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Kang, Sang June. "International norm development: cyclic model of norm change and self-determination." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-06022019-113106/.
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With the surge of constructivism, which values non-material factors and ideational variables, norm research became the center of interest in International Relations scholarship. The early constructivist theory is suitable for showing how a norm could be replaced by another but incapable of explaining how a norm itself changes. Hence, the next challenge for constructivism would be demonstrating a norm change mechanism. The purpose of this research is to fill a gap in the international norm literature. From a constructivist perspective, this research suggests a cyclic model of international norm change and verifies its plausibility by examining the empirical evidence of change in the international norm of self-determination. Although self-determination is one of the essential norms in the contemporary international order, it has yet to be investigated within international norm literature. Unlike the static model of early constructivists, the cyclic model of international norm change demonstrates a clear framework to see how the norm of self-determination has changed over time and explains why norm structures are sometimes stable and other times volatile.Com o surgimento do construtivismo, que valoriza fatores não materiais e variáveis ideacionais, a pesquisa de normas tornou-se o centro de interesse em estudos de Relações Internacionais. A teoria construtivista inicial é adequada para mostrar como uma norma pode ser substituída por outra, mas incapaz de explicar como uma norma se modifica. Assim, o próximo desafio para o construtivismo seria demonstrar o mecanismo de mudança de norma. O objetivo desta pesquisa é preencher uma lacuna na literatura internacional de normas. De uma perspectiva construtivista, esta pesquisa sugere um modelo cíclico de mudança internacional de normas e verifica sua plausibilidade examinando as evidências empíricas de mudança na norma internacional de autodeterminação. Embora a autodeterminação seja uma das normas essenciais na ordem internacional contemporânea, ela ainda precisa ser investigada dentro da literatura internacional de normas. Ao contrário do modelo estático dos primeiros construtivistas, o modelo cíclico da mudança internacional de normas demonstra uma estrutura clara para ver como a norma de autodeterminação mudou ao longo do tempo e explica por que as estruturas normativas são às vezes estáveis e outras voláteis.
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Beuchler, Sven, Reinhold Schneider, and Christoph Schwab. "Multiresolution weighted norm equivalences and applications." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200600503.
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We establish multiresolution norm equivalences in
weighted spaces L2w((0,1))
with possibly singular weight functions w(x)≥0
in (0,1).
Our analysis exploits the locality of the
biorthogonal wavelet basis and its dual basis
functions. The discrete norms are sums of wavelet
coefficients which are weighted with respect to the
collocated weight function w(x) within each scale.
Since norm equivalences for Sobolev norms are by now
well-known, our result can also be applied to
weighted Sobolev norms. We apply our theory to
the problem of preconditioning p-Version FEM
and wavelet discretizations of degenerate
elliptic problems.
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Karlsson, Stefan. "A Norm Creative Perspective : Understanding users through norm creative theories." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-154776.
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There is a saying that we should not attempt to fix what is not broken, but we cannot afford to stick tothat mindset if we want to be able to design products and services that matter to the user. We shouldbroaden our views, explore new things and see what we can learn from them and use that knowledge toexpand on our existing methods. In recent years there have been a lot of work regarding how normsinfluence us to act and feel in certain ways, what if the knowledge behind norms could be utilized withindesign? To answer this question a study was conducted where two so called norm creative methodswere tested in a series of focus groups to see what potential the methods held in regard to improvingexisting methods or serve as basis for the creation new methods within user research.
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Kepka, Emma. "En rosa norm." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21163.
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Denna uppsats ämnar undersöka, problematisera och diskutera användningen av färgenrosa på feministiska kommunikationsbyråers hemsidor genom en diskursanalys. Det försäven ett resonemang kring vad användningen av rosa i denna kontext har för följder fördiskursen om färgen rosa och/eller feminism. Uppsatsen ska bidra till att ifrågasättanormer och strukturer inom en feministisk diskurs med avstamp i ett normkritisktperspektiv. Övriga teorier som underbygger analysen är bland annat Stuart Halls teorierom representation, Gillian Roses diskursteori, samt Yvonne Hirdmans resonemang omgenus. Resultatet redogör för en mångfacetterad tolkning av färgen, samt attanvändningen av färgen rosa blir en symbol för kommunikationsbyråernas feministiskaställningstagande. Användningen både upprätthåller och bryter normer om femininitetgenom att färgen blir en motsättning till maskulinitet.
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McKeown, Ryder Luke Wilson. "Norm regress : American revisionism and the slow death of the torture norm." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31603.
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This thesis examines the status of the legal and moral norm against torture within post-9/11 America in an effort to determine how one of the strongest international norms came to be significantly weakened by its most important proponent, and ascertain what this means for the status of the norm internationally. I argue that key members of the Bush administration should be considered norm revisionists who have actively sought to reshape America's interpretation of its obligations in regards to the norm through discourse and policy that frames torture as a necessary tool in the War on Terror. The net result of this revisionism has been the normalization of torture within the United States - where torture has now been widely accepted as a useful, necessary and acceptable weapon to use against America's enemies - which I argue represents a crisis of legitimacy in the norm within that country. That such normative backsliding could occur in a country with a long history of constitutionalism and the rule of law suggests that the moral norms many take for granted may prove shallow and fleeting; norm regress will occur if these norms are not protected. In this regard, I offer a theoretical model to chart this normative regression, and in doing so make a contribution to the constructivist international relations literature which has hitherto concerned itself only with questions of normative progress at the expense of recognizing the potential for the decay of these internalized norms. I argue that while there remains a high level of acceptance worldwide that the norm against torture is right, any future incidences of torture by liberal states may well bring about a crisis of legitimacy in the international norm itself. This realization should encourage all who care about such norms to defend them against revisionism.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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McGown, Kevin Joseph. "Norm-Euclidean Galois fields." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/fullcit?p3407998.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 23, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-90).
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Jutterdal, Gustaf, and Madeleine Hedberg. "Friluftsdagar - tradition eller norm." Thesis, Linköping University, Political Science, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-51321.
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Friluftsdagar är ett inslag i skolans verksamhet som ofta förknippas med fysisk aktivitet. Dessa friluftsdagar förekommer som ett visst antal halv- eller heldagar per läsår och antalet dagar varierar mellan skolorna. Friluftsdagarna är sedan Lpo -94 inte statligt reglerade utan det är upp till rektor på varje skola att besluta om förekomsten av dessa dagar. Friluftsdagar har en lång historia och syftet med dagarna har förändrats över tid. Idag kan man dock skönja att fokus ligger på hälsa och miljö.
Vår uppsats beskriver friluftsdagarnas utveckling kopplat till Bo Rothsteins teori om förhållandet mellan samhälleliga normer och politiska institutioner. Vi problematiserar friluftsdagarna och söker samband mellan statens intentioner och friluftsdagarnas syfte.
Folkhälsofrågan klättrar allt högre upp på den politiska dagordningen och man kan se en tydlig brytpunkt då staten tar till sig folkhälsofrågan och bildar statens folkhälsoinstitut. Statens folkhälsoinstitut arbetar idag utifrån det nationella folkhälsomålet att skapa samhälleliga förutsättningar för en god hälsa på lika villkor för hela befolkningen. Detta övergripande mål har brutits ned i 11 delmål och skolan har getts ansvar att arbeta särskilt med 6 av dessa mål. Regeringen talar idag om den hälsofrämjande skolan och pekar på att hela skolans verksamhet ska genomsyras av en hälsotanke.
Folkhälsofrågan får allt större fokus då staten beslutar att det är en viktig fråga och börjar arbeta aktivt med den. Trots detta, minskar friluftsdagarna i antal, vilket flera organisationer reagerar på. Minskningen av friluftsdagar väcker frågor, då friluftsdagarna många gånger symboliserar mer än en dag utanför skolans byggnad. Det är idag en lärodag där hälso- och miljöfrågor tas upp och lärs ut.
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Fong, Kin Sio. "Norm inequalities for commutators." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2182877.
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Kern, Bianca. "Cooperation and norm enforcement." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-176962.
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COSTA, PAULO SERGIO WEYL ALBUQUERQUE. "AUTONOMY AND NORM LAW." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=6161@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOUNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ
Autonomia e norma jurídica é uma reflexão sobre a norma jurídica. Seu ponto de partida é o de que o pensamento jurídico, seus conceitos de norma e autonomia, estão presos ao paradigma da ciência moderna e, por conseqüência, à concepção ontológica herdada. Mediante esse entendimento, orienta-se a uma crítica ao pensamento moderno e à ontologia que pressupõe. A construção do argumento aproxima o estranhamento à natureza que representa a filosofia à emergência do direito como filosofia prática. Nesse processo, discute a perspectiva de afastamento da norma em relação à natureza, para ensaiar que o pressuposto disjuntivo não possui um fundamento definitivo na tradução, que a metafísica que se consagrou no pensamento antigo reconcilia, na sua ontologia mesma, natureza e norma. Em movimentos que visam o mesmo objeto, pretende identificar os elementos do diálogo do pensamento moderno com a tradição. A emergência do pensamento moderno firmou-se sob os fundamentos da ontologia que consagrada pela tradição socrática: a permanência do direito romano, deu continuidade ao direito natural e permitiu sua reapropriação como razão; a ciência moderna se institui afirmando-se pela violência do método, mas mantendo intactos importantes fundamentos próprios da filosofia clássica. Assim, direito e ciência conduzem pressupostos antigos e os mantém mediante a ressignificação de seus elementos estruturais. Essa herança aparece inteira no paradigma da modernidade e permite compreender o que Boaventura de Souza Santos denomina de crise especular da ciência. Autonomia e norma jurídica aproxima essa crítica à reflexão ontológica, para alcançar o conteúdo da crise da ciência e do direito, com base no pensamento de Cornelius Castoriadis. O presente trabalho, enfrenta, pois, a norma, desde uma reflexão ontológica, identificando a norma não exatamente naquilo em que a norma é criação humana, mas destacando a região onde a norma, como criação humana, é natureza.
Autonomy and norm of law is a reflection on the norm of law. Its starting point is of that the legal thought, its concepts of norm and autonomy, is surrounded by the paradigm of modern science e, for consequence, to the inherited ontological conception. By means of this agreement, the critique is oriented to the modern thought and the ontology that it estimates. The construction of the argument approaches the strangeness to the nature that represents the philosophy to the emergency of the right as practical philosophy. In this process, argues the removal perspective of the norm in relation to nature, to assay that the disjunctive estimated one does not possess a definitive bedding in the tradition, that the metaphysics that if consecrated no old thought reconciles, in its same ontology, nature and norm. In movements that aim at object the same, it intends to identify the elements of the dialogue of the modern thought with the tradition. The emergency of the modern thought was firmed under the beddings of the ontology that consecrated for the Socratic tradition: the permanence of the Roman law, gave continuity to the natural law and allowed its re-appropriation as reason; modern science constitutes affirming itself for the violence of the method, but keeping unbroken important proper beddings of the classic philosophy. Thus, law and science lead antique assumptions and it keeps them by means of the resignificance of its structural elements. This inheritance appears entire in the paradigm of modernity and allows understanding what Boaventura de Souza Saints calls specular crisis of science. Autonomy and norm of law approaches this critique to the ontological reflection, to reach the content of the crisis of science and law, on the basis of the thought of Cornelius Castoriadis. The present work, faces, therefore, the norm, since an ontological reflection, identifying the norm not exactly in what the norm is human creation, but highlighting the region where the norm, as human creation, is nature.
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Serramia, Amoros Marc. "Value-aligned norm selection." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672634.
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Norms have been widely enacted in both human and agent societies to regulate the actions that individuals can perform. However, although legislators may have ethics in mind when establishing norms, moral values are seldom explicitly considered. This thesis advances the state of the art in normative multi-agent systems by providing quantitative and qualitative methods for a decision maker to select the norms to enact within a society that best align with the moral values of such society. We call the problem of selecting these norms, the value-aligned norm selection.
The quantitative approach to align norms and values is grounded on the ethics literature. Specifically, from the study of the relations between norms, actions and values in the literature, we formally define how actions and values relate, through the so-called value judgement functions, and how norms and values relate, through the so-called norm promotion functions. We show that both functions provide the means to compute value alignment for a set of norms, and also that our norm selection problem can be cast as an optimisation problem: finding the set of norms that maximises value alignment. Furthermore, we provide a binary integer program (BIP) encoding to solve the value-aligned norm selection problem with off-the-shelf solvers.
While utilitarian approaches are commonplace in multi-criteria decision making, utilities may not always be available or easy to specify. In the case of value-aligned norm selection, assessing numerically how a norm relates to a value may not be easy for a decision maker. In more general terms, decision makers can often be confronted with the need to select a subset of objects from a set of candidate objects by just counting on qualitative preferences regarding some criteria. In fact, this constitutes a family of problems, which we formalise as dominant set selection problems (DSSP).
We propose two approaches to solve the DSSP depending on how elements relate to the criteria. Both approaches are based on transforming the criteria preferences to preferences over all possible sets of objects. We accomplish so by: (i) grounding the preferences over criteria to preferences over the objects themselves; and (ii) lifting these preferences to preferences over all possible sets of objects. Since the value-aligned norm selection problem is a particular instance of the DSSP, we can readily adapt the proposed qualitative approaches to perform value-aligned norm selection.
Our first qualitative approach supposes binary relations between elements and criteria. In the case of value-aligned norm selection, norms either promote or do not promote values. This approach relies on combining lex-cel (an existing method in the literature to ground preferences over criteria to preferences over elements) with our novel anti-lex-cel (a function that lifts preferences over elements to preferences over sets of these elements), which we formally (and thoroughly) study. Furthermore, we provide a BIP encoding for the DSSP to solve it with optimisation libraries.
Building on the first approach, we consider labelled relations between elements and criteria. For example, in the case of value-aligned norm selection, norms can promote or demote values with different degrees, we can capture these degrees of promotion and demotion through labels. This calls for a new decision making framework, which we formally introduce. Within such framework, we introduce a new method to ground preferences over criteria to preferences over single elements considering the labelled element-criterion relations: multi-criteria lex-cel. The resolution of the value-aligned norm selection problem in this case relies on the combination of multi-criteria lex-cel and anti-lex-cel. Here, we also provide a BIP encoding to solve the DSSP. Furthermore, we formally establish that the contributions of this second approach generalise recent results in the social choice literature.Les normes s’utilitzen àmpliament en societats tant d'humans com d'agents per a regular les accions dels seus individus. Tanmateix, tot i que els legisladors poden estar considerant aspectes ètics de forma intrínseca en definir normes, aquests aspectes no són usualment considerats de forma explícita. Aquesta tesi avança l'estat de l'art en sistemes multiagent normatius formalitzant mètodes quantitatius i qualitatius per seleccionar normes basant-se en els valors morals i les preferències sobre aquests valors. Anomenem aquest procés: selecció de normes alineades als valors. L’aproximació quantitativa a la selecció de normes alineades als valors està basada en la literatura d'ètica. Arran de l'estudi de les relacions entre normes, accions i valors que es fa a la literatura, proposem una definició formal de les relacions entre accions i valors a través de les funcions de judici, i de les relacions entre normes i valors a través de les funcions de promoció. Utilitzem aquestes funcions per calcular l’alineament d’un conjunt de normes amb els valors. D'aquesta manera, la selecció de normes consisteix a trobar el conjunt de normes que maximitzin l’alineament amb els valors. Tot i que les resolucions basades en utilitats són comunes en la presa de decisions, especificar utilitats pot ser una tasca difícil o impossible. Per exemple, no és fàcil avaluar numèricament l'impacte d'una norma sobre un valor. En termes més generals, la selecció d’alguns elements d'un conjunt de candidats, sol estar guiada per criteris de decisió. Identifiquem aquesta família de problemes que anomenem problemes de selecció del conjunt dominant. Proposem dues resolucions per a aquests problemes depenent de com s'especifiquen les relacions entre els elements i els criteris de decisió. Les dues resolucions transformen les preferències sobre criteris en preferències sobre conjunts d'elements. Ho fem en dos passos: (i) transformem les preferències sobre criteris en preferències sobre elements; i (ii) transformem les preferències sobre elements en preferències sobre conjunts d'aquests elements. La solució és el conjunt més preferit. Com que el problema de selecció de normes és una instància de la família de problemes de selecció del conjunt dominant, podem adaptar aquestes resolucions per a la selecció de normes.
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Douglas, Andrew Kevin. "Norm based service selection." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/410355/.
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Distributed computing paradigms are increasingly moving towards collections of interoperating Web services. To facilitate this interoperation, dynamic discovery and selection of services is required. Existing distributed solutions for the dynamic discovery of services primarily focus on the deployment of directory, broker and matchmaking intermediaries, requiring third party participation and additional infrastructure costs. The selection of Web services by autonomous actors has become a well-developed area of research. Service-oriented architectures can now provide for complex interactions described by semantically rich process models, thereby enabling consumption by autonomous agents. With distributed agent-based architectures becoming common, academics are increasingly looking towards norm-based approaches to offer flexible control of interacting agents. Current semantically aware service selection methods rely on matching inputs and outputs provided by services prole models. This approach typically fails to allow actors to differentiate between services where the prole models may match, but the process models differ. In this research, the question is asked: How can an actor with a set of known normative beliefs use these beliefs to aid service selection where IOPE matching typically falls short? The following have been created: a model, a language and a module for the norm-based scoring of process denitions. In doing so it is shown that social norms can be used by actors to reason over the potential cost of any interaction and that this metric can provide useful context when selecting partners where the services' basic inputs and outputs may match, but process model specications may not.
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Hjelmblom, Magnus. "Norm-Regulation of Agent Systems : Instrumentalizing an algebraic approach to agent system norms." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för data- och systemvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-120602.
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An architecture for norm-regulated multi-agent systems based on an algebraic approach to normative systems is instrumentalized and further developed. The core of the instrumentalization is a Prolog module, which together with a Java library can be used for creating client/server-based runtime systems. Norms are represented as conditional sentences, whose normative consequences are formulated by applying normative operators to descriptive conditions. From such general normative conditions follow normative sentences regarding specific states of affairs. These in turn result in permission or prohibition of individual actions in specific situations. Furthermore, an approach to turning runtime systems into instruments for problem-solving by using evolutionary mechanisms for evolving normative systems, is presented. The construction of norm-creating operators on conditions, which forms the basis for the representation of normative systems, is approached from two angles. (i) A logical analysis based on the Kanger-Lindahl theory of normative positions is conducted. This results in two extended sets of types of normative positions, and based on an algebraic version of one of these extended systems, a set of operators for creating agent-specific norms is constructed. (ii) An alternative analysis, which takes as its starting point a systematic exploration of types of state transitions, yields a set of norm-creating operators based on prohibition of transition types. It is furthermore argued that in the context of a class of transition systems, in which transitions are deterministic and associated with a single agent performing an act, operators based on (ii) specify a meaningful semantics of operators based on (i). Theoretical results together with shared code and example applications contribute to make possible theoretically sound, transparently described, and efficiently implemented norm-regulated autonomous agent systems.En arkitektur för normreglerade multiagentsystem baserad på en algebraisk representation av normativa system instrumentaliseras och vidareutvecklas. Kärnan i instrumentaliseringen utgörs av en Prolog-modul som tillsammans med ett Java-bibliotek kan användas för att skapa client/server-baserad körbar kod. Normer representeras som ordnade par av grundvillkor och följdvillkor. De senare konstrueras genom att normativa operatorer appliceras på deskriptiva villkor. Från sådana generella normativa villkor följer normativa satser om specifika sakförhållanden, vilka i sin tur ger upphov till förbud mot eller tillåtelse att utföra enskilda handlingar i olika situationer. Vidare skisseras en metod för att göra körbara multiagentsystem till verktyg för problemlösning genom att använda evolutionära mekanismer för att odla fram normativa system. Konstruktionen av normskapande operatorer på villkor, vilka ligger till grund för representationen av normativa system, betraktas ur två olika synvinklar. (i) En logisk analys, baserad på Kanger-Lindahls teori om normativa positioner. Denna resulterar i två utökade uppsättningar av typer av normativa positioner och utgående från en algebraisk version av ett av dessa utökade system konstrueras sedan en uppsättning operatorer för att skapa agentspecifika normer. (ii) En alternativ analys, som tar sin utgångspunkt i en systematisk undersökning av olika typer av tillståndsövergångar. Denna ger upphov till en uppsättning av normskapande operatorer som är baserade på förbud mot olika typer av övergångar. Argument presenteras vidare för att inom ramen för en klass av övergångssystem, där övergångar är deterministiska och associerade med en agent som utför en handling, så specificerar operatorer baserade på (ii) en meningsfull semantik för operatorer baserade på (i). Teoretiska resultat tillsammans med tillgängliggjord programkod och exempel på tillämpningar bidrar till att underlätta skapandet av teoretiskt sunda, transparent beskrivna och effektivt implementerade normreglerade system av autonoma agenter.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 5: Forthcoming.
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Sane, Abdoul Karim. "De la topologie des courbes sur les surfaces aux cartes unicellulaires." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN028/document.
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Cette thèse se place à l'interface entre la topologie et la combinatoire. On s'intéresse dans un premier temps au problème de réalisation des boules unités duales des normes d'intersections sur les surfaces orientables. On montre aussi un certain lien entre les normes d'intersections et la norme de Thurston sur les 3-variétés.On montre par ailleurs l'existence d'un graphe dit de chirurgie sur l'ensemble des cartes unicellulaires d'une surface orientable. Dans le cas des collections unicellulaires et de cartes cubiques unicellulaires, le graphe de chirurgie s'avère connexeThis thesis stay in between topology and combinatory. Our first concerned is the problem of realization of dual unit ball of intersection norms on orientable surfaces. We also show a certain relation between intersection norms and Thurston norms on 3-manifolds. On the other part, we show the existence of graph structure on unicellular maps on orientable surface coming from a surgery operation on unicellular maps: a surgery graph. Its happen that surgery graph on unicellular collections and cubic unicellular maps is connected
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Yu, Jia (Joya). "Social network perspective of team norm enforcement." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6896.
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Team norms are one of the most frequently used explanations of how teams as a collective entity can influence individual member’s behaviors (Hackman & Walton, 1986; Bettenhausen & Murnighan, 1991; Feldman, 1984). Despite such importance, current theoretical and empirical development of team norms is relatively inadequate. In this dissertation, I view norm strength and norm enforcement as two central pillars of team norms, and specifically examine team norm enforcement from a social network perspective. I first develop a typology based on the existing literature and specify the behavior content of three types of norm enforcement mechanisms: sanction, recognition and learning. Second, I examine the impact of the structural and configural properties on team performance. This model was tested on 799 employees nested in 101 work teams from China. Results from the data analysis have offered partial support that the structural characteristics of norm enforcement network had impacts on team performance above and beyond norm strength.
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Troncoso, Rey Perla. "Extending Minkowski norm illuminant estimation." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/41970/.
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The ability to obtain colour images invariant to changes of illumination is called colour constancy. An algorithm for colour constancy takes sensor responses - digital images - as input, estimates the ambient light and returns a corrected image in which the illuminant influence over the colours has been removed. In this thesis we investigate the step of illuminant estimation for colour constancy and aim to extend the state of the art in this field. We first revisit the Minkowski Family Norm framework for illuminant estimation. Because, of all the simple statistical approaches, it is the most general formulation and, crucially, delivers the best results. This thesis makes four technical contributions. First, we reformulate the Minkowski approach to provide better estimation when a constraint on illumination is employed. Second, we show how the method can (by orders of magnitude) be implemented to run much faster than previous algorithms. Third, we show how a simple edge based variant delivers improved estimation compared with the state of the art across many datasets. In contradistinction to the prior state of the art our definition of edges is fixed (a simple combination of first and second derivatives) i.e. we do not tune our algorithm to particular image datasets. This performance is further improved by incorporating a gamut constraint on surface colour -our 4th contribution. The thesis finishes by considering our approach in the context of a recent OSA competition run to benchmark computational algorithms operating on physiologically relevant cone based input data. Here we find that Constrained Minkowski Norms operi ii ating on spectrally sharpened cone sensors (linear combinations of the cones that behave more like camera sensors) supports competition leading illuminant estimation.
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Kollingbaum, Martin Josef. "Norm-governed practical reasoning agents." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415494.
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This thesis describes a model of norm-governed practical reasoning agents and demonstrates the implementation of this model in the form of the No A Normative Agent language and architecture. The introduction of normative concepts such as obligations, permissions and prohibitions into the practical reasoning of an agent is motivated by the need for effective coordination mechanisms in open systems. These are typically "multi-vendor" scenarios, where independently designed agents, as representatives of human organisations and individuals, form short to medium term coalitions and collaborate in the performance of specific tasks. Electronic commerce is one of the most prominent examples of such scenarios. The use of autonomous software agents provides the necessary flexibility in these scenarios, but the critical issues such as action coordination and trust remain. Agents joining a group, or society, of agents must undergo a process of socialisation -they are required to accept the "normative standard" of such a group that regulates the actions and interactions of members. Such a normative standard cannot be hard-coded into an agent, as this standard may not be known in advance to the designer of the agent. Agents need a form of "social awareness" - they must be able to adopt and, ideally, abide by societal norms. The importance of normative concepts as a regulatory mechanism can be seen by observing their analogue in human society. In fact, mature research exists in the understanding of how legal, or normative, systems are established within human societies and how they impact on the activities of social individuals. This thesis takes normative concepts from human societies as an inspiration for the development of norm-based artificial societies and norm-governed practical reasoning agents. The key contribution of the research presented in this thesis is a model of agents that are able to take normative positions into account during practical reasoning. With the ability to acquire new norms and the capacity to reconsider them as appropriate influences on its activities, the agent is enabled to not just apply norms, but to reason about whether to honour them - the agent becomes norm-autonomous.
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Stone, Christopher A. "Towards a deaf translation norm." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434795.
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Sjöstrand, Rebecka. "REPRESENTATIONER AV NORM-BRYTANDE FUNKTIONSVARIATIONER." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24582.
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Hur vi pratar och skriver konstituerar våra kunskaper och verklighetsuppfattningar och därmed kan en inte betrakta mänsklig kommunikation som en neutral handling. Språket utgör ett redskap som vidmakthåller ability privilege, sociala relationer och maktstrukturer. Många gånger är detta något som inte belyses i forskning inom Sverige och inom Sveriges rådande socialpolitik. Hur och utifrån vilka sammanhang rådande politiken väljer att belysa ett visst fenomen formar dock människors uppfattningar och förhållningssätt till fenomenet. Målet med detta arbete är att studera hur individer med normbrytande funktioner kan representeras på kommuners webbsajter. Främsta fokuseringen i arbetet är att tydliggöra vilka begrepp, perspektiv och kontexter kommunerna representerar normbrytande funktioner utifrån. Detta kommer att göras utifrån en belysning av förhållandet mellan skriftligt språk och samhälle. Studien har även i syfte att framhäva om normativa verklighetsuppfattningar och kunskapsbildningar används och framhävs i kommunernas skriftliga information om individer med normbrytande funktioner. I studien har fyra kommuner inom Skåne valts ut och utefter deras material har länkar med relevans för normbrytande funktioner och detta arbete valts ut. Blicken i detta arbete vilar på able som teori och på diskurs som teori, en blick som används för att kunna få en förståelse över normativa mönster, strukturer och historiska-och sociala konstruktioner i representationer av normbrytande funktioner. Många gånger kan konstruktioner av beteende och handlingsmönster m.m., genom diskurser upplevas som något självklart och absolut. Genom Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys kommer data i detta arbete analyseras utifrån Faircloughs tredimensionella modell i syfte om att kunna identifiera diskurser som utgör en konstituerande funktion i bildningen och reproduceringen av ojämlika maktförhållanden. Utifrån analysens resultat framgick det att representationer av individer med normbrytande funktioner övergripande gånger gjordes med begreppet “funktionsnedsättning” och utifrån en medicinsk förståelse för normbrytande funktioner. Vid enstaka tillfällen kan en se representationsformer av kommuner som grundar sig i en individ och omgivnings kontext. Individen blir i materialet konstruerad till ett objekt med problem, svårigheter som är i behov av stöd och hjälp för att klara av sitt vardagsliv och roll i samhället. I materialet framgick ett tydligt fokus på individens funktioner och vid enstaka gånger ålder medan kön och etnicitet inte belystes i texten. Beskrivningar av normbrytande funktioner vilar övergripande gånger på ett karaktäristiskt tänkt för able och dess normativa förväntningar på beteende mönster och funktionella funktioner.How we speak and write constitutes our knowledge and perceptions of reality and because of this, human communication cannot be understood as a neutral act. Even though language is a tool that maintains ability privileges, social relationships and power structures, language is continued to stay in the shadow in Swedish research and within Sweden's current social policy. How and from what context prevailing policies choose to highlight a particular phenomenon, however, shape people's perceptions and approaches to the phenomenon. The aim of this work is to study how individuals that live with functions that do not classify as a norm can be represented on municipalities’ public websites. The main focus of the work is to clarify what concepts, perspectives and contexts the municipalities represent individuals that lives with functions that doesn't classified as a norm, from. This will be based on an explanation of the relationship between written language and society. The study also aims to emphasize how normative perceptions of reality and knowledge images are used and highlighted in the municipalities written information about individuals with functions that doesn't classified as a norm. For this study, websites with information about individuals with functions that doesn't classified as a norm and with relevance to this study, were selected from four municipalities in the county of Skåne. The look of this work rests on able as theory and discourse as theory, a glance used to gain an understanding of normative patterns, structures and historical and social constructions in representations of functions that doesn't classified as a norm. Many times, constructions of behavior and action patterns, etc., through discourses, are perceived as something clear and absolute. Through Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, the data in this work will be analyzed based on Fairclough's three-dimensional model in order to identify discourses that constitute a constituent function in the formation and reproduction of unequal power relationships. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that representations of individuals with norm breaking functions were repeatedly made with the term “disability” and based on a medical understanding of norm breaking functions. On occasional occasions one can see forms of representation of municipalities and cities based on an individual and surrounding context. The individual are being constructed as an object with problems, difficulties that are in need of support and help to cope with their daily life and role in society. The material showed a clear focus on the individual's functions and at times of age, while gender and ethnicity are not highlighted in the text. Descriptions of norm breaking features do at all times rest in a characteristic thinking of the able and its normative expectations of behavior patterns and functional functions.
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Bartlett, Brendan C. "Norm emergence and humanitarian intervention." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2008/Dec/08Dec%5FBartlett.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision-Making))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Clunan, Anne. "December 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 29, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-141). Also available in print.
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Good, Elizabeth. "Strengthening the norm against torture : an alternative look at the implications of US norm violation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59084.
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This paper addresses how the domestic violation of the anti-torture norm within the United States during the Bush administration and the War on Terror has affected the international norm against torture. The United States’ evident and contemporary violation of a norm assumed to be internalized by the vast majority of countries has led various scholars to question the robustness of the anti-torture norm. I seek to contribute to the underdeveloped perspective that norms strengthen through contestation by arguing that US domestic violation has not regressed the norm, but rather has strengthened the international anti-torture norm. This paper attempts to take advantage of the increasing prevalence of credible accounts of torture by employing Bayesian Process Tracing as a means of increasing the transparency of empirical findings that counter the argument that the norm against torture is in regress and support the claim that the norm against torture has been strengthened through US violation.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Lotze, Walter. "Interventionist norm development in international society : the responsibility to protect as a norm too far?" Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1850.
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This research makes use of a Constructivist approach to norm development, in particular the concept of the norm life cycle, to assess the emergence and development of the responsibility to protect as a norm in international society in relation to the conduct of interventions on humanitarian grounds. This study finds that the responsibility to protect emerged relatively rapidly in international society as a norm relevant to the formulation and implementation of international responses to conflict situations characterised by the commission of atrocity crimes. Indeed, between 2001 and 2010, this study finds that the responsibility to protect norm became codified and entrenched in international organisation, and could therefore have been expected to influence state behaviour, and the discourse surrounding that behaviour, in relation to the conduct of interventions on humanitarian grounds. However, through an assessment of the application of the norm through the United Nations and the African Union to the conflicts in the Darfur region of Sudan from 2003 onwards, the study finds that the norm, while featuring relatively prominently in discourse surrounding Darfur between 2007 and 2008 in the United Nations, appears to have receded thereafter, disappearing from discourse by 2009 altogether, and appears not to have been useful to the attainment of its content goal, namely preventing or halting the commission of atrocity crimes, in the case of Darfur. Indeed, the norm may even have contributed to complicating, as opposed to facilitating, international engagement on Darfur. This study explores the apparent contradiction between the emergence and entrenchment of the responsibility to protect norm in international society at the same time as the norm appears to have increasingly faded from discourse surrounding international responses to the conflicts in Darfur, and assesses the implications of this both for the future development and utility of the norm, as well as for future responses to conflicts characterised by atrocity crimes on the African continent.
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Barnes, Natasha Jane. "Middle Powers as Norm Entrepreneurs:Comparative Diplomatic Strategies for thePromotion of the Norm of Nuclear Disarmament." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Social and Political Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6147.
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The New Agenda Coalition (NAC) has been widely noted for its contribution to 2000 Review
Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The
NAC played a bridge-building role to negotiate a consensus between the nuclear weapons
states (NWS) and the non-aligned movement (NAM). While the outcome, document known
as the 13 Practical Steps for Nuclear Disarmament is a significant achievement, it is the
coalition strategy employed by the middle power states that is the most important
contribution to the study of nuclear disarmament diplomacy.
This research proposes that middle power states, such as those involved in the NAC, are
effective advocates of the emerging international norm of nuclear disarmament when acting
in coalition with other like-minded middle powers. This research aims to test the capacity of
these states to develop the case for nuclear disarmament, persuasively reject or rebut
opposing arguments, and constrain the nuclear policies of more powerful states. This thesis
holds that the NAC is one example of a larger trend in international disarmament diplomacy
of using middle power coalitions to generate disarmament momentum. The middle power
coalition approach is identifiable in nuclear, chemical and biological weapons disarmament
efforts as well as in the antipersonnellandmines, small arms and light weapons, and cluster
munitions disarmament processes.
Martha Finnemore and Katherine Sikkink's 'norm life cycle' in Interna'tional Norm
Dynamics and Political Change provides a mechanism which can be use to explain how
new international norms can develop and is therefore, an appropriate frame of reference as
nuclear disarmament is best characterised as an emerging international norm. Analysis of the
case studies is made possible by integrating the outcomes of the theoretical discussion into a
template of moderator variables. These variables determine the strength of the relationship
between use of the coalition approach and the impact of middle powers as disarmament norm
entrepreneurs.
Middle power states that employ the coalition approach have adopted a variety of strategies
including state-sponsored and state-led efforts, making extensive use of non-governmental
partnerships. This research establishes the factors that contribute to successful middle power
coalition disarmament advocacy, the international conditions in which these coalitions are
likely to be successful and the capacity of the states involved to mitigate and respond to
challenges as they present themselves.
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Lönn, Mathilda. ""Det som är norm i vardagen är inte norm här" : Svenska konvent som sekulära ritualer." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323637.
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The purpose of this thesis is to establish whether Swedish fan conventions organised around East-Asian popular culture such as anime and manga can be identified as a form of secular ritual. The methods used to determine this include participant observation, interviews and ethnographic data. Defining secular ritual as a performance event that establishes an alternative context that transforms the everyday without being connected to a religious or supernatural worldview or origin, we find that Swedish conventions of this kind may be called a form of ritual that engages people united by a common, broad field of interests and a notion of being outside of society’s norms in different ways, most notably in regards to sexuality and gender. This opens a discussion about Swedish fan conventions and how they may inform us about the use and function of rituals in a secularised society.
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Conceição, Roberta Bohrer da. "Normas linguísticas do português do Brasil: a ideologia da norma-padrão." Niterói, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/3916.
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Com essa pesquisa tem-se a intenção de enriquecer o debate sobre o tema das normas linguísticas, mais especificamente acerca das normas linguísticas coexistentes no português do Brasil, mostrando a visão de importantes autores da sociolinguística no que concerne à divisão e nomenclatura dessas normas, além de esclarecer os aspectos socio-históricos envolvidos na constituição da norma padrão brasileira. Também busca evidenciar que há um aparato ideológico, denominado aqui de ideologia da norma-padrão, que mantém o status elevado de uma norma, a prescritiva, sobre as demais, normas cultas e normas populares. Para isso, observamos como esta ideologia se manifesta na sociedade através da análise de comentários feitos por seguidores da página “Palavra Certa – Dicas da Língua Portuguesa” pertencente à rede social Facebook. Com esta análise foi possível identificar as representações que diferentes falantes têm não só da língua portuguesa, como também dos usos que outros falantes fazem dessa língua
With this research the intention is to enrich the debate on the theme of linguistic norms, especifically about the linguistic norms that coexist in brasilian portuguese, showing the vision of importants sociolinguistic authors, concerning the division and nomenclature of these norms, in addition clarifies the socio-historical aspects involved in the constitution of the brasilian standard norm. Also seeks to evidence that exists an ideological apparatus, named here as the ideology of standard norm, that maintains the hight status of one norm, the prescriptive, above the others, cultured norms and popular norms. For this it observes how this ideology manifests itself in a society through analysis of comments made by followers of the page “Palavra Certa – Dicas da Língua Portuguesa” belongs to Facebook social network. With this analysis it was possible to identify the representations that the speakers have not only of the portuguese language, but also of the use that different speakers make in this language
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Schnabelrauch, Chelsea A. "Misperception of alcohol norms: influence of others' comments on perception of norm drinking behaviors." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15948.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Psychological Sciences
Laura A. Brannon
Previous research has repeatedly demonstrated that undergraduate students overrate others’ norm comfort with and consumption of alcohol (i.e., Prentice & Miller, 1993). This is a dangerous misperception, as students are increasing their personal alcohol intake and / or frequency in order to match their incorrect perception of how much everyone else is drinking. Already assuming that their peers are more comfortable with, and consume more, alcohol than they do, college students’ perception of norm alcohol use may be influenced by peer comments indicating approval / disapproval of alcohol use. Thus, the present study experimentally tested whether a positive or negative comment in reaction to a portrayal of excessive drinking would influence participants’ perceptions of drinking behavior among their campus peers, and whether the sex of the person making the comment differentially influences participants’ perceptions of each sex’s extent of participation in drinking. Participants’ perceptions of drinking behavior were not influenced by the confederate comment nor confederate sex; however, participants consistently estimated that the drinking norm is higher for males than females. Additionally, female participants perceived the drinking norm to be higher than did male participants. Participants’ ratings of the confederates did differ, however, depending on the comment; participants rated the confederates more favorably when the comment made was negative / criticizing of excessive drinking than when the comment made was positive / endorsing of excessive drinking.
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Pehrson, Bibbi. "Navigating EU Norms : A Case Study of Norm Resistance in Georgia's Electoral Reform Process." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443830.
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EU’s international role as a normative power can be questioned as the current foreign policy of the Eastern Partnership implies a limit to the union’s ability to democratize. An alignment with EU norms is often seen through a dichotomy of compliance or non-compliance, overlooking other forms of resistance stemming from a nexus of international compliance pressure, and defiance pressure from hybrid regime structures. This applies to Georgia, a pro-EU country in the Eastern Partnership, committed to EU norms while maintaining a skewed playing field in favor of incumbents. Through the application of a theoretical framework developed in memory studies, a range of rhetorical adaptation strategies employed by the ruling party regarding electoral reforms delineates a norm navigation. A qualitative content analysis of statements and events relating to the long-contested electoral system during 2015-2019 shows a variation of strategies used, pointing in a direction of increased pressure to align with prescribed EU norms. Whether EU or domestic political forces can be credited is difficult to determine, yet the nuances of norm resistance are important to analytically separate from overarching labels, as states’ rhetorical commitments need a critical perspective to better understand the limits to EU’s normative power in the Eastern Partnership.
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Ålander, Katarina, and Elin Klar. "En balansakt – att vara lagom bra mamma : En kvalitativ studie om normer kring moderskap och jämställdhet." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för sociala och psykologiska studier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-45357.
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This study was conducted to investigate norms for motherhood and gender equality among Swedish mothers. The aim was to find if there are differences in how women relate to the norms, how they control impressions they send out, and if there is any conflict regarding these norms. Used theoretical framework was norms in general and impression management. We used a qualitative approach, and conducted interviews with mothers of young children. The results show that women relate to the norms about the good mother as a norm, feeling guilt and shame, not being able to reach up to all expectations, but also facing sanctions when being too good. On the other hand we find that the Swedish gender equality ideal, aren’t a norm but an ideal and that some women refer to equality in the household as a question of that both should be satisfied. We believe this is a proof of that the Swedish equality has not yet been integrated in the society norms, for our informants. We also find that norms and ideal affect the impression management. Various number of expectations therefore results into a norm conflict for the mother. All together these expectations are unreachable, and results in sanctions of for example guilt and shame. We introduce a new concept to describe all these norms and the norm conflict within the mother; norm conglomeration. Our conclusion are that to be a good mother you must be moderate both related to motherhood norms and ideals of gender equality.
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Benderson, Martin. "Norms, Social Fitness and the Construction of Intersubjectivity - A Study of the Norm Entrepreneurship of the World Bank and the Diffusion of the Norm of Good Governance." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22732.
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This study deals with the process of norm diffusion in international politics. It primarily analyses and explains the diffusion of the norm of ’good governance’ initiated by the World Bank in 1989. In so doing the study delivers an analysis of the norm entrepreneurship of the World Bank in this specific case of norm diffusion. Moreover, the analysis reflects on the capacity of the World Bank as a norm entrepreneur from a more general point of view. An analytical framework that mainly draws on social constructivist literature on norm evolution is developed and applied to the empirical case at hand. The analysis is divided into two parts. The first section focuses on normative structures and the second section concentrates on the norm entrepreneur. The last concluding part wraps up the analysis of the empirical case by explaining how the first and the second part of the inquiry relate. The present study suggests that social fitness is the key analytical concept to understand the process of norm diffusion in the case at hand. The analysis shows how the social fitness of the norm of ‘good governance’ and the social fitness of the World Bank as an international organisation are fundamental to understand the diffusion of the norm of ‘good governance’. The theoretical conception of norm diffusion delivered in the present study suggests that international organisations can be influential and powerful norm entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the study incorporates a theoretical conception of power into the analysis of norm diffusion and shows how power in different forms is a fundamental element to understand and analyse the social construction of intersubjectivity.
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Trentini, Michael. "Mixed norm control of a helicopter." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0034/NQ38512.pdf.
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Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard. "Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit : ethische Norm und Rechtswirklichkeit." Stuttgart Kohlhammer, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&docl̲ibrary=BVB01&docn̲umber=015059558&linen̲umber=0001&funcc̲ode=DBR̲ECORDS&servicet̲ype=MEDIA.
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Kennedy, Christine 1978. "Norm entrepreneurship : Canada's tips to tipping." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116011.
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Although the influence of normative ideas on the behaviour of states occupy an evermore significant place in political science and international relations, important questions remain with respect to how international norms come into existence. International norm scholars have been criticized for failing to demonstrate how actors might forge and change norms. How do norm entrepreneurs influence the process of norm development? Further, under what conditions are norm entrepreneurs likely to be successful in norm diffusion? To begin answering these questions, this paper draws on constructivist insights to present a model of norm evolution highlighting the role of the norm entrepreneur and conducts an interpretive case study methodology to provide an empirical illustration. It examines the evolution of the "Responsibility to Protect" (R2P) norm with particular attention to the norm entrepreneurial role of Canadian foreign policy to highlight how norm-building processes are inextricably intertwined with agents who are engaged in fostering nonnative change.The R2P is considered to be a nonnative breakthrough in international relations and has emerged as an important instrument for upholding and promoting human security. While Canada has been praised for its leadership in promulgating the R2P, there is little empirical scholarship that links the development process of the R2P norm to Canadian foreign policy. How has Canada, with no demonstrative material capability, been able to advance the R2P on the international stage? This thesis develops an understanding of how agents can shape an international norm by acting as a "tipping agent" in the process of norm creation. It concludes by identifying the possibilities and limitations of norm entrepreneurs to influence world politics.
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Babatunde, Patrick O. "Norm-based methods in observer design." Thesis, Brunel University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340841.
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Blake, Mark D. "Asymptotically norm-continuous semigroups of operators." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312150.
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Christelis, George Dimitri. "Automated norm synthesis in planning environments." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5730.
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Multiagent systems offer a design paradigm used to conceptualise and implement systems composed of autonomous agents. Autonomy facilitates proactive independent behaviour yet in practice agents are constrained in order to ensure the system satisfies a desired social objective. Explicit constraints on agent behaviour, in the form of social norms, encourage this desirable system behaviour, yet research has largely focused on norm representation languages and protocols for norm proposal and adoption. The fundamental problem of how to automate the process of norm synthesis has largely been overlooked with norms assumed provided by the designer. Previous work has shown that automating the design of social norms is intractable in the worst case. Existing approaches, relying on state space enumerations, are effective for small systems but impractical for larger ones. Furthermore, they do not produce a set of succinct, general norms but rather a large number of state-specific restrictions. This work presents conflict-rooted synthesis, an automated norm synthesis approach that utilises a planning-based action schemata to overcome these limitations. These action schemata facilitate localised searches around specifications of undesirable states, using representations of sets of system states to avoid a full state enumeration. The proposed technique produces concise, generalised social norms that are applicable in multiple system states while also providing guarantees that agents are still able to achieve their original goals in the constrained system. To improve efficiency a set of theoretically sound, domain-independent optimisations are presented that reduce the state space searched without compromising the quality of the norms synthesised. A comparison with an alternative model checking based technique illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of our approach, while an empirical evaluation highlights the improved efficiency and quality of norms it produces at the cost of a less expressive specification of undesirable states. We empirically investigate the effectiveness of each of the proposed optimisations using a set of benchmark domains, quantifying how successful each of them is at reducing search complexity in practice. The results show that, with all optimisations enabled, conflict-rooted synthesis produces more generally applicable and succinct norms and consumes fewer system resources. Additionally, we show that this approach synthesises norms in systems where the competing approach is intractable. We provide a discussion of our approach, highlighting the impact our abstract search approach has on the fields of multiagent systems and automated planning, and discuss the limitations and assumptions we have made. We conclude with a presentation of future work.
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Rosler, Frank. "Norm-resolvent estimates and perforated domains." Thesis, Durham University, 2018. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12736/.
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In this thesis we are concerned with norm-resolvent estimates for unbounded linear operators. The text is structured into four parts. The first two parts contain mathematical preliminaries, reviews of previous work and an introduction into the two results which constitute parts three and four. In the third part we are concerned with the non-normal Schrödinger operator H = −∆+V on L2(Rd), where Re(V(x))≥c|x|2−b for some c,b>0. The spectrum of this operator is discrete and its real part is bounded below by −b. In general, the ε-pseudospectrum of H will have an unbounded component for any ε > 0 and thus will not approximate the spectrum in a global sense. By exploiting the fact that the semigroup exp(−tH) is immediately compact, we show a complementary result, namely that for every δ > 0, R > 0 there exists an ε > 0 such that the ε-pseudospectrum is contained in the union of the half plane {Re(z)>R} and disks of radius δ around the eigenvalues. In particular, the unbounded component of the pseudospectrum escapes towards +∞ as ε decreases. Additionally, we give two examples of non-selfadjoint Schrödinger operators outside of our class and study their pseudospectra in more detail. In Part IV, we prove norm-resolvent convergence, as ε→0, for the operator −∆ in domain perforated ε-periodically, to the limit operator −∆+μ on L2(Ω), where μ∈C is a constant depending on the choice of boundary conditions on the holes (we consider Dirichlet, Neumann and Robin boundary conditions). This is an improvement of previous results by [Cioranescu-Murat(1997)], [Kaizu(1985)], which show strong resolvent convergence. In particular, our result implies Hausdorff convergence of the spectrum of the resolvent for the perforated domain problem.
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Gowling, Sarah. "Experiences of parenting beyond the norm." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/111470/.
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This thesis focusses on issues surrounding parenting beyond the norm. This refers to experiences of parenting and being parented in situations which are not the 'typical'. The first chapter presents a systematic review of qualitative research which has been conducted looking at children and adult children's experience of having a parent with an alcohol problem. Thirteen papers were included in the review. Children described their lives as having been affected by their parent's alcohol problem through to adulthood; impacting on their emotional and psychological development. An adult child's ability to accept and move on from their early experiences are shown to be complex. These families are hard to reach and engage. Therefore, providing children with opportunities to talk to someone outside of the family is important. A critique of the papers included in this review is given and ideas for future research are suggested. Chapter two presents a qualitative research study into the experience mothers have during the early bonding period with twin infants. Six mothers of twins participated in semi-structured interviews. The study was informed and analysed using principles of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The findings of this study suggest the process of bonding with twins is complex, with mothers' experiences being driven by guilt, loss and a need to adapt. All the mothers felt they had bonded but that the process of bonding was different to what they had expected. Results are discussed in line with clinical and research implications. The final chapter is a reflective account of the experience the author had of conducting this research. The paper reflects on the experience of holding both 'insider' and 'outsider' positions, and on the discovery of parallel processes occurring for the author alongside the participants experiences. The meaning of, and the value of reflective practice to the author is also discussed.
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Bennett, Robin Catherine. "Implementing norm-governed multi-agent systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/18994.
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The actions and interactions of independently acting agents in a multi-agent system must be managed if the agents are to function effectively in their shared environment. Norms, which define the obligatory, prohibited and permitted actions for an agent to perform, have been suggested as a possible method for regulating the actions of agents. Norms are local rules designed to govern the actions of individual agents whilst also allowing the agents to achieve a coherent global behaviour. However, there appear to be very few instances of norm-governed multi-agent systems beyond theoretical examples. We describe an implementation strategy for allowing autonomous agents to take a set of norms into account when determining their actions. These norms are implemented using directives, which are local rules specifying actions for an agent to perform depending on its current state. Agents using directives are implemented in a simulation test bed, called Sinatra. Using Sinatra, we investigate the ability of directives to manage agent actions. We begin with directives to manage agent interactions. We find that when agents rely on only local rules they will encounter situations where the local rules are unable to achieve the desired global behaviour. We show how a centralised control mechanism can be used to manage agent interactions that are not successfully handled by directives. Controllers, with a global view of the interaction, instruct the individual agents how to act. We also investigate the use of an existing planning tool to implement the resolution mechanism of a controller. We investigate the ability of directives to coordinate the actions of agents in order to achieve a global objective more effectively. Finally, we present a case study of how directives can be used to determine the actions of autonomous mobile robots.
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Rocha, Daniel Carvalho Junior. "Wavefield imaging using the energy norm." Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10001860.
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For various wavefield types, one can formulate a measurement of the mechanical energy that satisfies conservation laws. Based on this formulation, one can derive an energy norm that is applicable to wavefield imaging. Extending the concept of the norm to an inner product, one can compare two related wavefields. Therefore, an imaging condition can be defined as the inner product between the source and receiver wavefields at every spatial location. In this regard, the imaging condition based on the energy inner product accounts for wavefield directionality in space and time, overcoming some problems present in the conventional imaging condition.
I exploit the wavefield directionality information from the energy imaging condition to attenuate unwanted events in reverse time migrated (RTM) images. For acoustic wavefields, these unwanted events are characterized by the collinearity of the source and receiver raypaths, and they are described as RTM backscattering artifacts. For elastic wavefields, these events are characterized by the fact that source and receiver displacement fields have the same polarization and wave propagation directions. In both acoustic and elastic cases, one can to attenuate these artifacts and produce high quality images.
Another application that uses the wavefield directionality is to enhance the full waveform inversion (FWI) gradient for acoustic wavefields. By enhancing wave events that are collinear and suppressing all other wave events, I am able to compute gradients that are more suitable for the inversion process.
Numerical experiments show the efficacy of these applications for synthetic models that emulate the complexity of subsurface structures found in exploration seismology, such as salt bodies, diffractors, dipping layers and faults.
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Lindstedt, Moa. "Hållbart mode : Illusion eller framtida norm?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för mediestudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131054.
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Hållbart mode ansågs länge tråkigt och komplicerat, i rak motsats till modeveckornas flärd. Numera har begreppet blivit moderiktigt och spelar en central roll i det paradigmskifte modevärlden står inför tack vare ny teknik och digitala plattformer. I en reportageserie har jag undersökt modeindustrins hållbarhet ur tre olika perspektiv; produktion, design och framtidsspaning. Vad är innebär begreppet hållbart mode? Hur ser industrin ut i dagsläget? Vad kan en på individnivå göra? Och hur ser framtidens mode ut? Genom att förankra resonemang och frågeställningar i tidigare forskning och litteratur har jag djupgående granskat ämnet för att kunna besvara frågan om en industri som bygger på konsumtion och en växelverkan av trender kan bli hållbar? Eller är hållbart mode en paradox. Reportageserien genomfördes i New Delhi, Stockholm och Borås i form av kvalitativa intervjuer med experter och ett wallraffande. I reflektionsrapporten förankras det journalistiska arbetet i etiska diskussioner kring journalistisk metod, genre, etnocentrism och källkritik. Syftet med studien var att lyfta fram hållbarhetsproblematiken och ge en mångfacetterad och realistisk bild över modeindustrins hållbarhetsutveckling, både på materiell- och humanitär nivå.
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Hughes, Kajsa. "Trump's Twiplomacy - A New Diplomatic Norm?" Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22515.
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This study examined how Trump frames various countries and their leaders and whether the framing changes from different factors. It also observed whether foreign leaders were following the same path as Trump in their diplomatic communication and interaction on Twitter. This was to contribute more knowledge that connects global politics with social media to see if changes of frames through Twitter caused any global political consequences. Theories including realist constructivism and framing theory, along with concepts of social norms, political context, events, and enemy images, were applied to the study. Using directed content analysis, together with longitudinal and comparative elements, the findings showed a separation between Trump’s and the other leaders’ tweets. Almost all tweets were connected to the concepts, and various techniques of framing were identified in tweets from most leaders. However, Trump’s informal,disdain, and dramatics in his tweets have distanced himself from the rest of the leaders’ posts. Although a couple of leaders’ attempt to be hostile towards Trump and the U.S. in their tweets, they were still formal. It shows that not only is Trump’s Twiplomacy a reflection of American superpower forcefulness, but also a unique form that the rest choose to ignore.
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Sigemark, Elisabeth, and Eva Frennered. "Ekologiska boendemiljöer, en norm för framtiden?" Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21458.
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Hållbar utveckling är ett av de viktigaste ämnena som diskuteras idag. Även när det gäller stadsplanering har hållbarhet blivit en av de viktigaste frågorna att diskutera. I Sverige har vi under de två senaste decennierna sett flera utvecklingsprojekt som präglats av en strävan mot hållbarhet och ekologiska boendemiljöer. Vi frågar oss i denna studie om huruvida utvecklingen av hållbara och ekologiska boendemiljöer kommer att bli en norm i framtiden och hur arbetet mot denna norm bör ske. Vi jämför här två utvecklingsprojekt som har haft stort inflytande på hållbar stadsplanering, Bo01 i Malmö och Hammarby Sjöstad i Stockholm. Dessa två projekt har genererat nya innovationer för ett mer miljövänligt boende. Deras arbetsmetoder och resultat har vi jämfört med ett nytt, pågående utvecklingsprojekt i Helsingborg, H+. Vi har analyserat hur de i H+-projektet arbetar för att bli en förebild för den hållbara staden, vilket är dess mål (Stadsbyggnadsförvaltningen, 2008a:5). I vår studie har vi kommit fram till att vi i Sverige fortfarande har en bit kvar till att skapa en norm för ekologiska boendemiljöer och att det krävs hårdare krav från högre instanser för att nå detta mål.Sustainable development is one of the most relevant topics to deal with today. Especially in the area of urban planning it has become one of the most important questions to discuss. In Sweden we have for the last two decades seen several development projects that have set examples for sustainable and ecological living environments. In this essay we want to clarify whether sustainable and ecological living environments are going to be a norm in the future of urban planning. We have compared two development projects which have had great impact on sustainable urban planning, Bo01 in Malmö and Hammarby Sjöstad in Stockholm. These two projects have generated new innovations for a more environmental-friendly housing. We have compared their methods of working and results to a new, ongoing development project in the city of Helsingborg called H+. We have analyzed how they, compared to Bo01 and Hammarby Sjöstad, are working towards being a role model for sustainable urban development which is their goal (Stadsbyggnadsförvaltningen, 2008a:5). In our study we have reached the conclusion that in Sweden we are far from setting a norm for ecological living environments and that we need to elaborate better tools for planning and stricter demands from higher instances to reach this norm.
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McBride, Aimee. "Deliberation and the Norm of Participation." Thesis, Sociology and Social Policy, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7126.
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Participation is a term that by its own nature reflects the desire to be a part of something that is greater than the individual experience. In modern societies, the desire to socialise is most often positioned within the political borders of democracy. The rise of representative democracy, beginning in the seventeenth century and exerting its political power with increasing force in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, formalised what was originally a socially-held demand for participation. In light of this tradition, citizen-participation has for many years been considered a means of connecting the elected government with the wider social community. Mechanisms such as voting have been designed to communicate the interest of the public to their representatives. In recent years, citizens‟ failure to engage with these mechanisms has generated a growing body of literature on declining levels of participation. This failure has also led to the inability of liberal democracies to legitimise their own authority.
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Greenberg, Alexander David. "The truth norm account of justification." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271334.
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This thesis is about the relationship between a belief being justified and it being true. It defends a version of the view that the fundamental point of having a justified belief is to have a true one. The particular version of that view it defends is the claim that belief is subject to a truth norm – i.e. a norm or standard that says that one should believe something if and only if it’s true. It claims that belief being subject to such a truth norm can explain which beliefs count as justified and which do not. After introducing the idea of a truth norm (Ch. 1), the argument of my thesis involves two main stages. Part One of the thesis (Chs. 2-3) contains the first stage, in which I argue that my way of arguing for a truth norm, on the basis of its explanatory role in epistemology, is much more likely to be successful than a more popular way of arguing for a truth norm, on the basis of its explanatory role in the philosophy of mind. Part Two (Chs. 4-7) contains the second stage, in which I argue that the truth norm can indeed explain justification in the way I’ve outlined. I do this by answering four criticisms that have been made of the claim that belief is subject to a truth norm. These criticisms claim that a truth norm should be rejected because, in turn, a truth norm cannot guide belief formation (Ch. 4), because a truth norm prescribes believing all the truths (Ch. 5), because a truth norm never prescribes suspending judgement (Ch. 6), and because a truth norm in some cases prescribes making problematic trade-offs of having one false belief for the sake of having many true beliefs (Ch. 7). I argue that all of these criticisms fail. But it is through answering these criticisms that we can see the contours of a defensible explanation of justification in terms of the truth norm.
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Dowler, Daniel Ammon. "Bounding the Norm of Matrix Powers." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3692.
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In this paper I investigate properties of square complex matrices of the form Ak, where A is also a complex matrix, and k is a nonnegative integer. I look at several ways of representing Ak. In particular, I present an identity expressing the kth power of the Schur form T of A in terms of the elements of T, which can be used together with the Schur decomposition to provide an expression of Ak. I also explain bounds on the norm of Ak, including some based on the element-based expression of Tk. Finally, I provide a detailed exposition of the most current form of the Kreiss Matrix Theorem.
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Lina, Zavalia. "Hur görs normkritik? : En studie av praktikers förslag till normkritisk förändring." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-28149.
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This research report follows a group of educators, project managers and scientists involved in a norm-critical project: Norm Creative Certification. The aim of this study is to examine the proposal for, and obstacles to, a norm-critical change that the group discusses in relation to the project and its educational context. The research report also examines whom are expected to make the norm-critical change. For gathering the empirical material the method participant observation is used. Further, the material has been analyzed inspired by Carol Bacchis policy analysis method What is the problem represented to be? Carol Bacchis method has worked indicative, since the material is more organic than a policy. The research report has been analyzed in the context of theories of intersectionality and Kevin Kumashiros theory about antioppressive pedagogy. The obstacles that the reference group refers to a norm-critical change is partly a threatening outside world and an internal feminist critic, the lack of action, a fake (internal) self-image and a fear of the discomfort and resistance that norm-critical change raises. The components that the group suggests for a positive development, is linked to the experience-based learning, an interested attitude of the practitioner, the relation to time and an understanding of conflict, power and domination. What also emerges is that the norm-critical change occurs in the individual, which is assumed not to have any experience of being outside the norm. A duality emerges overall as the group relates to two parallel ideas and pedagogical approaches. Partly the group relates to a "market" where assignments will be carried out and where it is stressed that action without understanding is a way to a norm-critical change. At the same time signed an opposite condition for a norm-critical change, where time, your own experience, understanding and self-reflexivity stands in the center. Here the focus is on longer processes, the individual and the learning processes.
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Schwellnus, Guido. "Dynamics of norm-construction and norm-resonance in the context of EU enlargement : minority rights in Poland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443094.
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Grönborg, Ann-Sofie, and Anna Renberg. "Norm eller obestämd form? : En analys av norm och avvikelse gällande genus, etnicitet och sexualitet i barnlitteratur." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26815.
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Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur familjekonstellationer med avseende på genus, etnicitet och sexualitet framställs i nyutgiven skönlitteratur för barn i åldrarna 10–12 år, och hur gestaltningarna korrelerar med värdegrunden i läroplanen Lgr 11. De teorier som använts till analysen är dekonstruktion, feministisk litteraturteori, postkolonialism och queerteori, där dekonstruktion även fungerat som metod. Till analysen har fem skönlitterära böcker valts ut. Med avseende på genus visar analysen att kärnfamiljsmammor och kärnfamiljspappor är den vanligaste representationen av föräldrar. De beskrivs oftast normativt med stereotypa drag samtidigt som många avvikande egenskaper även gestaltas. Flickor beskrivs vanligtvis som modiga och framåt, även om de på stereotypt sätt framställs som intresserade av utseende och kärlek. Få återgivningar av pojkar ges och inga specifika drag kan ses som mer framträdande. Gällande etnicitet nämner endast en bok explicit karaktärer med avvikande etnicitet. Angående sexualitet är heteronormativitet den enda representation som återfinns i materialet, med ett undantag. De vuxnas sexualitet ges i princip inget utrymme i skönlitteraturen medan barnens sexualitet och lust får ta något större plats. Analysen av skönlitteraturen visar att böckerna ur vissa aspekter korrelerar med läroplanen.
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Kim, Buyong. "Lp norm estimation procedures and an L1 norm algorithm for unconstrained and constrained estimation for linear models." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53627.
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When the distribution of the errors in a linear regression model departs from normality, the method of least squares seems to yield relatively poor estimates of the coefficients. One alternative approach to least squares which has received a great deal of attention of late is minimum Lp norm estimation. However, the statistical efüciency of a Lp estimator depends greatly on the underlying distribution of errors and on the value of p. Thus, the choice of an appropriate value of p is crucial to the effectiveness of p estimation.
Previous work has shown that L₁ estimation is a robust procedure in the sense that it leads to an estimator which has greater statistical efficiency than the least squares estimator in the presence of outliers, and that L₁ estimators have some- desirable statistical properties asymptotically. This dissertation is mainly concerned with the development of a new algorithm for L₁ estimation and constrained L₁ estimation. The mainstream of computational procedures for L₁ estimation has been the simplex-type algorithms via the linear programming formulation. Other procedures are the reweighted least squares method, and. nonlinear programming technique using the penalty function approach or descent method.
A new computational algorithm is proposed which combines the reweighted least squares method and the linear programming approach. We employ a modified Karmarkar algorithm to solve the linear programming problem instead of the simplex method. We prove that the proposed algorithm converges in a finite number of iterations. From our simulation study we demonstrate that our algorithm requires fewer iterations to solve standard problems than are required by the simplex-type methods although the amount of computation per iteration is greater for the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm for unconstrained L₁ estimation is extended to the case where the L₁ estimates of the parameters of a linear model satisfy certain linear equality and/or inequality constraints. These two procedures are computationally simple to implement since a weighted least squares scheme is adopted at each iteration. Our results indicate that the proposed L₁ estimation procedure yields very accurate and stable estimates and is efficient even when the problem size is large.Ph. D.
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北折, 充隆, and Mitsutaka Kitaori. "社会規範とは何か : 当為と所在に関するレビュー." 名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/3026.
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