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Journal articles on the topic 'Nonmetallic Inclusions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Mayerhofer, Alexander, Dali You, Peter Presoly, Christian Bernhard, and Susanne K. Michelic. "Study on the Possible Error Due to Matrix Interaction in Automated SEM/EDS Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel by Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Electrolytic Extraction." Metals 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070860.

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Up to now, the Fe content of nonmetallic particles has often been neglected in chemical evaluations due to the challenging analysis of matrix elements in nonmetallic inclusions (NMI) in steel by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (SEM/EDS). Neglecting matrix elements as possible bonding partners of forming particles may lead to inaccurate results. In the present study, a referencing method for the iron content in nonmetallic inclusions in the submicrometer region is described focusing on the system Fe-Mn-O. Thermodynamic and kinetic calculations are applied to predict the inclusion population for different Fe/Mn ratios. Reference samples containing (Fe,Mn)-oxide inclusions with varying Fe ratios are produced by manganese deoxidation in a high-frequency induction furnace. Subsequent SEM/EDS measurements are performed on metallographic specimens and electrolytically extracted nonmetallic inclusions down to 0.3 µm. The limits of iron detection in these particles, especially for those in the submicrometric regime, as well as the possible influence of electrolytic extraction on Fe-containing oxide particles are examined. The measured inclusion compositions correlate well with the calculated results regarding segregation and kinetics. The examinations performed are reliable proof for the application of SEM/EDS measurements to evaluate the Fe content in nonmetallic inclusions, within the physical limits of polished cross-section samples. Only electrolytic extraction ensures the determination of accurate compositions of dissolved or bonded matrix elements at smallest particles enabling quantitative particle descriptions for submicrometric (particles ≤ 1 µm) steel cleanness evaluations.

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2

Hong, Sung Hwan, Jung Hoon Kang, and Jeong Whan Han. "Effect of Dam Design on the Fluid Flow in T-Shaped Continuous Casting Tundish." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.251.

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In the continuity casting technology of steel-manufacturing process, the tundish has two important functions: the preservation and distribution of molten metal and the reaction container able to perform float-out separation of nonmetallic inclusions. The residence time affects the effective removal of the nonmetallic inclusions. In this study, a T-shaped tundish with a submerged entry nozzle (SEN) and three strands was investigated for its ability to extend the residence time. Analysis conditions were the shape of the dam which was transformed to three cases. Fluid flow and non-metallic inclusion movement were also analyzed. The movement and removal of nonmetallic inclusions was determined by residence time distribution (RTD) analysis. As a result, the number of float-out, non-metallic inclusions was increased when the deviation of mean residence time was reduced.

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3

Sobolev, Yu V., Yu M. Batov, S. Yu Afanas’ev, S. A. Chernyakhovskii, L. T. Afanas’eva, and A. G. Vladimirov. "Nonmetallic inclusions in important steels." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2011, no. 6 (June 2011): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s003602951106022x.

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4

Chumanov, I. V., A. N. Anikeev, and D. V. Sergeev. "Studying Influence of Rotation an Electrode on the Number Nonmetallic Inclusions in Received Eletroslag Metal." Materials Science Forum 934 (October 2018): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.934.154.

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Quality improvement metal, in particular decrease content nonmetallic inclusions, is very important tasks as mechanical, thermal and anticorrosive characteristics metal depend on it. Electroslag remelting well influences quality on metal: content harmful impurity decreases, metal density increases, nonmetallic inclusions are removed. A method quality improvement metal by means of removal of nonmetallic inclusions at classical electroslag remelting and remelting with rotation electrode it is offered in this article. Also metallographic surveys experimental materials received are given in article which showed that ESR with rotation electrode deletes nonmetallic inclusions for 55-56 % more effectively, than classical remelting.

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5

Yamashita, Fumiyoshi, Yasunori Ide, Suguru Kato, Kyosuke Ueda, Takayuki Narushima, Sumio Kise, Kouji Ishikawa, and Minoru Nishida. "Effect of Nonmetallic Inclusions on Fatigue Properties of Superelastic Ti-Ni Fine Wire." Metals 9, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9090999.

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This study investigated the effects of the types and length of nonmetallic inclusions on fatigue properties in rotating bending fatigue testing of Ti-Ni alloy fine wire. It was fabricated to include titanium carbides Ti(C,O) and titanium oxides Ti4Ni2Ox as either single phases or a mixture of both phases as nonmetallic inclusions in Ti-Ni alloy. The fatigue strength of Ti-Ni alloy depended on the number of nonmetallic inclusions of a length of ≥2 μm. Compared with Ti(C,O), Ti4Ni2Ox is coarse. It also exhibited a trend of readily forming particles and void assemblies, which are a defect morphology that originates from nonmetallic inclusions and readily act as crack origins of fatigue fractures.

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6

Khoroshailov, V. G., L. T. Zhukova, E. G. Lashkova, and N. B. Tsvetova. "Nonmetallic inclusions in steel U10A wire." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 32, no. 11 (November 1990): 881–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00700074.

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7

Babenko, Anatoly A., Vladimir I. Zhuchkov, and Natalia I. Selmenskih. "Effect of Boron on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Tube Steel." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.374.

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Effects of boron in low-carbon tube steel grade 17G1SU on nonmetallic inclusions, structure and mechanical properties were investigated. Experimental samples of rolled metal containing boron 0.006 and 0.011% are characterized by predominantly small, nonmetallic inclusions not more than 5 μm, which are represented by complex alumomagnesium spinels in the shell of manganese and calcium sulfides, and small silicate inclusions. Nonmetallic inclusions of comparative pipe steel sample, containing no boron characterized by the presence of larger inclusions presented complex oxysulfide and sulfide films. The main structural component of the comparative and experimental samples is ferrite. The introduction of boron is contributed by a decrease in the average size of ferritic grains from 8.7 μm (0% B) to 6.2 (0.006% B). Increasing the boron content to 0.011% leads to slight increase (up to 6.8 microns) of the size. The mechanical properties of 10 μm rolled metal pipe steel ensured the production of rolled products of strength class X80 without additional (thermal) treatment, as a result of the reduction in the size and shape of nonmetallic inclusions, and formation of dispersed structure.

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8

Xu, Yi, and Shu Qin. "Study on FGH95 Superalloy Prepared by Spray Forming." Advanced Materials Research 337 (September 2011): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.337.434.

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FGH95 superalloy cylindrical billet was prepared by spray forming, The yield is 73.6%, porosity is 0.6%, the oxygen content is only 20ppm. Spray forming preparation method and technological parameter were illustrated. The microstructure on the different positions of billet were observed. The results show that the difference of γ′ phase size, feature and distribution depend on different cooling velocity and local temperature difference during the spray forming process. SEM of nonmetallic inclusions were observed, and XPS of nonmetallic inclusions, nozzle and adhesive were analysed, the results show that the nonmetallic inclusions were from nozzle and adhesive.

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9

Sun, Chuxiong, Yifeng Guo, Qiang Li, Zhe Shen, Tianxiang Zheng, Huai Wang, Weili Ren, Zuosheng Lei, and Yunbo Zhong. "Numerical Simulation on Saffman Force Controlled Inclusions Removal during the ESR Process." Metals 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2020): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050647.

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Electroslag remelting (ESR) is an effective method for removing nonmetallic inclusions from steels or alloys. The main stage of inclusion removal during ESR is the aggregation of liquid metal film (LMF) to form droplets at the consumable electrode tip. In this study, a lab-level ESR experiment was carried out. The number and size of inclusions at the characteristic position of the electrode were quantitatively counted. The number of inclusions in the center position of LMF were larger than that in other regions. To elucidate these phenomena, a two-dimensional mathematical model was established to study the migration of inclusions in LMF. The results indicate that due to the large velocity gradient in LMF, the Saffman force is strong enough to offset the buoyant force and drag the inclusions toward the slag/LMF interface (SFI), where the inclusions will be dissolved in the SFI region by the molten slag. This study demonstrates that the Saffman force plays a key role in the removal of nonmetallic inclusions in LMF during the ESR process.

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10

Babin, G. V., D. V. Rutskiy, N. A. Zyuban, and A. Yu Agarkov. "CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF NON-METAL INCLUSIONS AND CONTAMINATION STEEL D DURED BY ALUMINUM." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 7(242) (July 29, 2020): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2020-7-242-86-91.

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Using optical and electron microscopy methods, the pollution of grade D carbon steel by nonmetallic inclusions in samples taken at the stages of metallurgical redistribution (EAF → LF → VOD → Casting). Metal contamination and chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions are determined. It was shown that deoxidation at the stage of production of the intermediate by aluminum leads to the formation of nonmetallic inclusions of corundum (Al2O3) in the metal melt, the proportion of which in total over all redistributions is 52%. Identification and assessment of contamination by non-metallic inclusions showed that subsequent stages of out-of-furnace treatment lead to a decrease in total pollution by inclusions. After evacuation and addition of Al and SiCa, corundum inclusions acquire a globular shape with a maximum size of not more than 6 μm. During solidification, the total contamination by non-metallic inclusions does not change, however. Contamination with silicate inclusions decreases, and the inclusion of corundum increases. The inclusions of corundum are irregular in shape, the high contamination with the inclusions of corundum is caused by secondary oxidation of aluminum during casting, as well as the ingress of products by overgrowing of the casting nozzle into the solidified continuously cast billet.

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11

Chen, Yong, Tian Ming Chen, Xin Hua Wang, and Jun Chen. "Thermodynamic Analysis on Precipitation of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Gear Steel." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1060–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1060.

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In order to make nonmetallic inclusions with low melting point and improve the fatigue resistance of gear steel, thermodynamic analysis on precipitation of nonmetallic inclusions CaO(MgO)-Al2O3 system was investigated in this paper. The complex deoxidation equilibria of strong deoxidizing elements such as aluminum, calcium, magnesium and so on were calculated accurately with the second order and middle term of the activity coefficient expression. Thermodynamic conditions for the precipitation of spinel inclusion (MgO•Al2O3) is sufficient as the acid-soluble aluminum content is 0.04% and magnesium content is less than 0.0005% in the tested gear steel 20CrMoH. The relationship between precipitation of spinel and calcium aluminate inclusions in gear steel and the composition of molten steel at 1873K indicates that, the compositions of inclusions before and after calcium treatment are C12A7 and C3A respectively, while the reactions in ladle reach the equilibrium state.

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12

Sharapova, V. V. "Titanium-bearing nonmetallic inclusions in manganese ferroalloys." Steel in Translation 40, no. 12 (December 2010): 1092–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091210120168.

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13

Burmasov, S. P., A. V. Murzin, L. E. Dresvyankina, and V. V. Meling. "Eliminating corrosive nonmetallic inclusions from pipe steel." Steel in Translation 44, no. 6 (June 2014): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091214060059.

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14

Gleinig, Johannes, Anja Weidner, Jens Fruhstorfer, Christos G. Aneziris, Olena Volkova, and Horst Biermann. "Characterization of Nonmetallic Inclusions in 18CrNiMo7-6." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 50, no. 1 (October 17, 2018): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1431-4.

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15

Dub, A. V., N. V. Barulenkova, T. V. Morozova, S. V. Efimov, V. N. Filatov, S. D. Zinchenko, and A. M. Lamukhin. "Nonmetallic Inclusions in Low-Alloy Tube Steel." Metallurgist 49, no. 3-4 (March 2005): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-005-0067-1.

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16

Janis, Diana, Ryo Inoue, Andrey Karasev, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Application of Different Extraction Methods for Investigation of Nonmetallic Inclusions and Clusters in Steels and Alloys." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/210486.

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The characterization of nonmetallic inclusions is of importance for the production of clean steel in order to improve the mechanical properties. In this respect, a three-dimensional (3D) investigation is considered to be useful for an accurate evaluation of size, number, morphology of inclusions, and elementary distribution in each inclusion particle. In this study, the application of various extraction methods (chemical extraction/etching by acid or halogen-alcohol solutions, electrolysis, sputtering with glow discharge, and so on) for 3D estimation of nonmetallic Al2O3inclusions and clusters in high-alloyed steels was examined and discussed using an Fe-10 mass% Ni alloy and an 18/8 stainless steel deoxidized with Al. Advantages and limitations of different extraction methods for 3D investigations of inclusions and clusters were discussed in comparison to conventional two-dimensional (2D) observations on a polished cross section of metal samples.

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17

Yamaguchi, K., T. Nakamoto, T. Mizuno, and S. Daido. "The Development of Free Machining Sintered Metals Including Nonmetallic Materials." Journal of Engineering for Industry 115, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901661.

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This paper deals with the lubricating action of nonmetallic inclusions in metal cutting. The purpose of this study is to find the most effective inclusions for metal cutting, and to develop free machining sintered metals including nonmetallic materials. The most effective additives are glass, boron nitride, and talc. By the addition of 3 percent glass to the iron, tool life could be increased 60 times.

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18

Serov, G. V., A. A. Komissarov, S. M. Tikhonov, E. P. Sidorova, I. V. Kushnerev, P. A. Mishnev, and D. V. Kuznetsov. "Deoxidizing effect on the low-alloyed steel's nonmetallic inclusion's compositions." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 12 (December 25, 2018): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2018-12-3-8.

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The investigating results are given in the article for the deoxidizing effect on the non-metallic inclusion compositions tubes steels melted in the vacuum induction furnaces with periclase lining. The oxygen thermodynamic activity was calculated for the lanthanum, cerium, alumina and yttrium melts during four heats. The magnesia spinel inclusion's formation condition was evaluated depending on the deoxidizer's used and on the deoxidizing depth. It was shown how the reduced alumina concentration during the steel ladle treatment governs the non-metal inclusions' compositions and on the possibility of their modification during the commercial tubes steels melting.

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19

Zhao, Bin, Yi Shang Zhang, and Zhu Feng Yue. "Indentation Behavior of Aluminum Alloy with Inclusions." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.980.

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In this paper Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to study the indentation behavior of aluminum alloy 2A12 with nonmetallic inclusions. Indentation elastic-plastic tests and indentation creep tests were simulated with a cylindrical indenter to analyze the influence of the inclusion size and the inclusion depth. FEM results indicate that the existence of inclusions will have certain influence on the indentation behavior, and when the inclusion size is close to the indenter size, the influence is obvious. For the indentation method, the conclusions can provide some useful information in the project application.

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20

Koh, Jin Hyun, and Bok Su Jang. "Effect of Ti on the Microstructures and Toughness of TMCP-600 Steel Weld Metals." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.462.

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The Ti addition effect on the characteristics of weld metal, such as impact energy, microstructure and nonmetallic inclusions, was investigated to develop a suitable gas metal arc welding wire for the high strength of TMCP (Thermo Mechanical Control Process)-600 steel. The fraction of acicular ferrite which was known to be a favorable weld metal microstructure for toughness was increased with Ti content from 0.002% to 0.025%, The impact energy of weld metal was increased whereas the ductile to brittle transition temperature was decreased with increasing Ti content. The size of nonmetallic inclusion was decreased while the density of inclusions was decreased with increasing Ti content. It was found that Ti content on the weld metal toughness had a plus effect by increasing the fraction of acicular ferrite in the weld metal microstructure.

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21

Tan, Zhe, Mikael Ersson, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Effect of TurboSwirl on Inclusions during Ingot Casting of Steels." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/805734.

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The use of TurboSwirl to obtain an improved steel cleanliness during filling of an ingot was numerically studied by VOF and DPM models. It was found that a radius-reduced TurboSwirl or a proper tapered mold entrance nozzle with an adequate developed region for steel flow can reduce the risk of mold flux entrapment in a mold. The ingot casting process can create highly turbulent conditions inside the mold during the initial stages of casting. Since the TurboSwirl generates much calmer filling conditions it can promote separation of large nonmetallic inclusions. The TurboSwirl also collects large inclusions (200 μm) towards the axis of rotation, which should promote agglomeration. In addition, the residence time for inclusions of small sizes can be prolonged, increasing chance of agglomeration, which indirectly promotes their separation from steel. Moreover, the average turbulent dissipation rate in an ingot casting swirl setup is about 40 % higher than that in a no swirl setup. This further facilitates the agglomeration of inclusions before they enter the mold. The removal of nonmetallic inclusions is thus enhanced because of an increasing inclusion collision rate due to both Stokes collisions and turbulent collisions, while maintaining a calm flow inside the mold.

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22

Zhu, Hangyu, Jixuan Zhao, Jianli Li, Qian Hu, and Chenxi Peng. "Evolution of nonmetallic inclusions in pipeline steel during LF and VD refining process." High Temperature Materials and Processes 39, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2020-0088.

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AbstractThe formation and evolution of nonmetallic inclusions in pipeline steel were investigated by SEM, EDS and INCA Feature Analysis System, with the industrial process of electric arc furnace → ladle furnace (LF) refining → vacuum degassing → continuous casting. The composition, size and amount of inclusions during refining process were discussed systematically. The results show that inclusions at each refining step are mainly small-particle inclusions (below 5 µm), and the total number of inclusions has been reduced significantly due to the refining effect of slag during LF refining. The calcium (Ca) treatment increases the amount of small inclusions. The types of inclusion are mainly Al2O3 and MnO–SiO2–Al2O3 before LF, and they are transformed into CaO–Al2O3, MgO–Al2O3 and CaO–MgO–Al2O3 during LF process. After Ca treatment, inclusions are changed to CaO–Al2O3–(CaS) and CaO–MgO–Al2O3–(CaS). Typical inclusions are still mainly CaO–Al2O3 and CaO–MgO–Al2O3 in tundish, but the composition of those inclusions has been changed and located to the low melting point region in ternary phase diagram. Such inclusions will further be removed as continuous casting approaches.

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23

Toleuova, Ainagul, Gulnaz Musina, and Saule Kaldybayeva. "Modifying and Micro-Alloying Effect on Carbon Steels Microstructure." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.359.

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Small additives of elements exhibiting high chemical activity with respect to iron and impurities, included in its composition, have a complex effect on the structure and properties of steel. Moreover, as a result of the modifying and refining effect of micro-additives, the amount, dispersion and morphology of nonmetallic inclusions change, and when alloying the matrix, hardenability, uniformity of structure and resistance to brittle fracture of steels change, too. The article presents a metallographic analysis of carbon steel deoxidized by a complex Са – Ва alloy. Deoxidation of steel using the complex Са – Ва alloy allows significant reducing the content of nonmetallic inclusions, modifying residual nonmetallic inclusions into favorable complexes with their uniform distribution in the volume of steel, and significant increasing the mechanical properties of steel. The high surface activity of barium makes it possible to consider barium as a rather effective modifier. The use of barium in alloys leads to grinding of non-metallic inclusions, homogenization of liquid metal, lowering the liquidus temperature, grinding of primary grains of cast steel, and increasing technological ductility.

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24

KIKUTA, Yoneo, Takao ARAKI, and Akio HIROSE. "The effect of nonmetallic inclusions on hydrogen embrittlement." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 36, no. 404 (1987): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.36.500.

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25

Galek, Tomasz, Andrzej Łączek, and Karol Łysiak. "Study of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Aluminum–Silicon Alloys." Advances in Manufacturing Science and Technology 44, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amst-2019-0008.

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AbstractIn this article, a study of nonmetallic inclusions introduced during the casting process of the aluminum–silicon alloy is presented. The samples were investigated using a scanning electron microscope to find the chemical composition and X-ray tomography to check the volumetric content of the non-metallic inclusions. The samples were made from AlSi7Mg alloy, used for car wheels, with 7% weight content of Si, 89% of Al, and 0.3% of Mg. The main goal of our investigations was to find out the chemical composition of the impurities and to identify the stage of the casting process at which the impurities are introduced.

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26

Lunev, V. V., and V. P. Pirozhkova. "Nature and diagnostics of nonmetallic inclusions in steels." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2012, no. 6 (June 2012): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029512060122.

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27

Shi, Gongqi, Shouze Zhou, and Peidao Ding. "Investigation of nonmetallic inclusions in high-speed steels." Materials Characterization 38, no. 1 (January 1997): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1044-5803(96)00152-0.

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28

Tokovoi, O. K., and D. V. Shaburov. "Nonmetallic inclusions in vacuum-treated austenitic stainless steel." Steel in Translation 45, no. 12 (December 2015): 919–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s096709121512013x.

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29

Vainshtein, A. A., A. M. Rekov, and V. V. Lapin. "Microstrain distribution near the boundaries of nonmetallic inclusions." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 32, no. 10 (October 1990): 759–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00693695.

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30

Stepanov, A. B., A. I. Zaitsev, B. A. Sarychev, A. Yu Dzyuba, and A. V. Koldaev. "Evolution of Nonmetallic Inclusions During Spring Steel Treatment." Metallurgist 59, no. 9-10 (January 2016): 917–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-016-0194-x.

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31

Cheng, Yi Yuan, Zi Zhen Chen, Yong Jun Niu, and Zheng Fang Wang. "Influence of Inclusions on Strength and Toughness of X70 Pipeline Steel Girth Weld." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 1554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.1554.

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In this paper, SEM, EPMA, and micro shear experimental method were applied to analyse the structure, inclusion morphology and composition, micro-area strength and toughness of the X70 pipeline steel girth weld joint. The results show that inclusions are mainly nonmetallic oxides, sulfides and calcium compounds. The length of inclusions can be up to 1mm, which have substantially reduced the strength and toughness of weld joint. By the combining effect of internal and external force, cracks tend to initiate around inclusions and propagate along the direction of inclusions, and finally reduce the impact toughness of girth weld.

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32

Kiviö, Miia, and Lauri Holappa. "Addition of Titanium Oxide Inclusions into Liquid Steel to Control Nonmetallic Inclusions." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 43, no. 2 (November 17, 2011): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-011-9603-5.

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33

Yang, Wen-Sheng, Shuai Liu, Shao-Wei Han, Jia-Wei Wang, Jing Guo, Yan Yan, and Han-Jie Guo. "Characteristics and Transformation Mechanism of Nonmetallic Inclusions in 304 Stainless Steel during Heat Treatment at 1250 °C." Materials 13, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 5396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235396.

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Evolutions of two typical types of nonmetallic inclusions, i.e., inclusions based on CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 and MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 of 304 stainless steel were investigated in laboratory-scale experiments under isothermal heat treatment at 1250 °C for 0, 30, 60 and 120 min. Results show inclusion population density increases at the first stage and then decreases while their average size decreases and then increases. Moreover, almost no Cr2O3 content within the inclusion before the heat treatment, but Cr2O3 content increases gradually along with increasing heat treatment time. Furthermore, the increasing of Cr2O3 content in the inclusions would increase their melting points and reduce their plasticities. The experimental results and thermodynamic analysis indicate that there are three steps for inclusion evolution during the heat treatment process, in which Ostwald ripening plays an important role in inclusion evolution, i.e., inclusions grow by absorbing the newly formed small-size MnO-Cr2O3 inclusions.

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34

Imashuku, Susumu, Koichiro Ono, and Kazuaki Wagatsuma. "X-Ray Excited Optical Luminescence and Portable Electron Probe Microanalyzer–Cathodoluminescence (EPMA–CL) Analyzers for On-Line and On-Site Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 6 (November 27, 2017): 1143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617012685.

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AbstractThe potential of the application of an X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) analyzer and portable analyzers, composed of a cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrometer and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), to the on-line and on-site analysis of nonmetallic inclusions in steel is investigated as the first step leading to their practical use. MgAl2O4 spinel and Al2O3 particles were identified by capturing the luminescence as a result of irradiating X-rays in air on a model sample containing MgAl2O4 spinel and Al2O3 particles in the size range from 20 to 50 μm. We were able to identify the MgAl2O4 spinel and Al2O3 particles in the same sample using the portable CL spectrometer. In both cases, not all of the particles in the sample were identified because the luminescence intensities of the smaller Al2O3 in particular were too low to detect. These problems could be solved by using an X-ray tube with a higher power and increasing the beam current of the portable CL spectrometer. The portable EPMA distinguished between the MgAl2O4 spinel and Al2O3 particles whose luminescent colors were detected using the portable CL spectrometer. Therefore, XEOL analysis has potential for the on-line analysis of nonmetallic inclusions in steel if we have information on the luminescence colors of the nonmetallic inclusions. In addition, a portable EPMA–CL analyzer would be able to perform on-site analysis of nonmetallic inclusions in steel.

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35

Zhang, Xianguang, Wen Yang, Haikun Xu, and Lifeng Zhang. "Effect of Cooling Rate on the Formation of Nonmetallic Inclusions in X80 Pipeline Steel." Metals 9, no. 4 (March 29, 2019): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040392.

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Nonmetallic inclusions have a strong influence on the hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in pipeline steels, which should be well controlled to improve the steel resistance to HIC and SSC. The effects of cooling rate on the formation of nonmetallic inclusions have been studied both experimentally and thermodynamically. It was found that the increasing cooling rate increased the number density and decreased the size of the inclusions, while the inverse results were obtained by decreasing the cooling rate. Furthermore, as the cooling rate decreased from 10 to 0.035 K/s, the inclusions were changed from Al2O3-CaO to Al2O3-CaO-MgO-CaS. At a high cooling rate, the reaction time is short and the inclusions cannot be completely transformed which should be mainly formed at high temperatures. While, at low cooling rate, the inclusions can be gradually transformed and tend to follow the equilibrium compositions.

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36

Babenko, Anatoly A., Natalia I. Selmensky, and Alena G. Upolovnikova. "The study of the microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon steel, microalloying by boron." Butlerov Communications 57, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-57-1-143.

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The paper presents the results of the study of non-metallic inclusions, the structure and mechanical properties of low carbon steel, microalloying by boron. The study of the amount and composition of nonmetallic inclusions showed that with the introduction of boron the volume fraction of oxide and oxysulfide inclusions increases and the volume fraction of sulfide inclusions significantly decreases. At the same time, the alloying of steel with boron increases to 99.7% the proportion of inclusions with a size of no more than 5 microns against 80.6% in the metal without boron. In the metal with boron, nonmetallic inclusions larger than 10 μm are absent, while in the metal without boron their share is 13.6%. Studies have shown that in a metal containing 0.011% boron, independent boron-containing inclusions were not detected. Boron was not detected in the composition of the studied nonmetallic inclusions. In all samples, steel nonmetallic inclusions are represented mainly by oxide, oxysulfide and sulfide inclusions. In the boron-free steel, a small amount of perlite is present along with the ferritic phase. Steel microalloying by boron is accompanied by the formation of a dispersed ferrite-bainite structure, which consists of fine-grained ferrite with bainite sites with a tendency to form bainite strips along the rolling direction. The microhardness of ferrite and perlite in steel without boron does not exceed an average of 180 and 214 HV10, respectively. It is noted that the presence of boron in steel in an amount of 0.011% increases the microhardness of ferrite to 260 HV10 and bainite to 335 HV10. The mechanical properties of hot-rolled steel with a thickness of 10 mm from boron-containing low-alloyed steel, due to the predominant formation of small rounded inclusions with a size of no more than 5 microns and the formation of a fine ferrite-bainite structure, are characterized by enhanced strength properties with preservation of plastic characteristics. The absolute values of the yield strength and temporary resistance of steel with boron reach 575 and 650 MPa, respectively. With such strength properties of metal, high plastic characteristics are preserved. Rolled steel without boron is characterized by reduced to 540 and 610 MPa tensile strength and temporary resistance, respectively.

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37

Dervis Mujagic, Sc, Sc Aida Imamovic, and Sc Mustafa Hadzalic. "NONMETALLIC INCLUSIONS IN AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL AISI 303 MICROALLOYED WITH ZIRCONIUM AND TELLURIUM." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12368.

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The control of formation of nonmetallic inclusion and the characterization present the basis of improvement of steel product properties and lead to sustainable development in design of new steel grades. In order to produce steels with better machinability, such as AISI 303 grades, a modification of inclusions with carefully designed chemical composition is presented. Sulphur by creating sulphide inclusions reduces friction and cutting resistance, and increases the brittleness of the chip.Considering its harmful effect in steel, as well as the fact that non-metallic inclusions have been insufficiently tested for this type of high-alloyed steel, the aim of this research is to determine effects of microalloying on the possibility of modification of non-metallic inclusions. Modification with zirconium favorably affects the ductile properties of steel, and a step forward in this study is a modification of inclusions with tellurium.It is of particular importance to determine the behavior of non-metallic inclusions in the process of production of the structural part and in subsequent exploitation. Therefore, plastic processing of austenitic stainless steel was also carried out, forging and rolling with two different level of processing.

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38

Amezhnov, A. V., I. G. Rodionova, and B. M. Mogutnov. "Establishment of optimal technological regimes of out-of-furnace processing of low-alloyed steels in order to ensure their high corrosion resistance in aqueous media through the formation of favorable non-metallic inclusions." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 10 (January 23, 2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2019-10-54-60.

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Based on the analysis of the technological principles of managing the formation of nonmetallic inclusions and the results of additional studies, optimal process conditions for out-of-furnace processing of steel were established, ensuring not only low contamination of nonmetallic inclusions (HB), but also the formation of nonmetallic inclusions of a favorable morphology that do not adversely affect the corrosion resistance of steel. It is shown that this is achieved by regulated input of aluminum for deoxidation and alloying of steel, limiting its content in steel, limiting the input temperature of aluminum and calcium at the final processing stage, as well as the duration of the flushing period. For steel, micro-alloyed with titanium, it is also possible to form another type of HB, which also do not adversely affect the corrosion resistance of steel. The oxide component of such HB with a high content of calcium and titanium acquires a rounded shape. The formation of such HB is achieved by the regulated input of aluminum, titanium and calcium at the final stage of processing.

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39

Taraborkin, L. A., and V. V. Golovko. "Calculation model of formation of nonmetallic inclusions of multilayer morphology in weld metal." Paton Welding Journal 2018, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2018.02.01.

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40

Fuchs, D., S. Schurer, T. Tobie, and K. Stahl. "A model approach for considering nonmetallic inclusions in the calculation of the local tooth root load-carrying capacity of high-strength gears made of high-quality steels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 21-22 (April 5, 2019): 7309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219840676.

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Demands for higher performance have caused a need for improved component characteristics, e.g. through surface strengthening of gears and increased cleanliness of gear steels. Unfortunately, a resultant drawback is that cracks in such high-strength gears are more often initiated in the material matrix at nonmetallic inclusions and not at the surface. In standardized calculation methods, the degree of cleanliness of steels is not yet directly correlated to the tooth root load-carrying capacity. This paper considers the effects of nonmetallic inclusions in the steel matrix on the tooth root strength based on the theoretical approach of Murakami.

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41

Rodionova, Irina, and Andrey Amezhnov. "Improving the corrosion resistance of steels intended for use in seawater." E3S Web of Conferences 121 (2019): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912104011.

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The results of study of influence of the chemical composition of steel, the structural condition and contamination of nonmetallic inclusions of various types on its corrosion resistance in seawater are presented in the paper. The requirements for increased-corrosion-resistance steel for marine conditions and oilfield pipelines have been compared. It has been shown that a mandatory requirement for ensuring high corrosion resistance of steels is to ensure the purity of steels from unfavorable types of nonmetallic inclusions. It has also been shown that reducing the carbon content and alloying with nickel lead to an increase in the corrosion resistance of steel.

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42

Gaivoronoskii, A. V., and N. V. Pavlova. "Study of effect of wheel steel microalloying by calcium and barium on nonmetallic inclusions modification." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 6 (July 21, 2020): 564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-6-564-572.

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The increase in freight cars axis loads, dynamic loads and heat impact on the wheels, change of other factors, stipulated by railway transport traffic intensification lead to considerable decrease of service life of solid-rolled wheels. To increase the service life of them, provision of the transport metal purity in non-deformed oxide nonmetallic inclusions with high content of Al2O3, decrease of general steel pollution by nonmetallic inclusions by micro-alloying and modification is an actual task. The purpose of the study was elaboration of wheel steel ladle treatment technology, including the steel micro-alloying and modification by barium-containing alloys to create material, which could meet high operation requirements, made to the railway wheels of new generation, intended to operate under increased axis loads conditions at the modern high-speed rolling-stock. It was shown, that replacement of everywhere applied silicocalcium by barium-based alloys is one of perspective ways of modification mechanism perfection. Results of industrial tests of micro-alloying of wheel steel by barium during ladle treatment presented. It was shown, that application for modification of cored wire with silicobarium filler instead of cored wire with silicocalsium filler СК-30, enabled to transform the nonmetallic inclusions into globular form practically completely, to raise the steel purity for all kinds of inclusions in both middle and maximum points range and to refine to some extent the grain size by 1-2 points. In the pilot metal at the depth of 40 mm from the surface, the gain was somewhat finer and more uniform (number 7), comparing with the existing technology (number 5-6). The pollution of the pilot metal by nonmetallic inclusions meets requirements of GOST 10791—2011 for category A and those of the standard EN 13262: 2004+А2:2011 for category 1.

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43

Gubenko, S. I., A. B. Sychkov, E. V. Parusov, A. I. Denisenko, and A. N. Zavalishchin. "Transformation of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel at High Temperatures." Steel in Translation 48, no. 5 (May 2018): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091218050030.

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44

Kazakov, Alexander A. "Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel – Origin, Estimation, Interpretation and Control." Microscopy and Microanalysis 22, S3 (July 2016): 1938–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616010539.

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45

Alexeenko, A. A., and D. A. Ponomarenko. "Making of steel with specified characteristics of nonmetallic inclusions." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2009, no. 8 (December 2009): 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029509080059.

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46

Gasik, M. I., K. V. Grigorovich, A. I. Panchenko, A. S. Sal’nikov, S. S. Shibaev, A. K. Garber, and A. Yu Dalmatov. "Nonmetallic inclusions in electric furnace steel ShKh15SG-V bars." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2011, no. 6 (June 2011): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029511060097.

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47

Repin, A. A., S. E. Alekseev, A. I. Popelyukh, and A. M. Teplykh. "Influence of nonmetallic inclusions on endurance of percussive machines." Journal of Mining Science 47, no. 6 (November 2011): 798–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062739147060128.

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48

Javurek, Mirko, Philipp Gittler, Roman Rössler, Bernhard Kaufmann, and Hubert Preßlinger. "Simulation of Nonmetallic Inclusions in a Continuous Casting Strand." steel research international 76, no. 1 (January 2005): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200505974.

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49

Imashuku, Susumu, and Kazuaki Wagatsuma. "Cathodoluminescence analysis of nonmetallic inclusions of nitrides in steel." Surface and Interface Analysis 51, no. 1 (September 2, 2018): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.6539.

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50

Elkoca, Oktay, and H. Cengizler. "Failure of Welded Radiator Nipples Caused by Nonmetallic Inclusions." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 7, no. 6 (October 31, 2007): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-007-9073-x.

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