenia if they were in favour of joining the two organizations. Almost 90% of voters favoured Slovenia joining the EU, while 66% voted to join NATO. The current edition of Contemporary Military Challenges is dedicated to the 15th anniversary of Slovenia's membership of the Alliance. In 2009 and 2014, two special thematic issues were published, marking the 5th and 10th anniversaries respectively, highlighting the experience gained, and describing the best and also the less successful practices. We wanted to write them down, to remember them and leave them for generations yet to come. What is more, we wanted to share our experience with other countries aiming to join the Alliance. Our purpose here was to help those countries to not repeat our mistakes, and to assist them in avoiding mistakes altogether. For this issue, authors from other countries were invited to share their experiences and views of their countries’ and Slovenia’s membership of the Alliance. Special thanks go to David Humar and Primož Šavc for their invaluable assistance in creating the current edition.