Books on the topic 'Norm parameter'

The book covers the basic principles of nutrient rationing for poultry. The data on the needs of all types of poultry, taking into account age, in nutrients, minerals and biologically active substances are given. The characteristic of the main feed means and rational norms of their inclusion in the compound feed for poultry are given. Modern data on the role of vitamins, macro- and microelements, enzyme preparations, probiotics, prebiotics, phytobiotics, organic acids, antioxidants, fat emulsifiers and other sources of biologically active substances in poultry nutrition are presented. Attention is paid to the main technological parameters of poultry keeping. The nutritional factors that reduce immunity, as well as the causes of the main diseases associated with the quality of feed, with violations in the rationing of nutrient, mineral and biologically active substances, the technology of feeding and keeping poultry, are described, methods of their prevention are given. Criteria for the adequacy of nutrition and maintenance of a bird to its genetic potential are stated. The book is intended for specialists and managers of poultry farms, enterprises of the feed industry, researchers, graduate students and students.

This book offers a new narrative and interpretative framework about the origins of moral-political philosophy that tracks how the three core values—humaneness, justice, and personal freedom—were formulated, reformulated, and contested by early Chinese philosophers in their effort to negotiate the relationship among three distinct domains, the personal, the familial, and the political. Such efforts took place as those thinkers were reimagining a new moral-political order, debating its guiding norms, and exploring possible sources within the context of an evolving understanding of Heaven and its relationship with humans. It makes three key points. First, the central intellectual challenge during the Chinese classical period was how to negotiate the relationships between the personal, the familial, and the political domains (or between the private and the public) when philosophers were reimagining and reconceptualizing a new moral-political order, due to the collapse of the old order. Second, the competing visions can be characterized as a contestation between partialist humaneness and impartialist justice as the guiding norm for the newly imagined moral-political order, with the Confucians, the Mohists, the Laoists, and the so-called fajia thinkers being the major participants, constituting the mainstream intellectual project during this period. Third, Zhuangzi and the Zhuangists were the outliers of the mainstream moral-political debate who rejected the very parameter of humaneness versus justice in the mainstream discourse. Zhuangzi and the Zhuangists were a lone voice advocating personal freedom. For them, the mainstream debate about humaneness and justice was intellectually banal, morally misguided, and politically dangerous.

Musical performance is an irreducibly social phenomenon, manifested through the multiple relationships between performers and audience. In live contexts, the nature and meaning of performance encompass the two-way interplay between performers and audience. This chapter surveys a range of research, from the philosophical to the empirical, into the parameters of this interplay, both during and after performances, focusing most specifically on those aspects that have implications for the creative practice of the musician. These aspects go beyond sound parameters to features of the performance often seen as ‘extra-musical’, such as the visual and gestural aspects of performance, the architecture of the performance space and perceived norms of behaviour within the concert context. Consideration is given to how these elements contribute to different levels of experience, from the ‘basic’ appreciation of structural elements through to the ‘peak’ experiences which music performance sometimes engenders. Also considered is audience feedback, both formal and informal, and how it may have an impact on creative performance.

This chapter provides an overview of tort law. It explains that tort law is a branch of the law of obligations which imposes liability for the breach of norms of conduct based on the type of interest at stake and the degree of fault. It provides a brief history of tort law. It then moves on to discuss the rights and interests protected by tort. It also considers theoretical perspectives about the proper parameters of tort, particularly about the bases of tortious liability and about whether tort law should serve individual or social goals.

This chapter addresses the question of why the nine decisions from the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) arising under the treaty between the United States of America and the Argentine Republic concerning the reciprocal encouragement and protection of investment have been so inconsistent in the face of largely undisputed facts and identical legal norms. It first sets forth, in abstract, a set of interpretive parameters and corresponding legal rationales that may be followed by tribunals when dealing with situations in which treaty and customary international law rules interact. It then analyzes each of the Argentine decisions according to the interaction rationales chosen by tribunals and committees, with a specific focus on the consistency of their own arguments for the application of the rule of necessity of customary international law.

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Mormon question. In the 1830s, a young American named Joseph Smith founded a new religion that would come to be called The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints—commonly known as the Mormons. As the Church developed, the practice of plural marriage became central to Mormon theology. Polygamy generated decades of cultural conflict that contemporaries broadly referred to as “the Mormon question.” The conflict was more than a simple condemnation of sexual and marital practices unacceptable to Victorian norms. Rather, it was a contest over the very meaning of Americanness. The Mormon question then generated national discussions about gender, family, and the nature of citizenship that would define the parameters of membership in the late-nineteenth-century American body politic.

Glomerular filtration, the first step leading to the formation of primitive urine, is a passive phenomenon. The composition of this primitive urine is the consequence of the ultrafiltration of plasma depending on renal blood flow, on hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillary, and on glomerular coefficient of ultrafiltration. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be precisely measured by the calculation of the clearance of freely filtrated exogenous substances that are neither metabolized nor reabsorbed nor secreted by tubules: its mean value is 125 mL/min/1.73 m² in men and 110 mL/min/1.73 m² in women, which represents 20% of renal blood flow. In clinical practice, estimates of GFR are obtained by the measurement of creatininaemia followed by the application of various equations (MDRD or CKD-EPI) and more recently by the measurement of plasmatic C-cystatin. Under physiological conditions, GFR is a stable parameter that is regulated by the intrinsic vascular and tubular autoregulation, by the balance between paracrine and endocrine agents acting as vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, and by the effects of renal sympathetic nerves. The mechanisms controlling GFR regulation are complex. This is due to the variety of vasoactive agents and their targets, and multiple interactions between them. Nevertheless, the relative stability of GFR during important variations of systemic haemodynamics and volaemia is due to three major operating mechanisms: autoregulation of the afferent arteriolar resistance, local synthesis and action of angiotensin II, and the sensitivity of renal resistance vessels to respond to NO release.

This volume assembles some of the most distinguished scholars in the field of Deleuze studies in order to provide both an accessible introduction to key concepts in Deleuze's thought and to test them in view of the issue of normativity. This includes not only the law, but also the question of norms and values in the broader ethical, political and methodological sense. The volume argues that Deleuze's philosophy rejects the unitary vision of the subject as a self-regulating rationalist entity and replaces it with a process-oriented relational vision of the subject. But what can we do exactly with this alternative nomadic vision? What modes of normativity are available outside the parameters of liberal, self-reflexive individualism on the one hand and the communitarian model on the other? This interdisciplinary volume explores these issues in three directions that mirror Deleuze and Guattari's defense of the parallelism between philosophy, science, and the arts. The volume therefore covers socio-political and legal theory; the epistemological critique of scientific discourse and the cultural, artistic and aesthetic interventions emerging from Deleuze's philosophy.

Academic freedom, which allows members of institutions of higher learning to engage in intellectual pursuits without fear of censorship or retaliation, lies at the heart of the mission of the university. Recent years have seen growing concerns about threats to academic freedom, many brought about from the changing norms of, and demands on, the university. A number of new issues—including content warnings, safe spaces, social media controversies, microaggressions, and no platforming—have given rise to loud cries, in both scholarly and popular contexts, that academic freedom is under serious attack. Despite this, there is surprisingly little philosophical work on the topic of academic freedom, and even less that directly takes up some of these new challenges. The present volume fills both of these gaps in the current literature by bringing together leading philosophers from a wide range of areas of expertise to weigh in on both traditional and timely issues involving academic freedom. The volume includes an introduction and ten previously unpublished essays, divided into four main sections: The Rationale for Academic Freedom, on the fundamental values that undergird the case for academic freedom; The Parameters of Academic Freedom, on when and where academic freedom applies; Silencing and Beyond: Microaggressions, Content Warnings, and Political Correctness, on some of the new challenges to academic freedom grounded in sensitivity to the political and emotional needs of an increasingly diverse academy; and Protests, Civil Disobedience, and No Platforming, on conflicts between academic freedom and the enforcement of laws and regulations governing the functioning of the university.

Raising a child with multiple special needs or disabilities is a time-consuming and difficult task that exceeds the usual parameters of parenting. This book examines all the facets of that task, from the better-known physical, financial, and emotional burdens to the previously invisible moral work involved. Drawing from narratives written by parents of children with a variety of special needs, academic research in ethics and disability, and personal experience in pediatrics, this book begins to recognize the moral consequences of providing long-term care for a child with complex needs. Using a virtue ethic framework based on Joan Tronto’s phases of care, it isolates the various tasks involved and evaluates the moral demands placed on the parent performing them. Raising a child with special needs requires an excess of attentiveness, responsibility, competence, and responsiveness, and demands from the parent a reassessment of their personal and social lives. In each phase, moral work must be done to become the sort of person who can perform the necessary caregiving. Some of the consequences are predictable, such as the emotional and physical burden of constant attentiveness and numerous unexpected responsibilities. But the need for competence, which drives an acquisition of medical knowledge, has not previously been analyzed. Nor has there been recognition of the enormous moral task of encouraging identity formation in a child with intellectual delays or autism. For a child who cannot attain independence, parents must continue to provide care and support into an uncertain future.

<p><b>Bentonites</b> are rocks mostly consisting of swelling clay minerals. They were first described from the Cretaceous Benton Shale near Rock River, Wyoming, USA. </p> <p> Because of their useful properties (e.g. highly adsorbent, cation exchanging, swelling), bentonites have many uses, in industry (among them as drilling mud, purification agent, binder, adsorbent, paper production), culture (for e.g. pottery) and medicine/cosmetics/cat litter, civil engineering, and in the future even in the disposal of high-level nuclear waste. </p> <p> Particular chemical characteristics of bentonite clay minerals are rather variable but critically determine their suitability for a particular application. </p> <p> The 15 specialist authors discuss bentonite terminology, classification and genesis and use in eight chapters. Individual chapters deal with the methods bentonites are analysed with, their properties and performance in terms of parameters such as cation exchange capactiy, rheology, coagulation concentraion, water uptake capacity, free swelling, and electrical resistivity (amongst others). </p> <p> A chapter is dedicated to the sources of bentonites, the technology employed to produce them, and how quality control is carried out both in the mine and the laboratory. A further chapter is dedicated to methods of processing the mined material, different activation methods, drying, grinding, and purification. </p> <P> Use cases for bentonites are discussed in a chapter of its own. References, a section on norms and standards, and a list of abbreviations complete the text. </p> <p> The volume addresses students, researchers, and professionals in the mineral industry dealing with bentonite and their clay-mineral constituents, quality assessement and control, and persons that use bentonites in their products. </p>

Long-term planning for many sectors of society—including infrastructure, human health, agriculture, food security, water supply, insurance, conflict, and migration—requires an assessment of the range of possible futures which the planet might experience. Unlike short-term forecasts for which validation data exists for comparing forecast to observation, long-term forecasts have almost no validation data. As a result, researchers must rely on supporting evidence to make their projections. A review of methods for quantifying the uncertainty of climate predictions is given. The primary tool for quantifying these uncertainties are climate models, which attempt to model all the relevant processes that are important in climate change. However, neither the construction nor calibration of climate models is perfect, and therefore the uncertainties due to model errors must also be taken into account in the uncertainty quantification.Typically, prediction uncertainty is quantified by generating ensembles of solutions from climate models to span possible futures. For instance, initial condition uncertainty is quantified by generating an ensemble of initial states that are consistent with available observations and then integrating the climate model starting from each initial condition. A climate model is itself subject to uncertain choices in modeling certain physical processes. Some of these choices can be sampled using so-called perturbed physics ensembles, whereby uncertain parameters or structural switches are perturbed within a single climate model framework. For a variety of reasons, there is a strong reliance on so-called ensembles of opportunity, which are multi-model ensembles (MMEs) formed by collecting predictions from different climate modeling centers, each using a potentially different framework to represent relevant processes for climate change. The most extensive collection of these MMEs is associated with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). However, the component models have biases, simplifications, and interdependencies that must be taken into account when making formal risk assessments. Techniques and concepts for integrating model projections in MMEs are reviewed, including differing paradigms of ensembles and how they relate to observations and reality. Aspects of these conceptual issues then inform the more practical matters of how to combine and weight model projections to best represent the uncertainties associated with projected climate change.