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Journal articles on the topic 'Norm'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Martinón Quintero, Ruth. "Norma internacional = International norm." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 18 (April 1, 2020): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2020.5277.

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Resumen: La norma internacional es especialmente adaptativa a la realidad de la sociedad internacional que regula. Los cambios en la estructura del ordenamiento jurídico internacional a través de su institucionalización y humanización, por un lado, y el mismo proceso de globalización, por otro, han redefinido la caracterización de la norma internacional. No solo se trata de la expansión de la materia objeto de regulación y el incremento de los actores que participan más o menos formalmente en su formación, sino también en la misma caracterización de la norma internacional como elemento del ordenamiento jurídico, al dotarse éste de jerarquía y, pese a su ampliación y complicación, mantener la sistematicidad.Palabras clave: Tratado, costumbre, jurisprudencia, derecho blando, ius cogens, erga omnes, formación del derecho internacional, Estado, organización internacional, actores internacionales, sociedad internacionalAbstract: The international norm is especially adaptive to the reality of the international society it regulates. Changes in the structure of the international legal system through its institutionalization and humanization, on the one hand, and the process of globalization, on the other, have redefined the characterization of the international norm. It is not only about the expansion of the subject matter of regulation and the increase of the actors that participate more or less formally in its formation, but also in the same characterization of the international norm as an element of the legal system, when it is endowed with hierarchy and, despite its expansion and complication, maintains systematicity. Keywords: Treaty, costumary law, soft law, ius cogens, erga omnes, formation of International Law, State, international organization, international actors, international society.

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2

Ahl, Björn. "Norm Taker oder Norm Maker?" osteuropa 73, no. 7-9 (2023): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35998/oe-2023-057.

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3

Peterson, Mark F., and Tais Siqueira Barreto. "Descriptive Norms and Norm Innovations." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 46, no. 10 (October 15, 2015): 1332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022115610214.

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4

GARCÍA IOMMI, LUCRECIA. "Norm internalisation revisited: Norm contestation and the life of norms at the extreme of the norm cascade." Global Constitutionalism 9, no. 1 (October 14, 2019): 76–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381719000285.

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Abstract:Finnemore and Sikkink’s norms life cycle model (NLCM) is a powerful heuristic device that continues to be a mandatory point of reference for theoretical and empirical scholarship on norm change. Yet the internalisation stage as conceptualised in the NLCM is problematic. Drawing from Wiener’s Theory of Contestation, this article proposes to reconceptualise the norm internalisation stage as the phase at the extreme of the norm cascade in which inherently contested norms simultaneously enjoy formal validity, social recognition, and cultural validation among stakeholders. Unlike Finnemore and Sikkink’s, this conceptualisation focuses solely on norm validity and does not assume ‘almost automatic’ compliance. While Finnemore and Sikkink emphasise habit and institutionalisation as mechanisms of internalisation, the proposed conceptualisation highlights the role of applicatory contestation under conditions of high contestedness. Furthermore, I argue that internalised norms continue to be contested. Finally, my conceptualisation explicitly incorporates norm regression as the fourth stage of the NLCM. Norms might regress because they become obsolete, they change, or they are replaced. To assess the descriptive power of the proposed conceptualisation vis-à-vis Finnemore and Sikkink’s, the article applies them to the analysis of the norm that prohibits torture.

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5

KIMURA, Takuya. "Norms Related to the Lie Norm." Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 24, no. 1 (June 2001): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3836/tjm/1255958331.

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6

Balabanova, Ekaterina, and Alex Balch. "Norm destruction, norm resilience." Journal of Language and Politics 19, no. 3 (March 25, 2020): 413–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.19055.bal.

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Abstract Principles of refugee protection in Europe are said to have come under great pressure with the populist and nationalist backlash to the ‘migrant crisis’, often traced to illiberal regimes in post-communist countries. This paper tests these claims by comparatively analysing media coverage in the UK and Hungary, establishing the extent to which specific norms were challenged or upheld in April and September 2015. It develops a new methodology connecting ethical justifications for migration controls with the ‘normative terrain’ of refugee protection. The findings complicate existing assumptions about differences between conservative and progressive-leaning publications, and also the divide and direction of travel between Old/New and East/West in the European context. The article challenges the narrative of the ‘illiberal wind’ and advances understanding of the relationship between political culture and media systems in Europe, and the toxic nature of media coverage in relation to the survival of the normative regime around refugees.

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7

Truong-Bolduc, Que Chi, and David C. Hooper. "The Transcriptional Regulators NorG and MgrA Modulate Resistance to both Quinolones and β-Lactams in Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 8 (February 2, 2007): 2996–3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01819-06.

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ABSTRACT MgrA is a known regulator of the expression of several multidrug transporters in Staphylococcus aureus. We identified another regulator of multiple efflux pumps, NorG, by its ability, like that of MgrA, to bind specifically to the promoter of the gene encoding the NorA efflux pump. NorG is a member of the family of the GntR-like transcriptional regulators, and it binds specifically to the putative promoters of the genes encoding multidrug efflux pumps NorA, NorB, NorC, and AbcA. Overexpression of norG produces a threefold increase in norB transcripts associated with a fourfold increase in the level of resistance to quinolones. In contrast, disruption of norG produces no change in the level of transcripts of norA, norB, and norC but causes an increase of at least threefold in the transcript level of abcA, associated with a fourfold increase in resistance to methicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin G, and nafcillin. Overexpression of cloned abcA caused an 8- to 128-fold increase in the level of resistance to all four β-lactam antibiotics. Furthermore, MgrA and NorG have opposite effects on norB and abcA expression. MgrA acts as an indirect repressor for norB and a direct activator for abcA, whereas NorG acts as a direct activator for norB and a direct repressor for abcA.

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8

Osikiewicz, Beth. "Norm Estimates for OperatorsT:Hp→lqInvolvinglr(ls) Norms." Quaestiones Mathematicae 28, no. 3 (September 2005): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073600509486127.

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9

Mohamed Ali, Hanan. "“Norm Subsidiarity” or “Norm Diffusion”?" Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 4, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 122–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v4i1.2805.

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Cybercrime has been a contentious issue among security actors, vis-à-vis the extent to which international cooperation may be fostered to respond to the accelerating incidence of cyber-attacks. This paper contrasts between the cyber-governance approaches adopted by two non-Western regional organizations, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Gulf Cooperation Council, over the past decade. Considering their similar institutional origins, Most Similar Systems Design methodology was employed to assess how ASEAN and GCC have distinctly responded to cybercrime. It considers the dynamics of the digital divide — a divide which is exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic — and in which ASEAN and the GCC are challenged to bolster their cyber-capabilities. Findings reveal that GCC increasingly diffuses norms of international cooperation to tackle cybercrime. By contrast, ASEAN embodies cyber norms which regulate behavior along the lines of intra-regional cooperation, wherein norms of international cooperation are rendered subsidiary to norms of regional autonomy.

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10

Bou Akl, Ziad. "From Norm Evaluation to Norm Construction." Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 21 (January 4, 2022): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jais.9373.

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This study examines the issue of norm construction in al-Ghazālī’s thought focusing on the grounds advanced to support his radical infallibilist position. To fulfill such end, al-Ghazālī, I explain, relies on two types of arguments, the first one relates to the presumptive nature of legal texts in order to highlight their fundamental indeterminacy and the second links to the interpreter to show the impossibility to fall into error. To buttress these arguments, al-Ghazālī both draws on epistemological principles and metaethical ones. As it will be shown in the study, al-Ghazālī ultimately explains the divergence in interpretation of norms using the concept of ṭabʿ (nature, disposition or appetitive self) drawing on his well-known relativist ethical theory concerning norm evaluation and therefore brings in a unique way this typical feature of Ashʿarism within his own radical infallibilist theory of norm construction. The concept of ṭabʿ allows to bridge the gap between the ambiguity in the revealed text and the mujtahid’s interpretation in the norm construction process, and ultimately serves to justify ex post the choices made by the mujtahid. In doing so, al-Ghazālī assigns to theology a critical role in revealing the origin of the illusion of the jurists who naively think that licit and illicit are qualities of things themselves.

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11

Bicchieri, Cristina, and Alex K. Chavez. "NORM MANIPULATION, NORM EVASION: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE." Economics and Philosophy 29, no. 2 (July 2013): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267113000187.

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Using an economic bargaining game, we tested for the existence of two phenomena related to social norms, namely norm manipulation – the selection of an interpretation of the norm that best suits an individual – and norm evasion – the deliberate, private violation of a social norm. We found that the manipulation of a norm of fairness was characterized by a self-serving bias in beliefs about what constituted normatively acceptable behaviour, so that an individual who made an uneven bargaining offer not only genuinely believed it was fair, but also believed that recipients found it fair, even though recipients of the offer considered it to be unfair. In contrast, norm evasion operated as a highly explicit process. When they could do so without the recipient's knowledge, individuals made uneven offers despite knowing that their behaviour was unfair.

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12

George, C. R. Robert, Ratan L. Kundu, David M. Whiley, and Monica M. Lahra. "Are sex norms the norm in gonococcal surveillance?" Lancet Microbe 1, no. 4 (August 2020): e143-e144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30087-2.

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13

Hurel, Louise Marie, and Luisa Cruz Lobato. "Unpacking cyber norms: private companies as norm entrepreneurs." Journal of Cyber Policy 3, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2018.1467942.

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14

DE NEVERS, RENEE. "Imposing International Norms: Great Powers and Norm Enforcement." International Studies Review 9, no. 1 (May 2007): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00645.x.

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15

Wenjuan, Nie. "Norm Noncompliance and Norm Diffusion: Free Trade Norms among the United States, European Union, and China." Asian Perspective 45, no. 4 (2021): 839–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apr.2021.0035.

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16

SHEVCHENKO, T. I., and E. Y. ROMANOVA. "English Word Stress in Norm-Providing, Norm-Developing and Norm-Dependent Countries." Вестник Московского государственного лингвистического университета. Гуманитарные науки, no. 1 (2022): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52070/2542-2197_2022_1_856_143.

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17

Fadhiilah, Rizka 'Abid, and Budi Surodjo. "Sifat-Sifat Subgrup Fuzzy Intuitionistik atas Norm (t-Norm dan s-Norm)." Jurnal Matematika Integratif 18, no. 2 (December 13, 2022): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jmi.v18.n2.40461.141-155.

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18

Aldash, A. "Language norm vs. literary norm: orthological analysis." Turkic Studies Journal 3, no. 2 (2021): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2021-2-19-31.

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In connection with the transition of the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin script, further improvement of the orthological codification of the Kazakh language becomes relevant. As you know, the system-centric object of the science of orthology is the norm / linguistic norm / literary norm. In passing, we note that there are still unresolved issues in the definition of a linguistic norm / literary norm in linguistics. In recent years, the problems of orthology have been actively developed in Kazakh linguistics, incl. special attention was paid to the study of spelling, orthoepic, lexical norms of the modern Kazakh literary language. First of all, there is a need to define the essence of the norm as an ontological category and the creation of an integral orthological theory, which will contribute to a deeper understanding of the phenomenon in general of the linguistic norm, its systemic properties and functioning features, in particular. And also the unification and codification of the language norm will have an effective impact on further improving the language culture and the development of language capital will contribute to ensuring the full activity of the Kazakh language as a state language. The article analyzes the relationship and difference between the concepts of norm – linguistic norm – literary norm and the characteristic features of norms – regulatory function, tradition and internal dynamism.

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19

MORIMOTO, Mitsuo, and Keiko FUJITA. "Between Lie Norm and Dual Lie Norm." Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 24, no. 2 (December 2001): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3836/tjm/1255958190.

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20

Panke, Diana, and Ulrich Petersohn. "Norm challenges and norm death: The inexplicable?" Cooperation and Conflict 51, no. 1 (August 12, 2015): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836715597948.

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21

Funnell, Neal. "Where the Norm is Not the Norm." Alternative Law Journal 31, no. 2 (June 2006): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x0603100203.

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22

Okubo, K. "Norm of Schur multiplication for Schatten norm." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 111, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-1991-1041011-x.

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23

Hudzik, Henryk, and Lech Maligranda. "Amemiya norm equals Orlicz norm in general." Indagationes Mathematicae 11, no. 4 (December 2000): 573–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0019-3577(00)80026-9.

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24

Kinyanjui, J. N., N. B. Okelo, O. Ongati, and S. W. Musundi. "Norm estimates for norm-attainable elementary operators." International Journal of Mathematical Analysis 12, no. 3 (2018): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ijma.2018.8211.

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25

Nikolic, Branka, and Petar Hotomski. "Comparison of H‐Logical Norm with some t‐Norms." Informatica 14, no. 4 (January 1, 2003): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/informatica.2003.038.

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26

Sapp, Stephen G., Wendy J. Harrod, and Lijun Zhao. "SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED SUBJECTIVE NORMS AND SUBJECTIVE NORM-BEHAVIOR CONSISTENCY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1994.22.1.31.

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We found support for the hypothesis that, under conditions of ill-formed intentions, subjective norms measured after group interaction can affect behavior directly. Perceived subjective norms converged within groups for subjects in a discussion condition, and these “normalized” subjective norms affected behavior directly. Based upon previous research, we expected that attitudes and subjective norms can influence behavior directly because ill-formed intentions are inconsistent with behavior. Instead, we found that attitudes and subjective norms affected behavior directly for discussion subjects even when ill-formed intentions were, consistent with behavior. The findings indicate that, under conditions of ill-formed intentions, the manner of attitudes and subjective norm formation may be more crucial for predicting behavior than the strength of the intention-behavior relationship.

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27

Deitelhoff, Nicole, and Lisbeth Zimmermann. "Norms under Challenge: Unpacking the Dynamics of Norm Robustness." Journal of Global Security Studies 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogy041.

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28

Narváez Mora, Maribel. "Izražanje norm." Revus, no. 25 (June 10, 2015): 15–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/revus.3286.

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29

INGEBRITSEN, CHRISTINE. "Norm Entrepreneurs." Cooperation and Conflict 37, no. 1 (March 2002): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836702037001689.

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30

Clemens, Deborah Rahn. "The Norm." Liturgy 21, no. 2 (April 2006): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04580630500443589.

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31

Danby, Colin. "Postwar Norm." Rethinking Marxism 24, no. 4 (October 2012): 499–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08935696.2012.711052.

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32

Shapiro, Stuart C. "Whose norm?" Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6, no. 11 (November 2002): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01997-6.

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33

Haak, Anno. "Misslungene Norm." Der Freie Zahnarzt 59, no. 3 (March 2015): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12614-015-5563-5.

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34

Suslin, Andrei, and Seva Joukhovitski. "Norm varieties." Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 206, no. 1-2 (July 2006): 245–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpaa.2005.12.012.

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35

Angst, Peter, and Harald Schwarz. "Dispositive Norm." JUS-EXTRA 33, no. 375 (2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33196/jus-extra201737505003301.

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36

Karlsrud, John, and Allard Duursma. "Norm Fixation." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 29, no. 4 (December 21, 2023): 460–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02904008.

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Abstract While the normative development of the UN’s focus on protection of civilians is well covered, there is little research on how more than two decades of translating the norm into practice has led to the development of an entire ecosystem of early warning tools across the UN system. Most of these tools have been created at the field level, and UN Member States have neither played a role in pushing for these tools nor in helping to develop them. This article makes two contributions. Empirically, the article maps the ecosystem of early warning tools for protection of civilians in UN peace operations. Second, drawing on practice theory, the article reflects on the origin of these tools and argues that bottom-up norm implementation practices in international organizations amount to norm fixations—collectively describing what a norm is and how it should be implemented in practice.

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37

Barandiaran, Xabier E., and Matthew D. Egbert. "Norm-Establishing and Norm-Following in Autonomous Agency." Artificial Life 20, no. 1 (January 2014): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00094.

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Living agency is subject to a normative dimension (good-bad, adaptive-maladaptive) that is absent from other types of interaction. We review current and historical attempts to naturalize normativity from an organism-centered perspective, identifying two central problems and their solution: (1) How to define the topology of the viability space so as to include a sense of gradation that permits reversible failure, and (2) how to relate both the processes that establish norms and those that result in norm-following behavior. We present a minimal metabolic system that is coupled to a gradient-climbing chemotactic mechanism. Studying the relationship between metabolic dynamics and environmental resource conditions, we identify an emergent viable region and a precarious region where the system tends to die unless environmental conditions change. We introduce the concept of normative field as the change of environmental conditions required to bring the system back to its viable region. Norm-following, or normative action, is defined as the course of behavior whose effect is positively correlated with the normative field. We close with a discussion of the limitations and extensions of our model and some final reflections on the nature of norms and teleology in agency.

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38

Itoh, Takashi. "The maximal C*-norm and the Haagerup norm." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 107, no. 1 (January 1990): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004100068407.

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AbstractThe difference between the maximal C*-norm ‖ ‖max and the Haagerup norm ‖ ‖h on the tensor product space of C*-aIgebras is studied. Let A and B be C*-algebras. It is shown that ‖ ‖max is equivalent to ‖ ‖h on A ⊗ B if and only if A or B is finite-dimensional.

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39

Mátrai, Tamás. "Resolvent norm decay does not characterize norm continuity." Israel Journal of Mathematics 168, no. 1 (September 19, 2008): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11856-008-1054-6.

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40

Arató, Balázs, and Géza Balázs. "The linguistic norm and norm of legal language." Magyar Nyelvőr 146, no. 5 (2022): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.38143/nyr.2022.5.91.

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41

Shafirov, Vladimir. "Prescription norm and statement norm: correlation of concepts." Legal Science and Practice: Journal of Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2023, no. 4 (December 25, 2023): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36511/2078-5356-2023-4-53-58.

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In jurisprudence there is a firm view on any norm as a compulsory , mandatory citation, which is backed by unlawful force. One ought not to assent to the opinion. The Constitution of the Russian Federation emphasizes the highest value of a person, his rights and freedoms. Rights and freedoms are directly applicable, governing import of the law, its purview, and administration. Legislative acts concerning rights and freedoms are out of narrow bounds of regulatory provisions. Failure to take this into account leads to mistakes in law-making and law enforcement. The necessity of distinguishing statement norm(fixing rights and freedoms) as an independent rule, along with prescription norm (fixing duties), is explained. In the article, their comparative analysis is made, the conclusion is generalized that none of the norms can claim to be a generic concept. They are types of the general concept of quot; legal norm quot.

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42

Kaunert, Christian, Sarah Leonard, and Ori Wertman. "Securitization of COVID-19 as a Security Norm: WHO Norm Entrepreneurship and Norm Cascading." Social Sciences 11, no. 7 (June 21, 2022): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070266.

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In this article, we analyze the emergence of a global security norm of the COVID-19 epidemic as a threat to international security. This crisis is one of the gravest crises that humanity has experienced since the end of World War II in terms of the number of people infected and died, but also in terms of the economic consequences. Here, we provide a framework for understanding the securitization of the COVID-19 epidemic as an international norm defined and promoted by the World Health Organization as a norm entrepreneur, and cascaded down to the level of member states. We identify the actors who developed the main strategic prescriptions of the security norm and the international mechanisms that promoted the cascading of its contents throughout the international system. We further develop the notion of primary and secondary norms, which explain the striking differences amongst industrialized states with regard to the contents, scope, and implementation timeline of the various measures aiming to curb the spread of the virus.

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43

Talvila, Erik. "Continuity in the Alexiewicz norm." Mathematica Bohemica 131, no. 2 (2006): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21136/mb.2006.134092.

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44

顾, 红芳. "The Norm of H-Subgroups." Pure Mathematics 09, no. 07 (2019): 799–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/pm.2019.97104.

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45

Kadets, Vladimir, Ginés López, Miguel Martín, and Dirk Werner. "EQUIVALENT NORMS WITH AN EXTREMELY NONLINEABLE SET OF NORM ATTAINING FUNCTIONALS." Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 19, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474748018000087.

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We present a construction that enables one to find Banach spaces$X$whose sets$\operatorname{NA}(X)$of norm attaining functionals do not contain two-dimensional subspaces and such that, consequently,$X$does not contain proximinal subspaces of finite codimension greater than one, extending the results recently provided by Read [Banach spaces with no proximinal subspaces of codimension 2,Israel J. Math.(to appear)] and Rmoutil [Norm-attaining functionals need not contain 2-dimensional subspaces,J. Funct. Anal. 272(2017), 918–928]. Roughly speaking, we construct an equivalent renorming with the requested properties for every Banach space$X$where the set$\operatorname{NA}(X)$for the original norm is not “too large”. The construction can be applied to every Banach space containing$c_{0}$and having a countable system of norming functionals, in particular, to separable Banach spaces containing$c_{0}$. We also provide some geometric properties of the norms we have constructed.

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46

Mahoney, Paul G., and Chris W. Sanchirico. "Competing Norms and Social Evolution: Is the Fittest Norm Efficient?" University of Pennsylvania Law Review 149, no. 6 (June 2001): 2027. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3312904.

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47

Kneebone, Susan. "Comparative regional protection frameworks for refugees: norms and norm entrepreneurs." International Journal of Human Rights 20, no. 2 (February 12, 2016): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2016.1141499.

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48

Friedl, Stefan, and Taehee Kim. "Twisted Alexander norms give lower bounds on the Thurston norm." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 360, no. 09 (April 24, 2008): 4597–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9947-08-04455-3.

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49

Mukherjee, Jayanta. "Linear combination of norms in improving approximation of Euclidean norm." Pattern Recognition Letters 34, no. 12 (September 2013): 1348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2013.05.001.

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50

Goyal, Namrata, Marian Adams, Travis G. Cyr, Anne Maass, and Joan G. Miller. "Norm-based spontaneous categorization: Cultural norms shape meaning and memory." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 118, no. 3 (March 2020): 436–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000188.

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