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1
Hartney, M. "Hans Kelsen's theory of norms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371666.
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Bates, Jared G. "Epistemic norms and epistemological methods /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025599.
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Lane, Tom. "Experiments on discrimination and social norms." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43708/.
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This dissertation presents three projects within the fields of behavioural and experimental economics. The first consists of a meta-analysis of lab experiments measuring economic discrimination. Most importantly, I find that the strength of discrimination in economics experiments varies depending on the dimension of identity across which discrimination is measured, and depending on the type of game used to measure it. The second project investigates the relationship between discriminatory behaviour and social norms. A lab experiments finds that discrimination is stronger when it is perceived to be more socially appropriate. In the third project, a field experiment investigates the effect of different nudges on voter registration rates. In particular, emphasising the possibility of being fined for failing to register is successful in raising registration rates, but offering the possibility of financial gain for registering is not. An online experiment in the same project suggests the conflicting normative effects of the two nudges may help explain these differences.
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Niemi, Laura. "Interrogating Moral Norms." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104927.
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Thesis advisor: Liane YoungResearch in three parts used behavioral methods and fMRI to shed light on the nature of moral norms and situate them within a broader understanding of how people deploy cognition to navigate the social world. Results revealed that moral norms in two clusters: {1} “universal-rights norms” (i.e., values focused on universal rights to be unharmed and treated as an equal); and {2} “group-elevating norms” (i.e., loyalty, reciprocity, obedience to authority, and concern about purity) predicted prosocial and antisocial moral judgments, interpersonal orientations, and behaviors through cognitive mechanisms including representations of causation and theory of mind (ToM). Five studies reported in Part 1 demonstrated that universal-rights norms were positively associated with prosociality (equal allocations and willingness to help); whereas group-elevating norms were robustly positively associated with antisocial interpersonal orientations (Machiavellianism and Social Dominance Orientation). Three studies in Part 2 showed that group-elevating norms predicted antisocial moral judgments including stigmatization and blame of victims. In contrast, universal-rights values were associated with sensitivity to victims’ suffering and blame of perpetrators. Experimentally manipulating moral focus off of victims and onto perpetrators reduced victim-blaming by reducing perceptions of victims as causal and increasing perceptions of victims as forced. Effects of group-elevating norms on victim-blaming were likewise mediated by perceptions of victim causality and forcedness, suggesting that intervening on focus constitutes one way to modulate effects of moral norms on moral judgments. Four studies in Part 3 examined moral diversity within the domain of fairness and revealed that group-elevating and universal-rights norms are differentially reflected in conceptions of fairness as reciprocity, charity, and impartiality. Reciprocity and charity warranted being clustered together as person-based fairness due to their shared motivational basis in consideration of the unique states of individuals and emotion, and their robust, overlapping recruitment of neural activity indicative of ToM in PC, VMPFC and DMPFC. Impartiality, which favored no particular individual, constituted person-blind fairness, due to its reliance on standard procedures rather than the unique states of individuals or emotion, and its failure to recruit PC, VMPFC and DMPFC. In terms of fairness and moral praiseworthiness, these three allocative processes cleaved along a different line. Person-blind impartiality was rated most fair and highly moral, and person-based fairness broke apart into: charity, deemed highly moral and labeled by the most empathic participants as fair; and reciprocity, which was lowest in fairness and moral praiseworthiness ratings and most esteemed by Machiavellian individuals and those who made a greater number of self-interested allocations. Enhanced activity in LTPJ for unfairness generally, and in judgment of reciprocity in particular, pointed to a role for ToM in moral evaluation of these different conceptions of fairness. Findings across Parts 1-3 have meta-ethical implications. Reduced endorsement of universal-rights norms and increased endorsement of group-elevating norms conferred risk for antisocial judgments, interpersonal orientations and behaviors, suggesting that universal-rights norms and group-elevating norms may differ in their capacity to produce moral outcomes. Results demonstrating a role for ToM and representations of causality in the effects of moral norms on moral judgments deserve focus in future research. It will be important to determine how deeply moral values imbed into individuals’ cognitive architecture, and the extent to which effects of moral values can be modulated via interventions on basic cognition
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology
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Jindani, Sam. "Social norms and learning in games." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:90268309-1920-4f1d-a769-f50783f435be.
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Duelling The norm of duelling endured for hundreds of years in Europe. In the United Kingdom it disappeared abruptly in the mid-nineteenth century, whereas in France it declined slowly. I present a simple model of social norms that explains these phenomena. The model predicts that the evolution of norms is characterised by tipping, whereby norms can shift suddenly due to shocks, and by a ratchet effect, whereby changes in parameters can cause norms to decline gradually. I show that the model can be supported by an equilibrium of a repeated game, with no special assumptions about preferences. Community enforcement using modal actions I prove two folk theorems for repeated games with random matching. A large group of players is rematched at random each period, so that players who deviate must be sanctioned by third parties. Previous analyses have either relied on strong assumptions about information transmission, or have been limited to equilibria that are not robust to noise or in which players are indifferent. I use a simple construction based on modal actions to obtain results for strict and robust equilibria. Learning repeated-game strategies The literature on boundedly rational learning has tended to focus on stagegame actions. I present a stochastic learning rule for repeated-game strategies. Players form beliefs about their opponentâs strategy based on past actions and best-respond. Occasionally, they make mistakes and experiment, and I show that the equilibrium selected depends on exactly how players make mistakes. Simple specifications of the learning rule yield intuitive selection results: the maxmin, or Rawlsian, outcome; the Nash bargaining solution; the maximum of the sum of payoffs; and a generalisation of risk dominance.
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邱彩娜 and Choi-nai Charlies Tu. "Generalized spectral norms of Hilbert space operators." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31220010.
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Tu, Choi-nai Charlies. "Generalized spectral norms of Hilbert space operators /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19737452.
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Weber, Till O. "Strong reciprocity : norms and preferences governing cooperation and punishment behaviour." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51693/.
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Many problems that societies face have the character of social dilemmas, in which cooperation benefits the whole society but is costly to the individual. The recent literature in experimental economics has focused on uncovering driving factors of cooperative success in social dilemmas. This thesis contributes to this literature and includes three research studies that investigate the influence of individual cooperative dispositions, societal and cultural differences, as well as institutional differences on human cooperative behaviour. Chapter 1 introduces the research questions, discusses the research methods used, and outlines the substantive contributions of the thesis. Chapter 2 presents an experimental test of a common implicit assumption in the literature, which suggests that only people with a cooperative disposition engage in the punishment of defectors in social dilemmas. The experimental test rejects this assumption and shows that individual cooperativeness is independent of one's propensity to punish. Chapter 3 investigates the channels through which culture and societal differences affect cooperative behaviour. The experimental results show that societal differences in behaviour are mainly driven through differences in beliefs about other people's behaviour. Chapter 4 reports on an experimental comparison of informal and formal sanctioning institutions. These experiments show that informal sanctions like peer pressure are necessary to foster high and stable cooperation levels in the long run. Chapter 5 concludes.
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Winter, Fabian. "Social Conflict and the Emergence of Norms." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-88831.
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Ricks, Phillip. "A theory of resistance." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5985.
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The dissertation attempts to answer the question of how to theorize resistance from within the philosophy of social science. To answer this question we must consider more than just the philosophy of social science; we also must look to political and moral philosophy. Resistance to the social norms of one’s community is possible to theorize from within the philosophy of social science once we develop a sufficiently nuanced account of social and moral communities (which involves identifying political and moral elements in community formation, reformation, and transformation), according to which membership in a community is not defined by sharing judgments, conceptual frameworks, or comprehensive worldviews, but by sharing terms of discourse so that discussion about judgments, conceptual frameworks, and comprehensive worldviews is possible. Understanding the structure of one’s moral community is not the same as to endorsing that structure. This suggests that contestation is already present within communities about what ‘we’ do, up to and including who ‘we’—as a ‘community’—are. Challenging communitarian understandings of what makes a community a community (usually construed as ‘cultures’, understood somewhat monolithically), I argue that communities are best understood as forming around common concerns or perceptions of problems (sometimes veridical, sometimes not). This contestation plays a major role in determining the identities of communities, and these identities are constantly shifting.
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Samouel, Phillip. "Power, relational norms and transaction cost analysis : theory and empirical investigation." Thesis, Henley Business School, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295194.
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Travers, Richard Patrick. "Confronting crisis : norms, argumentation, and humanitarian intervention." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3844fb71-e9d7-4a37-a77d-8b51ce51b452.
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The purpose of this thesis is theory development. It begins by evaluating existing explanations of why states undertake humanitarian intervention. Realists argue that states only intervene when their national interests are at stake. Normative scholars argue that states are at times motivated to save foreign citizens. Neither approach adequately accounts for the pattern of post-Cold War state practice. Building from this conclusion, the thesis conducts research based on two propositions derived from an analysis of existing debates: that examining state motive holds promise for elucidating the weaknesses in current approaches and that studying state argumentation can provide insight into state motives. To better investigate state motives, a theoretical framework is developed to explain how motives translate into state decision-making and manifest themselves in state argumentation. By employing process tracing, argumentation analysis, and elite interviews, this framework is applied to three cases: Northern Iraq in 1991, Rwanda in 1994, and East Timor in 1999. Each case study constructs a theoretically informed narrative, assesses debates between states at the United Nations Security Council, and evaluates the consistency between state discourse and state practice. The cases are then used heuristically to identify opportunities for improving existing theory and developing new theory. This yields several conclusions. First, not only do states often possess mixed motives, but the humanitarian impulse also appears in some cases to have been a necessary condition for humanitarian intervention. Second, the norm of humanitarian intervention does not function as a general rule. Rather, it is a cluster of principles derived from just war theory and international law, but also connected to related norms about sovereignty, human rights, and self-determination. Third, state decision-making is a collective process structured by the prevailing post-Cold War institutional and normative context. The thesis concludes by outlining promising avenues of research for better understanding why states respond to some occurrences of mass atrocities and not others.
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Diekmann, Andreas, and Thomas Voss. "Social norms and reciprocity." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-208162.
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In a norm game, under certain conditions, there exist Nash equilibria of mutual cooperation. Experimental work demonstrates that even in one-shot situations the level and proportion of cooperative behavior
increases if an punishment option is available to the players of a public goods game. It is therefore important to analyze conditions such that this is consistent with a rational choice approach. The paper is meant as a first step toward this task. The main result will be that nonstandard
assumptions about human motivations or preferences can explain norms with sanctions even in one-shot situations. This is shown by an analysis of the norm game with two well-known recent models of fairness from behavioral game theory.
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Spiekermann, Kai. "Norms and games : realistic moral theory and the dynamic analysis of cooperation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2319/.
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The thesis investigates how social norms are enforced. It consists of two parts. The first part establishes the concept of "realistic constraints for moral theory" based on the "ought implies can principle". Different notions of feasibility lead to different degrees of moral realism. Game theory and computational modelling are the appropriate instruments to determine feasibility constraints for realistic moral theory. They allow for a dynamic perspective on norm enforcement, in contrast to more static approaches. The thesis discusses the use of computational models and game theory from a philosophy-of-science point of view. I conclude that computational models and game theory can inform moral theory if they are understood as sources of realistic constraints. The second part uses two agent-based models to explain the enforcement of social norms. In the first model, agents play one-shot, two-person prisoner's dilemmas. Before the game, agents have a better than random chance to predict which strategy the others are going to play. Cooperative agents do well if they are able to pool their information on the strategies of others and exclude defectors. The second model analyses repeated multi-person prisoner's dilemmas with anonymous contributions. The players are situated in a social space represented by a graph. Agents can influence with whom they are going to play in future rounds by severing ties. Cooperative agents do well because they are able to change the interaction network structure. I conclude by connecting the findings with debates in moral philosophy and evolutionary theory. The results obtained have implications not only for the emergence of cooperation and social norms literature, but also for theories of altruism, research on social network formation, and recent inquiries by behavioural economists into the effects of group identity.
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Haigh, Elizabeth Teresa. "Test of Social Norms Theory on Psychological Help-Seeking Attitudes and Behavior." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1465053237.
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Alsafar, Raniya Jamalaldeen S. "An application of an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to speeding in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/214093/1/Raniya%20Jamalaldeen%20S_Alsafar_Thesis.pdf.
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This program of research investigated the psychosocial factors that influence drivers’ speeding in Saudi Arabia. The research provided some support for the application of an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour to understand factors that influence drivers’ intention to speed. The research also found that additional factors including moral norm, descriptive norm, and past behaviour could assist in explaining speeding intentions in certain contexts. The research offered important theoretical and applied implications whereby the findings may help to inform strategies such as public awareness initiatives to reduce speeding.
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Lee, Seungwoo. "Volunteer Tourists' Intended Behavior Using the Revised Theory of Planned Behavior." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26151.
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Volunteer tourism as an alternative to mass tourism has grown significantly since the 1970s, sparking research interest in the subject. However, there is little research that has examined future potential volunteer touristsâ various perceptions, needs and wants. The purpose of this study was to understand how and in what way various potential volunteer touristsâ beliefs, including attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy and motivation, influence their future intended participation in a volunteer tourism experience using the revised theory of planned behavior. Moreover, the potential moderating effect of past volunteer tourism experience was examined as well. The study collected 291 usable responses from potential volunteer tourists who were active members of volunteer tourism organizations. The study used second order confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling and hierarchical multiple regression analysis to test study hypotheses. The study also used meta-analysis to examine the effect size of the predicting variables and compared it with that of previous tourism research. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that two constructs, both attitudes and subjective norms, appeared to be statistically significant, while self-efficacy and motivation were not statistically significant in predicting potential volunteer touristsâ intended participation. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis found a moderating effect of past volunteer tourism experience on motivation toward intended participation in a negative direction. In addition, the motivation factor â altruismâ moderated in a negative direction. Meta-analysis found a large effect of attitudes, a medium effect of subjective norms, and a small effect of self-efficacy in relation to intended participation. In conclusion, the results did not validate the theory of planned behavior in the context of volunteer tourism research. Interestingly, the theory of reasoned action was found to be validated. Implications for volunteer tourism providers and organizations are also discussed.Ph. D.
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Latta, Richard D. "Hans Kelsen and the Bindingness of Supra-National Legal Norms." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/116.
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The pure theory of law is a positivist legal theory put forward by Hans Kelsen. Recently there have been two attempts to understand democracy as a source for the normativity that the pure theory assigns to law. Lars Vinx seeks to understand the pure theory as a theory of political legitimacy, in which the normativity that the pure theory assigns to the laws of a state depends on the state’s adoption of certain legitimacy enhancing features, including being democratic. Uta Bindreiter argues that, in the case of European Community law, an additional criterion of democracy must be added to the criteria that the pure theory normally requires of legal systems before the pure theory can presuppose the normativity of European Community law. This thesis will argue that neither of these two accounts succeeds in demonstrating that the normativity of the pure theory can be understood to depend on democracy.
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Robinson, Natalie G. "Young women's sun-protective attitudes and behaviours : the role of social influence factors." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16042/1/Natalie_Robinson_Thesis.pdf.
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Sun protective attitudes and intentions were investigated in 2 experiments and 1 field study. Participants in the first experiment were female Caucasian university students between the ages of 17 and 35 years (N = 102). A 2 x 2 experimental design manipulated message frame and the normative context and measured the level of identification with the ingroup (university students) to examine intentions to engage in sun protective behaviour within the next fortnight and within the next month. To manipulate levels of ingroup normative support, participants studied bar graphs and testimonial statements showing ostensible information on the percentage of recreational sportswomen engaging in sun-protective behaviours in comparison to non-sporting women. To manipulate the message frame, messages were presented in either a gain or loss frame format. Regression analyses revealed significant effects for prior attitudes towards engaging in sun-protective behaviour in the next fortnight and also in the next month. Contrary to expectations, no interactive effects involving norms were found in the prediction of intentions. The lack of significant results were attributed to the unsuitability of the sample population (university students) in relation to sun-protective behaviours. To test third person perceptions, two measures of perceptions of influence were assessed. The first measure assessed perceptions of how much the target groups would be affected by the sun-protective advertisement and the second assessed perceptions of how much target groups would engage in regular sun-protective behaviour after reading the sun-protective advertisement. Results of the repeated measures mixed ANOVAS revealed reversed third person perceptions between self and other when participants were exposed to a supportive ingroup norms and a Sun-protective attitudes and behaviours vi classic third person effect when participants were exposed to a non-supportive ingroup norm. Similar patterns of results were found for perceptions between ingroup and outgroup members. It was concluded from study one that the manipulations due to ingroup norms may not have been effective for a sample of participants whose personal relevance for sun-protective behaviour was not strong. In study 2, sun protective attitudes, intentions and behaviour at a 2-week follow-up were investigated in an experimental study using a population more likely to engage in decision-making in relation to the target behaviour; Caucasian sportswomen between the ages of 17 and 35 years (N = 101). The 2 x 2 experimental design manipulated the normative context and image norms and measured the level of identification with ingroup (young recreational sportswomen). Ingroup norms were manipulated in a similar manner to study 1. Image norms were manipulated through the inclusion of a colour photograph featuring a sportswoman whose skin tone had been manipulated via a computer imaging program (Photoshop 6.0) to appear either pale or tanned. Regression analyses revealed a significant 2-way interaction for ingroup norm x identification on intentions. When decomposed, the interaction showed that participants who identified strongly with their ingroup had stronger intentions to engage in sun-protective behaviour in the next fortnight when exposed to a supportive ingroup norm. The findings lend support to the impact of social influence on intentions to engage in sun-protective behaviours. A trend was also revealed for the 2-way interaction for group norms x image norms on attitudes towards engaging in sun-protective behaviour in the next fortnight. The trend suggested that participants exposed to a pale image norm had more positive attitudes towards engaging in sun-protective behaviour when exposed to a supportive group norm in comparison to those exposed to a non-supportive group norm. Sun-protective attitudes and behaviours vii Thus, study 2 provided support for the interactive effects of ingroup norms and identification on intentions to engage in sun-protective behaviours suggesting that group norms, conceptualised from a SIT/SCT perspective, may be important in the sun-protective decision-making process. Study 2 also provided some support for the interactive effects of ingroup norm and image norms on attitudes towards engaging in sun-protective behaviours, highlighting the importance of investigating the effects of social influence factors in young sportswomen's sun-protective decision making processes. In study 3, participants were Caucasian women between the ages of 17 and 35 years (N = 123) who were visitors to beaches on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. A model based on the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) was developed incorporating additional normative factors (i.e., image norms, group norms and personal norms). The revised TPB model was then compared to two models previously tested in the context of health behaviours. The first comparative model was based on Jackson and Aiken's (2000) psychosocial model of sunprotection and, the second model was based on Gibbons, Gerrard, Blanton and Russell's (1998) prototype/willingness model. The models were examined using the EQS structural equation modelling program which revealed that the TPB-based model provided the most parsimonious fit to the data. The results support the inclusion of different sources of social influence (i.e., group norms and personal norms) in a TPB-based predictive model for sun-protective intentions and behaviours. Results revealed it is important to consider the impact of group norms, from a SIT/SCT perspective, on young women's sun-protective decision-making processes. Results also showed that it is important to consider the impact of young women's personal norms (i.e., internal moral rules and expectations about their own Sun-protective attitudes and behaviours viii behaviour) in the sun-protective decision-making process. Overall, the findings of the program of research suggested that it was specific referent norms that were important in the sun-protective decision-making process rather than more broad and general societal norms. Overall, the program of studies established the important role of social influence factors in young women's sun-protective decision making processes. The program of studies highlighted important theoretical and practical contributions that can aid in the development and implementation of more effective sun-protection messages to motivate young women to engage in sun-protective behaviours. The current program of research adds to the field of research by providing a comparison of the impact of various sources of social influence on attitudes and intentions to engage in sun-protective behaviour. The current research also empirically elucidates the core dimensions, mechanisms and relationships underlying the formation of sunprotective attitudes, intentions and behaviours.
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Robinson, Natalie G. "Young Women's Sun-Protective Attitudes and Behaviours: The Role of Social Influence Factors." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16042/.
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Sun protective attitudes and intentions were investigated in 2 experiments and 1 field study. Participants in the first experiment were female Caucasian university students between the ages of 17 and 35 years (N = 102). A 2 x 2 experimental design manipulated message frame and the normative context and measured the level of identification with the ingroup (university students) to examine intentions to engage in sun protective behaviour within the next fortnight and within the next month. To manipulate levels of ingroup normative support, participants studied bar graphs and testimonial statements showing ostensible information on the percentage of recreational sportswomen engaging in sun-protective behaviours in comparison to non-sporting women. To manipulate the message frame, messages were presented in either a gain or loss frame format. Regression analyses revealed significant effects for prior attitudes towards engaging in sun-protective behaviour in the next fortnight and also in the next month. Contrary to expectations, no interactive effects involving norms were found in the prediction of intentions. The lack of significant results were attributed to the unsuitability of the sample population (university students) in relation to sun-protective behaviours. To test third person perceptions, two measures of perceptions of influence were assessed. The first measure assessed perceptions of how much the target groups would be affected by the sun-protective advertisement and the second assessed perceptions of how much target groups would engage in regular sun-protective behaviour after reading the sun-protective advertisement. Results of the repeated measures mixed ANOVAS revealed reversed third person perceptions between self and other when participants were exposed to a supportive ingroup norms and a Sun-protective attitudes and behaviours vi classic third person effect when participants were exposed to a non-supportive ingroup norm. Similar patterns of results were found for perceptions between ingroup and outgroup members. It was concluded from study one that the manipulations due to ingroup norms may not have been effective for a sample of participants whose personal relevance for sun-protective behaviour was not strong. In study 2, sun protective attitudes, intentions and behaviour at a 2-week follow-up were investigated in an experimental study using a population more likely to engage in decision-making in relation to the target behaviour; Caucasian sportswomen between the ages of 17 and 35 years (N = 101). The 2 x 2 experimental design manipulated the normative context and image norms and measured the level of identification with ingroup (young recreational sportswomen). Ingroup norms were manipulated in a similar manner to study 1. Image norms were manipulated through the inclusion of a colour photograph featuring a sportswoman whose skin tone had been manipulated via a computer imaging program (Photoshop 6.0) to appear either pale or tanned. Regression analyses revealed a significant 2-way interaction for ingroup norm x identification on intentions. When decomposed, the interaction showed that participants who identified strongly with their ingroup had stronger intentions to engage in sun-protective behaviour in the next fortnight when exposed to a supportive ingroup norm. The findings lend support to the impact of social influence on intentions to engage in sun-protective behaviours. A trend was also revealed for the 2-way interaction for group norms x image norms on attitudes towards engaging in sun-protective behaviour in the next fortnight. The trend suggested that participants exposed to a pale image norm had more positive attitudes towards engaging in sun-protective behaviour when exposed to a supportive group norm in comparison to those exposed to a non-supportive group norm. Sun-protective attitudes and behaviours vii Thus, study 2 provided support for the interactive effects of ingroup norms and identification on intentions to engage in sun-protective behaviours suggesting that group norms, conceptualised from a SIT/SCT perspective, may be important in the sun-protective decision-making process. Study 2 also provided some support for the interactive effects of ingroup norm and image norms on attitudes towards engaging in sun-protective behaviours, highlighting the importance of investigating the effects of social influence factors in young sportswomen's sun-protective decision making processes. In study 3, participants were Caucasian women between the ages of 17 and 35 years (N = 123) who were visitors to beaches on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. A model based on the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) was developed incorporating additional normative factors (i.e., image norms, group norms and personal norms). The revised TPB model was then compared to two models previously tested in the context of health behaviours. The first comparative model was based on Jackson and Aiken's (2000) psychosocial model of sunprotection and, the second model was based on Gibbons, Gerrard, Blanton and Russell's (1998) prototype/willingness model. The models were examined using the EQS structural equation modelling program which revealed that the TPB-based model provided the most parsimonious fit to the data. The results support the inclusion of different sources of social influence (i.e., group norms and personal norms) in a TPB-based predictive model for sun-protective intentions and behaviours. Results revealed it is important to consider the impact of group norms, from a SIT/SCT perspective, on young women's sun-protective decision-making processes. Results also showed that it is important to consider the impact of young women's personal norms (i.e., internal moral rules and expectations about their own Sun-protective attitudes and behaviours viii behaviour) in the sun-protective decision-making process. Overall, the findings of the program of research suggested that it was specific referent norms that were important in the sun-protective decision-making process rather than more broad and general societal norms. Overall, the program of studies established the important role of social influence factors in young women's sun-protective decision making processes. The program of studies highlighted important theoretical and practical contributions that can aid in the development and implementation of more effective sun-protection messages to motivate young women to engage in sun-protective behaviours. The current program of research adds to the field of research by providing a comparison of the impact of various sources of social influence on attitudes and intentions to engage in sun-protective behaviour. The current research also empirically elucidates the core dimensions, mechanisms and relationships underlying the formation of sunprotective attitudes, intentions and behaviours.
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Schou, Mette. "SFI - as an Agenda for Internalizing Swedish Norms and Values." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23687.
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This study examines the adult Swedish language education for immigrants, SFI, as a system with functions in the Swedish society. The practical teaching of the Swedish language is lifted out and the remaining knowledge is studied. The aim is to apply a system theoretical approach in order to describe how SFI has different functions in society and furthermore, how the knowledge SFI mediates also have functions. Parsons’ system theory serves as the theoretical foundation for this study, but a perspective of stereotypes as well as infantilization broadens the study. The empirical material which this study is based on is gathered through 13 classroom observations and six interviews. The material shows that SFI has the functions to inform, affect, prepare and prevent immigrants in different ways. It concerns matters such as democratic and equal values, medical care, dental care and the tax system. All these functions aim to change the behaviors and thoughts of immigrants so that their behaviors and thoughts better correspond with those of other members of the Swedish society. Noticed and addressed is that these functions appear to have somewhat stereotyping and infantilizing consequences. Thus, SFI as an institution plays a significant part in the integration process of immigrants.
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Traven, David J. "The Universal Grammar of the Laws of War: A Theory of Moral Discourse and International Norms." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1355489166.
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Liu, Zhi Kang. "Some norm inequalities of the commutator for even-order tensors." Thesis, University of Macau, 2017. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3691384.
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SCHWARTZ, SCARLETT. "Women, Wealth and Social Norms Theory: Financial Behaviors and Perceptions of Affluent Women in Their Prime Years." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2445.
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Financial security in retirement is an important social issue, yet many affluent women may have behaviors, attitudes or perceptions that could be detrimental to their financial security—putting them at risk for poverty in their retirement years. A survey was developed and implemented in 2009 to investigate the behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions regarding financial management among affluent ($250,000 or more of household investable assets) United States women in their prime years (aged 50–69) to determine if Social Norms Theory could be applied to this population. Three hypotheses were tested: 1.) most affluent prime-of-life women have “healthy” financial behaviors and attitudes; 2.) the majority of women in this group misperceive the reality, underestimating the percent of their peers who have “healthy” financial behaviors and attitudes; and 3.) the minority of women who have unhealthy financial behaviors/attitudes will be more likely than those who have healthy behaviors/attitudes to misperceive their peers as having unhealthy financial behaviors and attitudes. The results determined that Social Norms Theory does apply to affluent women in their prime years and that a Social Norms Marketing approach may be useful.
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Jonsson, Stefan. "Making and breaking norms : competitive imitation patterns in the Swedish mutual fund industry." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institute of International Business (IIB), 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1468.
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Luoma, Kelly. "Social cognitive theory and norms: Determining the factors that lead viewers to enact sexual behaviors seen on television." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406215621.
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Schindler, Simon [Verfasser]. "How Death Guides Human Behavior - The Role of Cultural Norms and Values in Terror Management Theory / Simon Schindler." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2014. http://d-nb.info/105978310X/34.
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Cheng, Xu. "Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to Influence Auditors' Knowledge-Sharing Behavior." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6691.
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This study adopts the theory of planned behavior to understand and influence auditors’ knowledge-sharing behavior. Ajzen (1991) indicates that persuasive communications, such as belief-targeted messages, can be used as behavioral interventions to alter intentions and behaviors. Thus, this study develops and evaluates the effectiveness of behavioral interventions (belief-targeted messages) in encouraging auditors’ knowledge-sharing behavior. This study uses a 2×2 between-participants design. Arguments targeting behavioral beliefs and arguments targeting normative beliefs are manipulated. Consistent with expectations, the results of this study were that (1) auditors exposed to an intervention share more knowledge, compared to auditors not exposed to any interventions; (2) auditors share the most knowledge when exposed to an intervention that includes arguments targeting both behavioral and normative beliefs; (3) the effects of behavioral interventions on knowledge-sharing intention are mediated by auditors’ attitudes and perceived norms related to knowledge sharing; and (4) the influences of attitude and perceived norms on knowledge-sharing behavior are mediated by the intention to share knowledge. The findings of this study have implications for literature and practice. It extends the theory of planned behavior to the auditing setting and examines auditors’ knowledge-sharing behavior with the firm’s knowledge management systems (KMS). Knowledge sharing with the firm’s KMS could potentially mitigate knowledge loss for public accounting firms. The findings of this study provide guidelines to firms regarding how they can encourage knowledge sharing among auditors.
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Nolan, Marissa. "The Rhetoric of Queer: Subverting Heteronormative Social Institutions and Creating New Meaning." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/english_theses/149.
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The word “queer” generates mixed feelings. For some, it is a way to denigrate gays and lesbians, though, in recent years, those in LGBT communities have re-appropriated the term and have given it a more positive spin. This project aims to investigate exactly that kind of social action, specifically, looking at the way some take socially constructed norms and queer them in order to develop new meanings. First, this thesis explores how social norms impacted identity creation in ancient Rome and Greece. It then surveys the theories behind norms, along with their formation and maintenance in current society. Next, this project looks at queer theory and how norms have shaped the ways we build our identities, and vice versa. Finally, this research takes a rhetorical perspective by applying components of the canon to different elements of identity cultivation and presentation, with invention representing the former and delivery the latter.
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Tong, Ching Hua. "Social networks and dynamic interaction among imperfectly rational agents /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9812498.
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Duarte, Rubens de Siqueira. "The use of norms at the aid/cooperation regime : the role of Britain and Brazil." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7869/.
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This thesis examines the use of norms by British and Brazilian actors in the aid/cooperation regime in the 21st century. Using a constructivist approach, this research analyses actors’ agency in asymmetric international and domestic environments, in which different norms, dissimilar identities, and opposing interests coexist. This research argues that, regardless of the discourses and theories surrounding the differentiation between North-South and South-South aid/cooperation, British and Brazilian actors use norms to achieve their own goals at the domestic and international levels. The used strategies also resemble both case studies. Processes of norm circulation in the aid/cooperation regime have a greater impact at the international level and within the domestic environment of donor/partner countries, than in promoting behavioural changes in recipient countries. However, the content of British and Brazilian norms is different given their historical position in the international regime and domestic context. The present study sought to unveil how actors use aid/cooperation norms in order to achieve their goals in three major instances: 1- the international forums where actors debate the aid/cooperation regime’s architecture; 2- the domestic environment of donor/partner countries; and, 3- the domestic level of recipient countries, where international norms are diffused.
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Aysegul, Alayat. "Rental Housing Policy Norms in Stockholm Through A Queer Theoretical Lense." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-176476.
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Swedish Instrument of Governance and Housing Sustention Responsibility state that everyone living in Stockholm County has the right to housing. This thesis deals with norms created by the first-, second-hand rental market and priority housing rules and regulations in the Stockholm County. Using a queer theoretical framework this thesis analyses the situation of young adults and students, elderly, homeless, LGBTQ and abused persons in housing market in relation to “housing for all” policy and suggests possible policy changes in order to make the rental housing market more inclusive. Queer theory asserts that subjects are precisely constituted by the existing power structures through socio-political arrangements that are based on assumptions. Urban planning by its nature also uses assumptions therefore it also reproduces accepted truths and risks generalizing heterogeneous social groups’ needs, these generalizations might also create cases that are insensitive to personal needs. According to queer theory identities change over time and individuals can belong to more than one category simultaneously and therefore rental housing market requires having awareness of fluidity. This study by using the queer theoretical framework, analyzes the situation of young adults and students, elderly, homeless, LGBTQ and abused persons in Stockholm’s rental housing market by using stories, interviews, policy documents, reports and statistical data to clarify how accepted truths/norms effects the constitution of housing categories, and how these housing categories, for that matter norms that are created by rules and regulations, exclude/include different social groups from the rental housing market. In order to fulfil the laws for “housing for all”, there is a need for more affordable rental housing units as well as regulation luxury renovations, supporting research that is related to housing prices and so on. The laws can also be fulfilled by changing in the norm for rental housing tenants; this can be done decreasing the demands for being eligible tenants including requirement on income for regular queue and requirement of study phase of 50 percent for students. For the second-hand rental housing there is a need of a system that minimizes possible discrimination, a database of accessible housing units could help those that need accessibility issue solved and a wider variety with a bigger housing stock for homeless could benefit homeless that want to change their realities. Concerning usage of housing stock in Stockholm, policy changes like “kompis kontrakt” make it possible to use the existing rental housing stock more efficiently. The conclusions of this study shows that the requirements set by the rules and regulations on first-hand rental housing excludes individuals that have record of non-payment related to housing, an income that is lower than the total of the monthly rent and 4 675 SEK, and that are not credit worthy. For many including homeless sensitiveness to personal needs are critical. The results show that there is number of shelters in Stockholm County is insufficient and the aid given by the social services to shelters reproduces gender binaries through laws.Sveriges grundlag samt Bostadsförsörjninglag fastslår att alla boende i Stockholms län har rätt till bostad. Denna uppsats berör de normer som skapats av första- och andrahandsuthyrning på bostadsmarknaden samt regler om förtur i Stockholms län. Med ett queerteoretiskt ramverk analyserar denna uppsats situationen för unga unga vuxna och studenter, äldre, hemlösa, LBGTQ samt misshandlade personer i behov av skydd på bostadsmarknaden i relation till principen om "bostad för alla" och föreslår möjliga policyförändringar med syfte att att göra hyresmarknaden mer inkluderande. Queerteori menar att subjekt är precist skapade av befintliga maktstrukturer genom sociopolitiska uppställningar baserade på antaganden. Även stadsplanering använder genom sin natur antaganden och reproducerar på detta sätta accepterade sanningar och riskerar på detta sätt att generalisera behoven hos heterogena sociala grupper. Dessa generaliseringar kan även skapa scenarion okänsliga för personliga behov. Enligt queerteori ändras identiteter över tid och individer kan tillhöra mer än en kategori samtidigt varför hyresmarknaden fordrar medvetenhet om denna fluiditet. Denna studie undersöker bostadssituationen i Stockholm för unga vuxna, studenter, pensionärer, hemlösa, HBTQ och utsatta personer, ur ett queerteoretiskt perspektiv. Genom metoder som berättelser, intervjuer, dokument, rapporter och statistik är syftet att klargöra hur vedertagna sanningar och normer ligger till grund för boendekategorier, och hur dessa boendekategorier utesluter eller inkluderar olika sociala grupper från hyresmarknaden. För att nå målet ”bostad åt alla”, behövs prisvärda hyresrätter, åtstramning/minskning av renovering av lyxlägenheter samt forskning kring hyressättning, och så vidare. Lagarna kring ”bostad åt alla” kan även följas genom att ändra på normen för hyresvärden, bland annat genom att minska på kraven för vem som anses vara en lämplig hyresgäst (och stå i bostadskö) på basis av sin inkomst samt minimum 50 procent studiefart för studenter. När det gäller andrahandsuthyrning finns ett behov av att minska risken för diskriminering. En möjlig lösning är en databas med lediga lägenheter som finns tillgängliga för de som är i behov av tillgänglighetslägenheter och således nå grupper som, tex hemlösa, som vill ändra sina levnadsförhållanden. Ytterligare en lösning är möjligheten till ”kompiskontrakt” som skulle göra utnyttjandet av hyresbeståndet mer effektivt. Denna studie visar att reglerna kring förstahandskontrakt utesluter vissa individer/grupper som har ett förflutet av att inte kunna betala hyran, lägre inkomst än den totala månadshyran eller som inte är kreditvärdiga. Särskild hänsyn bör därför tas till många gruppers, även hemlösas personliga situation. Resultaten från denna studie visar även att antalet härbärgen i Stockholms län är för få och att Socialstyrelsens bidrag till dessa reproducerar könsbinärer.
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Griesan, Raymond William. "Nabla spaces, the theory of the locally convex topologies (2-norms, etc.) which arise from the mensuration of triangles." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184510.
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Metric topologies can be viewed as one-dimensional measures. This dissertation is a topological study of two-dimensional measures. Attention is focused on locally convex vector topologies on infinite dimensional real spaces. A nabla (referred to in the literature as a 2-norm) is the analogue of a norm which assigns areas to the parallelograms. Nablas are defined for the classical normed spaces and techniques are developed for defining nablas on arbitrary spaces. The work here brings out a strong connection with tensor and wedge products. Aside from the normable theory, it is shown that nabla topologies need not be metrizable or Mackey. A class of concretely given non-Mackey nablas on the ℓp and Lp spaces is introduced and extensively analyzed. Among other results it is found that the topological dual of ℓ₁ with respect to these nabla topologies is C₀, one of the spaces infamous for having no normed predual. Also, a connection is made with the theory of two-norm convergence (not to be confused with 2-norms). In addition to the hard analysis on the classical spaces, a duality framework from which to study the softer aspects is introduced. This theory is developed in analogy with polar duality. The ideas corresponding to barrelledness, quasi-barrelledness, equicontinuity and so on are developed. This dissertation concludes with a discussion of angles in arbitrary normed spaces and a list of open questions.
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Wang, Fang. "Predicting Healthy Eating Behavior: Examination of Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control Factors." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1522766244319902.
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Valentine, Leanne. "Exposure to Gambling-Related Media and its Relation to Gambling Expectancies and Behaviors." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_diss/46.
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Today’s youth have been exposed to more gambling-related media than previous generations, and they have grown up in an era in which states not only sanction but also run and promote gambling enterprises. Social Learning Theory proposes that one can develop new attitudes or expectancies about a specific behavior by watching others engage in that behavior, and that the media is one avenue through which one can develop new expectancies (Bandura, 2001). In addition, the Theory of Reasoned Action proposes that one’s behaviors are influenced directly by both subjective norms and attitudes (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). A mixed methods explanatory design was used to test a modified version of the Theory of Reasoned Action in which subjective norms and gambling-related media were hypothesized to have an effect on gambling behaviors directly and indirectly through both positive and negative expectancies. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the hypotheses, and semi-standardized interviews were used to help explain the results of the quantitative analyses and provide a richer and more accurate interpretation of the data. The hypothesized model was partially supported: the model was a good fit with the female college student data, accounting for 27.8% of variance in female student gambling behaviors, and it fit the male college student data reasonably well, accounting for 35.2% of variance in male student gambling behaviors. Results indicated that perceived subjective norms were more important for female college students. Results also indicated that exposure to gambling-related media has a direct positive association with both male and female college student gambling behaviors, and that exposure to gambling-related media has an indirect, positive association with male college student behaviors through positive expectancies. However, exposure to gambling-related media is not associated with positive expectancies about gambling for female college students. Data from the qualitative interviews supported the findings from the qualitative analyses and provided some clues about the progression from non-problematic to problematic behaviors, which may inform future research in this area.
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Donahue, Marie Elizabeth. "Theory of Planned Behavior Analysis and Organic Food Consumption of American Consumers." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3558.
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The majority of organic foods consumed by Americans are sourced internationally, which has global-reaching implications on health, economics, and sustainability. Current research findings show that environmental devastation and negative health outcomes have resulted from unsustainable, nonorganic agricultural practices; including herbicides, pesticides, and overcultivation. However, there is a lack of quantitative research on factors that motivate Americans to consume organic food. Based on the theory of planned behavior, this quantitative study employed an online survey to examine the role of attitudes, subjective norms, descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control on the intention and behavior of American consumers to consume organic foods. Additional descriptors of willingness to pay and perceived product attributes were also measured. Theory of planned behavior and American Organic Consumption questionnaires were completed by 276 adult consumers in the United States. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify relationships and create predictive models between constructs of a modified theory of planned behavior, sociodemographics, and organic consumption. Key findings revealed that a modified theory of planned behavior, which included descriptive norms, predicted intent to consume organics stronger than the nonmodified theory of planned behavior. Attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and descriptive norms were significant predictors of intention to consume organics. Health was perceived as the major product attribute for organic consumption and low willingness to pay was perceived as the major barrier. This study has implications for positive social change such that it contributes to understanding motivational factors behind American's food choices and consumption, which can be used to modify and target consumer behaviors and market campaigns.
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Gething, Steven. "Are the offences in the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) legitimate and effective? : an analysis based in harm and social norms theory." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63909/1/Steven_Gething_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines the effectiveness of offences in the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) in the online environment. The application of social norm theories suggests that the offences will be ineffective in creating an effective deterrent to non-commercial copyright infringement.
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Lloyd, Jessica Ann. "The Single Female Home Buyer: A Qualitative Analysis of Social, Psycological, and Behavioral Themes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29393.
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According to the State of the Nation’s Housing (Harvard, 2005) more than one in five homebuyers is a single woman and twice as many unmarried women as unmarried men are buying homes. Notably unmarried women make up more than one-third of the growth in real estate ownership since 1994.
The purpose of this study was to examine this cultural phenomenon. Utilizing an interpretative qualitative paradigm, in-depth interviews, social identity and reason action theories, this research explored the social, psychological, and symbolic meanings single, never-married, women in their 30s and 40s attributed to home buying as well as the design and purchasing behaviors they displayed.
In an effort to create and refine the questionnaire for this research, a five participant pilot study was conducted in southwestern Virginia. The main body of this work consisted of 12 in-depth interviews and included six participants from southwestern Virginia, five participants from northern Virginia and one from western Pennsylvania. The average age of the participants was 39.5 years, with a range of 29 â 48 years.
In total, 21 themes emerged in this study: 18 were strongly supported and mentioned by at least 50%, or six of the twelve, dissertation participants, while three received moderate support and were discussed by at least 25%, or three of the twelve, respondents. The themes were further divided into the following categories: behavioral themes which answer the question of the how women approach the buying process; behavioral themes which answer the question of what women buy, psychological themes which answer the question of why single women buy; social themes which promote a sense of security or stability; and social themes which promote a sense of isolation.
The findings of this study can be used to enhance the residential construction industry and to assist housing professionals who routinely interact with female homebuyers. In addition, these findings suggest the continued need for home-buyer education and further research.Ph. D.
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Minott, Sandra Simone. "Validation of Parsons' Structural Functionalism Theory Within a Multicultural Human." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3357.
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Shared values and norms are at the core for unifying different cultures socializing or working to fulfill the goals and mission of organizations. Researchers have not examined how employees representing different cultures socialize via shared norms and values in human service companies. The purpose of this ethnography study was to explore the process of 8 culturally different employees working together at a human service organization. Using purposeful sampling, multicultural employees were selected from 4 departments within the human service company. Face-to-face interviews, field notes, questionnaire, and participant observation were the tools for collecting the data. Descriptive coding, value coding, and the Ethnograph software was used to identify themes from the data. The analysis of the data evolved from using the approach of the hermeneutic circle, which consisted of examining the parts, such as activities and the connection to the whole, such as core values. According to the study, most employees engaged in sharing the norms and values of the human service company, ultimately fulfilling the goals or core values. However, 2 out of 8 participants engaged in conflict and had a lack of knowledge about 1 out of 4 core values. Knowledge and compliance to the core values were fundamental ingredients for providing quality services. This study leads to positive social change by providing human service organizations information on compliance to the entire core values of the human service company and knowledge of the complete core values of the human service company.
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Loraas, Tina Marie. "Waiting to learn a new use of technology: motivation source and its impact on anticipated effect, time pressure and subjective norms." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2682.
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This research investigated the decision process surrounding the self-regulated learning of new uses of existing technology. With firms investing up to 50% of their capital budgets on information technology (in excess of 1 trillion dollars in aggregate), understanding what factors motivate or inhibit more encompassing use of technology is of practical concern (Bowen 1986; Nambisan et al. 1999; Mahmood et a. 2001). I introduced a dynamic element to the technology adoption/acceptance literature by using a framework based upon deferral option theory. This framework allows for the decision to learn a new use of technology to occur over time. I found that potential users chose to defer learning new uses of technology even when usefulness was evident and ease of learning was not prohibitive. Further, an additional benefit to using the deferral option framework was its inclusion of both rewards and penalties; I found that not only do potential users consider what can be gained by learning, but also what can be lost by trying to learn and failing.
In addition to using a framework premised on deferral option theory, I investigated the properties of time pressure and subjective norms on the decision to learn new uses of technology. As time pressure offered a possible alternate explanation for why potential users defer learning, I controlled for it experimentally and determined that time pressure did affect deferral choice. Further, as subjective norms have had limited success as a predictor of intent to use technology in prior literature, I investigated the separate pieces of the theoretical construct, referent group perceptions and the motivation to comply with those perceptions. By manipulating environment between work and play settings, different motivational sources were enacted by the potential users. Specifically, I found that when potential users were externally motivated subjective norms did influence deferral, and when internally motivated, subjective norms did not influence a potential user??s decision to defer learning a new use of technology.
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Masa'deh, Orieb Khalaf. "The application of the theory of norms to the translations of international treaties : a case study of the Jordan-Israel peace treaty." Thesis, Durham University, 2003. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1083/.
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This Thesis explains that the development of a method by which researchers can identify normative behaviour of translators will enable the standardisation of equivalences between English and Arabic. The thesis suggests that achieving such a method will minimise political disputes. In showing that norms have an effect on the behaviour of translators, the thesis examines and evaluates the resulting products of translators, i.e. translations, and presents explanations of why these effects occur. By eliminating the choices of equivalences, which were prejudiced by translators' normative behaviour, the standardisation could be achievable. The thesis underscores the inadequacy of the suggestion that translators should learn a certain set of translational norms and should follow them. It argues, however, that being exposed to various norms whether, translational, cultural or otherwise plays an important role in the quality of translation. In illustrating the latter, the thesis provides an empirical study by which one hundred different translations are analysed by the use of a manual corpora method. The experiment records significant factors, which prove the effects of norms on translators, and offers different measures by which these factors are evaluated. Accordingly, the thesis examines the normative behaviour of translators in their decision-making process in relation to the translation of legal texts as part of international documents only. The thesis uses the 10rdanIsraeli Peace Treaty signed in 1994 as a case study. The key point is that, if legal and political translation between English and Arabic is prejudiced by negative normative behaviour, this will without doubt result in political disputes. The aim of this thesis is to suggest a method by which Arabic equivalences of English legal terms are relatively' standardised and compiled in an index to be referred to by legal translators in iUture cases. The thesis suggests the establishment of a translation planning committee (TPC) to act as the authority responsible for conducting the suggested method.
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Qayuome, Hareer Diba. "The Influence of Traditions and Cultural Norms on Girls’ School Withdrawal in Afghanistan: A Qualitative Study of Maternal Accounts." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30229.
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Girls’ withdrawal from school is posing a major challenge to female literacy in Afghanistan. The aim of this research was to examine the influence of Afghan traditions and cultural norms on girls’ school withdrawal by parents or guardians in Khinjan District of Baghlan Province. To achieve this aim the accounts of 12 mothers with daughters pulled out of school were obtained through semi-structured interviews and analyzed via the theoretical lens of Existentialist Feminism and Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Model. The findings suggest that in order to address the problem of girls’ withdrawal from school in Khinjan, the informal communication networks that reinforce the tendency of parents/guardians, especially male ones, to withdraw the girls from school should be influenced by communication channels in the district. Grounded on Paulo Freire’s concept of dialogue for liberation, it is recommended that credible members in the community should initiate and engage in a transforming dialogue about education of girls, with Khinjanis.
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Quartuccio, Katherine E. "POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ATTITUDES AND SUBJECTIVE NORMS TOWARD PLAGIARISM OF RN TO BSN STUDENTS IN AN ACCELERATED ONLINE PROGRAM." Case Western Reserve University Doctor of Nursing Practice / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=casednp1417693132.
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Al, Rifai Aroub A. Y. "Stakeholders and corporate philanthropy of non-economic nature in a developing country of intense Islamic beliefs, values and norms : an institutional framework." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7647.
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The widespread use of Corporate Philanthropy (CP) in the US and the UK has resulted in a significant body of literature on the phenomena and its use. However, the literature generated around CP is criticised for being of an economic nature and for being biased toward the context of developed Western countries. This thesis suggests that the context of developing countries is important in relation to the non-economic nature of CP, due to the existence of intense religious beliefs and values. However, there has been little attempt to explicitly examine how the institutional pressures within this context shape the CP of a non-economic and more precisely of an altruistic nature, and how firms act in response to these influences. This thesis leverages institutional theory by proposing that stakeholders – including communities, competitors, NGOs and politicians – may impose coercive and mimetic pressures encouraging isomorphic field-level CP of a non-economic nature in a context of intense Islamic beliefs, values and norms. However, the way in which firms perceive and act upon these pressures may differ depending on specific factors related to the firm itself, including the identity of the firm, the competitive position of the firm, and shareholder pressures. These differences between firms result in the adoption of different CP strategies as decided by each firm, expressing its appropriate responses to field pressures. This study uses a qualitative methodology using data collected from 27 of the key personnel responsible for CP decisions (shareholders and managers) in the Kuwaiti banking sector. Questions were developed to assess the relationships between institutional pressures at the field and organisational levels of analysis. Data was collected through multiple sources such as in-depth interviews, documentation, and archival records. The contributions of the thesis are in relation to: a) the institutional theory; b) gaining more understanding of CP in developing countries; C) offering a robust understanding of altruistic CP influenced by an Islamic context; and d) practical implementations of CP in Islamic banks.
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Rahmih, Lina, and Erika Forsberg. "Kontraproduktivt arbetsbeteende – en studie bland miljöarbetare." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för arbetshälsovetenskap och psykologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32820.
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Studiens syfte var att undersöka om normer och motivation kan upplevas ha inverkan på kontraproduktivt arbetsbeteende inom miljöarbete. Den idag vedertagna benämningen miljöarbete har tidigare omfattats av olika typer av renhållningsarbete. Respondenterna, som arbetade på olika anläggningar runt om i Sverige, valdes ut efter att de själva anmält intresse att delta i studien. Studien bestod av en induktiv och kvalitativ forskningsprocess och genomfördes med hjälp av telefonintervjuer. Intervjuerna analyserades genom en tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att individens motivationsnivå kan upplevas ha inverkan på dennes benägenhet att agera utifrån ett kontraproduktivt beteende. Likaså kan normer upplevas bidra till kontraproduktivt beteende. Utifrån respondenternas redogörelser upplevs inre motivationsfaktorer ha essentiell betydelse i frågan om benägenheten att uppvisa kontraproduktivt arbetsbeteende på organisationen.The purpose of the study was to investigate whether norms and motivation can be perceived as having an impact on counterproductive work behaviour among environmental workers. The term environmental workers comprise different types of cleaning workers. The respondents were chosen after they themselves declared an interest in participating in the study. The following study consisted of an inductive and qualitative research process and were conducted with the help of telephone interviews. The interviews were analysed through a thematic analysis. The result showed that the individual's level of motivation can be perceived to have an influence on the individual tendency to act on the basis of counter-productive behaviour. Similarly, norms can be perceived as support for counter-productive behaviour. Based on the respondents' statements, internal motivation factors are considered to be of crucial importance in the question of the tendency regarding counterproductive work behaviour among environmental workers.
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Clark-Alexander, Barbara. "Dental hygienists' beliefs, norms, attitudes, and intentions toward treating HIV/AIDS patients." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002428.
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Sultana, Nahida, and Md Tazinur Rahman. "EXPLAINING ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENT IN SWEDEN BY MEANS OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43398.
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The aim of this paper was to explore the factors behind the entrepreneurial intention (EI) building of international university students of Sweden. With the help of Ajzen’s (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior, this theory has been used by numerous researches to predict intentions, especially EI. However, in Sweden several studies have been done only on the Swedish students, but no study has done specifically on international students. A conceptual framework was developed for this study from Theory of Planned Behavior, where attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior control (PBC) were main variables with several indicators of each, to explain what are affecting the most on international university students to build up EI. 18 interviewees of international students of Halmstad University of Sweden were taken. Furthermore, after analyzing their answers authors have found that three of those variables have almost similar effect on building the EI of international university students of Sweden, but not all of their indicators.
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Amato, Roberta. "Human collective behavior models: language, cooperation and social conventions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565420.
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The topics dealt with in this thesis are all part of the general problem of social consensus, namely how a convention flourish and decay and what motivates people to conform to it. Examples range from driving on the right side of the street, to language, rules of courtesy or moral judgments. Some conventions arise directly from the need to coordinate or conform, such as fashion or speaking the same language, others, instead, apply to situations where there is a tension between individual and collective interest, such as cooperation, reciprocity, etc.
This thesis is developed around three main questions still open in the research field of collective human behavior: how coexistence of concurrent conventions is possible, why cooperation in real systems is more common than predicted and how a population undergoes collective behavioral change, namely how an initially minority norm can supplant a majority ones.
In the first work, we study the impact of concurrent social pressures in consensus processes. We propose a model of opinion competition where individuals participate in different social networks and receive conflicting social influences. The dynamics take place in two distinct domains, which we model as layers of a multiplex network. The novelty of our study lies to the fact that individuals can have different options in the different layers. This naturally reflects a common situation where an individual can possess some different opinions in different social contexts as a result of consensus with other individuals in the one context but not in the other. Our analysis shows that the latter property enriches the system’s dynamics and allows not only for consensus into a single state for both layers, but also for active dynamical states of coexistence of both options.
In the second model, we analyze the influence of opinion dynamic in competitive strategical games. Cooperation between humans is quite common and stable behavior even in situations where both game theory and experiments predict defection prevalence. One of the reasons could be just the fact that individuals engaging in strategic interactions are also exposed to social influence and, consequently, to the spread of opinions. We present a new evolutionary game model where game and opinions dynamics take place in different layers of a multiplex network. We show that the coupling between the two dynamical processes can lead to cooperation in scenarios where the pure game dynamics predicts defection and, in some particular setting, gives rise to a metastable state in which nodes that adopt the same strategy self-organize into local groups.
In the last work, we present the first extensive quantitative analysis of the phenomenon of norm change by looking at 2,365 orthographic and lexical norms shifts occurred in English and Spanish over the last two centuries as recorded by millions of digitized books. We are able to identify three distinct patterns in the data depending on the nature of the norm shift. Furthermore, we propose a simple evolutionary model that captures all the identified mechanisms and reproduces quantitatively the transitions between norms. This work advances the current understanding of norm shifts in language change, most often limited to qualitative illustrations (e.g., the observation that adoption curve of the new norm follows an ‘S-shaped’ behavior.Esta tesis se desarrolla en torno a tres preguntas principales aún abiertas en el contexto del estudio de los comportamientos humanos colectivos: ¿cómo es posible la coexistencia de convenciones (opiniones, idiomas, etc. ) concurrentes?; ¿por qué la cooperación en sistemas reales es más común de lo que se predice?; y ¿cómo una norma inicialmente minoritaria puede suplantar a una mayoría? En el primer trabajo nos centramos en formular un modelo capaz de contemplar la coexistencia de convenciones opuestas como una solución dinámica estable. En el segundo modelo, analizamos la influencia de la dinámica de opinión el primer análisis cuantitativo (el mejor de nuestro conocimiento) del fenómeno de evolución de las normas, es decir, lo que sucede cuando una nueva norma social reemplaza a una norma existente. Resumiendo, los resultados obtenidos en estos trabajos muestran que al modelar los comportamientos humanos colectivos, el hecho de que los individuos participan simultáneamente en diferentes contextos sociales juega un papel importante. Esto implica que los individuos están sujetos tanto a la influencia de diferentes dinámicas sociales como a estructuras de interacciones diferentes, pero no independientes. También hemos demostrado que, en el complejo proceso de cambio colectivo en la adopción de normas, la naturaleza del cambio de normas deja patrones distintos en los datos representados por tres tipos diferentes de transición dinámica. Este último trabajo avanza la comprensión actual de la evolución de las normas, más a menudo limitado a ilustraciones cualitativas (por ejemplo, la observación de que la curva de adopción de la nueva norma sigue un comportamiento ”en forma de S” ).
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Majudith, Nadira. "Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour with the addition of role-identity to predict lecture attendance behaviour." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31401.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to investigate the behaviour of lecture attendance amongst undergraduate students at the University of Cape Town (UCT) by applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). A total of 169 respondents completed either a hard copy or online survey whilst meeting the inclusion criteria. The sample consisted of students from a first-year mathematics course (which had compulsory lecture attendance for registered students) and from a first-year organisational psychology course (which had voluntary lecture attendance for registered students). The study aimed to broaden the limited knowledge which exists around the perceptions of students regarding lecture attendance specifically in a South African context. Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Exploratory Factor Analysis and reliability analyses strongly supported the application of the TPB model scales and role-identity scale. Regression analysis showed that only attitudes help to predict intention towards lecture attendance behaviour where subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and role-identity were not significant predictors. Intentions were also seen to be highly correlated to actual attendance behaviour as well as helping to predict actual attendance behaviour. Actual behavioural control (ABC) was not seen as a moderator between intention and actual lecture attendance. Practical and theoretical implications were discussed. The information generated by this study can be used to further understand the occurrence of, and students’ perceptions of lecture attendance.
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Rumsey, Jessie G. "Aid and International Norms: The Effects of Human Rights and Counterterrorism Regimes on U.S. Foreign Assistance Pre- and Post-9/11." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1406245077.
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