Relevant bibliographies by topics / North Atlantic Ocean

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Academic literature on the topic 'North Atlantic Ocean'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "North Atlantic Ocean"

1

Hu, Shineng, Shang-Ping Xie, and Wei Liu. "Global Pattern Formation of Net Ocean Surface Heat Flux Response to Greenhouse Warming." Journal of Climate 33, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 7503–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0642.1.

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AbstractThis study examines global patterns of net ocean surface heat flux changes (ΔQnet) under greenhouse warming in an ocean–atmosphere coupled model based on a heat budget decomposition. The regional structure of ΔQnet is primarily shaped by ocean heat divergence changes (ΔOHD): excessive heat is absorbed by higher-latitude oceans (mainly over the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean), transported equatorward, and stored in lower-latitude oceans with the rest being released to the tropical atmosphere. The overall global pattern of ΔOHD is primarily due to the circulation change and partially compensated by the passive advection effect, except for the Southern Ocean, which requires further investigations for a more definitive attribution. The mechanisms of North Atlantic surface heat uptake are further explored. In another set of global warming simulations, a perturbation of freshwater removal is imposed over the subpolar North Atlantic to largely offset the CO2-induced changes in the local ocean vertical stratification, barotropic gyre, and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Results from the freshwater perturbation experiments suggest that a significant portion of the positive ΔQnet over the North Atlantic under greenhouse warming is caused by the Atlantic circulation changes, perhaps mainly by the slowdown of AMOC, while the passive advection effect can contribute to the regional variations of ΔQnet. Our results imply that ocean circulation changes are critical for shaping global warming pattern and thus hydrological cycle changes.
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MELO, MARCELO R. S. "A revision of the genus Pseudoscopelus Lütken (Chiasmodontidae: Acanthomorphata) with descriptions of three new species." Zootaxa 2710, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2710.1.1.

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Pseudoscopelus Lütken is a genus of meso- and bathypelagic fishes with a worldwide distribution. The genus is the most diversified within the family Chiasmodontidae, containing 16 valid species, three of which are described herein as new: Pseudoscopelus scriptus Lütken, from the western Central and North Atlantic; P. sagamianus Tanaka, from the Eastern Pacific and Indian Ocean; P. altipinnis Parr, widely distributed in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; P. cephalus Fowler, only known from the type locality in the Indo-Pacific; P. obtusifrons Fowler, from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; P. scutatus Krefft, widely distributed in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; P. aphos Prokofiev and Kukuev, from the western North Atlantic; P. parini Prokofiev and Kukuev, from the western Central Pacific to Hawaiian islands; P. astronesthidens Prokofiev and Kukuev, from the North Atlantic; P. australis Prokofiev and Kukuev, widely distribution in the southern parts of the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific Oceans, and in the Southern Ocean; P. pierbartus Spitz, Quéro and Vayne, from the North Atlantic and western South Atlantic; P. bothrorrhinos Melo, Walker Jr. and Klepadlo, from the western Pacific and Indian Ocean; P. lavenbergi Melo, Walker Jr. and Klepadlo, from the western North, western Central and western South Atlantic, P. paxtoni new species, from the western South Pacific; P. cordilluminatus new species, from the Indian Ocean and eastern South Atlantic; and P. odontoglossum new species, from the Central Pacific. Herein, Pseudoscopelus stellatus is placed in synonymy of P. scriptus; P. albeolus, in synonymy of P. australis; and P. vityazi, in synonymy of P. parini. Pseudoscopelus microps is confirmed as a junior synonym of P. altipinnis. A key to the species of Pseudoscopelus is provided as well as updated diagnoses, redescriptions, areas and distribution maps, based on extensive examination of collection material and comparison with type specimens.
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Semedo, Alvaro, Kay Sušelj, Anna Rutgersson, and Andreas Sterl. "A Global View on the Wind Sea and Swell Climate and Variability from ERA-40." Journal of Climate 24, no. 5 (March 1, 2011): 1461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3718.1.

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Abstract In this paper a detailed global climatology of wind-sea and swell parameters, based on the 45-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) wave reanalysis is presented. The spatial pattern of the swell dominance of the earth’s oceans, in terms of the wave field energy balance and wave field characteristics, is also investigated. Statistical analysis shows that the global ocean is strongly dominated by swell waves. The interannual variability of the wind-sea and swell significant wave heights, and how they are related to the resultant significant wave height, is analyzed over the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. The leading modes of variability of wind sea and swell demonstrate noticeable differences, particularly in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. During the Northern Hemisphere winter, a strong north–south swell propagation pattern is observed in the Atlantic Ocean. Statistically significant secular increases in the wind-sea and swell significant wave heights are found in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans.
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Meccia, Virna L., Doroteaciro Iovino, and Alessio Bellucci. "North Atlantic gyre circulation in PRIMAVERA models." Climate Dynamics 56, no. 11-12 (February 14, 2021): 4075–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05686-z.

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AbstractWe study the impact of horizontal resolution in setting the North Atlantic gyre circulation and representing the ocean–atmosphere interactions that modulate the low-frequency variability in the region. Simulations from five state-of-the-art climate models performed at standard and high-resolution as part of the High-Resolution Model Inter-comparison Project (HighResMIP) were analysed. In some models, the resolution is enhanced in the atmospheric and oceanic components whereas, in some other models, the resolution is increased only in the atmosphere. Enhancing the horizontal resolution from non-eddy to eddy-permitting ocean produces stronger barotropic mass transports inside the subpolar and subtropical gyres. The first mode of inter-annual variability is associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in all the cases. The rapid ocean response to it consists of a shift in the position of the inter-gyre zone and it is better captured by the non-eddy models. The delayed ocean response consists of an intensification of the subpolar gyre (SPG) after around 3 years of a positive phase of NAO and it is better represented by the eddy-permitting oceans. A lagged relationship between the intensity of the SPG and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is stronger in the cases of the non-eddy ocean. Then, the SPG is more tightly coupled to the AMOC in low-resolution models.
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Kuijpers, Antoon, Jørn Bo Jensen, Simon R. Troelstra, and And shipboard scientific party of RV Professor Logachev and RV Dana. "Late Quaternary palaeo-oceanography of the Denmark Strait overflow pathway, South-East Greenland margin." Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 180 (December 31, 1998): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/ggu-bulletin.v180.6514.

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Direct interaction between the atmosphere and the deep ocean basins takes place today only in the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic continent and in the northern extremity of the North Atlantic Ocean, notably in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea and Labrador Sea. Cooling and evaporation cause surface waters in the latter region to become dense and sink. At depth, further mixing occurs with Arctic water masses from adjacent polar shelves. Export of these water masses from the Norwegian–Greenland Sea (Norwegian Sea Overflow Water) to the North Atlantic basin occurs via two major gateways, the Denmark Strait system and the Faeroe– Shetland Channel and Faeroe Bank Channel system (e.g. Dickson et al. 1990; Fig.1). Deep convection in the Labrador Sea produces intermediate waters (Labrador Sea Water), which spreads across the North Atlantic. Deep waters thus formed in the North Atlantic (North Atlantic Deep Water) constitute an essential component of a global ‘conveyor’ belt extending from the North Atlantic via the Southern and Indian Oceans to the Pacific. Water masses return as a (warm) surface water flow. In the North Atlantic this is the Gulf Stream and the relatively warm and saline North Atlantic Current. Numerous palaeo-oceanographic studies have indicated that climatic changes in the North Atlantic region are closely related to changes in surface circulation and in the production of North Atlantic Deep Water. Abrupt shut-down of the ocean-overturning and subsequently of the conveyor belt is believed to represent a potential explanation for rapid climate deterioration at high latitudes, such as those that caused the Quaternary ice ages. Here it should be noted, that significant changes in deep convection in Greenland waters have also recently occurred. While in the Greenland Sea deep water formation over the last decade has drastically decreased, a strong increase of deep convection has simultaneously been observed in the Labrador Sea (Sy et al. 1997).
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Kuijpers, Antoon, Jørn Bo Jensen, Simon R. Troelstra, and And shipboard scientific party of RV Professor Logachev and RV Dana. "Late Quaternary palaeo-oceanography of the Denmark Strait overflow pathway, South-East Greenland margin." Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 180 (December 31, 1998): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v180.6514.

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Direct interaction between the atmosphere and the deep ocean basins takes place today only in the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic continent and in the northern extremity of the North Atlantic Ocean, notably in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea and Labrador Sea. Cooling and evaporation cause surface waters in the latter region to become dense and sink. At depth, further mixing occurs with Arctic water masses from adjacent polar shelves. Export of these water masses from the Norwegian–Greenland Sea (Norwegian Sea Overflow Water) to the North Atlantic basin occurs via two major gateways, the Denmark Strait system and the Faeroe– Shetland Channel and Faeroe Bank Channel system (e.g. Dickson et al. 1990; Fig.1). Deep convection in the Labrador Sea produces intermediate waters (Labrador Sea Water), which spreads across the North Atlantic. Deep waters thus formed in the North Atlantic (North Atlantic Deep Water) constitute an essential component of a global ‘conveyor’ belt extending from the North Atlantic via the Southern and Indian Oceans to the Pacific. Water masses return as a (warm) surface water flow. In the North Atlantic this is the Gulf Stream and the relatively warm and saline North Atlantic Current. Numerous palaeo-oceanographic studies have indicated that climatic changes in the North Atlantic region are closely related to changes in surface circulation and in the production of North Atlantic Deep Water. Abrupt shut-down of the ocean-overturning and subsequently of the conveyor belt is believed to represent a potential explanation for rapid climate deterioration at high latitudes, such as those that caused the Quaternary ice ages. Here it should be noted, that significant changes in deep convection in Greenland waters have also recently occurred. While in the Greenland Sea deep water formation over the last decade has drastically decreased, a strong increase of deep convection has simultaneously been observed in the Labrador Sea (Sy et al. 1997).
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Docquier, David, Torben Koenigk, Ramon Fuentes-Franco, Mehdi Pasha Karami, and Yohan Ruprich-Robert. "Impact of ocean heat transport on the Arctic sea-ice decline: a model study with EC-Earth3." Climate Dynamics 56, no. 5-6 (January 10, 2021): 1407–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05540-8.

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AbstractThe recent increase in Atlantic and Pacific ocean heat transports has led to a decrease in Arctic sea-ice area and volume. As the respective contributions from both oceans in driving sea-ice loss is still uncertain, our study explores this. We use the EC-Earth3 coupled global climate model and perform different sensitivity experiments to gain insights into the relationships between ocean heat transport and Arctic sea ice. In these model experiments, the sea-surface temperature is artificially increased in different regions of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans and with different levels of warming. All the experiments lead to enhanced ocean heat transport, and consequently to a decrease in Arctic sea-ice area and volume. We show that the wider the domain in which the sea-surface temperature is increased and the larger the level of warming, the larger the increase in ocean heat transport and the stronger the decrease in Arctic sea-ice area and volume. We also find that for a same amount of ocean heat transport increase, the reductions in Arctic sea-ice area and volume are stronger when the sea-surface temperature increase is imposed in the North Pacific, compared to the North Atlantic. This is explained by the lower-salinity water at the Bering Strait and atmospheric warming of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Pacific experiments. Finally, we find that the sea-ice loss is mainly driven by reduced basal growth along the sea-ice edge and enhanced basal melt in the Central Arctic. This confirms that the ocean heat transport is the primary driver of Arctic sea-ice loss in our experiments.
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Tseng, Chun-Mao, Shin-Jing Ang, Yi-Sheng Chen, Jen-Chieh Shiao, Carl H. Lamborg, Xiaoshuai He, and John R. Reinfelder. "Bluefin tuna reveal global patterns of mercury pollution and bioavailability in the world's oceans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 38 (September 13, 2021): e2111205118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2111205118.

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Bluefin tuna (BFT), highly prized among consumers, accumulate high levels of mercury (Hg) as neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg). However, how Hg bioaccumulation varies among globally distributed BFT populations is not understood. Here, we show mercury accumulation rates (MARs) in BFT are highest in the Mediterranean Sea and decrease as North Pacific Ocean > Indian Ocean > North Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, MARs increase in proportion to the concentrations of MeHg in regional seawater and zooplankton, linking MeHg accumulation in BFT to MeHg bioavailability at the base of each subbasin's food web. Observed global patterns correspond to levels of Hg in each ocean subbasin; the Mediterranean, North Pacific, and Indian Oceans are subject to geogenic enrichment and anthropogenic contamination, while the North Atlantic Ocean is less so. MAR in BFT as a global pollution index reflects natural and human sources and global thermohaline circulation.
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Wang, Chunzai, Shenfu Dong, Amato T. Evan, Gregory R. Foltz, and Sang-Ki Lee. "Multidecadal Covariability of North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature, African Dust, Sahel Rainfall, and Atlantic Hurricanes." Journal of Climate 25, no. 15 (August 1, 2012): 5404–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00413.1.

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Abstract Most studies of African dust and North Atlantic climate have been limited to the short time period since the satellite era (1980 onward), precluding the examination of their relationship on longer time scales. Here a new dust dataset with the record extending back to the 1950s is used to show a multidecadal covariability of North Atlantic SST and aerosol, Sahel rainfall, and Atlantic hurricanes. When the North Atlantic Ocean was cold from the late 1960s to the early 1990s, the Sahel received less rainfall and the tropical North Atlantic experienced a high concentration of dust. The opposite was true when the North Atlantic Ocean was warm before the late 1960s and after the early 1990s. This suggests a novel mechanism for North Atlantic SST variability—a positive feedback between North Atlantic SST, African dust, and Sahel rainfall on multidecadal time scales. That is, a warm (cold) North Atlantic Ocean produces a wet (dry) condition in the Sahel and thus leads to low (high) concentration of dust in the tropical North Atlantic, which in turn warms (cools) the North Atlantic Ocean. An implication of this study is that coupled climate models need to be able to simulate this aerosol-related feedback in order to correctly simulate climate variability in the North Atlantic. Additionally, it is found that dust in the tropical North Atlantic varies inversely with the number of Atlantic hurricanes on multidecadal time scales because of the multidecadal variability of both direct and indirect influences of dust on vertical wind shear in the hurricane main development region.
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Siqueira, Beatriz, Jonas Teixeira Nery, and Oliver Messeguer-Ruiz. "Análise dos Índices das Temperaturas Superficiais das Zonas Intertropicais dos Oceanos Pacífico e Atlântico associados às precipitações no Nordeste do Brasil." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 14, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.2.p1081-1093.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, através de índices climáticos, a variabilidade da precipitação na região Nordeste do Brasil. Para tanto foram utilizados dados em ponto de grade para gerar o índice de precipitação, bem como dados da National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) para gerar os índices de temperatura do oceano Pacífico (setor EN3.4) e do oceano Atlântico tropical norte e sul. O período de análise foi de 1970 a 2012. Com base nesses índices foram realizadas correlações lineares de Pearson, entre o oceano Pacífico e o Atlântico tropical norte e o oceano tropical sul, na costa do Brasil. Anomalias de precipitação também foram calculadas para alguns anos de ocorrência do evento El Niño, denotando expressiva variabilidade de um evento para outro. De maneira geral, as correlações entre os índices envolvendo os referidos oceanos foram positivas e expressivas, o que permite considerar a influência dos oceanos na dinâmica das chuvas na área de estudo. A importância do Atlântico sul é mais nítida quando os índices de temperatura da superfície do mar apresentaram o mesmo sinal, tanto no Pacífico quanto no Atlântico, o que implica em correlações mais marcadas.Palavras-chave: Forçante climática, El Niño 3.4, Nordeste do Brasil, Atlântico tropical, Anomalias da precipitação.Analysis of Surface Temperature Indices of the Intertropical Zones of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans associated with rainfall in Northeastern Brazil ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to analyze, through climatic indices, the variability of precipitation in the Northeast region of Brazil. For that purpose, grid point data were used characterize the precipitation behaviour, as well as data from the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to determine the temperature of the Pacific Ocean (sector EN3.4) and the tropical North and South Atlantic Ocean. Based on these data, correlations were made, which are characterized as marked, between the dynamics of the Pacific Ocean and the dynamics of the tropical North and South Atlantic, directly influencing the precipitation regime in Northeast Brazil. Precipitation anomalies were also calculated for some years of the El Niño event, showing significant variability from one event to another. In general, the correlations between the indexes involving the referred oceans were positive and expressive, which allows considering the influence of the oceans on the dynamics of rainfall in the study area. The importance of the South Atlantic is clearer when the sea surface temperature indices show the same sign, both in the Pacific and in the Atlantic, which implies more marked correlations.Keywords: Climate forcing, El Niño 3.4, Northeast Brazil, Tropical Atlantic, Precipitation anomalies.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "North Atlantic Ocean"

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Newton, Anthony. "Ocean-transported pumice in the North Atlantic." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22518.

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The aims of this study are to identify the sources of the widespread Holocene deposits of pumice found along the coasts of the North Atlantic region and the age of the source eruptions. Previous research has failed to positively identify the precise source of this pumice. Fieldwork is carried out in Norway and Iceland to obtain pumice pieces for geochemical analysis. Pumice pieces are recovered from Holocene raised beaches and the height of these deposits above sea-level determined. This establishes the existence of substantial local deposits of Holocene pumice on the raised shorelines of north-western Iceland for the first time. The fieldwork in Norway confirms the presence of multiple levels of brown/black/grey pumice on mid-Holocene Norwegian raised beaches and white pumice on late-glacial/early Holocene shorelines. Pumice is also collected from the slopes of the Katla Volcanic System, southern Iceland, which is identified as a possible source of the dacitic pumice. Archaeological pumice, donated by collaborators, from sites in the British Isles is also analysed. The number of archaeological sites where pumice has been recorded is nearly doubled to almost 150. A collaborative project identifies at least 17 silicic tephra layers (SILK layers) which have been produced by the Katla Volcanic System during the Holocene. Geochemical analyses are performed on the majority of these tephra layers. Over 1500 electron probe microprobe analyses (EPMA) and over 200 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analyses are undertaken on pumice and tephra samples. These are the first high quality grain specific analyses carried out on pumice in the North Atlantic. These analyses establish that the majority of the mid- to late-Holocene pumice found in the study areas is dacitic and produced from the same source. Geochemically different and older pumice also occurs in Mesolithic archaeological sites in Scotland. All of the analysed pumice can be correlated to volcanic activity in Iceland.
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Ellison, Christopher Robert William. "North Atlantic Holocene palaeoceanography : surface and deep ocean variability in the subpolar North Atlantic." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435126.

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Su, Lin 1966. "Modelling study of nutrients cycles in the North Atlantic Atlantic Ocean." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40002.

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We have coupled a 3-dimensional physical planetary geostrophic ocean general circulation model to different biological models to investigate the interaction between physical and biological processes. A 1-dimensional particle cycle model with two particle size classes has been developed and coupled to the physical model as well.
The ocean model (Zhang et al., 1992) is based on the planetary geostrophic equations in spherical coordinates. The model equations include the full prognostic temperature and salinity equations. The momentum equations are diagnostic and include geostrophic balance, and a linear friction term in order to provide a western boundary current. The wind stress is applied at the top level of the model. The temperature and salinity distributions used in the surface boundary restoring condition are taken from climatological data. The model domain consists of a flat-bottomed box of 60$ sp circ$ longitude extending between 5$ sp circ$N and 65$ sp circ$N. The horizontal resolution is 2.3$ sp circ$ in both latitude and longitude with 14 levels in the vertical.
The physical model is first coupled to a biological model where new production is given by a restoring condition of surface nitrate towards its observed concentration. The coupled model is used to examine Martin et al.'s (1987) hypothesis that lateral transport and decomposition of slow or non-sinking organic matter can cause a non-local balance between the remineralization rate and the overlying new production rate in open ocean regions. The role of the Gulf Stream in nutrient transport is examined. The model results agree well with the North Atlantic nutrient transport calculated from observed nutrients and hydrographic data. The model results suggest that the thermohaline overturning circulation and the Gulf Stream horizontal recirculation play an important role in the North Atlantic nutrient distribution.
The physical model is then tested in the seasonal mode, and coupled with a biological model which is based on nitrate limiting the rate of new production. The model simulated seasonal oxygen cycle agrees well with the results of observational studies and 1-dimensional model simulations. The oxygen utilization rate below the euphotic zone provides a useful estimate of new production.
A 1-dimensional time dependent particle cycling model with two particle size classes based on Clegg and Whitfield (1990) is then developed. The simulated total organic carbon concentration and large particle flux are consistent with observations and other 1-dimensional model simulations. The downward transport of organic carbon is mainly accomplished by the fast sinking large particles, which comprise a small fraction of the total particulate mass. The steady state version of the particle model is also coupled with the 3-dimensional physical model. The magnitudes of simulated organic carbon flux and total organic matter concentration are comparable with observations.
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Friedrichs, Marjorie Anne MacWhorter. "Meridional circulation in the tropical North Atlantic /." Online version of thesis as technical report, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/616.

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Buck, P. J. "Sedimentology and micropalaeontology of gravity cores from the N.E. Atlantic continental slope south west of Ireland." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17655.

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Bibliography: pages 45-55.
Eleven gravity cores from the continental margin off Eire and Land's End (SW England) were examined and found to document the major trends of the Late Pleistocene climate. Several stratigraphic indicators; - carbonate content, sediment texture, grain size, composition, nature of terrigenous components, ice-rafted debris and foraminiferal diversity were examined and show that the glacial history of the study area can be closely correlated with the palaeoclimatic evolution of the adjacent European shelf. Sediments deposited during Late Pleistocene glacial conditions show the following characteristics when compared to the surface sediments deposited under Holocene interglacial conditions: an increase in the quantity of ice-rafted debris and percentage of mica, and a notable increase in the degree of frosting and pitting of the quartz grains. Overall grain size was finer resulting in a silty sediment package. Sedimentologically the cores fall into two groups (1 and 2). The major difference being that Group 1 (located on the Pendragon Escarpment) received increased quantities of fine silts from a 'shelf spill-over' mechanism operating on the Fastnet and Western Approaches Basins, during glacial regressions. All sediment samples displayed polymodal characteristics reflecting the interaction of several different physical processes e.g. ice-rafting, contour currents etc. Striking variations in the populations of planktonic foraminifera were noted, alternating between Arctic and Sub-Arctic assemblages, reflecting the waxing and waning of glacial activity. The coccolith-carbonate minima correlate with the Arctic-fauna maxima and the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O maxima of the oxygen-isotope curves. Foraminiferal-test analysis (ratio of whole foraminifera fragmented foraminifera) revealed that no correlation existed with any of the other parameters analysed. However, the cores were severely affected by the presence of bottom currents which were strong enough to remove the fragmented tests. Parallellaminated contourites and evidence of erosion were noted in all cores. Ten cores penetrated sediments deposited during the last glacial maximum of 20,000 B.P - 18,000 B.P. near the 75cm depth mark (Core 1865 was too short to reach such sediments). However sediments reflecting the 11,000 B.P glacial readvance, detected at around the 25cm mark, were not as clearly represented. Bioturbation has smoothed the climatic record throughout the lengths of these cores and has also suppressed the high-frequency oscillations (<10³ B.P).
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Roberts, Natalie Laura. "Investigating North Atlantic ocean circulation using radiogenic isotopes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607824.

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Menary, M. B. "Simulating decadal variability in the North Atlantic Ocean." Thesis, University of Reading, 2016. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/63180/.

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Observations and climate models suggest significant decadal variability within the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (NA SPG), though observations are sparse and models disagree on the details of this variability. Therefore, it is important to understand 1) the mechanisms of simulated decadal variability, 2) which parts of simulated variability are more faithful representations of reality, and 3) the implications for climate predictions. Here, we investigate the decadal variability in the NA SPG in the state-of-the-art, high resolution (0.25◦ ocean resolution), climate model ‘HadGEM3’. We find a decadal mode with a period of 17 years that explains 30% of the annual variance in related indices. The mode arises due to the advection of heat content anomalies, and shows asymmetries in the timescale of phase reversal between positive and negative phases. A negative feedback from temperature-driven density anomalies in the Labrador Sea (LS) allows for the phase reversal. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which exhibits the same periodicity, amplifies the mode. The atmosphere-ocean coupling is stronger during positive rather than negative NAO states, explaining the asymmetry. Within the NA SPG, there is potential predictability arising partly from this mode for up to 5 years. There are important similarities between observed and simulated variability, such as the apparent role for the propagation of heat content anomalies. However, observations suggest interannual LS density anomalies are salinity-driven. Salinity control of density would change the temperature feedback to the south, possibly limiting real-world predictive skill in the southern NA SPG with this model. Finally, to understand the diversity of behaviours, we analyse 42 present-generation climate models. Temperature and salinity biases are found to systematically influence the driver of density variability in the LS. Resolution is a good predictor of the biases. The dependence of variability on the background state has important implications for decadal predictions.
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Jordan, Richard William. "Coccolithophorid communities in the North-East Atlantic." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/814123/.

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Caccolithopliorids are important members of phytoplankton communities in most parts of the world's oceans. The formation, release and flux of the calcite scales (coccoliths) of these organisms over millions of years, has led to sedimentary deposits of great geological significance. The reporting of immense blooms of coccolithophorids by satellite photography and their passible involvement in atmospheric sulphur emissions has emphasised the necessity for further information on their distribution and ecology. During an extensive sampling programme in the N.E. Atlantic, water samples were collected throughout the photic zone at 30 stations. Scanning electron microscopy of filtered water samples enabled coccolithophorid family and species distributions to be compiled. It was found that certain species assemblages could be assigned to distinct biogeographic zones and that these zones closely conformed to the movements of the N. Atlantic surface currents. However, at the Azores Front it was shown that a transitional region existed between the cold and warm water masses, where the flora of each zone could be found. Detailed studies of coccolithophorid vertical distribution has shown that most species can be assigned to discrete depth bands within the euphotic zone. Furthermore, it was noticed that in two species which have no depth preference, the degree of calcification increased with depth. One of these species, E. huxleyi, displayed two ecomorphotypic variants differing in their calcification, size and morphology. During two east to west transects it was noticed that the halocaccolitiiophorid numbers increased towards the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A number of new species are described and current taxonomic problems reviewed.
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Parnell-Turner, Ross Ernest. "Observations of transient mantle convection in the North Atlantic Ocean." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648620.

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Bellucci, Alessio. "Free and forced variability in the North Atlantic Ocean." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402041.

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Books on the topic "North Atlantic Ocean"

1

Friedrichs, Marjorie Anne MacWhorter. Meridional circulation in the tropical North Atlantic. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1993.

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1931-, Krauss Wolfgang, and Beckmann A, eds. The warmwatersphere of the North Atlantic Ocean. Berlin: Borntraeger, 1996.

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United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Atlas of pilot charts, North Atlantic Ocean. [Bethesda, Md.?]: The Agency, 1994.

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Luyten, James R. Exploring the North Atlantic Ocean on floppy disks. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1988.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1987. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1988.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1989. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1990.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1989. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1990.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1989. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1990.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1987. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1988.

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Elizabeth, Johns, Bushnell Mark, and Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Current velocity and hydrographic observations in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean: Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS), 1987. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "North Atlantic Ocean"

1

Latif, Mojib, Axel Timmermann, Anselm Grötzner, Christian Eckert, and Reinhard Voss. "On North Atlantic Intedecadal Variability: A Stochastic View." In Ocean Forecasting, 149–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22648-3_9.

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Walker, Cherry. "North Atlantic ocean crust and Iceland." In Oceanic Basalts, 311–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3540-9_13.

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Walker, Cherry. "North Atlantic ocean crust and Iceland." In Oceanic Basalts, 311–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3042-4_13.

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Calado, Helena, Marta Vergílio, Fabiana Moniz, Henriette Grimmel, Md Mostafa Monwar, and Eva A. Papaioannou. "The Diverse Legal and Regulatory Framework for Marine Sustainability Policy in the North Atlantic – Horrendograms as Tools to Assist Circumnavigating Through a Sea of Different Maritime Policies." In Ocean Governance, 137–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20740-2_7.

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AbstractAlthough considerable progress has been made in the management and planning of the marine environment, important gaps still exist in streamlining policies across governance levels, maritime sectors, and between different countries. This can hinder effective Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) and prevent harmonious cross-sectoral cooperation, and importantly, cross-border or trans-boundary collaboration. These may in turn have serious implications for overall ocean governance and ultimately, marine sustainability. The North Atlantic presents an ideal case-study region for reviewing these issues: North Atlantic countries have different governance structures, and as such, different approaches to marine policy. Therefore, for an effective marine management, cross-sectoral and cross-border MSP in the region, there is a need to review marine and maritime policies in order to identify differences and commonalities among countries. This chapter reviews major policies for the marine environment in the North Atlantic and assesses where differences between countries exist and at which governance level they are being created. Key research questions include: (i) Are there significant differences in marine policy between North Atlantic countries? Moreover, are there any substantial geographical/political differences? (ii) Are there differences in implementation of key policies? Such an analysis requires a sound framework for comparison among countries. To that end, the use of “horrendograms”, a tool increasingly being used by the marine research and planning community to assess such issues, is adopted. Results indicate that key differences between countries are created primarily at a national level of marine governance. Although differences between countries exist, overall strategic targets are similar. For instance, whilst the political systems of certain North Atlantic countries may differ substantially, key objectives for major sectors, such as fisheries and conservation, are similar – even when such objectives are implemented at different levels. Findings from the study can enable targeted policy intervention and, as such, assist the development of future outlooks of ocean governance in the region. Results can also aid the development of future visions and scenarios for MSP in the Atlantic region.
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Lindau, Ralf. "North Component of the Wind." In Climate Atlas of the Atlantic Ocean, 241–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59526-4_22.

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Fohrmann, Hermann, Jan O. Backhaus, Frank Blaume, Bernd J. Haupt, Jochen Kämpf, Klaus Michels, Jürgen Mienert, et al. "Modern Ocean Current-Controlled Sediment Transport in the Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian (GIN) Seas." In The Northern North Atlantic, 135–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56876-3_9.

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Lindau, Ralf. "North Component of the Wind Stress." In Climate Atlas of the Atlantic Ocean, 447–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59526-4_38.

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Schäfer, Priska, Jörn Thiede, Sebastian Gerlach, Gerd Graf, Erwin Suess, and Bernt Zeitzschel. "The Environment of the Northern North-Atlantic Ocean: Modern Depositional Processes and their Historical Documentation." In The Northern North Atlantic, 1–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56876-3_1.

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Lefort, Jean-Pierre. "The Avalon Spur; Former Southern Margin of the Iapetus Ocean and Northern Border of the Theic Ocean." In Basement Correlation Across the North Atlantic, 28–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73350-5_4.

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Kissel, C., C. Laj, L. Labeyrie, T. Dokken, A. Voelker, and D. Blamart. "Magnetic Signature of Rapid Climatic Variations in North Atlantic Sediments." In Reconstructing Ocean History, 419–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4197-4_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "North Atlantic Ocean"

1

Kiefer, Dale A., Charles A. Atkinson, and Dan Ondercin. "Bio-optical mapping procedure for the North Atlantic Ocean." In Ocean Optics XII, edited by Jules S. Jaffe. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.190059.

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Melnikov, Vasiliy Andreevich. "Topographic internal waves in the North-Eastern Atlantic." In First International Conference on Ocean Thermohydromechanics-2017. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/978-5-9901449-3-4-2017-1-118-121.

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Schultz, A. "A multidisciplinary ocean observatory system for the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean." In 3rd International Workshop on Scientific Use of Submarine Cables and Related Technologies. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssc.2003.1224147.

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Geletti, R., A. Battigelli, A. Del Ben, M. Pipan, and I. Finetti. "Seismic Exploration of the North Scotia Plate, South Atlantic Ocean." In 60th EAGE Conference and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201408437.

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Jie, Yang, William E. Asher, and Stephen C. Riser. "Rainfall measurements in the North Atlantic Ocean using underwater ambient sound." In 2016 IEEE/OES China Ocean Acoustics (COA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coa.2016.7535834.

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Bernardino, M., M. Gonçalves, and C. Guedes Soares. "Assessing Climate Change in the North Atlantic Wave Regimes." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18697.

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Abstract An improved understanding of the present and future marine climatology is necessary for numerous activities, such as operation of offshore structures, optimization of ship routes and the evaluation of wave energy resources. To produce global wave information, the WW3 wave model was forced with wind and ice-cover data from an RCP8.5 EC-Earth system integration for two 30-year time slices. The first covering the periods from 1980 to 2009 represents the present climate and the second, covering the periods from 2070–2099, represents the climate in the end of the 21st century. Descriptive statistics of wind and wave parameters are obtained for different 30-year time slices. Regarding wind, magnitude and direction will be used. For wave, significant wave height (of total sea and swell), mean wave period, peak period, mean wave direction and energy will be investigated. Changes from present to future climate are evaluated, regarding both mean and extreme events. Maps of the theses statistics are presented. The long-term monthly joint distribution of significant wave heights and peak periods is generated. Changes from present to future climate are assessed, comparing the statistics between time slices.
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Mikhailov, Gury, Konstantin Belyaev, and Natalia Tuchkova. "Stochastic Analysis of «ocean-Atmosphere» Heat Fluxes in the North Atlantic." In 2023 Ivannikov Ispras Open Conference (ISPRAS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispras60948.2023.10508155.

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Burenkov, Vladimir I. "Statistical analysis of vertical profiles of beam attenuation coefficient and temperature in the North Atlantic." In Ocean Optics XII, edited by Jules S. Jaffe. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.190109.

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Janjić, Jelena, Sarah Gallagher, Emily Gleeson, and Frédéric Dias. "Wave Energy Extraction by the End of the Century: Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78107.

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Using wind speeds and sea ice fields from the EC-Earth global climate model to run the WAVEWATCH III model, we investigate the changes in the wave climate of the northeast Atlantic by the end of the 21st century. Changes in wave climate parameters are related to changes in wind forcing both locally and remotely. In particular, we are interested in the behavior of large-scale atmospheric oscillations and their influence on the wave climate of the North Atlantic Ocean. Knowing that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is related to large-scale atmospheric circulation, we carried out a correlation analysis of the NAO pattern using an ensemble of EC-Earth global climate simulations. These simulations include historical periods (1980–2009) and projected changes (2070–2099) by the end of the century under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) forcing scenarios with three members in each RCP wave model ensemble. In addition, we analysed the correlations between the NAO and a range of wave parameters that describe the wave climate from EC-Earth driven WAVEWATCH III model simulation over the North Atlantic basin, focusing on a high resolution two-way nested grid over the northeast Atlantic. The results show a distinct decrease by the end of the century and a strong positive correlation with the NAO for all wave parameters observed.
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Ponce de León, Sonia, João H. Bettencourt, Joseph Brennan, and Frederic Dias. "Evolution of the Extreme Wave Region in the North Atlantic Using a 23 Year Hindcast." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41438.

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The IOWAGA data base for the North Atlantic region was used to identify the region where extreme values of significant wave height are more likely to occur. The IOWAGA database [1] was obtained from the WAVEWATCH III model [2] hindcast using the CFSR (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis) from NOAA [3,4]. The period of the study covers 1990 up to 2012 (23 years). The variability of the significant wave height was assessed by computing return periods for sea storms where the significant wave height exceeds a given threshold. The return periods of sea storms where the Hs exceeds extreme values for the north Atlantic region were computed allowing for the identification of the extreme wave regions which show that extreme waves are more likely to occur in the storm track regions of the tropical and extratropical north Atlantic cyclones.
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Reports on the topic "North Atlantic Ocean"

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Erickson, Zachary K., Erik Fields, Melissa M. Omand, Leah Johnson, Andrew F. Thompson, Eric D’Asaro, Filipa Carvalho, et al. EXPORTS North Atlantic eddy tracking. NASA STI Program and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29464.

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The EXPORTS North Atlantic field campaign (EXPORTS-NA) of May 2021 used a diverse array of ship-based and autonomous platforms to measure and quantify processes leading to carbon export in the open ocean. The success of this field program relied heavily on the ability to make measurements following a Lagrangian trajectory within a coherent, retentive eddy (Sections 1, 2). Identifying an eddy that would remain coherent and retentive over the course of a monthlong deployment was a significant challenge that the EXPORTS team faced. This report details the processes and procedures used by the primarily shore-based eddy tracking team to locate, track, and sample with autonomous assets such an eddy before and during EXPORTS-NA.
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Fujita, T. T. Cyclones and Cyclogenesis Over North Pacific, North Atlantic, Arctic Ocean, and their Upwind Continents. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada225168.

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Edwards, Catherine R., and Cheryl A. Blain. Operational Evaluation of ADCIRC-2DDI as Applied to the Western North Atlantic Ocean. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada402141.

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Siegel, David A., Ivona Cetinic, Andrew F. Thompson, Norman B. Nelson, Michaela Sten, Melissa Omand, Shawnee Traylor, et al. EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) North Atlantic sensor calibration and intercalibration documents. NASA STI Program and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/66998.

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The following documents collect information regarding the calibration and intercalibration of various sensors that were deployed during the North Atlantic field component of the NASA EXPORTS project (EXPORTS NA), which took place between May 4 and June 1, 2021 (Johnson et al., 2023). The EXPORTS NA campaign was designed to to provide a contrasting end member to the earlier North Pacific field campaign, and focused on carbon export associated with the North Atlantic spring bloom in which gravitational sinking of organic particles, the physical advection and mixing, and active transport by vertically migrating zooplankton are all expected to provide significant flux pathways. During EXPORTS NA data sets were collected from a variety of shipbased, autonomously-piloted, and Lagrangian platforms. Intercalibration activities were tasked to different groups within the EXPORTS project team. Team leads and contact information are listed below. The overarching goal of these activities was to identify a trusted sensor, carry out a careful calibration of this sensor, then base any intercalibraiton needs off of this sensor, occasionally propagating information across platforms. Full details of the intercalibration approach, assumptions, and summary are provided in the attached documents. All calibration and intercalibration activities were completed before data set were uplaoded to the NASA SeaBASS data repository. Data related to this cruise can be publicly accessed at: https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/cruise/EXPORTSNA Updates to calibration and intercalibration documents required to reflect revised data sets will also be provided through SeaBASS. Questions concerning referencing these documents or accessing data sets should be directed to Inia Soto Ramos. NASA EXPORTS Science Lead: David Siegel, davesiegel@ucsb.edu NASA EXPORTS Project Scientist: Ivona Cetini´c, ivona.cetinic@nasa.gov NASA EXPORTS Data Manager: Inia Soto Ramos, inia.m.sotoramos@nasa.gov Calibration and intercalibration leads Temperature and salinity sensors: Andy Thompson, andrewt@caltech.edu Chlorophyll fluorescence sensors: Melissa Omand & Kaley Sten, momand@uri.edu Oxygen sensors: Shawnee Traylor & Roo Nicholson, shawnee@mit.edu Optical backscatter sensors: Xiaodong Zhang, Xiaodong.Zhang@usm.edu Lagrangian float sensors: Eric D’Asaro, dasaro@apl.washington.edu Underway sensors: Leah Johnson, leahjohn@uw.edu Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP)-Particle Size Distribution (PSD): David Siegel, davesiegel@ucsb.edu
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Worsfold, Mark. An analysis of the impact of Ocean Gliders on the AMM15 model. Met Office, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62998/dwza4679.

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The Atlantic Margin Model (AMM15) is one of the ocean models used by the Met Office, predicting ocean circulation in the North Atlantic approaches and shelf seas around the UK at a resolution of 1.5km. Model analyses and forecasts are used in a wide range of applications including search and rescue, oil spill response and providing sea-surface temperature boundary conditions for Met Office numerical weather prediction. The majority of observations used to constrain the AMM15 model are surface measurements collected by satellites. In situ and sub-surface observations of shelf seas around the UK are relatively sparse, for example because the North Sea’s limited area and the density of infrastructure means that the drifting surface buoys and Argo profiling floats we use for measuring the open ocean are unsuitable. In this environment, ocean gliders are the ideal observation instrument. Their ability to propel and steer themselves allows them to avoid infrastructure and to provide observations from a chosen area and depths. For this experiment, ocean gliders were deployed near the Shetland Isles and their observations were inserted into a trial AMM15 model. This trial was compared to a control AMM15 model (without glider data) and the differences between the two were studied. We observed that the gliders had a greater impact on the AMM15 model than anticipated, but their data overall increased the trial model’s accuracy. Glider data are now regularly assimilated into the operational AMM15 model.
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Beck, Aaron. NAPTRAM - Plastiktransportmechanismen, Senken und Interaktionen mit Biota im Nordatlantik / NAPTRAM - North Atlantic plastic transport mechanisms, sinks, and interactions with biota, Cruise No. SO279, Emden (Germany) – Emden (Germany), 04.12.2020 – 05.01.2021. Gutachterpanel Forschungsschiffe Bonn, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_so279.

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The coastal and open oceans represent a major, but yet unconstrained, sink for plastics. It is likely that plastic-biota interactions are a key driver for the fragmentation, aggregation, and vertical transport of plastic litter from surface waters to sedimentary sinks. Cruise SO279 conducted sampling to address core questions of microplastic distribution in the open ocean water column, biota, and sediments. Seven stations were sampled between the outer Bay of Biscay and the primary working area south of the Azores. Additional samples were collected from surface waters along the cruise track to link European coastal and shelf waters with the open ocean gyre. Microplastic samples coupled with geochemical tracer analyses will build a mechanistic understanding of MP transport and its biological impact reaching from coastal seas to the central gyre water column and sinks at the seabed. Furthermore, floating plastics were sampled for microbial community and genetic analyses to investigate potential enzymatic degradation pathways. Cruise SO279 served as the third cruise of a number of connected research cruises to build an understanding of the transport pathways of plastic and microplastic debris in the North Atlantic from the input through rivers and air across coastal seas into the accumulation spots in the North Atlantic gyre and the vertical export to its sink at the seabed. The cruise was an international effort as part of the JPI Oceans project HOTMIC (“HOrizontal and vertical oceanic distribution, Transport, and impact of MICroplastics”) and the BMBF funded project PLASTISEA (‘Harvesting the marine Plastisphere for novel cleaning concepts’), and formed a joint effort of HOTMIC and PLASTISEA researchers from a range of countries and institutes.
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Weidman, C. R. Development and application of the mollusc Arctica islandica as a paleoceanographic tool for the North Atlantic Ocean. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/663502.

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Iselin, Columbus O'Donnell. Summary of bathythermograph observations from the western North Atlantic : October 1940 - December 1941. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29563.

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The range of submarine detection is frequently limited by the refraction produced by vertical temperature gradients in the superficial layers of the ocean. In order to measure these temperature gradients and thus to permit predictions of the range, the bathythermograph was developed and is now being used on a considerable number of anti-submarine vessels, while a somewhat modified version of the instrument is being tried out on submarines. Some 6675 bathythermograph observations from the western North Atlantic have been examined in order to determine how frequently such observations should be made so that within practical limits and anti-submarine vessel may at all times know the assured range of its sound gear. The occurrence of the four basic types of refraction patterns is shown by a series of six charts. For all but one of these patterns the range can be rather quickly and easily estimated from simple tables; but when the so-called afternoon effect is encountered, which is on the average about 20% of the time, a more complete analysis is necessary. It is found that under the most unfavorable circumstances, that is, in mid-summer and near the edges of a strong current system, there is about one chance in three that the refraction pattern will chance significantly in a distance of four miles. At other times of year and in areas where horizontal variations in temperature are less pronounced a single bathythermograph observation can be considered representative of a much larger area. It is also shown that in the western North Atlantic about 92% of the time in summer and about 34% of the time in winter the assured range of submarine detection is limited by refraction to less than 2500 yards.
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Koertzinger, Arne, Ludger Mintrop, and Jan Duinker. The International Intercomparison Exercise of Underway fCo2 Systems During the R/V Meteor Cruise 36/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6701.

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Mukhopadhyay, P. K. A review of the organic matter type, maturity, and hydrocaron source potential of deep ocean basin sediments from central north Atlantic. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/205271.

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