Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Norm parameter'

We establish a parameter-dependent pseudo-differential calculus on an infinite cylinder, regarded as a manifold with conical exits to infinity. The parameters are involved in edge-degenerate form, and we formulate the operators in terms of operator-valued amplitude functions.

Mathematical models of physical systems are pervasive in engineering. These models can be used to analyze properties of the system, to simulate the system, or synthesize controllers. However, many of these models are too complex or too large for standard analysis and synthesis methods to be applicable. Hence, there is a need to reduce the complexity of models. In this thesis, techniques for reducing complexity of large linear time-invariant (lti) state-space models and linear parameter-varying (lpv) models are presented. Additionally, a method for synthesizing controllers is also presented. The methods in this thesis all revolve around a system theoretical measure called the H2-norm, and the minimization of this norm using nonlinear optimization. Since the optimization problems rapidly grow large, significant effort is spent on understanding and exploiting the inherent structures available in the problems to reduce the computational complexity when performing the optimization. The first part of the thesis addresses the classical model-reduction problem of lti state-space models. Various H2 problems are formulated and solved using the proposed structure-exploiting nonlinear optimization technique. The standard problem formulation is extended to incorporate also frequency-weighted problems and norms defined on finite frequency intervals, both for continuous and discrete-time models. Additionally, a regularization-based method to account for uncertainty in data is explored. Several examples reveal that the method is highly competitive with alternative approaches. Techniques for finding lpv models from data, and reducing the complexity of lpv models are presented. The basic ideas introduced in the first part of the thesis are extended to the lpv case, once again covering a range of different setups. lpv models are commonly used for analysis and synthesis of controllers, but the efficiency of these methods depends highly on a particular algebraic structure in the lpv models. A method to account for and derive models suitable for controller synthesis is proposed. Many of the methods are thoroughly tested on a realistic modeling problem arising in the design and flight clearance of an Airbus aircraft model. Finally, output-feedback H2 controller synthesis for lpv models is addressed by generalizing the ideas and methods used for modeling. One of the ideas here is to skip the lpv modeling phase before creating the controller, and instead synthesize the controller directly from the data, which classically would have been used to generate a model to be used in the controller synthesis problem. The method specializes to standard output-feedback H2 controller synthesis in the lti case, and favorable comparisons with alternative state-of-the-art implementations are presented.

Магістерська дисертація: загальний обсяг 108 с., основна частина 102 с. 15 табл., 22 рис., 37 джерел. Магістерська дисертація присвячена висвітленню перспективних методів визначення акустичних характеристик та підбору протезів кісточок середнього вуха людини. Стрімкий розвиток сучасних технологій зумовлює нові виклики як для здоров’я людини, так і до осучаснення існуючих методів та технологій його покращення. Це стосується і оторилогічних захворювань, а проблема освоєння і вдосконалення тимпанопластики зумовлює актуальність даного дослілження. Метою магістерської дисертації є дослідити проблему вибору матеріалу імплантатів (протезів) на основі формули середнього вуха людини в нормі. Відповідно до мети роботи, визначено основні завдання дослідження: 1. Дослідити фізичні передумови та принципи вимірювання імпедансу середнього вуха людини. 2. Описати теоретично і підтвердити експериментально формулу середнього вуха людини в нормі. 3. Проаналізувати історію розвитку тимпанопластики, її методи, матеріали та їх акустичні характеристики. 4. Обгрунтувати вибір матеріалів імплантатів (протезів) для заміни слухових кісточок із застосуванням моделі середнього вуха. Об'єктом дослідження є процес трансформації енергії слуховим трактом людини. Предметом дослідження виступають слухові протези для заміни слухових кісточок. Методи дослідження. В роботі використано математичну модель середнього вуха людини в нормі, побудовану на основі методу електромеханічних аналогій. За допомогою методів неруйнівного контролю було визначено акустичні характеристики матеріалів імплантатів (протезів), розроблено алгоритм підбору матеріалів імплантатів (протезів), оснований на формулі середнього вуха людини. Практичне значення одержаних результатів. Отримані результати вимірювання виміру твердості та жорсткості протезів підтверджують вірність і практичну користь даної методики та уможливлює його подальше впровадження в медичних закладах.
Master's thesis: pages, total – 108, main body – 102; 15 tables, 22figures, 37 references. This master's thesis investigates prospective techniques for determining acoustic characteristics and the middle ear ossicles prosthetics selection. The rapid development of modern technologies leads to new challenges both for human health and for the modernization of existing techniques and methods for its improvement. This also applies to otorhinolaryngological diseases, and the issue of mastering and improving tympanoplasty determines the relevance of this study. The purpose of this master's thesis is to study the problem of selecting the material for implants (prostheses) based on the formula of the middle ear in the norm. In accordance with the purpose of the work, the main objectives of the study are defined: 1. To study the physical preconditions and principles of measuring the impedance of human’s middle ear. 2. To Describe theoretically and confirm experimentally the formula of the middle ear in the norm. 3. To analyze the history of the development of tympanoplasty, its methods, materials, and their acoustic characteristics. 4. To substantiate the choice of materials for implants (prostheses) to replace auditory ossicles using the model of the middle ear. The object of research is the process of energy transformation by the human’s auditory tract. The subject of the study is the auditory prostheses that replace auditory ossicles. Research methods. The mathematical model of the human’s middle in norm is used in this paper and is based on the method of electromechanical analogies. With the help of non-destructive testing techniques, acoustic characteristics of implant materials (prostheses) were determined, an algorithm based on the human’s formula of the middle ear to select materials for implants (prostheses) was developed. The practical value of the results. The obtained results of measurements of hardness and rigidity of prostheses confirm the fidelity and practical utility of this methodology and allow its further implementation in medical institutions.
Магистерская диссертация посвящена освещению перспективных методов определения акустических характеристик и подбора протезов косточек среднего уха человека. Стремительное развитие современных технологий обусловливает новые вызовы как для здоровья человека, так и к осовременивания существующих методов и технологий его улучшение. Это касается и оторилогичних заболеваний, а проблема освоения и совершенствования тимпанопластике обуславливает актуальность данного дослилження. Целью магистерской диссертации является исследовать проблему выбора материала имплантатов (протезов) на основе формулы среднего уха человека в норме. В целях работы, определены основные задачи исследования: 1. Исследовать физические предпосылки и принципы измерения импеданса среднего уха человека. 2. Описать теоретически и подтвердить экспериментально формулу среднего уха человека в норме. 3. Проанализировать историю развития тимпанопластике, ее методы, материалы и их акустические характеристики. 4. Обосновать выбор материалов имплантатов (протезов) для замены слуховых косточек с применением модели среднего уха. Объектом исследования является процесс трансформации энергии слуховым трактом человека. Предметом исследования выступают слуховые протезы для замены слуховых косточек. Методы исследования. В работе использованы математическую модель среднего уха человека в норме, построенную на основе метода электромеханических аналогий. С помощью методов неразрушающего контроля были определены акустические характеристики материалов имплантатов (протезов), разработан алгоритм подбора материалов имплантатов (протезов), основанный на формуле среднего уха человека. Практическое значение полученных результатов. полученные результаты измерения измерения твердости и жесткости протезов подтверждают верность и практическую пользу данной методики и делает его дальнейшее внедрение в медицинских учреждениях.

The diploma thesis describes the bootstrap method and its applications in the estimate accuracy statement, in the confidence intervals generation and in the testing of statistical hypotheses. Further the method of the discrete probability estimation of the categorical quantity is presented, making use the gradient of the quasi-norm hereof distribution. On concrete examples the bootstrap method is applied in the confidence intervals forming of the categorical quantity probability function. The diploma thesis was supported by the project of MŠMT of the Czech Republic no. 1M06047 "Centre for Quality and Reliability of Production", by the grant of Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (Czech Science Foundation) reg. no. 103/08/1658 "Advanced optimum design of composed concrete structures" and by the research plan of MŠMT of the Czech Republic no. MSM0021630519 "Progressive reliable and durable structures".

The diploma thesis describes the bootstrap method and its applications in the confidence intervals generation, in the testing of statistical hypotheses and in the regression analysis. We present the confidence interval for individual value. Further the method of discrete probability estimation of the categorical quantity is presented, making use the gradient and the line estimate.

Il problema di ricostruzione di immagini può essere modellizzato in maniera discreta come un sistema lineare A x = b con A matrice malcondizionata e consiste nello stimare l'immagine x che approssimi bene l'immagine esatta. Poiché tale problema è mal posto è necessario utilizzare metodi di regolarizzazione che riformulano il problema lineare come il problema di minimizzare la funzione F(x) = f(x) + g(x), dove f(x) è il termine di consistenza dei dati, g(x) = lambda*phi(x) è il termine di regolarizzazione e lambda è il parametro di regolarizzazione. La scelta di lambda ha un'importanza fondamentale poiché determina la qualità della ricostruzione. In questa tesi vengono analizzati tre diversi funzionali di regolarizzazione tutti basati sulla norma L1 e vengono analizzati alcuni criteri automatici per la scelta del parametro di regolarizzazione diversi dai più conosciuti (criterio della discrepanza, L-curva, GCV) sia nel caso in cui sia conosciuta la norma del rumore, sia nel caso in cui essa non sia nota. Il contributo della tesi consiste nell'analizzare tre immagini campione con caratteristiche molto diverse in termini di contrasti, continuità e colore. Vengono quindi proposte due regole di aggiornamento per ognuno dei funzionali di regolarizzazione e infine validate conducendo una sperimentazione sulle tre immagini. La sperimentazione condotta ha mostrato la robustezza degli aggiornamenti proposti rispetto alle caratteristiche delle immagini, portando a dei buoni risultati nella maggior parte dei casi.

The diploma thesis deals with legislative purposes for the operation of machinery in the Czech Republic and the European Union. It deals with the analysis of technical standards of machinery, specific machining centers. The analysis of the risky machining center NHX 5500 DMG Mori is based on this. The result of the work is the minimization of ongoing risks and meeting the legal requirements of the state of the operated machining center.

Le but de cette these a ete de mettre au point une methode robuste pour identifier des parametres inconnus (tel le coefficient de frottement) apparaissant dans les equations de saint-venant bidimensionnelles. Ces equations d'ecoulement a surface libre ont ete discretisees en elements finis et sont resolues grace au code industriel telemac-2d developpe par le laboratoire national d'hydraulique d'e. D. F. La technique employee s'inspire de la theorie du controle optimal et consiste a trouver le minimum d'une fonction cout definie comme etant l'ecart quadratique entre les mesures et les sorties du modele numerique. Le probleme d'optimisation est donc de trouver le minimum de ce critere cout. Pour resoudre ce dernier, le calcul du gradient de la fonction cout est requis ce qui s'effectue en utilisant la methode adjointe de g. Chavent. La minimisation se realise ensuite a l'aide d'une technique similaire au gradient conjugue. L'algorithme d'optimisation a ete applique a des cas schematiques avec des mesures simulees et a montre son bon fonctionnement. Il a ete utilise ensuite pour estimer les coefficients de frottement dans la manche et l'ocean atlantique a l'aide de mesures reelles

Talent identification and the subsequent development of those individuals with the most potential to succeed is currently of great concern for sporting bodies in a number of countries and South Africa is no exception. Sport in South Africa holds a position of great prominence and has been used in many instances to facilitate national unity and pride. Rugby Union is one of the most prominent sports in South Africa and it is in this sport that South Africa has achieved a great measure of success, both historically and currently. It is a sport in which the future sustainability of this success is high on the agenda. There have been a number of studies on talent identification in rugby and this study aims to contribute to that body of knowledge. To achieve this contribution, this study has two primary goals and aims. This study has as its primary goals and aims: 1) to have a sound theoretical base provided by in-depth and up to date research that will form the foundation for, 2) reviewed and alternative sport and position-specific testing protocols as well as comparative results consisting of norms and scores that will adequately identify and select those capable of participating in elite age-group rugby union. Contained in the theoretical base of this study is a review of the physical parameters required to succeed in sport, a discussion of the nature vs. nurture debate and a review of the developmental approaches to talent and ability. Other factors such as psychological skills, abilities and attributes and a historical review of talent identification models and approaches world-wide as well as in South Africa have also been provided. In all, the first primary aim and goal of this study has therefore successfully been achieved. Thereafter, the reviewed and alternative test protocol has been presented, discussed and executed, followed by an analysis of the results obtained. Specific achievements of this study are that new and modified tests (3x5x22m Anaerobic capacity test, S-Test and the Kick-for-distance and accuracy test) for talent have been developed and that specific scores and norms for these new tests, as well as other pre-existing tests, have been established for future reference. In noting the success of the alternative, broad-position specific protocol and the establishment of scores and norms, the second primary goal and aim of this study can be said to be achieved. This study then ends with conclusions and further proposed recommendations. It can therefore be concluded with a great amount of certainty that this study has been successful not only in presenting as up to date research as possible in the fields of excellence and elite sport, but that furthermore, this study has provided a robust test protocol with comparative norms that can be used as an alternative identification and selection tool.
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences
unrestricted

The diploma thesis is focused on the measurement of selected parameters of the digital TV receiver DVB T, set top box. In the introductory part the work briefly deals with the theory of compression and transmission of the digital TV signal. Main part of the thesis contains detail information about individual circuits of the selected set top box Humax F3-FOX T and the results of measurements of individual parameters obtained from the available measuring devices. The final part of the thesis deals with the design changes necessary for creation of the external output for the signals and also with the methodology of the measurement.

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In engineering it is always looked to construct resistant structures, safe and economically viable. The safe and economic project of the structures is function of the imposed actions; in the case of silos it does not have a Brazilian norm that it prescribes on its projects and action, moreover, some divergences are observed between the foreign norms. This main work as objective the comparative analysis of the lapsings of the international norms: ENV (1995), the 3774 (1996), ACI 313 (1991), DIN 1055 (1987) and BMHB (1985), becoming an analysis statistics between them, being elaborated an electronic spread sheet of calculation of the pressures, being able itself to vary the properties, to facilitate to the analysis and the development of an theoretician-experimental study. It still has as purpose to present a theoretical study of the pressures in vertical silos, for this, a state of the art of the theories of pressures proposals for the most important researchers was developed and finally the modeling of a silo to be analyzed through Ansys® software. The comparative analysis statistics of the main foreign norms showed the existence of sufficiently significant differences between the gotten values, being that in the case of the horizontal pressures it has differences of up to 59% (between norm BMHB and DIN) and that in the average the lesser values are gotten in the British and the greaters in the German. It was still verified that the majority of the foreign norms adopts the theory of Janssen for the determination of the horizontal pressures. In relation to the vertical pressures, the difference between the norms arrived 400% almost (between norms ENV and), in average the lesser values is gotten in the European norm and the greaters in the Australian, were still observed that the model of Janssen, without no alteration are considered by norm ACI. E in the case of the pressures of attrition with the wall the lesser values are gotten in norm BMHB and the greaters in the DIN, having arrived themselves it 59% differences (between norm BMHB and DIN). In relation to the use of the Ansys® program an initial plan of modeling of a silo was sketched, observing itself that the program and the methodology are useful, being able itself to make a refinement, to compare the results and to vary the in agreement pressure the diverse existing norms, being able to be developed in a future work, becoming a comparative degree between practical theoretician and with silo use archetype and cells of pressure.
Na engenharia, procura-se sempre construir estruturas resistentes, seguras e economicamente viáveis. O projeto seguro e econômico das estruturas é função das ações impostas; no caso de silos, não há uma norma brasileira que prescreva sobre seus projetos e ações, além disso, algumas divergências são observadas entre as normas estrangeiras. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a análise comparativa das prescrições das normas internacionais: ENV (1995), AS 3774 (1996), ACI 313 (1991), DIN 1055 (1987) e BMHB (1985), fazendo-se uma análise estatística entre elas, sendo elaborada uma planilha eletrônica de cálculo das pressões, podendo-se variar as propriedades, facilitar a análise e o desenvolvimento de um estudo teórico-experimental. Tem ainda como finalidade apresentar um estudo teórico das pressões em silos verticais, para isso, um estado da arte das teorias de pressões propostas pelos mais importantes pesquisadores foi desenvolvido e por último a modelagem de um silo para ser analisado através do software Ansys®. A análise comparativa estatística das principais normas estrangeiras mostrou a existência de diferenças bastante significativas entre os valores obtidos, sendo que no caso das pressões horizontais há diferenças de até 59% (entre norma BMHB e DIN) e que na média os menores valores são obtidos na Britânica e os maiores na Alemã. Verificou-se ainda que a maioria das normas estrangeiras adota a teoria de Janssen para a determinação das pressões horizontais. Em relação às pressões verticais, a diferença entre as normas chegou a quase 400% (entre normas ENV e AS), em média os menores valores são obtidos na norma Européia e os maiores na Australiana, observou-se ainda que o modelo de Janssen, sem nenhuma alteração é proposto pela norma ACI. E no caso das pressões de atrito com a parede os menores valores são obtidos na norma BMHB e os maiores na DIN, chegando-se a diferenças de 59% (entre norma BMHB e DIN). Em relação ao uso do programa Ansys® esboçou-se um plano inicial de modelagem de um silo, observando-se que o programa e a metodologia são úteis, podendo-se fazer um refinamento, comparar os resultados e variar a pressão conforme as diversas normas existentes, podendo ser desenvolvido em um trabalho futuro, fazendo-se um comparativo entre teórico e prático com uso de silo protótipo e células de pressão.

L'utilisation de machines à mesure tridimensionnelle s'est généralisée dans les grosses entreprises et chez les sous traitants. Mais la mise en place des normes ISO 9000 et les calculs de capabilité qui découlent de ces normes impliquent une connaissance approfondie des incertitudes de mesures. Dans le domaine de la machine à mesurer, l'incertitude globale et les normes utilisées sont indiquées. Actuellement, les incertitudes de mesure de ces différentes machines sont exprimées sous la forme : ± A+ bL ou A est une incertitude représentative de la fidélité et bL est une incertitude de position en fonction de la longueur. La géométrie et l'environnement de ces machines étant actuellement pris en compte par les logiciels, il reste un grand nombre de paramètres méconnus (relatif au capteur) : longueur, diamètre, vitesse ainsi que le type et nombre de points de l'élément mesuré. Nous proposons de donner une méthode d'obtention rapide de l'incertitude de mesure et de l'indice de capabilité suivant les critères choisis par l'opérateur et d'obtenir rapidement un indice de capabilité plus proche de la réalité. Après un historique sur les mesures et de l'importance de la métrologie dans la mise en place des ISO 9000, le troisième chapitre est une présentation du matériel utilisé. Dans le quatrième, le plus important, on trouvera les méthodes statistiques utilisées et l'analyse des différents paramètres étudiés. Grâce à une analyse systématique des résultats, nous validerons les différents paramètres étudiés et de proposer le tableau récapitulatif permettant d'obtenir instantanément l'indice de capabilité. Dans les chapitres suivants des exemples et une proposition de modification des logiciels actuels afin d'intégrer ces calculs de capabilité. Les annexes comprennent normes, certificats d'étalonnage, valeurs de la pièce test et programmes développés.

 

Meteorologiska förhållanden har en stor påverkan på ljudutbredning utomhus. De atmosfäriska effekterna är absorption, refraktion och turbulens, dessa verkar samtidigt och kan vara svåra att skilja åt. Gradienter i temperaturen och vinden gör att ljudhastigheten varierar med höjden. Ljudet kommer då att böjas av nedåt eller uppåt från marken. Kunskapsläget inom vart och ett av dessa områden presenteras i denna studie.

 

28 stycken trafikbullermätningar har utförts längs den nya E4:an norr om Uppsala vid varierande meteorologiska förhållanden. Mätningarna visar att den totala meteorologiska inverkan på ljudnivån kan vara så stor som 18 dBA vid 132 meters avstånd över snötäckt mark. Temperaturgradientens påverkan på samma avstånd bedöms kunna vara 6 dBA och turbulensens 2 dBA. Spridningen av ljudnivåerna är större i motvinds- än medvinds-utbredning. Detta kan förklaras genom att markdämpningen får mer varierande inflytande i förstnämnda fall.

 

Svenska myndigheter har inte tagit hänsyn till meteorologins påverkan på ljudnivåerna, vid bulleranalyser, förrän nyligen. En modell- Nord 2000 har utvecklats som sägs kunna förutsäga vägbuller under varierande meteorologiska förhållanden. Utvärdering av modellen visar dock stora brister. Modellen klarar av att förutsäga medelvärden under ett år med bra noggrannhet, men denna rapport visar att modellen misslyckas med variationerna under kortare tidsperioder. Detta är allvarligt, då det lika ofta som en hög medelnivå är just variationerna i form av toppar i ljudbilden som upplevs som störande. 10 minuters mätningarna i motvindsutbredning visar att modellens fel kring en trafikerad väg kan vara så stort som 8 dBA på 132 m avstånd.

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo Realizar el diseño estructural con el proyecto de norma de diseño sismo resistente E.030-2014 y compararla con la a la E.030-2003 para comprobar sus ventajas e incidencia en el diseño de un edificio de cinco pisos destinados a multifamiliar, esta comparación se realizará durante el análisis sísmico del edificio, aplicando y comparando los parámetros de cada una de estas norma simultáneamente, para de esa manera comparar los resultados de las solicitaciones que producen a la hora de realizar el diseño estructural , también verificar en que porcentaje varían estas dos demandas y si este influye económicamente en la concepción de los planos estructurales del proyecto así como la influencias de los nuevos parámetros en el comportamiento sísmico del edificio en conjunto. La metodología a utilizar para el desarrollo de esta tesis es del tipo cuantitativo nivel descriptivo y de método diseño experimental y explicativo, longitudinal y prospectivo. . El proyecto que se utilizara para la comparación y el diseño estructural, se ubica en la ciudad de Lima en el distrito de Surquillo, sobre un terreno de 503.63m2 de área. El suelo está constituido de la grava típica de la ciudad de Lima, con un esfuerzo admisible (Capacidad Portante) del terreno de 4Kg. /cm2 a 1.30 m. de profundidad. Después haber realizar toda las etapas de diseño y enfocándonos en el análisis sísmico comparativo con las dos versiones de la norma E.030 obtenemos resultados muy próximos la diferencia de demanda sísmica está en el orden del 1%-6% y por eso a la hora de diseñar con los resultados de cualquiera de las dos versiones de la norma E.030, no causa problema desde el punto de vista económico. También se observa que hay parámetro que limitan la irregularidad en el edificio y mejoran el comportamiento sísmico de este. Se finaliza con la elaboración de los planos estructurales de todo el edificio que es uno de los objetivos fundamentales de esta investigación. This paper aims to Perform structural design with the draft of E.030-2014 earthquake resistant design and compare it with the E.030-2003 to check their benefits and impact on design a five-story building intended for multifamily, this comparison will take place during the seismic analysis of the building, using and comparing the parameters of each of these standards simultaneously, to thereby compare the results of the stresses that occur when making structural design, also check that these two percentage varying demands and economically if it influences the design of structural drawings of the project as well as the influences of the new parameters on the seismic behavior of the building as a whole. The methodology used to develop this thesis is the quantitative level and descriptive and explanatory experimental, longitudinal and prospective design method. . The project to be used for comparison and structural design, is located in the city of Lima in the district of Surquillo, on a land of 503.63m2 area. The floor is made of the typical gravel Lima, with allowable stress (bearing capacity) 4 kg terrain. / Cm2 to 1.30 m. deep. After having performed all stages of design and focusing on the comparative seismic analysis with two versions of the E.030 standard we get very close results the difference of seismic demand is in the order of 1% -6% and that at the time design with the results of either the E.030 standard versions, causes no problem from the economic standpoint. It is also noted that there are parameters that limit the irregularity in the building and improve the seismic performance of this. It ends with the development of structural plans of all the building that is one of the key objectives of this research.

Les espaces intertidaux correspondent à des estrans soumis à un régime de marée montrant un certain marnage. Il s’agit d’étendues basses constituées d’alluvions récentes, situées à proximité des mers à marée et envahies par les eaux lors des marées hautes. Les espaces intertidaux au nord du Vietnam sont sous l’influence de la mousson associé à un régime de marée diurne. Ils s’étendent sur environ 350 km le long de la côte. Le sud de la zone d’étude est marqué par le delta du fleuve Rouge et le fleuve Thai Binh qui apportent une grande quantité de sédiments, entraînant des estrans à dominante vaseuse ou vaso-silteuse. Le centre de la zone d’étude est caractérisé par des estrans noirs. L’exploitation du charbon dans la région de Cam Pha et de Ha Long expliquent un apport énorme de particules carbonées qui créent des estrans vaseux noirs tout à fait originaux. Cependant, les espaces intertidaux de ce secteur n’ont jusqu’à présent pas fait l’objet d’une étude détaillée. La présente thèse a pour objectif de répondre à quatre questions concernant ces espaces intertidaux :1. Comment la morphologie des estrans a-t-elle évolué depuis les 25 dernières années ?2. Quels sont les sédiments constituant ces estrans : granulométrie, teneur en carbonates, teneur en matière organique, etc. ?3. Quels sont les paramètres biophysiques de surface des estrans ?4. Quels sont les facteurs qui influencent les changements de morphologie des estrans et comment ces derniers peuvent-ils évoluer ?Afin de répondre à ces différentes questions, des images de télédétection tant optiques (Landsat, Spot, Aster, etc.) que radar (Sentinel-1A) ont été utilisées. Les analyses spatiales ont été réalisées à l’aide d’un système d’information géographique (SIG).Le présent travail est une thèse financée dans le cadre du programme liant l’Université de Sciences et Technologies de Hanoï et l’Université de Reims - Champagne-Ardenne, membre du consortium USTH
Tidal flat is a special environment suffering tidal regime in which tidal flats are submerged during flood tide and exposing the air during ebb tide. Tidal flats in the north coast in Vietnam are constituted in diurnal tide condition with tide range varying from 0.3m to 3.5m. Along 350km coastline of the study area, the diversity of constituent conditions formed various tidal flats with different characteristic. Tidal flats in the southern part of the study area are fed by sediment from two large river systems, in the middle part forms the coal tidal flats, but the only sandy sediment along with tide domination constitute the large tidal flats in the north coast of the study area. This study apply remote sensing techniques and GIS tools to solve four scientific issues including: the evolution of tidal flats over periods from 1989 to 2014, the characteristics of sediments in tidal flats, the surface parameter of tidal flats, and the forcing factors which influence the future change of tidal flats. The results of the study shows that, tidal flats in the north coast in the study area are dramatically eroded but the tidal flats in the south coast are deposition by the concentration of fine sediments. In total 14 forcing factors, the coastal nature factor has highest forcing to the deposition of tidal flats. However, the factors of wind-wave effect and tidal flat width have negative influence to deposition. Consequently, the highest potential for future deposition of tidal flats are around the river mouths in the south coast but no potential for future deposition is in tidal flats in the north of the study area. This study is implemented in the framework of the cooperation between University of Science and Technology Ha Noi (USTH) and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)

Le système d'upwelling nord-ouest africain au large du Maroc, de la Mauritanie, de la Gambie et du Sénégal est le système le plus productif au monde en termes de productivité primaire. Elle se traduit par une importante biomasse de poissons principalement dominée par les petits poissons pélagiques qui sont les principales ressources vivantes exploitées de la région. Dans un contexte de gestion partagée par plusieurs pays des ressources halieutiques de la région, comprendre les facteurs qui contrôlent la répartition spatiale de ces populations et l'évolution de leurs abondances est un enjeu crucial pour les pêcheries et le développement socio-économique de la région. Le but principal de cette thèse est d'une part de décrire les variations saisonnières et interannuelles de l'environnement marin de l'upwelling des Canaries le long de la Côte nord-ouest de l'Afrique, et d'autre part de relier ces variations avec les dynamiques spatio-temporelles de ces principales espèces d'importance commerciale. Nous avons utilisé différents jeux de données disponibles et développé différentes approches afin d'avoir une vision la plus complète possible du fonctionnement de cet écosystème. Ainsi, nous avons combiné des données satellitaires, des données de campagnes scientifiques acoustiques, des statistiques de pêche et des analyses de formes d'otolithes. Le long des côtes NW africaines (10°-35° N), nos données nous ont permis d'identifier trois régions avec une saisonnalité et une intensité de l'upwelling bien différencié. La région présente une forte variabilité latitudinale et temporelle des conditions environnementales. La partie sud de la zone (~ entre 10° et 24°N) se caractérise par des eaux plus chaudes et plus riche en Chlorophylle-a que la partie nord. La majeure partie de la variabilité des paramètres environnementaux étudiés est due à la saisonnalité (>60%). Au cours de la période d'étude (2002-2012), nous avons noté une tendance significative au réchauffement allant de 0.01°C. à 0.04°C.an-¹ et un renforcement général de l'upwelling, mais une tendance à la baisse de la concentration en Chl a dans l'ensemble de la zone étudiée. Il existe un gradient latitudinal sud-nord de la phénologie du bloom de phytoplancton (période, durée et l'ampleur du bloom). Cependant, il n'y a pas de tendances interannuelles significatives de la phénologie du bloom phytoplanctonique ni de corrélations ou tendances avec les paramètres physiques de l'environnement étudié (SST, indice d'upwelling, vent). L'écosystème du courant des Canaries se caractérise par le couple sardines/sardinelles. L'anchois, bien que présent dans cet écosystème, ne joue pas un rôle aussi important que dans les autres systèmes d'upwelling. Les relations entre les abondances d'anchois, de sardines et de sardinelles avec les paramètres environnementaux ont été étudiées à différentes échelles à l'aide de modèles additifs généralisés (GAM). Les résultats de notre étude indiquent que les variations spatio-temporelles de l'abondance de l'anchois et de la sardinelle sont davantage contrôlées par le gradient thermique que par la productivité biologique. La sardine semble être plus contrôlée par une fenêtre environnementale optimale d'intensité d'upwelling et de température "optimal upwelling and temperature windows". Nous avons pu pour la première fois mettre en évidence l'existence d'une alternance temporelle d'abondance entre l'anchois et la sardine comme cela est connu dans d'autres systèmes d'upwelling. Enfin, pour contribuer à la connaissance sur la structuration des populations de la sardinelle ronde qui préoccupent les scientifiques et les gestionnaires des pêches, nous avons mené une étude sur l'analyse de la forme des otolithes. L'existence possible de plusieurs stocks de sardinelle en lien avec des structures océanographiques ne confortent pas la politique de gestion actuelle qui considère un stock unique au large de la côte NW africaine
The North West African upwelling system off Morocco, Mauritania, Gambia and Senegal is the most productive system in the world in terms of primary productivity. This productivity results in a large fish biomass dominated by small pelagic fish which are the main living resources exploited in the region. In a context of shared management of fisheries resources by several countries in the region, understanding the factors that control the spatial distribution of populations of small pelagic fish and the evolution of their abundances is a crucial issue for fisheries and the socio-economic development of the region. The main objective of this thesis is to describe the seasonal and interannual variations of the marine environment of the Canary upwelling along the Northwest coast of Africa and to link these variations with the spatio-temporal dynamics of the main small pelagic species of commercial importance of this zone. We have used different sets of data available and developed different approaches in order to have a complete view of the functioning of this ecosystem. Thus, we have combined satellite data, acoustic scientific survey data, fishing statistics and analysis of otolith shapes. Along th NW African coasts ( 10° - 35° N), our data allowed us to identify three regions with a well-differentiated seasonality and intensity of upwelling. The region has a high latitudinal and temporal variability of environmental conditions. The southern part of the zone (between 10° and 24° N) is characterized by warmer and richer Chlorophyll-a waters than the northern part. The majority of the variability of the environmental parameters studied is due to seasonality (> 60%). During the study period (2002-2012), we noted a significant warming trend ranging from 0.01° C to 0.04°C. yr-¹ and a general reinforcement of ipwelling, but a downward trend in Chl a concentration in the whole study area. There is a south-north latitudinal gradient of the phenology of the phytoplankton bloom (period, duration and magnitude of the bloom). However, there are no significant interannual trends in phytoplankton bloom phenology or correlations or trends with the physical parameters of the environment studied (SST, upwelling index, wind). The Canary current ecosystem is characterized by the sardine/ Sardinella pair, Anchovy, althought present in this ecosystem, plays no more important role than in other upwelling systems. The relationships between the abundances of anchovies, sardines and sardinella with environmental parameters have been studied at different scales using generalized additive models (GAM). The results of our study indicate that the spatial and temporal variations of the abundance of anchovy and sardinella are controlled more by the thermal gradient than by the biological productivity. The sardine seems to be more controlled by an "optimal upwelling and temperature windows". We were able for the first time to demonstrate the existence of a temporal alternation of abundance between anchovy and sardine as is known in other upwelling systems. Finally, in order to contribute to the knowledge of population structure of the round sardinella that concern scientists and fisheries managers, we conducted a study of the shape of otoliths. The possible existence of several stocks of sardinella in connection with oceanographic structures do not support the current management policy which considers a single stock off the African NW coast

Considérons un vecteur gaussien Y de loi N (m,sigma²Idn) et X une matrice de dimension n x p avec Y observé, m inconnu, Sigma et X connus. Dans le cadre du modèle linéaire, m est supposé être une combinaison linéaire des colonnes de X. En petite dimension, lorsque n ≥ p et que ker (X) = 0, il existe alors un unique paramètre Beta* tel que m = X Beta* ; on peut alors réécrire Y sous la forme Y = X Beta* + Epsilon. Dans le cadre du modèle linéaire gaussien en petite dimension, nous construisons une nouvelle procédure de tests multiples contrôlant le FWER pour tester les hypothèses nulles Beta*i = 0 pour i appartient à [[1,p]]. Cette procédure est appliquée en métabolomique au travers du programme ASICS qui est disponible en ligne. ASICS permet d'identifier et de quantifier les métabolites via l'analyse des spectres RMN. En grande dimension, lorsque n < p on a ker (X) ≠ 0, ainsi le paramètre Beta* décrit précédemment n'est pas unique. Dans le cas non bruité lorsque Sigma = 0, impliquant que Y = m, nous montrons que les solutions du système linéaire d'équations Y = X Beta avant un nombre de composantes non nulles minimales s'obtiennent via la minimisation de la "norme" lAlpha avec Alpha suffisamment petit
Let Y be a Gaussian vector distributed according to N (m,sigma²Idn) and X a matrix of dimension n x p with Y observed, m unknown, sigma and X known. In the linear model, m is assumed to be a linear combination of the columns of X In small dimension, when n ≥ p and ker (X) = 0, there exists a unique parameter Beta* such that m = X Beta*; then we can rewrite Y = Beta* + Epsilon. In the small-dimensional linear Gaussian model framework, we construct a new multiple testing procedure controlling the FWER to test the null hypotheses Beta*i = 0 for i belongs to [[1,p]]. This procedure is applied in metabolomics through the freeware ASICS available online. ASICS allows to identify and to qualify metabolites via the analyse of RMN spectra. In high dimension, when n < p we have ker (X) ≠ 0 consequently the parameter Beta* described above is no longer unique. In the noiseless case when Sigma = 0, implying thus Y = m, we show that the solutions of the linear system of equation Y = X Beta having a minimal number of non-zero components are obtained via the lalpha with alpha small enough

La tesi «Paràmetres per a una taxonomia de la subtitulació» identifica tots els diferents tipus de subtítols existents i dissenya una taxonomia per a ordenar de manera sistemàtica tota la casuística de paràmetres classificatoris aplicables als diferents tipus de subtítols, tant existents com possibles.

En primer lloc es revisa la noció de text audiovisual i de traducció audiovisual, partint dels elements que els configuren i amb un repàs bibliogràfic sobre el tema.
Es proposen una sèrie de paràmetres formals a partir dels quals redefinir i formalitzar la classificació de les diverses modalitats de traducció audiovisual.

S'analitzen les característiques de la subtitulació, les restriccions que presenta i les estratègies de què disposa el traductor per a fer-hi front i també s'examina el concepte de normes i s'aplica a la subtitulació. Finalment, els paràmetres de la taxonomia de la subtitulació s'apliquen a diferents exemples de textos audiovisuals subtitulats, segons el seu suport, i també s'apliquen a nou programes de subtitulació.

O presente trabalho analisa a trajetória dos sujeitos vazios e expressos na norma lingüística efetivamente utilizada pela elite paulistana, em fins do século XIX até a década de 1930, quando S. Paulo recebeu grande afluxo de imigrantes usuários de \"línguas de sujeito nulo\". Partindo de uma avaliação crítica do \"variacionismo paramétrico\", baseado em Labov e Chomsky, propomos o \"gerativismo trans-sistêmico\". Nessa perspectiva, a língua é gerada em dois níveis: no nível de origem biológica e inata, a faculdade da linguagem, após amadurecimento, dota o indivíduo de \"competência lingüística\"; no nível de natureza social, o habitus, depois de internalizado, o proverá de \"capital lingüístico\", tal qual proposto por Bourdieu. Temos, assim, um módulo gerativo que permite ao indivíduo oferecer seus produtos no mercado lingüístico altamente concentrado. A análise de corpora lingüísticos nos levou a concluir que a elite, apesar de fazer um maior uso do sujeito vazio, já incrementava o uso dos expressos, fenômeno já bem avançado no dialeto caipira. Tal comportamento é explicado por fatores estruturais internos à língua, e também expressa, do ponto de vista histórico-social, uma clara opção por uma forma lingüística que se opunha à norma dos imigrantes, tal qual previsto no habitus da elite.
This paper analyses the trajectory of empty subjects and overt subjects in the standard language of the elite of São Paulo from the late XIX century to 1930s, when that city received a large influx of immigrants, who were speakers of languages with null subject . Starting from a critic assessment of the \"parametric variacionism\", based on Labov and Chomsky, we propose the \"trans-systemic generativism\". From this perspective, language is generated in two levels: in the biological and innate level, the language faculty, after matured, endows the individual with \"linguistic competence\"; in the social level, the habitus, after internalized, provides the individual with \"linguistic capital\", as proposed by Bourdieu. Therefore we believe that there is a generative module that allows individuals to offer their products in the highly concentrated linguistic market. The analysis of the linguistic corpora led us to conclude that the elite, despite making more use of empty subject, was already boosting the use of overt subjects, a phenomenon well advanced in the caipira dialect. This behavior is explained by structural factors internal to language, and also expressed, from the social-historical standpoint, a clear choice of a linguistic form as opposed to the standard language of immigrants, as established by the habitus of the elite.

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Milk is a highly nutritious agricultural product and the basis of a productive chain that generates employment and income, but its quality is historically deficient and seasonal in several regions of Brazil, affected mainly by climatic variations and production conditions. In order to improve the quality of this raw material, control measures and incentives have been implemented by the dairy sector, such as normative instructions and payment for quality. Regulatory criteria are very strict, but if milk quality is not legally satisfactory, it may not only affect industrial yield but also food security and producer remuneration. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the quality of raw milk refrigerated in relation to the legal framework and the effect of its seasonality on the price paid to producers. Results of monthly analyzes of fat, lactose, protein, total dry stratum (TDS), dry defatted stratum (DDS), somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) of 35,245 samples of milk from expansion tanks of the Catalan/GO Microregion. The averages were analyzed for variance and Tukey's test (p≤0.05) for comparison of means, considering the effects of the months, seasons and periods (dry and rainy) of the year, besides the legal parameters and model of Parameters for Milk Quality Payment (PMQP). According to legal parameters, the quality of refrigerated raw milk from expansion tanks was not adequate, as approximately 25% of the samples presented legal disagreement. The total bacterial count (TBC) was the only requirement whose geometric means were above the maximum limits allowed, and the somatic cell count (SCC) was reduced in the percentage of samples in legal compliance in the temporal period. The quality of the milk was better in the months of April to June (autumn) and in the dry period of the year, when it presented high physicochemical composition and reduced microbiological composition in relation to the other periods. Considering the 'Parameters for Milk Quality Payment' (PMQP) proposed in this study, the seasonality of milk quality influenced the price paid to producers, providing a subsidy of 3.8% to 6.9% in their remuneration. The biggest bonuses occurred in April and May, in the fall and dry period of the year, being the major contributions of fat and protein, while TBC caused a penalty. The results show that the main problems of the quality of refrigerated raw milk are those related to hygiene in the production and maintenance of the product and express the relevance of programs that penalize the goals not reached, but which also subsidize the quality of milk as an incentive for producers to produce Of good quality milk. Future studies are expected to be closer to the dairy farms and producers in order to guide and justify appropriate quality improvement programs for this raw material.
O leite é um produto agropecuário altamente nutritivo e base de uma cadeia produtiva geradora de emprego e renda, porém, sua qualidade é historicamente deficiente e sazonal em várias regiões do Brasil, afetada principalmente pelas variações climáticas e condições da produção. Visando melhoria da qualidade desta matéria-prima, medidas de controle e incentivos têm sido implementadas por órgãos do setor lácteo, tais como, instruções normativas e pagamento por qualidade. Os critérios normativos são bastante rígidos, mas caso a qualidade do leite não seja legalmente satisfatória, pode prejudicar não só o rendimento industrial, como também a segurança alimentar e a remuneração do produtor. Assim, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a qualidade do leite cru refrigerado em relação ao enquadramento legal e o efeito da sua sazonalidade sobre o preço pago aos produtores. Utilizou-se resultados de análises mensais de gordura, lactose, proteína, estrato seco total (EST), estrato seco desengordurado (ESD), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT) de 35.245 amostras de leite de tanques de expansão da Microrregião de Catalão/GO, coletadas entre 2006 a 2015. Submeteu-se as médias à análise de variância e teste de Tukey (p≤0,05) para comparação de médias, considerando-se efeitos dos meses, das estações e dos períodos (seco e chuvoso) do ano, além dos parâmetros legais e modelo de Parâmetros para Pagamento por Qualidade do Leite (PPQL). De acordo com os parâmetros legais, a qualidade do leite cru refrigerado de tanques de expansão não se apresentou adequada, pois cerca de 25% das amostras apresentaram desconformidade legal. A contagem bacteriana total (CBT) foi o único requisito cujas médias geométricas ficaram acima dos limites máximos permitidos, já a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) sofreu redução do percentual de amostras em conformidade legal, no período temporal. A qualidade do leite foi melhor nos meses de abril a junho (outono) e no período seco do ano, quando apresentou elevada composição físico-química e reduzida composição microbiológica em relação aos demais períodos. Considerando-se os 'Parâmetros para Pagamento por Qualidade do Leite' (PPQL) proposto neste estudo, a sazonalidade da qualidade do leite influenciou o preço pago aos produtores, proporcionando bonificação de 3,8% a 6,9% em sua remuneração. As maiores bonificações ocorreram em abril e maio, no outono e período seco do ano, sendo as maiores contribuições da gordura e proteína, enquanto a CBT causou penalização. Os resultados apontam como principais problemas da qualidade do leite cru refrigerado os relacionados à higiene na obtenção e manutenção do produto e expressam a relevância de programas que penalizam pelas metas não alcançadas, mas que também bonificam pela qualidade do leite como incentivo aos produtores para a produção do leite de boa qualidade. Estudos futuros devem se aproximar das unidades exploradoras do leite e dos produtores, a fim de nortear e fundamentar programas adequados de valorização da qualidade desta matéria-prima.

Presented diploma thesis set the target to review and evaluate the diversity and the optimal food intake in chosen nursery schools, in countryside and in town. Research itself took place in nursery school MŠ Palackého and MŠ Čáslavice in Třebíč district. Research was done in school year 2013/2014.

碩士
國立中央大學
物理研究所
99
In this thesis, the dependence of the MEG source localization accuracies of the inverse algorithm Source Iteration of Minimum Norm(SIMN) on Tikhonov regularization parameter λ is studied and a method is proposed to estimate the Tikhonov regularization parameter λ. Numerical simulations show that the λ values that optimize the localization accuracies of SIMN depond on the Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR). To obtain a good estimate of λ a weighted sum of square of norms of minimum norm estimates of source amplitudes and noises is considered. It is shown numerically that, by a proper choice of the weighting factor, the λ value corresponding to the minimum of the weighted sum results in localization accuracy better than that using the λ value estimated from other methods.

Throughout the last decades, control systems theory has thrived, promoting new areas of development, especially for chemical and biological process engineering. Production processes are becoming more and more complex and researchers, academics and industry professionals dedicate more time in order to keep up-to-date with the increasing complexity and nonlinearity. Developing control architectures and incorporating novel control techniques as a way to overcome optimization problems is the main focus for all people involved. Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) has been one of the main responses from academia for the exponential growth of process complexity and fast growing scale. Prediction algorithms are the response to manage closed-loop stability and optimize results. Adaptation mechanisms are nowadays seen as a natural extension of prediction methodologies in order to tackle uncertainty in distributed parameter systems (DPS), governed by partial differential equations (PDE). Parameters observers and Lyapunov adaptation laws are also tools for the systems in study. Stability and stabilization conditions, being implicitly or explicitly incorporated in the NMPC formulation, by means of pointwise min-norm techniques, are also being used and combined as a way to improve control performance, robustness and reduce computational effort or maintain it low, without degrading control action. With the above assumptions, centralized (or single agent) or decentralized and distributed Model Predictive Control (MPC) architectures (also called multi-agent) have been applied to a series of nonlinear distributed parameters systems with transport phenomena, such as bioreactors, water delivery canals and heat exchangers to show the importance and success of these control techniques.