Academic literature on the topic 'Norm-export'
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Journal articles on the topic "Norm-export"
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McKay, Scott, Stuart A. Higgins, and Peter Baker. "NORM inventory forecast for Australian offshore oil and gas decommissioned assets and radioactive waste disposal pathways." APPEA Journal 60, no. 1 (2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19159.
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This research establishes a decommissioning timeline for the existing oil and gas facilities across all of the Australian offshore oil and gas production basins. Minimal data exist in the public domain to estimate these decommissioning timelines and, more importantly, the significant waste volumes generated; including potentially hazardous wastes such as naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). At this time there is no approved onshore radioactive waste disposal pathway in Australia to accommodate this material. Applying an estimation methodology, based on Norwegian decommissioning data with regional activity factors, allows a NORM waste forecast to be established for the decommissioning of Australian oil and gas offshore infrastructure. The total NORM disposal burden is estimated to be in the range of 223–1674 tonnes for decommissioning activity to 2060, with over 68% of this material generated between 2018 and 2025. Due to the sparsity of public domain data this forecast is deemed to be uncertain and excludes the NORM contamination anticipated to be present in subsea export pipelines, trunklines and well production tubing. Current regulations governing the categorisation and disposal of radioactive wastes across Australia are complex and regionally dependent. This regional variation makes the implementation of a national radioactive waste disposal facility more difficult, and encourages the export of radioactive wastes overseas for final disposal. Exporting of radioactive wastes potentially presents a higher risk compared with in-country disposal and is likely not an effective long-term proposition. A comprehensive NORM data collection and quantification assessment programme, spanning all onshore and offshore oil and gas infrastructure, needs to implemented to drive and verify a NORM waste management strategy for the wave of facility decommissioning projects that are fast approaching.
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Badivuku - Pantina, Dr Sc Myrvete, Dr Sc Skender Ahmeti, and MSc Nexhat Shkodra. "Increase of Exports as a Potential Factor for Sustainable Economic Development of Kosovo." ILIRIA International Review 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v3i2.114.
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Kosovo as the newest state in the region, in the economic aspect represents an economic complex with considerable potential of human, economic and demographic resources, having an open economy and entirely Euro integrated, with the central position in Balkan Peninsula. As a new state Kosovo is going through a transition phase and is found in an unsatisfactory position, therefore a serious professional intervention by the competent mechanisms is necessary towards finding an adequate solution which enables a speedier economic, social and cultural development, thus accessing into economic and political integrations in the region and in Europe. Kosovo economy during 2012 was characterised by a positive norm of growth. The real norm of economic growth in the country reached the figure of 2.9 per cent. The slowest developments in the regional and European markets during this year appeared as a challenge for the general economic activity in the country. In 2012, a decrease was marked from several important sources of financing in the country, especially the foreign direct investments. A reduction was also characterised in export of goods, but, growth of export of the services neutralised the effect of decrease of goods export. Kosovo suffers from the negative trade balance, implying that Kosovo depends on imports, whereas its opportunities to export local products into foreign market are very low. With intention of improving the competitive position of Kosovar enterprises, and for increasing export into world market, the existing economic policies need to be amended and supplemented and the institutional functioning needs to be improved as well. The aim of this study is to provide a realistic overview of the economic situation of Kosovo through an overall analysis and to also give recommendations with intention of improving the trade balance in favour of increase of Kosovar export in the future.
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Rodrigues, Leandro de Oliveira. "NORM export and disposal from Brazilian O&G industry - A success case." Rio Oil and Gas Expo and Conference 22, no. 2022 (September 26, 2022): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.48072/2525-7579.rog.2022.048.
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Lantis, Jeffrey S. "Nonproliferation and Norm Discourse: An Agentic Constructivist Model of U.S. Nuclear Export Policy Changes." Politics & Policy 44, no. 2 (April 2016): 220–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/polp.12153.
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Long, Feng, Corinne Rouquette-Loughlin, William M. Shafer, and Edward W. Yu. "Functional Cloning and Characterization of the Multidrug Efflux Pumps NorM from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and YdhE from Escherichia coli." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 9 (June 30, 2008): 3052–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00475-08.
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ABSTRACT Active efflux of antimicrobial agents is one of the most important adapted strategies that bacteria use to defend against antimicrobial factors that are present in their environment. The NorM protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the YdhE protein of Escherichia coli have been proposed to be multidrug efflux pumps that belong to the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family. In order to determine their antimicrobial export capabilities, we cloned, expressed, and purified these two efflux proteins and characterized their functions both in vivo and in vitro. E. coli strains expressing norM or ydhE showed elevated (twofold or greater) resistance to several antimicrobial agents, including fluoroquinolones, ethidium bromide, rhodamine 6G, acriflavine, crystal violet, berberine, doxorubicin, novobiocin, enoxacin, and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride. When they were expressed in E. coli, both transporters reduced the levels of ethidium bromide and norfloxacin accumulation through a mechanism requiring the proton motive force, and direct measurements of efflux confirmed that NorM behaves as an Na+-dependent transporter. The capacities of NorM and YdhE to recognize structurally divergent compounds were confirmed by steady-state fluorescence polarization assays, and the results revealed that these transporters bind to antimicrobials with dissociation constants in the micromolar region.
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Panahov, Anar. "Main directions of the principle of international legal cooperation in the field of oil export." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.92.
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Goal: the need to study the principle of international legal cooperation in the field of oil export as an integral part of the principleof international economic cooperation.Methods of research: analysis and study of international legal documents and scientific works containing provisions on the principleof economic cooperation.Results: the principle of international legal cooperation in the field of oil export as an integral part of the principle of internationaleconomic cooperation has been defined. A number of international legal documents were adopted, which define the main directions ofcooperation between states in the field of energy resources use. Along with legal documents, the activities of international organizationsand various forums should be defined as the realization of this principle. Analyzing the main international documents, the activities ofrelevant international organizations, as well as scientific work in this direction, we consider that the principle of international legalcooperation in the field of oil export can become a key norm for achieving the common goals of the organization and international societyas a whole.Discussion: defining the principle of international legal cooperation in the field of oil export as an integral part of the principleof international economic cooperation.
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Golparian, Daniel, William M. Shafer, Makoto Ohnishi, and Magnus Unemo. "Importance of Multidrug Efflux Pumps in the Antimicrobial Resistance Property of Clinical Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 6 (April 14, 2014): 3556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00038-14.
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ABSTRACTThe contribution of drug efflux pumps in clinical isolates ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaethat express extensively drug-resistant or multidrug-resistant phenotypes has heretofore not been examined. Accordingly, we assessed the effect on antimicrobial resistance of loss of the three gonococcal efflux pumps associated with a known capacity to export antimicrobials (MtrC-MtrD-MtrE, MacA-MacB, and NorM) in such clinical isolates. We report that the MIC of several antimicrobials, including seven previously and currently recommended for treatment was significantly impacted.
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Herby, Peter. "1997: the year of a treaty banning anti-personnel mines?" International Review of the Red Cross 37, no. 317 (April 1997): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400085120.
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Following widespread disappointment with the modest amendments made in 1996 to Protocol II relating to landmines, of the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), hopes have risen that 1997 may see the adoption and signing of a new international treaty prohibiting the production, export, transfer and use of anti-personnel landmines. Although such a treaty might not attract universal adherence at the outset, it would nevertheless establish a significant international legal norm and represent a major advance towards the ICRC's goal of bringing the scourge of landmines to an end.
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Kelly, Brian D. "The Offsetting Duty Norm and the Simultaneous Application of Countervailing and Antidumping Duties." Global Economy Journal 11, no. 2 (June 2011): 1850226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1720.
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World Trade Organization (WTO) members have long expressed a norm concerning the trade “remedies” of countervailing (anti-subsidy) duties and antidumping duties: that these measures offset the behavior that gives rise to them, restoring trade to a “level playing field.” The WTO agreements provide that the duties imposed should be calculated accordingly, that countervailing duties are measured against subsidies and anti-dumping duties are measured against the excess of a benchmark “normal” value over export price. This paper makes two principle contributions in light of this norm. First, it develops formal models of antidumping and countervailing duty actions conforming to the offsetting duty norm. Economists have often shown little patience with the rationale for these duties, leading to a dearth of formal analysis that takes into account the social welfare function—the offsetting duty norm—incorporated in the WTO agreements; the formal models here provide that analysis. Second, the paper extends this analysis to the simultaneous prosecution of countervailing and antidumping cases. Once rare, simultaneous countervailing and antidumping duty proceedings have become perhaps the most prominent expression of trade protection permitted under WTO rules. The analysis establishes the conditions to identify any overlap in the application of countervailing and antidumping measures and demonstrates that recent practice of WTO members has created excessive application of duties. The analysis also provides the methods for preventing this double-count in simultaneous cases. These results have direct application to current policy debates.
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Frost, Peter. "White Skin Privilege: Modern Myth, Forgotten Past." Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26613/esic.4.2.190.
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Abstract European women dominate images of beauty, presumably because Europe has dominated the world for the past few centuries. Yet this presumed cause poorly explains “white slavery”—the commodification of European women for export at a time when their continent was much less dominant. Actually, there has long been a cross-cultural preference for lighter-skinned women, with the notable exception of modern Western culture. This cultural norm mirrors a physical norm: skin sexually differentiates at puberty, becoming fairer in girls, and browner and ruddier in boys. Europeans are also distinguished by a palette of hair and eye colors that likewise differs between the sexes, with women more often having the brighter hues. In general, the European phenotype, especially its brightly colored features, seems to be due to a selection pressure that targeted women, apparently sexual selection. Female beauty is thus a product of social relations, but not solely those of recent times.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Norm-export"
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Kyrylenko, Anastasiia. "L’exportation des normes de propriété intellectuelle par l’UE vers les pays voisins de l’Europe de l’Est." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022STRAA008.
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Dans cette thèse, j'ai abordé les dispositions d'application des droits de propriété intellectuelle de trois accords d'association (AA), que l'Union européenne (UE) a conclus avec la Géorgie, la Moldavie et l'Ukraine au début des années 2010. J'ai puisé dans ces AA en tant que représentants de la politique extérieure souvent critiquée de l'UE en matière de propriété intellectuelle (PI), lancée en 2004, qui consiste à exporter les règles internes de l'UE en matière de propriété intellectuelle par le biais d'accords commerciaux. Cette analyse m'a permis d'aborder la question fondamentale de cette thèse : y a-t-il quelque chose de bon dans les accords commerciaux de l'UE ? La réponse claire, appuyée par cette thèse sur l'exemple des AA, est « oui ». L'enquête générale, qui a conduit à ces conclusions, était triple. Premièrement, j'ai analysé la politique générale de l'UE envers la Géorgie, la Moldavie et l'Ukraine concernant l'application des droits de propriété intellectuelle, ainsi que sa perception dans la littérature académique. Deuxièmement, après avoir retracé les critiques académiques existantes sur les accords commerciaux de l'UE, j'ai examiné si ces critiques étaient justifiées, telles qu'appliquées aux trois AA. Troisièmement, sur la base de cette analyse, j'ai identifié des problèmes supplémentaires auxquels les pays tiers pourraient être confrontés lors de la mise en oeuvre d'un accord commercial avec l'UEIn this thesis, I have addressed the IPR enforcement provisions of three Association Agreements (AAs), which the European Union (EU) concluded with Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine in the early 2010s. I drew on these AAs as representatives of the EU's often criticized external intellectual property (IP) policy, launched in 2004, which consists of exporting the EU's internal IP rules through trade agreements. Said analysis allowed me to approach the fundamental question of this thesis: is there something good with the EU trade agreements? The plain answer, supported by this thesis on the example of the AAs, is “yes”. The general investigation, which led to these conclusions, was threefold. First, I analyzed the general policy of the EU towards Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine regarding the enforcement of IPRs, as well as its perception in the academic literature. Second, after tracing existing academic criticism of the EU's trade agreements, I examined whether such criticism was justified, as applied to the three AAs. Third, based on this analysis, I identified additional problems that third countries might face when implementing a trade agreement with the EU
Books on the topic "Norm-export"
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Young, Alasdair R. Supplying Compliance with Trade Rules. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845610.001.0001.
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Trade agreements have become politicized because of public concerns that trade rules constrain regulatory decisions. How much international obligations constrain state behavior, however, is contested in the International Relations literature. This book seeks to explain whether, why, and how jurisdictions comply with inconvenient international obligations. It does so through detailed process tracing of European Union policies found incompatible with World Trade Organization rules: its ban on hormone-treated beef, its banana trade regime, its moratorium on the approval of genetically modified crops, its sugar export subsidies, and its anti-dumping duties on bed linen from India. It uses the adverse rulings as the “treatment” in a “natural experiment,” contrasting the policy-relevant politics before and after each ruling. The case studies are supplemented by a qualitative comparative analysis of all EU policies found to contravene WTO rules that had to be changed by the end of 2019. The book contributes to debates on the impact of international institutions, on the effectiveness of the WTO, and on the nature of the EU as an international actor. It argues that the preferences of policy makers (the “supply” of policy change) matter more than demands from societal actors in determining whether compliance occurs. It also argues that while policy change in response to adverse WTO rulings is the norm (good news for trade), WTO members do resist obligations that would compromise cherished policy objectives (good news for legitimacy). This volume contends that the EU’s compliance performance is like that of most WTO members; it is not a unique international actor.
Book chapters on the topic "Norm-export"
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Björkdahl, Annika, and Ole Elgström. "The EPA-Negotiations: A Channel for Norm Export and Import?" In Importing EU Norms, 133–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13740-7_9.
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Hillion, Christophe. "Anatomy of EU norm export towards the neighbourhood." In Legislative Approximation and Application of EU Law in the Eastern Neighbourhood of the European Union, 13–20. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203799178-2.
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Nölke, Andreas. "Trade Policy: Liberalism or Protectionism?" In Post-Corona Capitalism, 125–29. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529219425.003.0020.
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Although we cannot predict how far the process will go, the coronavirus pandemic undoubtedly has led to a wave of protectionist measures. Who could have imagined the imposition of export controls even between European economies? Globally, the initial trade policy reaction to the coronavirus pandemic was even more protectionist than after the Global Financial Crisis. Moreover, these measures were initiated in a context that already had become very protectionist. Particularly the US-China trade war had weakened the liberal trade agenda already before 2020. In a more systematic perspective, the coronavirus pandemic has met an international trade system that has seen a decade of norm erosion, norm evasion and norm abuse in the international trade regime. Correspondingly, the handling of the coronavirus pandemic in the Global North will strengthen the case for protectionist trade policies in the South. Many countries have learned that they cannot rely on the trade liberalization gospel preached by Northern governments and the international organizations dominated by the latter. Increasingly this looks like a fair weather policy that is pushed aside if vital interests are at stake.
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Bradford, Anu. "The Battle for Technological Supremacy." In Digital Empires, 183–220. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197649268.003.0006.
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Abstract Chapter 5 shows how the individual vertical battles discussed in Chapter 4 are now evolving into a broader horizontal conflict between the US and China as the two digital powers are fighting for technological supremacy. Over the past few years, the US has taken a number of measures to restrict China’s access to strategic technologies, citing national security concerns. China is responding in kind, imposing extensive export and investment restrictions on US companies. This ongoing rivalry has also fueled a subsidy race as the US and China both seek to shore up to their capabilities in critical technologies such as semiconductors. Other countries, including those in the EU, are also turning to industrial policy in the midst of the growing US–China tensions and unraveling global supply chains. As a result, the tech war risks entrenching techno-nationalism as a global norm. This can be seen as a victory for the Chinese state-driven model as governments are abandoning the US’s vision of an open, free, and global digital economy. The chapter predicts that the US–China conflict is likely to continue, even intensify. But it also shows how deeply intertwined supply chains and commercial pressures in both the US and China are likely to prevent a full decoupling of US and Chinese technological assets. As a result, the horizontal conflict will remain costly, yet will also feature elements of restraint, ultimately denying both satisfactory resolution and averting a complete balkanization of the digital economy.
Conference papers on the topic "Norm-export"
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Bin Ahmad Zaini, Ahmad Hafizi, M. Khairi Bin Rahim, M. Hairi Bin Razak, and Steve Moir. "Challenges and Lessons Learnt on Waste Management and Disposal from Mauritania Deepwater Abandonment and Decommissioning Campaign." In SPE Symposium: Decommissioning and Abandonment. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208472-ms.
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Abstract Abandonment and decommissioning activities of oil and gas assets had been on the increasing trend. As an activity of minimal to no economic value return, the investment into Abandonment and Decommissioning (A&D) should be properly strategized to ensure all objectives are met safely within available time and resources. This paper will discuss Operator's strategy in planning and handling waste from A&D activities of fifteen (15) deepwater subsea wells in Mauritania, West Africa. The approach of this A&D project at a remote location was done in two separate campaign instead of a single campaign based on technical and commercial evaluations performed by Operator. Subsea structures, Christmas trees, tubulars and others are expected to be retrieved and disposed according to local and international standard. In general, Operator are expecting two (2) type of waste which are non-hazardous waste and hazardous waste due to hydrocarbon or naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) contamination. Due to the limitation of capable hazardous waste handling and disposal in country, Operator decided to export waste to identified facilities outside of country at the end of the project via sea-freight. Operator appointed one contractor to provide a full-service related to the waste management and disposal that covers field services and onshore services that includes radiological monitoring to identify NORM waste, labelling, packaging at offshore, onshore storage, transportation and logistics that include Trans-Frontier Shipment (TFS). The strategy of appointing one contractor for full service of waste management and disposal has promoted a single – point accountability to the contractor and this has enabled the objective been delivered effectively. COVID-19 pandemic posed a great challenge on cross-border logistic planning due to additional measure been imposed by receiving country. Furthermore, the new development of United Kingdom exiting European Union (BREXIT) also posed some level of uncertainty to the contractor to obtain relevant approvals for waste export. To reduce the amount of waste to be export, Operator continuously looking for and successfully found a local recycling facility that able to handle the non-hazardous waste while meeting local regulation, Operator's and industrial standard. All outlined strategy was proven to be effective for waste management in remote location, uncertainty on cross-border waste export challenge, as well as capitalizing on the limited local resources available.
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Raxworthy, Julian. "A Story of Two Titles: The Torrens System and Parcel 702, Adelaide." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4023p41ye.
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Although the catchment - the topographically defined edge where “all rainfall… drains naturally … or is directed to by human intervention towards … the catchment outlet [which may be immediately a creek, but ultimately is the ocean] ” – is the most significant boundary for ecological function of landscapes, Raxworthy has argued that property boundaries and land tenure make it such that “landscape pattern is as much an emergent quality of capitalism as it is propensity[y] of [the landscape.” Despite its role in establishing the pattern of the landscape, landscape architects tend to treat property boundary as a given that is almost invisible when every act they do reacts to it in some way, necessitating, Raxworthy continues, a theorising of land tenure in landscape architecture. I hope to continue Raxworthy’s project in this paper by examining the celebrated model of contemporary land titling – the Torrens System – in its place of origination – Adelaide – and explore the relationship between landscape, people and land titling. Two of the things Adelaide is most famous for might seem complimentary but are actually contradictory: the Torrens System of title (which Atkinson, quoting Greg Taylor, calls ““South Australia’s most successful intellectual export.”” ) and the first successful determination Native Title in a capital city of Australia. Developed by Robert Richard Torrens, the “Real Property Act (1858)” (which subsequently became known as Torrens Title, or the Torrens System) and “simplify[ied] the Laws relating to the transfer and encumbrance of freehold and other interests in land,” by creating a centralised registration system of actual land ownership, rather than simply deeds, removing potentials for contestation. In the developing world the Torrens System has been a very important tool in helping secure land title in post-colonial countries “[becoming] the norm in both Anglophone and Francophone colonial Africa,” yet, as Leonie Kelleher has argued, the Torrens System effectively eclipsed the previous sovereignty of Aboriginal people in the very place of its creation.