Journal articles: 'Nonlinear site response analysis'

1

Tsai, Chi-Chin, and Chun-Way Chen. "Comparison Study of One-Dimensional Site Response Analysis Methods." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 2 (May 2016): 1075–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/071514eqs110m.

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The ground responses computed via frequency domain (FD) equivalent linear (EQL) and time domain (TD) nonlinear (NL) methods can considerably differ because of the constitutional differences in numerical approaches, damping formulations, and modeling of nonlinear soil response. To systematically evaluate the TD-NL and FD-EQL approaches, this study performs TD-NL, TD-EQL, and FD-EQL site response analyses considering different input motions, intensities of input motions, depths of soil columns, and nonlinear properties. Results show that the differences in the site responses calculated by the two approaches are highly influenced by dynamic soil properties, the significant nonlinearities of which (e.g., sand) tend to magnify such differences and the high damping of which tend to mitigate the differences. An amplification factor by TD-NL exhibits more nonlinearity than that by FD-EQL but agrees well with the nonlinearity in the 2015 NEHRP site factor, indicating that TD-NL is a better method than FD-EQL for modeling soil nonlinear behavior.

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Larkin, Tam, and John Marsh. "Two dimensional nonlinear site response analyses." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 25, no. 3 (September 30, 1992): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.25.3.222-229.

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This paper presents the results of computer studies of the seismic site response of two dimensional alluvial valleys with a variety of geometries and material properties. The alluvial material is modelled as a nonlinear hysteretic solid and results are presented to illustrate the effect of material nonlinearity on surface ground response. Comparative studies with one dimensional analyses are presented and conclusions drawn as to ground conditions that are appropriate to one dimensional site analyses.

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Lu, Tao, Yu Lin Lu, and Jing Yan Huo. "1D Time-Domain Nonlinear Analysis of Site Response under Strong Motion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1833.

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The Equivalent Linear Method is a common way used in earthquake engineering to analyze nonlinear site seismic response, but the response under strong motion is underestimated by the way. For analyzing nonlinear response more veritably, in the study, a time-domain nonlinear analysis method was proposed and used in a case for 1D seismic response analysis of soil layers under strong motion. The results obviously showed that, comparing with true nonlinear method, the Equivalent Linear Method underestimated in the case in natural period range of common civil engineering structures. The true nonlinear method adopted in the study is more fitful for nonlinear response of soil layers under strong motion.

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Chen, Guoxing, Dandan Jin, Jiao Zhu, Jian Shi, and Xiaojun Li. "Nonlinear Analysis on Seismic Site Response of Fuzhou Basin, China." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 105, no. 2A (February 3, 2015): 928–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120140085.

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PARK, DUHEE, and YOUSSEF M. A. HASHASH. "SOIL DAMPING FORMULATION IN NONLINEAR TIME DOMAIN SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 8, no. 2 (March 2004): 249–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632460409350489.

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Arslan, Haydar, and Bilge Siyahi. "A comparative study on linear and nonlinear site response analysis." Environmental Geology 50, no. 8 (April 28, 2006): 1193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0291-4.

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Tran, Ngoc-Long, Muhammad Aaqib, Ba-Phu Nguyen, Duy-Duan Nguyen, Viet-Linh Tran, and Van-Quang Nguyen. "Evaluation of Seismic Site Amplification Using 1D Site Response Analyses at Ba Dinh Square Area, Vietnam." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (August 28, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3919281.

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This study presents a case study on ground response analysis of one of the important cultural heritages in Hanoi, Vietnam. One-dimensional nonlinear and equivalent linear site response analyses which are commonly applied to solve the problem of seismic stress wave propagation are performed at the Ba Dinh square area. A measured in-situ shear wave velocity profile and corresponding geotechnical site investigation and laboratory test data are utilized to develop the site model for site-specific ground response analysis. A suite of earthquake records compatible with Vietnamese Design Code TCVN 9386: 2012 rock design spectrum is used as input ground motions at the bedrock. A few concerns associated with site-specific ground response evaluation are analyzed for both nonlinear and equivalent linear procedures, including shear strains, mobilized shear strength, and peak ground acceleration along with the depth. The results show that the mean maximum shear strains at any soil layer are less than 0.2% in the study area. A deamplification portion within the soil profile is observed at the layer interface with shear wave velocity reversal. The maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) at the surface is about 0.2 g for equivalent linear analysis and 0.16 g for nonlinear analysis. The ground motions are amplified near the site natural period 0.72 s. The soil factors calculated in this study are 1.95 and 2.07 for nonlinear and equivalent linear analyses, respectively. These values are much different from the current value of 1.15 for site class C in TCVN 9386: 2012. A comparison of calculated response spectra and amplification factors with the local standard code of practice revealed significant discrepancies. It is demonstrated that the TCVN 9386: 2012 soil design spectrum is unable to capture the calculated site amplification in the study area.

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Tian, Li, Yanming Wang, Zhenhua Yi, and Hui Qian. "A Parametric Study of Nonlinear Seismic Response Analysis of Transmission Line Structures." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/271586.

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A parametric study of nonlinear seismic response analysis of transmission line structures subjected to earthquake loading is studied in this paper. The transmission lines are modeled by cable element which accounts for the nonlinearity of the cable based on a real project. Nonuniform ground motions are generated using a stochastic approach based on random vibration analysis. The effects of multicomponent ground motions, correlations among multicomponent ground motions, wave travel, coherency loss, and local site on the responses of the cables are investigated using nonlinear time history analysis method, respectively. The results show the multicomponent seismic excitations should be considered, but the correlations among multicomponent ground motions could be neglected. The wave passage effect has a significant influence on the responses of the cables. The change of the degree of coherency loss has little influence on the response of the cables, but the responses of the cables are affected significantly by the effect of coherency loss. The responses of the cables change little with the degree of the difference of site condition changing. The effect of multicomponent ground motions, wave passage, coherency loss, and local site should be considered for the seismic design of the transmission line structures.

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Su, Jie, Zhenghua Zhou, You Zhou, Xiaojun Li, Qing Dong, Yafei Wang, Yuping Li, and Liu Chen. "The Characteristics of Seismic Response on Hard Interlayer Sites." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 25, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1425969.

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Based on the engineering geological data of a nuclear power plant site, nine engineering geological profiles were created with hard interlayers of different thicknesses. The equivalent linearization method of seismic motion segment-input used for one-dimensional nonlinear seismic response analysis was applied to study the effect of the interlayer thickness on the peak acceleration and the acceleration response spectra of the site seismic response. The results showed that there was an obvious influence of hard interlayer thickness on site seismic responses. With the increase of hard interlayer thickness, the site nonlinear effect on seismic responses decreased. Under the same thickness of the hard interlayer, the nonlinear effect of the site was strengthened with the higher input peak acceleration. In addition, the short-period acceleration response spectrum was found to be significantly influenced by the hard interlayer and showed that the longer the period, the less influence of the hard interlayer on the acceleration response spectrum coordinates. Moreover, the influenced frequency band was wider with the increase in the thickness of hard interlayer.

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Phillips, Camilo, and Youssef M. A. Hashash. "Damping formulation for nonlinear 1D site response analyses." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 29, no. 7 (July 2009): 1143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.01.004.

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Stewart, Jonathan P., Kioumars Afshari, and Christine A. Goulet. "Non-Ergodic Site Response in Seismic Hazard Analysis." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 4 (November 2017): 1385–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/081716eqs135m.

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Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses are usually performed with semi-empirical ground motion models (GMMs) following the ergodic assumption whereby average source, path, and site effects from global databases apply for a specific site of interest. Site-specific site response is likely to differ from the global average conditional on site parameters used in GMMs (typically V S30 and basin depth). Non-ergodic site response can be evaluated using on-site ground motion recordings and/or one-dimensional wave propagation analyses, and allows site-to-site variability to be removed from the within-event standard deviation. Relative to ergodic, non-ergodic hazard analyses often reduce ground motions at long return periods. We describe procedures for replacing the site term in GMMs with a non-ergodic nonlinear mean over its appropriate range of periods (returning to the ergodic mean outside that range). We also present procedures for computing non-ergodic standard deviation by removing site-to-site variability while considering effects of soil nonlinearity. We illustrate application of these procedures, and their effect on hazard curves and uniform hazard spectra, as implemented in OpenSHA.

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Chen, Yuan, and Jie Li. "Ground Motion Analysis in Nonlinear Soil Site with Random Media." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.920.

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In this article,by incorporating equivalent linearization method and the orthogonal expansion method into the wave finite element analysis of scattering problem, an analytical methodology for the evaluation of seismic response of nonlinear soil site with uncertain properties is proposed . Example is given to show the applicability of the methodology. The results show that the randomness of the site media has important effect on seismic site response , the randomness has greater influence on the variation of accelerations than on displacements. The coupling of the nonlinearity and the randomness of soil enhances the effect of randomness on the soil site.

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Foerster, Evelyne, and Hormoz Modaressi. "Nonlinear numerical method for earthquake site response analysis II — case studies." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 5, no. 3 (June 30, 2007): 325–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-007-9034-5.

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14

Shen, Yiyao, Zilan Zhong, Liyun Li, and Xiuli Du. "Nonlinear Solid–Fluid Coupled Seismic Response Analysis of Layered Liquefiable Deposit." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (June 1, 2022): 5628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115628.

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A seismic response analysis of layered, liquefiable sites plays an important role in the seismic design of both aboveground and underground structures. This study presents a detailed dynamic site response analysis procedure with advanced nonlinear soil constitutive models for non-liquefiable and liquefiable soils in the OpenSees computational platform. The stress ratio controlled, bounding surface plasticity constitutive model, PM4Sand, is used to simulate the nonlinear response of the liquefiable soil layers subjected to two seismic ground motions with different characteristics. The nonlinear hysteretic behavior of the non-liquefiable soil under earthquake excitations is captured by the Pressure Independent Multi Yield kinematic plasticity model with a von Mises multi-yield surface. The soil elements are modelled utilizing the solid–fluid fully coupled plane-strain u-p elements. The seismic response of the layered liquefiable site in terms of the development of excess pore water pressure, acceleration, ground surface settlement, and stress–strain and effective stress path time histories under two representative earthquake excitations are investigated in this study. The numerical results indicate that both the characteristics of ground motions and the site profile have a significant influence on the dynamic response of the layered liquefiable site. Under the same intensity of ground motion, the loose sand layer with a 35% relative density is more prone to liquefaction and contractive deformation, which causes irreversible residual deformation and vertical settlement. The saturated soil layer can effectively filter the high-frequency components and amplify the low-frequency components of ground motions. Moreover, the liquified site produces a 40% post-earthquake consolidation settlement after the excess pore pressure dissipation.

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15

Zhu, Zhihui, Yongjiu Tang, Zhenning Ba, Kun Wang, and Wei Gong. "Seismic analysis of high-speed railway irregular bridge–track system considering V-shaped canyon effect." Railway Engineering Science 30, no. 1 (November 12, 2021): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40534-021-00262-x.

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AbstractTo explore the effect of canyon topography on the seismic response of railway irregular bridge–track system that crosses a V-shaped canyon, seismic ground motions of the horizontal site and V-shaped canyon site were simulated through theoretical analysis with 12 earthquake records selected from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) Strong Ground Motion Database matching the site condition of the bridge. Nonlinear seismic response analyses of an existing 11-span irregular simply supported railway bridge–track system were performed under the simulated spatially varying ground motions. The effects of the V-shaped canyon topography on the peak ground acceleration at bridge foundations and seismic responses of the bridge–track system were analyzed. Comparisons between the results of horizontal and V-shaped canyon sites show that the top relative displacement between adjacent piers at the junction of the incident side and the back side of the V-shaped site is almost two times that of the horizontal site, which also determines the seismic response of the fastener. The maximum displacement of the fastener occurs in the V-shaped canyon site and is 1.4 times larger than that in the horizontal site. Neglecting the effect of V-shaped canyon leads to the inappropriate assessment of the maximum seismic response of the irregular high-speed railway bridge–track system. Moreover, engineers should focus on the girder end to the left or right of the two fasteners within the distance of track seismic damage.

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Zhang, Ray Ruichong, Stephen Hartzell, Jianwen Liang, and Yuxian Hu. "An Alternative Approach to Characterize Nonlinear Site Effects." Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 1 (February 2005): 243–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1853390.

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This paper examines the rationale of a method of nonstationary data processing and analysis, referred to as the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT), for its application to a recording-based approach in quantifying influences of soil nonlinearity in site response. In particular, this paper first summarizes symptoms of soil nonlinearity shown in earthquake recordings, reviews the Fourier-based approach to characterizing nonlinearity, and offers justifications for the HHT in addressing nonlinearity issues. This study then uses the HHT method to analyze synthetic data and recordings from the 1964 Niigata and 2001 Nisqually earthquakes. In doing so, the HHT-based site response is defined as the ratio of marginal Hilbert amplitude spectra, alternative to the Fourier-based response that is the ratio of Fourier amplitude spectra. With the Fourier-based approach in studies of site response as a reference, this study shows that the alternative HHT-based approach is effective in characterizing soil nonlinearity and nonlinear site response.

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Lee, Chien-Ping, Yi-Ben Tsai, and Kuo-Liang Wen. "Analysis of nonlinear site response using the LSST downhole accelerometer array data." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 26, no. 5 (May 2006): 435–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2005.10.005.

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Zheng, Wei, and Ronaldo Luna. "Nonlinear Site Response and Liquefaction Analysis in the New Madrid Seismic Zone." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 29, no. 4 (February 22, 2011): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9396-y.

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19

Hashash, Youssef M. A., Okan Ilhan, Joseph A. Harmon, Grace A. Parker, Jonathan P. Stewart, Ellen M. Rathje, Kenneth W. Campbell, and Walter J. Silva. "Nonlinear site amplification model for ergodic seismic hazard analysis in Central and Eastern North America." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293019878193.

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This article presents recommendations for nonlinear site amplification models in Central and Eastern North America (CENA), which are developed from one-dimensional site response analyses results and accompanies linear site amplification model in a companion article. Two median nonlinear amplification models using identical functional forms are produced as a function of VS30 and peak ground acceleration for reference conditions ( PGAr) of VS = 3000 m/s and VS30 = 760 m/s. An epistemic uncertainty model on median nonlinear amplification is proposed as a piecewise functional form to generate reasonable variations of nonlinear amplification across the period and VS30 ranges of interest. Limitations of the models are based on both the methodology of the model derivation and assumptions of nonlinear amplification model forms.

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Morris, Gareth J., Andrew J. Thompson, James N. Dismuke, and Brendon A. Bradley. "Ground motion input for nonlinear response history analysis." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 52, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.52.3.119-133.

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Nonlinear response history analysis (NLRHA), or so-called “nonlinear time history analysis”, is adopted by practicing structural engineers who implement performance-based seismic design and/or assessment procedures. One important aspect in obtaining reliable output from the NLRHA procedure is the input ground motion records. The underlying intention of ground motion selection and amplitude-scaling procedures is to ensure the input for NLRHA is representative of the ground shaking hazard level, for a given site and structure. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the salient limitations of the ground motion selection and scaling requirements in Sections 5.5 and 6.4 of the New Zealand (NZ) loading standard NZS 1170.5 (2004). From a NZ regulatory perspective; there is no specific framework for seismic hazard analysis and ground motion selection (thus self-regulation is the current norm). In contrast, NZS 1170.5 contains many prescriptive requirements for scaling and applying records which are challenging to satisfy in practice. Also discussed within, there are implications for more modern guidance documents in NZ, such as the 2017 “Assessment Guidelines” for existing buildings, which cite NZS 1170.5, a standard which is at least 16 years old (draft issued in 2002). To emphasize the above issues with NZS 1170.5, this paper presents a summary of the more contemporary approaches in the US standards ASCE 7-16 (new buildings) and ASCE 41-17 (existing buildings), along with some examples of the more stringent US requirements for Tall Buildings.

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Olson, Scott M., Xuan Mei, and Youssef M. A. Hashash. "Nonlinear Site Response Analysis with Pore-Water Pressure Generation for Liquefaction Triggering Evaluation." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 146, no. 2 (February 2020): 04019128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002191.

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22

Hien, Nghiem Manh. "Stress-independent parameters for stress-strain relationship and damping in nonlinear one-dimensional seismic site response analysis." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 15, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2021-15(1)-02.

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The modulus reduction and damping curves represent the nonlinear behavior of soil under cyclic load. In the literature, those curves were produced from lab tests of soil at particular confining stresses. This study developed a set of parameters that can be used to normalize the modulus reduction and damping curves to be stress-independent. The proposed formulations for the stress-independent parameters were implemented in the finite element code SRAP and validated through producing shear modulus reduction and damping curves that match the existed ones. Nonlinear 1D seismic site response analyses were conducted for centrifuge experiments to verify the developed computer code. Comparisons of the analysis results between SRAP and another computer code were presented in terms of maximum and minimum displacement, peak ground acceleration, maximum shear strain profiles, and response spectra. Keywords: backbone curve; hysteretic damping; dynamic soil model; stress-independent parameters; finite element method; nonlinear 1D seismic site response analysis.

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Chaudhary, Muhammad Tariq A. "Influence of site conditions on seismic design parameters for foundations as determined via nonlinear site response analysis." Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 15, no. 1 (February 2021): 275–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11709-021-0685-0.

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Khatiwada, Prashidha, Yiwei Hu, Elisa Lumantarna, and Scott J. Menegon. "Dynamic Modal Analyses of Building Structures Employing Site-Specific Response Spectra Versus Code Response Spectrum Models." CivilEng 4, no. 1 (February 3, 2023): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng4010009.

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This paper is aimed at giving structural designers guidance on how to make use of elastic site-specific response spectra for the dynamic modal analysis of a structure in support of its structural design. The use of response spectra in support of the pushover analysis of an RC building forming part of the non-linear static analysis procedure (that can be used to predict seismic demand without relying on the code-stipulated default R factor) is also presented. Seismic analysis of structures based on the use of site-specific response spectra can help to achieve a more optimised, and cost-effective, structural design compared to the conventional approach employing a response spectrum model stipulated by the code for different site classes. Currently, the methodology is only adopted in major projects in which enough resources are available to engage experts who are skilled in operating the procedure; thus, the use of site-specific response spectra in structural engineering practice is still limited despite the merits of the procedure. Deriving a site-specific response spectrum requires a database of representative ground motion records to be developed. Extra analytical tasks to be undertaken include the processing of bore log data, site response analyses, and selection/scaling of bedrock accelerograms for input into site response analyses. Guidelines for implementing this design methodology are currently lacking. To promote the wide adoption of site-specific seismic design, this article presents the procedure for developing the required site-specific design spectra, as well as guidelines for applying these spectra for seismic design based on analyses of linear, or nonlinear, models of the building. Non-linear analysis can be accomplished by dealing with macroscopic models as illustrated in a case study.

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Malekmohammadi, Mojtaba, and Shahram Pezeshk. "Ground Motion Site Amplification Factors for Sites Located within the Mississippi Embayment with Consideration of Deep Soil Deposits." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 2 (May 2015): 699–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/091712eqs291m.

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In this study, site amplification factors for the deep soil deposits of the Mississippi embayment are computed using a nonlinear site response analysis program first to develop a model for nonlinear soil response for possible use by ground motion developers and second to address site amplification estimation. The effects of geology, sediment depth, and average shear wave velocity at the upper 30 m of soil ranging 180–800 m/s, as well as the effect of peak ground acceleration at the bedrock on nonlinear ground motion amplification for the upper embayment, are investigated. The site response computations cover various site conditions, sediment depth of 70–750 m, and peak acceleration of input rock motions of 0.01–0.90 g. The amplification (or de-amplification) at various frequencies implied by the sediment depth is greater than that implied just by site classification of the top 30 m of soil.

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Komak Panah, Ali, and Aylin Nouri. "An Investigation of Local Site Effects Using Linear and Nonlinear analysis and Comparison Between Them." Civil Engineering Journal 2, no. 4 (April 30, 2016): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2016-00000018.

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Recent code provisions for building and other structures (1994 and 1997 NEHRP provisions, 1997 UBC) have adopted new site classification. The new site classification system is based on average shear wave velocity to a depth of 30 m. when the shear wave velocity is not available; other soil properties such as undrained shear strength can be used. The study of propagation damages in various earthquakes illustrates the importance of the site effect on the ground seismic characteristics. From the point of the earthquake engineering view, the most important characteristics of the strong ground motion are amplitude, frequency content and duration. All of these properties have a significant effect on earthquake damage. The behavior of soils under cyclic loading is basically nonlinear and hysteretic. Ground response analysis is used to predict the movements of the ground and develop a design response spectrum in order to determine the dynamic stresses and strains and earthquake forces. The profile was studied by using various methods of soil response analysis and finally, the results were examined. In this paper, soil responses were examined by NERA, EERA software and the results compared with each other. Eventually, we concluded that the values obtained from the EERA are more than the value obtained from the NEERA software.

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Kim, Byungmin, Youssef M. A. Hashash, Jonathan P. Stewart, Ellen M. Rathje, Joseph A. Harmon, Michael I. Musgrove, Kenneth W. Campbell, and Walter J. Silva. "Relative Differences between Nonlinear and Equivalent-Linear 1-D Site Response Analyses." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 3 (August 2016): 1845–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/051215eqs068m.

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This study investigates the conditions for which one-dimensional (1-D) nonlinear (NL) site response analysis results are distinct from equivalent-linear (EL) results and provides guidance for predicting when differences are large enough to be of practical significance. Relative differences in spectral accelerations and Fourier amplitudes computed from NL and EL analyses are assessed for a range of site conditions and for suites of input motions appropriate for active crustal and stable continental regions. Among several considered parameters, EL/NL differences are most clearly dependent on shear strain index ( I γ), defined as the ratio of input motion peak velocity to time-averaged shear-wave velocity in the top 30 m of the soil profile. For small I γ (generally under 0.03%), EL and NL results are practically identical, whereas at larger strains, differences can be significant for frequencies >0.3 Hz. Frequency-dependent I γ values are recommended for conditions above which NL analyses are preferred to EL.

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de la Torre, Christopher A., Brendon A. Bradley, and Robin L. Lee. "Modeling nonlinear site effects in physics-based ground motion simulations of the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 2 (March 30, 2020): 856–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293019891729.

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This study examines the performance of nonlinear total stress one-dimensional (1D) wave propagation site response analysis for modeling site effects in physics-based ground motion simulations of the 2010–2011 Canterbury, New Zealand earthquake sequence. This approach explicitly models three-dimensional (3D) ground motion phenomena at the regional scale, and detailed site effects at the local scale. The approach is compared with a more commonly used empirical VS30-based method of computing site amplification for simulated ground motions, as well as prediction via an empirical ground motion model. Site-specific ground response analysis is performed at 20 strong motion stations in Christchurch for 11 earthquakes with 4.7≤ MW≤7.1. When compared with the VS30-based approach, the wave propagation analysis reduces both overall model bias and uncertainty in site-to-site residuals at the fundamental period, and significantly reduces systematic residuals for soft or “atypical” sites that exhibit strong site amplification. The comparable performance in ground motion prediction between the physics-based simulation method and empirical ground motion models suggests the former is a viable approach for generating site-specific ground motions for geotechnical and structural response history analyses.

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Hou, Ruibin, and John X. Zhao. "A Nonlinear Site Amplification Model for the Horizontal Component Developed for Ground-Motion Prediction Equations in Japan Using Site Period as the Site-Response Parameter." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 112, no. 1 (September 28, 2021): 381–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120210126.

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ABSTRACT This article presents a nonlinear site amplification model for ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs), using site period as site-effect proxy based on the measured shear-wave velocity profiles of selected KiK-net and K-NET sites in Japan. This model was derived using 1D equivalent-linear site-response analysis for a total of 516 measured soil-site shear-wave velocity profiles subjected to a total of 912 components of rock-site records. The modulus reduction and damping curves for each soil layer were assigned based on the soil-type description for a particular layer. The site period and site impedance ratio affect both the linear and nonlinear parts of this study, and were used as the site parameters in the 1D amplification model. A large impedance ratio enhances the amplification ratios when the site responds elastically and enhances the nonlinear response when the site develops a significant nonlinear response. The effects of moment magnitude and source distance on the linear part of the 1D amplification model were also incorporated in the model. To implement the 1D amplification model into GMPEs, a model adjustment is required to match the GMPE amplification ratio at weak motion and to retain the nonlinear amplification ratio at the strong motion of the 1D model. The two-step adjustment method by Zhao, Hu, et al. (2015) was adopted in this study with significant modifications. It is not possible to obtain a credible second-step adjustment parameter using the GMPEs dataset only. We proposed three methods for calculating the scale factors. Method 1 is a constant angle in a 30°–60° range for all spectral periods; method 2 was based on the GMPE dataset and 1-D model parameters; and method 3 was based on the strong-motion records used for the 1D site modeling. A simple second-step adjustment factor leads to smoothing amplification ratios and soil-site spectrum.

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Germoso, Claudia, Jean Louis Duval, and Francisco Chinesta. "Harmonic-Modal Hybrid Reduced Order Model for the Efficient Integration of Non-Linear Soil Dynamics." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 27, 2020): 6778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196778.

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Nonlinear behavior of soils during a seismic event has a predominant role in current site response analysis. Soil response analysis, and more concretely laboratory data, indicate that the stress-strain relationship of soils is nonlinear and exhibits hysteresis. An equivalent linearization method, in which non-linear characteristics of shear modulus and damping factor of soils are modeled as equivalent linear relations of the shear strain is usually applied, but this assumption, however, may lead to a conservative approach of the seismic design. In this paper, we propose an alternative analysis formulation, able to address forced response simulation of soils exhibiting their characteristic nonlinear behavior. The proposed approach combines ingredients of modal and harmonic analyses enabling efficient time-integration of nonlinear soil behaviors based on the offline construction of a dynamic response parametric solution by using Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD)-based model order reduction technique.

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Gheibi, Emad, and Mohammad Hosein Bagheripour. "Effect of Parameters on Equivalent Number of Cycles Using ‎Nonlinear Seismic Site Response Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2365.

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The concept of equivalent number of uniform stress cycles, is essential for assessment of soil liquefaction potential. In this regard, various procedures are used to convert random acceleration time history to uniform cycles having amplitude of 0.65 of peak acceleration. Equivalent number of cycles (Neq) defines equivalent energy generated by harmonic loading as that imposed by irregular motion during an earthquake. Neq is assumed to be a function of earthquake magnitude. Over the past years, in accordance with development in methods of soil liquefaction evaluation, various methods have been proposed to determinate equivalent number of cycles. In particular, parameters like site to source distance (r), have been related directly to Neq. In this study, more than 80 earthquake records have been investigated and their Neqs are assessed using energy approach and nonlinear site response analysis. It is shown that equivalent number of cycles is related to earthquake magnitude (M), r and depth of originated signals. Unlike previous methods which result in scatter in output data, current approach has led to more uniform and consistent results for each earthquake.

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Abbaszadeh Shahri, Abbas, Bizhan Esfandiyari, Katayoun Behzadafshar, and Mohammad Amin Vares. "Comparison of Nonlinear Time Domain Site Response Analysis Subjected to Earthquake Provokes-Case Study." Journal of Civil Engineering Research 2, no. 1 (August 31, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.jce.20120201.01.

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Mir Mohammad Hosseini, S. Majdeddin, and Mojdeh Asadollahi Pajouh. "Comparative study on the equivalent linear and the fully nonlinear site response analysis approaches." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 5, no. 4 (November 25, 2010): 587–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0228-9.

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34

Rayhani, M. H. T., M. H. El Naggar, and S. H. Tabatabaei. "Nonlinear Analysis of Local Site Effects on Seismic Ground Response in the Bam Earthquake." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 26, no. 1 (October 13, 2007): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-007-9149-0.

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35

Yee, Eric, Jonathan P. Stewart, and Kohji Tokimatsu. "Elastic and Large-Strain Nonlinear Seismic Site Response from Analysis of Vertical Array Recordings." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 139, no. 10 (October 2013): 1789–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000900.

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36

Bao, Xin, Jing-bo liu, Shu-tao Li, and Fei Wang. "Nonlinear seismic response analysis of reef-coral sand site in the South China Sea." Ocean Engineering 281 (August 2023): 114966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114966.

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37

Nguyen, Van-Quang, Muhammad Aaqib, Duy-Duan Nguyen, Nguyen-Vu Luat, and Duhee Park. "A Site-Specific Response Analysis: A Case Study in Hanoi, Vietnam." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (June 8, 2020): 3972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113972.

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A series of one-dimensional (1-D) site response analyses were performed using the nonlinear (NL) and equivalent linear (EQL) approaches to assess the applicability of the Vietnamese earthquake-resistance design code TCVN 9386: 2012. Six soil profiles were selected from three districts in Hanoi (Vietnam). A number of ground motions compatible with the rock design spectrum were used as input for carrying out analyses. The results highlight that the calculated response is higher than the design spectrum for site class C and lower for site class D. The normalized response spectra of the EQL approach results are higher than those of the NL approach. Moreover, the peak ground accelerations at the surface from EQL analyses are greater than those of the NL method because the latter generates a higher amount of nonlinearity. The results from the NL approach also illustrate that the deamplification phenomenon occurs in the soft soils of the Hanoi region (e.g., soil profile P3 and P5 of site class D). Additionally, the shear strains calculated from the NL method are closely matched with those from the EQL method, the difference between them increasing with a decrease in soil stiffness.

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Hutchinson, T. C., Y. H. Chai, R. W. Boulanger, and I. M. Idriss. "Inelastic Seismic Response of Extended Pile-Shaft-Supported Bridge Structures." Earthquake Spectra 20, no. 4 (November 2004): 1057–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1811614.

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Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses were used to evaluate the inelastic seismic response of bridge and viaduct structures supported on extended cast-in-drilled-hole (CIDH) pile shafts. The nonlinear dynamic analyses used a beam-on-nonlinear-Winkler foundation (BNWF) framework to model the soil-pile interaction, nonlinear fiber beam-column elements to model the reinforced concrete sections, and one-dimensional site response analyses for the free-field soil profile response. The study included consideration of ground motion characteristics, site response, lateral soil resistance, structural parameters, geometric nonlinearity (P-Δ effects), and performance measures. Results described herein focus on how the ground motion characteristics and variations in structural configurations affect the performance measures important for evaluating the inelastic seismic response of these structures. Presented results focus on a representative dense soil profile and thus are not widely applicable to dramatically different soil sites.

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39

Kamal, Heba. "Nonlinear Analysis of Local Site Effects on Seismic Ground Response in New Damietta City, Egypt." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25848.

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New Damietta City is situated in a locale of moderate notable seismicity about M6.25 have happened. These dangerous tremors started from the Mediterranean subduction zone among African and Eurasian plates and is underlain by soaked late Holocene stores. In this examination, the city of New Damietta was assessed regarding site intensification and site period. Geographical and geotechnical examination including information base of 543 boreholes were gathered from past geotechnical reports and corroborative exhausting logs were executed by the Lodging and Building national Exploration focus. These information were incorporated to decide the variety of the dirt profile and in addition the qualities of the dirt layers inside the investigation site. One dimensional ground response close examination using corresponding straight system and nonlinear procedure have been done. Nonlinear examinations' results were differentiated and those of the indistinguishable direct method, and both of the similarities and differences are discussed. It is assumed that because of nonlinearity of soil under strong ground developments, 1-D parallel direct showing overestimates the strengthening structures the extent that add up to upgrade level, and can't viably speak to full frequencies and hysteric soil lead. Along these lines, more reasonable and suitable numerical strategies for ground reaction examination ought to be reviewed

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40

Carlton, Brian, and Kohji Tokimatsu. "Comparison of Equivalent Linear and Nonlinear Site Response Analysis Results and Model to Estimate Maximum Shear Strain." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 3 (August 2016): 1867–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/021215eqs029mr1.

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We compared the results of equivalent linear (ELA) and nonlinear site response analyses (NLA) and found that the differences between the values of the peak ground acceleration ( PGA), peak ground velocity ( PGV), Arias intensity ( I a), significant duration ( D5–75), and response spectrum for periods between 0.025 s and 2 s predicted by each method are non-negligible for maximum shear strain values predicted by ELA ( γ max, ELA) greater than 0.04% to 1.0%. As γ max, ELA increases, ELA in general predict smaller shear strain and D5–75 values, and larger PGA, PGV, I a, mean period, and response spectral values for periods less than 0.1 s and periods near the natural site period than NLA. To help researchers and practitioners decide when to use ELA and/or NLA, we developed a model to estimate γ max, ELA before conducting a site response analysis.

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Yang, Jun, Tadanobu Sato, and Xiang-Song Li. "Nonlinear site effects on strong ground motion at a reclaimed island." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-092.

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Recently there has been an increased interest in the study of the nonlinearity in soil response for large strains through in situ earthquake observations. In this paper, the downhole array acceleration data recorded at a reclaimed island, Kobe, during the 1995 Kobe earthquake are used to study nonlinear site effects. Particular attention is given to the liquefaction-induced nonlinear effects on the recorded ground motions. By using the spectral ratio and the spectral-smoothing technique, the characteristics of the ground motions are analyzed. It is shown that the peak frequencies in spectral ratios were shifted to lower frequencies when the strongest motions occurred. The increase in the predominant period was caused primarily by a strong attenuation of low-period waves, rather than by amplification of long-period motions. Based on the spectral analyses, the nonlinearity occurring in the shallow liquefied layer during the shaking event is identified, manifested by a significant reduction of the shear modulus. A fully coupled, inelastic, finite element analysis of the response of the array site is carried out. The stress-strain histories of soils and excess pore-water pressures at different depths are calculated. It is suggested that the stress-strain response and the build up of pore pressure are well correlated to the variation of the characteristics of ground motions during the shaking history.Key words: site response, ground motion, nonlinearity, soil liquefaction, array records, Kobe earthquake.

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42

Majidi, Noorollah, Hossein Tajmir Riahi, and Sayed Mahdi Zandi. "Reducing computational costs in site response analysis and its application for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures." Structures 46 (December 2022): 1345–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.10.125.

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43

Dismuke, James N. "Nonlinear shear stress reduction factor (rd) for assessment of liquefaction potential in Christchurch Central Business District." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 47, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.47.1.1-14.

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Simplified procedures for evaluating liquefaction triggering potential use the nonlinear shear stress reduction factor, rd, to estimate the peak earthquake-induced cyclic shear stress within the soil strata. Previous studies have derived rd by considering the response of representative ground profiles subjected to input ground motions with a range of ground motion characteristics. In this study, site–specific rd for serviceability limit state (SLS) and ultimate limit state (ULS) design ground motions are developed using site response models of the Christchurch Central Business District (CBD). The site response models are generated for typical geologic conditions of Christchurch CBD with shear wave velocity, Vs, profiles developed from the results of multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) surveys conducted across Christchurch CBD. A total of 528 simulations were conducted using 1D nonlinear time domain site response analyses using a suite of input ground motions that are representative of controlling ground motion scenarios for seismic hazard of Christchurch. The results of the ground response analyses are used to determine Christchurch CBD-specific rd relationships for liquefaction triggering assessments. The proposed relationships provide a better estimate of the cyclic stress ratios induced below Christchurch CBD when subjected to design SLS and ULS ground motions as compared to typical practice using generic liquefaction assessment methodologies.

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44

Assimaki, Dominic, Wei Li, and Michalis Fragiadakis. "Site Effects in Structural Response Predictions of Inelastic SDOF Oscillators." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 3 (August 2012): 859–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000056.

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We study how the inelastic structural response predicted via synthetic seismograms is affected by the selection of site response models in ground motion simulations. We first generate synthetics for multiple scenarios and site conditions in Southern California using attenuation relations, site specific linear, vis-coelastic and nonlinear analyses, and estimate the ground motion variability that results from the soil model selection. We next use bilinear single degree-of-freedom oscillators to demonstrate how this variability propagates to the inelastic structural response predictions. Results show high bias and scatter of the inelastic displacement ratio predicted using the empirical and linear elastic site response models relative to the nonlinear, for periods close to the fundamental period of the site. For the synthetic motions and sites used, we derive empirical correlations between the amount of bias and period range where it manifests, and selected input motion and site parameters.

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45

Goulet, Christine A., and Jonathan P. Stewart. "Pitfalls of Deterministic Application of Nonlinear Site Factors in Probabilistic Assessment of Ground Motions." Earthquake Spectra 25, no. 3 (August 2009): 541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3159006.

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It is common for ground motions to be estimated using a combination of probabilistic and deterministic procedures. Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses (PSHA) are performed to estimate intensity measures ( IMs) for reference site conditions (usually rock). This is followed by a deterministic modification of the rock IMs to account for site effects, typically using site factors from the literature or seismic codes. We demonstrate for two California sites and three site conditions that the deterministic application of nonlinear site factors underestimates ground motions evaluated probabilistically for return periods of engineering interest. Reasons for this misfit include different standard deviation terms for rock and soil sites, different controlling earthquakes, and overestimation of the nonlinear component of the site response in the deterministic procedure. This problem is solved using site-specific PSHA with appropriate consideration of nonlinear site response, within the hazard integral.

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46

Nguyen, T. K., and V. Q. Nguyen. "One-dimensional Site Response Analysis and Liquefaction Evaluation of Can Tho City, Vietnam." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 9676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5335.

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Can Tho is the biggest city in the Mekong River Delta, one of the five national central cities in Vietnam. However, it has not been studied regarding seismic hazard estimation. For this purpose, one-dimensional nonlinear site response analysis of this city was performed in this paper. The measured in-situ profiles and corresponding geotechnical site investigation and laboratory test data were utilized to develop the site model for site-specific ground response analysis. A suite of earthquake records compatible with the Vietnam rock design spectrum (TCVN 9386:2012) was used as input ground motions at the bedrock. The results show that Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) increases from the bedrock to the surface. Maximum PGA is 0.083g for O Mon district (P1) and 0.073g for Cai Rang district (P2). The maximum shear strain is reported to be 0.35% for P1 and 0.45% for P2. The recommended amplification factors are 1.7 for P1 and 1.9 for P2. Even though Can Tho city is composed of soft layers, liquefaction is unlikely to occur.

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47

Zhang, Jin, Ke-jian Chen, Neng-pan Ju, Shi-xiong Zheng, Hong-yu Jia, and Da-ping Yuan. "Simulation of the In Situ Spatially Varying Ground Motions and Nonlinear Seismic Response Analysis of the Cable-Stayed Bridge." Shock and Vibration 2020 (March 16, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3063402.

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To study the nonlinear seismic behavior and seismic resistance of the long-span cable-stayed bridges subjected to earthquakes, the multidimensional and multisupported artificial ground motions are synthesized first based on the in situ site conditions of the bridge considering the coherent and traveling wave effects. Then, considering the material nonlinearity of the cable-stayed bridge, a 3D finite element model is established based on the OpenSees platform, and the nonlinear seismic response analysis of the bridge is carried out under the synthetic artificial ground motions. The nonlinear seismic response of main bridge components such as piers, towers, bearings, and cables is analyzed, and key conclusions and observations are drawn.

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48

Anthi, M., and N. Gerolymos. "A wave propagation algorithm for nonlinear site response analysis of layered soil accounting for liquefaction." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 149 (October 2021): 106860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106860.

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49

Kwok, A. O. L., J. P. Stewart, and Y. M. A. Hashash. "Nonlinear Ground-Response Analysis of Turkey Flat Shallow Stiff-Soil Site to Strong Ground Motion." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 98, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120070009.

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Mahmood, Khalid, Sher Afzal Khan, Qaiser Iqbal, Fazli Karim, and Shahid Iqbal. "Equivalent Linear and Nonlinear Site-Specific Ground Response Analysis of Pashto Cultural Museum Peshawar, Pakistan." Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering 44, S1 (January 13, 2020): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40996-020-00346-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nonlinear site response analysis'

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