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Academic literature on the topic 'Norms theory'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Norms theory"

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Hariman, Robert. "Norms of rhetorical theory." Quarterly Journal of Speech 80, no. 3 (August 1994): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00335639409384076.

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Elster, Jon. "Social Norms and Economic Theory." Journal of Economic Perspectives 3, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.4.99.

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One of the most persistent cleavages in the social sciences is the opposition between two lines of thought conveniently associated with Adam Smith and Emile Durkheim, between homo economicus and homo sociologicus. Of these, the former is supposed to be guided by instrumental rationality, while the behavior of the latter is dictated by social norms. In this paper I characterize this contrast more fully, and discuss attempts by economists to reduce normoriented action to some type of optimizing behavior. Social norms, as I understand them here, are emotional and behavioral propensities of individuals. Are norms rationalizations of self-interest? Are norms followed out of self-interest? Do norms exist to promote self-interest? Do norms exist to promote common interests? Do norms exist to promote genetic fitness?
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Engert, Andreas. "Norms, Rationality, and Communication: A Reputation Theory of Social Norms." Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 92, no. 3 (2006): 335–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/arsp-2006-0025.

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Bano, Saira. "Norms Contestation: Insights from Morphogenesis Theory." Korean Journal of International Studies 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14731/kjis.2015.04.13.1.1.

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Theuns, Tom. "Book Review: Political Theory: Explaining Norms." Political Studies Review 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12073_4.

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PAULSON, STANLEY L. "An Empowerment Theory of Legal Norms." Ratio Juris 1, no. 1 (March 1988): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.1988.tb00004.x.

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Golding, Martin P. "General Theory of Norms. Hans Kelsen." Ethics 103, no. 4 (July 1993): 824–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/293561.

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Goertz, Gary, and Paul F. Diehl. "Toward a Theory of International Norms." Journal of Conflict Resolution 36, no. 4 (December 1992): 634–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002792036004002.

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Lee, Seonhyeon. "Enacting a Self-limiting Practice of Cultural Translation on the Part of First World Intellectuals in Judith Butler’s Precarious Life." Criticism and Theory Society of Korea 27, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19116/theory.2022.27.2.121.

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This paper carefully examines Judith Butler's ideological change after Gender Trouble through reading Precarious Life. The issue of sexual autonomy emphasized in Gender Trouble is extended to thinking about relationality in Precarious Life. Even the progressive content of freedom can be violent if it is contained in a single universality that does not consider speaker’s position. This is Butler's cognitive change that demanding liberation itself cannot be understood outside of the speaker's position or relationship with others. The encounter with others due to the 9/11 incident and the American reaction to it act as a decisive moment that brought about this cognitive shift. The United States, as the First World, waged war in the name of ‘freedom’ and ‘progression’, excluding others called Islam. Precarious Life is a text that contains Butler's thoughts and reflections on her position as a first-world intellectual. How can the demand for freedom be contained in the competition between various cultural contexts and multiple cultural norms rather than a single universality? To answer this question, Butler reconstructs universality in terms of cultural translation. The universality including cultural translation is not acknowledging the diversity of each position, but is a process of breaking down the sovereign status of the subject by understanding the alterity essential to the formation of the self. This is not a process of inclusion or assimilation, but a change in the normative system of both languages. Butler explains this process of translation as ecstatic relationality. Ecstatic relationality goes beyond simple emotional empathy and shows that the other is at the root of the composition of the subject, and that we are all dependent on the social system. Butler criticizes the norms that dehumanize the other by not responding to the other's address, and argues for breaking down the privileged status of the people in the first world. The ethical responsibility shown in Precarious Life is the process of cultural translation as a self-limiting practice to change the norms of her place as a first-world intellectual.
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ALZNAUER, MARK. "Hegel's Theory of Normativity." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 2, no. 2 (2016): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2016.13.

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ABSTRACT:This essay offers an interpretation of Hegel's theory of normativity according to which normative evaluation is primarily a matter of a thing's answerability to its own constitutive norms. I show that natural and spiritual norms correspond to two different species of normative evaluation for Hegel, two categorically distinct ways something can violate its own constitutive norms. I conclude with some general reflections on the relationship between normativity and ontology in Hegel's system.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Norms theory"

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Hartney, M. "Hans Kelsen's theory of norms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371666.

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Bates, Jared G. "Epistemic norms and epistemological methods /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025599.

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Lane, Tom. "Experiments on discrimination and social norms." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43708/.

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This dissertation presents three projects within the fields of behavioural and experimental economics. The first consists of a meta-analysis of lab experiments measuring economic discrimination. Most importantly, I find that the strength of discrimination in economics experiments varies depending on the dimension of identity across which discrimination is measured, and depending on the type of game used to measure it. The second project investigates the relationship between discriminatory behaviour and social norms. A lab experiments finds that discrimination is stronger when it is perceived to be more socially appropriate. In the third project, a field experiment investigates the effect of different nudges on voter registration rates. In particular, emphasising the possibility of being fined for failing to register is successful in raising registration rates, but offering the possibility of financial gain for registering is not. An online experiment in the same project suggests the conflicting normative effects of the two nudges may help explain these differences.
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Niemi, Laura. "Interrogating Moral Norms." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104927.

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Thesis advisor: Liane Young
Research in three parts used behavioral methods and fMRI to shed light on the nature of moral norms and situate them within a broader understanding of how people deploy cognition to navigate the social world. Results revealed that moral norms in two clusters: {1} “universal-rights norms” (i.e., values focused on universal rights to be unharmed and treated as an equal); and {2} “group-elevating norms” (i.e., loyalty, reciprocity, obedience to authority, and concern about purity) predicted prosocial and antisocial moral judgments, interpersonal orientations, and behaviors through cognitive mechanisms including representations of causation and theory of mind (ToM). Five studies reported in Part 1 demonstrated that universal-rights norms were positively associated with prosociality (equal allocations and willingness to help); whereas group-elevating norms were robustly positively associated with antisocial interpersonal orientations (Machiavellianism and Social Dominance Orientation). Three studies in Part 2 showed that group-elevating norms predicted antisocial moral judgments including stigmatization and blame of victims. In contrast, universal-rights values were associated with sensitivity to victims’ suffering and blame of perpetrators. Experimentally manipulating moral focus off of victims and onto perpetrators reduced victim-blaming by reducing perceptions of victims as causal and increasing perceptions of victims as forced. Effects of group-elevating norms on victim-blaming were likewise mediated by perceptions of victim causality and forcedness, suggesting that intervening on focus constitutes one way to modulate effects of moral norms on moral judgments. Four studies in Part 3 examined moral diversity within the domain of fairness and revealed that group-elevating and universal-rights norms are differentially reflected in conceptions of fairness as reciprocity, charity, and impartiality. Reciprocity and charity warranted being clustered together as person-based fairness due to their shared motivational basis in consideration of the unique states of individuals and emotion, and their robust, overlapping recruitment of neural activity indicative of ToM in PC, VMPFC and DMPFC. Impartiality, which favored no particular individual, constituted person-blind fairness, due to its reliance on standard procedures rather than the unique states of individuals or emotion, and its failure to recruit PC, VMPFC and DMPFC. In terms of fairness and moral praiseworthiness, these three allocative processes cleaved along a different line. Person-blind impartiality was rated most fair and highly moral, and person-based fairness broke apart into: charity, deemed highly moral and labeled by the most empathic participants as fair; and reciprocity, which was lowest in fairness and moral praiseworthiness ratings and most esteemed by Machiavellian individuals and those who made a greater number of self-interested allocations. Enhanced activity in LTPJ for unfairness generally, and in judgment of reciprocity in particular, pointed to a role for ToM in moral evaluation of these different conceptions of fairness. Findings across Parts 1-3 have meta-ethical implications. Reduced endorsement of universal-rights norms and increased endorsement of group-elevating norms conferred risk for antisocial judgments, interpersonal orientations and behaviors, suggesting that universal-rights norms and group-elevating norms may differ in their capacity to produce moral outcomes. Results demonstrating a role for ToM and representations of causality in the effects of moral norms on moral judgments deserve focus in future research. It will be important to determine how deeply moral values imbed into individuals’ cognitive architecture, and the extent to which effects of moral values can be modulated via interventions on basic cognition
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology
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Jindani, Sam. "Social norms and learning in games." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:90268309-1920-4f1d-a769-f50783f435be.

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Duelling The norm of duelling endured for hundreds of years in Europe. In the United Kingdom it disappeared abruptly in the mid-nineteenth century, whereas in France it declined slowly. I present a simple model of social norms that explains these phenomena. The model predicts that the evolution of norms is characterised by tipping, whereby norms can shift suddenly due to shocks, and by a ratchet effect, whereby changes in parameters can cause norms to decline gradually. I show that the model can be supported by an equilibrium of a repeated game, with no special assumptions about preferences. Community enforcement using modal actions I prove two folk theorems for repeated games with random matching. A large group of players is rematched at random each period, so that players who deviate must be sanctioned by third parties. Previous analyses have either relied on strong assumptions about information transmission, or have been limited to equilibria that are not robust to noise or in which players are indifferent. I use a simple construction based on modal actions to obtain results for strict and robust equilibria. Learning repeated-game strategies The literature on boundedly rational learning has tended to focus on stagegame actions. I present a stochastic learning rule for repeated-game strategies. Players form beliefs about their opponent’s strategy based on past actions and best-respond. Occasionally, they make mistakes and experiment, and I show that the equilibrium selected depends on exactly how players make mistakes. Simple specifications of the learning rule yield intuitive selection results: the maxmin, or Rawlsian, outcome; the Nash bargaining solution; the maximum of the sum of payoffs; and a generalisation of risk dominance.
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邱彩娜 and Choi-nai Charlies Tu. "Generalized spectral norms of Hilbert space operators." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31220010.

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Tu, Choi-nai Charlies. "Generalized spectral norms of Hilbert space operators /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19737452.

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Weber, Till O. "Strong reciprocity : norms and preferences governing cooperation and punishment behaviour." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51693/.

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Many problems that societies face have the character of social dilemmas, in which cooperation benefits the whole society but is costly to the individual. The recent literature in experimental economics has focused on uncovering driving factors of cooperative success in social dilemmas. This thesis contributes to this literature and includes three research studies that investigate the influence of individual cooperative dispositions, societal and cultural differences, as well as institutional differences on human cooperative behaviour. Chapter 1 introduces the research questions, discusses the research methods used, and outlines the substantive contributions of the thesis. Chapter 2 presents an experimental test of a common implicit assumption in the literature, which suggests that only people with a cooperative disposition engage in the punishment of defectors in social dilemmas. The experimental test rejects this assumption and shows that individual cooperativeness is independent of one's propensity to punish. Chapter 3 investigates the channels through which culture and societal differences affect cooperative behaviour. The experimental results show that societal differences in behaviour are mainly driven through differences in beliefs about other people's behaviour. Chapter 4 reports on an experimental comparison of informal and formal sanctioning institutions. These experiments show that informal sanctions like peer pressure are necessary to foster high and stable cooperation levels in the long run. Chapter 5 concludes.
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Winter, Fabian. "Social Conflict and the Emergence of Norms." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-88831.

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Ricks, Phillip. "A theory of resistance." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5985.

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The dissertation attempts to answer the question of how to theorize resistance from within the philosophy of social science. To answer this question we must consider more than just the philosophy of social science; we also must look to political and moral philosophy. Resistance to the social norms of one’s community is possible to theorize from within the philosophy of social science once we develop a sufficiently nuanced account of social and moral communities (which involves identifying political and moral elements in community formation, reformation, and transformation), according to which membership in a community is not defined by sharing judgments, conceptual frameworks, or comprehensive worldviews, but by sharing terms of discourse so that discussion about judgments, conceptual frameworks, and comprehensive worldviews is possible. Understanding the structure of one’s moral community is not the same as to endorsing that structure. This suggests that contestation is already present within communities about what ‘we’ do, up to and including who ‘we’—as a ‘community’—are. Challenging communitarian understandings of what makes a community a community (usually construed as ‘cultures’, understood somewhat monolithically), I argue that communities are best understood as forming around common concerns or perceptions of problems (sometimes veridical, sometimes not). This contestation plays a major role in determining the identities of communities, and these identities are constantly shifting.
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Books on the topic "Norms theory"

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Kelsen, Hans. General theory of norms. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1990.

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Norms, naturalism and epistemology: The case for science without norms. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

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Klement, Erich Peter. Triangular Norms. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000.

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Cowling, Keith. Norms, sovereignty and regulation. Coventry: University of Warwick, Dept. of Economics, 1992.

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Cowling, Keith. Norms, sovereignty and regulation. Coventry: Warwick University Department of Economics, 1991.

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Cowling, Keith. Norms, sovereignty and regulation. Coventry: University of Warwick Department of Economics, 1992.

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Hart, Oliver D. Norms and the theory of the firm. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.

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Heil, Christopher. Metrics, Norms, Inner Products, and Operator Theory. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65322-8.

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Falk, Michael. Multivariate Extreme Value Theory and D-Norms. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03819-9.

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Rosłanowski, Andrzej. Norms on possibilities I: Forcing with trees and creatures. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Norms theory"

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Weil, André. "Traces and norms." In Basic Number Theory, 139–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61945-8_8.

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McLeod, Ian. "Kelsen’s Hierarchy of Norms." In Legal Theory, 68–83. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14269-9_5.

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Singh, Arindama. "Norms of Matrices." In Introduction to Matrix Theory, 157–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80481-7_7.

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Falk, Michael. "D-Norms." In Multivariate Extreme Value Theory and D-Norms, 1–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03819-9_1.

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Hadžić, Olga, and Endre Pap. "Triangular norms." In Fixed Point Theory in Probabilistic Metric Spaces, 1–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1560-7_1.

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Grossi, Davide, Luca Tummolini, and Paolo Turrini. "Norms in Game Theory." In Agreement Technologies, 191–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5583-3_12.

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Greenwald, Amy, Amir Jafari, and Casey Marks. "No-Φ-Regret: A Connection between Computational Learning Theory and Game Theory." In Games, Norms and Reasons, 119–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0714-6_7.

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Pipkin, Allen C. "Fredholm Theory with Integral Norms." In Texts in Applied Mathematics, 28–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4446-2_2.

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Elster, Jon. "Social Norms and Economic Theory." In Culture and Politics, 363–80. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62397-6_20.

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"Norms." In Matrix Theory, 253–76. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420009934-10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Norms theory"

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Johnston, Nathaniel, and David W. Kribs. "Schmidt Operator Norms and Entanglement Theory." In 2010 Fourth International Conference on Quantum, Nano and Micro Technologies (ICQNM). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icqnm.2010.24.

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Błasiok, Jarosław, Vladimir Braverman, Stephen R. Chestnut, Robert Krauthgamer, and Lin F. Yang. "Streaming symmetric norms via measure concentration." In STOC '17: Symposium on Theory of Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3055399.3055424.

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Andoni, Alexandr, Robert Krauthgamer, and Ilya Razenshteyn. "Sketching and Embedding are Equivalent for Norms." In STOC '15: Symposium on Theory of Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2746539.2746552.

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Andoni, Alexandr, Huy L. Nguyen, Aleksandar Nikolov, Ilya Razenshteyn, and Erik Waingarten. "Approximate near neighbors for general symmetric norms." In STOC '17: Symposium on Theory of Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3055399.3055418.

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Jung, Peter. "Weighted Norms of Ambiguity Functions and Wigner Distributions." In 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2006.262122.

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Johnston, Nathaniel, and David W. Kribs. "A family of norms with applications in entanglement theory." In 2011 ICO International Conference on Information Photonics (IP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ico-ip.2011.5953727.

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Ma, Zongming, and Yihong Wu. "Volume ratio, sparsity, and minimaxity under unitarily invariant norms." In 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2013.6620382.

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Mojahedian, M. M., S. Beigi, A. Gohari, M. H. Yassaee, and M. R. Aref. "A Correlation Measure Based on Vector-Valued Lp Norms." In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2019.8849703.

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Jayram, T. S. "On the information complexity of cascaded norms with small domains." In 2013 IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itw.2013.6691324.

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Graf, Olga, and Gert Tamberg. "On some norms and approximation properties of Kantorovich-type sampling operators." In 2019 13th International conference on Sampling Theory and Applications (SampTA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sampta45681.2019.9030874.

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Reports on the topic "Norms theory"

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Hart, Oliver. Norms and the Theory of the Firm. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8286.

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Kane, Laura. Smashing Fashion Norms: An investigation of the Straw Hat Riots of 1922 using the Value Added Theory of Collective Behavior. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-1111.

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Jackson, Gary M. Warden's Five-Ring System Theory: Legitimate Wartime Military Targeting or an Increased Potential to Violate the Law and Norms of Expected Behavior? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada425331.

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Ismailova, L. Yu, S. V. Kosikov, V. S. Zaytsev, and I. O. Sleptsov. educational computer game THE ADVENTURES OF THE GUSARIK" OR THE BASIS OF THE THEORY OF THE STATE AND LAW (version 1.0). SIB-Expertise, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0577.04072022.

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TRAINING GAME IS DESIGNED TO OBTAIN NEW AND TEST EXISTING KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIELD OF ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT LEGAL DISCIPLINES - THEORY OF STATE AND LAW. GAME ALLOWS TO TEST ITS FORCES IN INTERACTIVE MODE IN SOLVING A LARGE NUMBER OF THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL QUESTIONS. THE STUDENT CAN WORK OUT NEW TOPICS USING NUMEROUS COMMENTS AND CHECK THE RESULTS OF THEIR ASSIMILATION. GAME CHARACTER'S CLUES AND FACIAL EXPRESSIONS MOTIVATE THE PLAYER TO CAREFULLY WORK WITH THE OBJECT AND ALLOW YOU TO INDEPENDENTLY WORK ON TOPICS THAT CAUSED DIFFICULTIES IN THE CONTROL MODE. GAME CONTENT COMPLIES WITH THE PROGRAM OF THE STATE STANDARD IN THE SPECIALTY "LAW." THE MAIN GOAL OF THE GAME IS TO HELP IN HIGHLIGHTING THEORETICAL LEGAL STRUCTURES IN PRACTICAL SITUATIONS, TO DEVELOP THE SKILLS OF LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT OF LEGAL NORMS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT DOCUMENTS, AND THEREBY TO INCREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE APPLICATION OF LAW.IN ADDITION, THE EDucational GAME WILL INTRODUCE PROFESSIONAL LEGAL TERMINOLOGY IN THIS FIELD. THE GAME "THEORY OF STATE AND LAW" CAN BE USEFUL FOR STUDENTS OF LAW UNIVERSITIES AND FACULTIES, PRACTICING LAWYERS AND EVERYONE WISHING TO IMPROVE THEIR QUALIFICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF LAW. CERTAIN SECTIONS OF THE GAME WILL BE USEFUL FOR TRAINING IN THE UNIVERSITY IN LEGAL SPECIALTIES.
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Mynarska, Monika A. Fertility postponement and age norms in Poland: is there a deadline for parenthood? Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2007-029.

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Davies, Imogen, Anam Parvez Butt, Thalia Kidder, and Ben Cislaghi. Social Norms Diagnostic Tool: Young Women's Economic Justice. Oxfam, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8427.

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The tool’s methodology is rooted in a feminist and youth-led participatory action research approach to diagnosing social norms. It uses participatory and transformative methods to engage young people and other community members not just as research participants, but as agents of change identifying solutions to arising issues. The exercises recognize and examine unequal power inequalities through questions around who makes key decisions, whose opinions matter the most, who the most influential people are and the nature of their influence. hese exercises were developed for Oxfam’s Empower Youth for Work (EYW) programme for primary research from 2017-2019. This version of the tool was originally developed for use in the EYW programme in Bangladesh.
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El Hallabi, M., and R. A. Tapia. A Global Convergence Theory for Arbitrary Norm Trust-Region Methods for Nonlinear Equations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444977.

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Williams, Teshanee, Jamie McCall, Natalie Prochaska, and Tamra Thetford. How Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs) are shaped by Funders through Data Collection, Impact Measurement, and Evaluation. Carolina Small Business Development Fund, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46712/cdfi.evaluation.pressures.

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Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs) are grassroots organizations that provide equitable access to financial capital. While a robust body of evidence supports the ability of CDFIs to promote holistic and sustainable development, attempts to systematically evaluate the industry have yielded disparate and often confounding results. We apply an institutional theory lens to examine challenges to meaningful data collection, impact measurement, and program evaluation. Our data show how regulators, major funders, and third-party rating organizations have applied indirect and direct pressures that have systematically lowered the capacity of nonprofit CDFI loan funds. This combination of coercive, mimetic, and normative isomorphic forces has (1) hampered meaningful data collection, (2) created a lack of staff expertise in these areas, (3) raised the cost and complexity of utilizing technology systems to improve evaluation processes, and (4) fostered industry norms which de-prioritize meaningful evaluation. The data suggest several ways for stakeholders to improve these trends. For example, funders might consider providing support which builds organizational capacity via unrestricted operating grants and recurring financial commitments.
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West, Jessica, and Almudena Azcárate Ortega. Norms for Outer Space: A Small Step or a Giant Leap for Policymaking? UNIDIR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/22/space/01.

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Space is increasingly critical to modern life on Earth. But there is growing concern that, as it becomes more economically and strategically important, tensions between different space actors are heightening in a manner that could lead to conflict. The accelerating proliferation of counterspace capabilities, as well as the enactment of national policies that deem space an operational or warfighting domain, underlines the very real nature of threats that exist and highlights the importance of keeping space peaceful. To address these challenges, some experts in space security have called for more robust norms of behaviour in outer space. This report explores the role of norms as a tool for outer space governance, as well as their challenges and limitations.
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Böhm, Franziska, Ingrid Jerve Ramsøy, and Brigitte Suter. Norms and Values in Refugee Resettlement: A Literature Review of Resettlement to the EU. Malmö University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178771776.

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As a result of the refugee reception crisis in 2015 the advocacy for increasing resettlement numbers in the overall refugee protection framework has gained momentum, as has research on resettlement to the EU. While the UNHCR purports resettlement as a durable solution for the international protection of refugees, resettlement programmes to the European Union are seen as a pillar of the external dimension of the EU’s asylum and migration policies and management. This paper presents and discusses the literature regarding the value transmissions taking place within these programmes. It reviews literature on the European resettlement process – ranging from the selection of refugees to be resettled, the information and training they receive prior to travelling to their new country of residence, their reception upon arrival, their placement and dispersal in the receiving state, as well as programs of private and community sponsorship. The literature shows that even if resettlement can be considered an external dimension of European migration policy, this process does not end at the border. Rather, resettlement entails particular forms of reception, placement and dispersal as well as integration practices that refugees are confronted with once they arrive in their resettlement country. These practices should thus be understood in the context of the resettlement regime as a whole. In this paper we map out where and how values (here understood as ideas about how something should be) and norms (expectations or rules that are socially enforced) are transmitted within this regime. ‘Value transmission’ is here understood in a broad sense, taking into account the values that are directly transmitted through information and education programmes, as well as those informing practices and actors’ decisions. Identifying how norms and values figure in the resettlement regime aid us in further understanding decision making processes, policy making, and the on-the-ground work of practitioners that influence refugees’ lives. An important finding in this literature review is that vulnerability is a central notion in international refugee protection, and even more so in resettlement. Ideas and practices regarding vulnerability are, throughout the resettlement regime, in continuous tension with those of security, integration, and of refugees’ own agency. The literature review and our discussion serve as a point of departure for developing further investigations into the external dimension of value transmission, which in turn can add insights into the role of norms and values in the making and un-making of (external) boundaries/borders.
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