Journal articles: 'Nonlinear reading'

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Wallot, Sebastian, and Guy Van Orden. "Nonlinear analyses of self-paced reading." Mental Lexicon 6, no. 2 (August 3, 2011): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.6.2.02wal.

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Nonlinear methods of fractal analysis and recurrence quantification analysis are becoming more commonplace in the cognitive and behavioral sciences. These methods are illustrated here in a tutorial style using self-paced reading data. Self-paced reading was performed in which each spacebar press revealed a story word-by-word or else sentence-by-sentence. Participant readers were either Ph.D. candidates in English literature or undergraduates from an introductory psychology course and the same story was read by all, either one time only or reread another time on another occasion. The nonlinear analyses revealed crucial differences between the word unit and sentence unit conditions. Performance in the word unit condition was dominated by a task specific strategy, yielding data patterns more like those observed in tapping tasks. Nonlinear analyses of the sentence unit condition, however, discriminated between graduate and undergraduate readers, and first readings of the story from re-reading. From these analyses, the repeated reading of the same story reveals a kind of über-fluency, in a manner of speaking, of the Ph.D. candidates in English literature, whose performance stayed at or closer to a performance ceiling in both readings.

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Robinson, Richard, and David B. Yaden. "Chaos or nonlinear dynamics: Implications for reading research." Reading Research and Instruction 32, no. 4 (June 1993): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19388079309558129.

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Sapukh, T. V., and A. Kh Khuzina. "HYPER-READING AS A NEW READING STRATEGY." Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 229 (2021): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/1814-6457-229-91.

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The development of modern information technologies changes the forms of presenting educational material in modern learning conditions. On the one hand, there are new opportunities for the rational organization of the text (using the hypertext structure). On the other hand, due to the fragmentation of information, specific additional skills are required for more effective mastering of a foreign language. In the course of our theoretical research, it was found that hyper-reading as a new reading strategy is a quick search for the required information, during which only individual fragments of text are read. It is based on ordinary types of reading. It makes it possible to use modern information technologies and includes the following techniques: filtering, skimming, non-linear selection, value determination, filming, borrowing, de-authorization and fragmentation. Filtering is associated with a greater degree of selectivity when working with nonlinear text. A quick scan allows for less reading. When determining the significance of a lexical unit, students clarify its meaning, they can make a commentary on the educational text. Filming involves relying on photo and video materials, taking into account the situation and context at the pre-text stage of work. Borrowing is aimed at structuring the educational material in accordance with the goals of the reader. De-authorization allows the reader to form his own idea of the content of the studied educational text, to interpret it. Fragmentation makes it possible to highlight the necessary fragments of text, to pay attention to the search for details or facts. These techniques are revealed in experimental work through a specially organized system of exercises for working with hypertext. The study found that hyper-reading as a new reading strategy allows students to activate the knowledge, skills, and abilities associated with traditional types of reading via hypertext.

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Rubino, I. Alex, Silvia Grasso, and Bianca Pezzarossa. "Microgenetic Patterns of Adaptation on the Stroop Task by Patients with Bronchial Asthma and Duodenal Peptic Ulcer." Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 1 (August 1990): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.1.19.

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Microgenetic patterns of adaptation on the Stroop task were assessed by means of the Serial Color-Word Test given 21 patients with bronchial asthma and 20 with duodenal peptic ulcer, who were compared with 41 normal controls matched for sex, age, and education. Two measures were calculated on each of the five trials of the test, one of linear change and one of nonlinear change in reading times. As predicted, patients presented more frequently patterns characterized by high nonlinear change and less frequently stabilized patterns (low linear and nonlinear change of reading speed). Linear and nonlinear change were then calculated on the five linear change scores and the five nonlinear change scores; again patients presented more frequently patterns characterized by high nonlinear change on both the linear change scores and nonlinear change scores and less frequently stabilized patterns. These findings indicate strong similarities between the adaptation patterns of patients with ulcer and asthma and the microgenetic patterns previously known to characterize neurotic and psychotic patients. Furthermore, scores on the Serial Color-Word Test also differentiated between ulcer and asthma groups.

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Procailo, Leonilda, and Lêda Maria Braga Tomitch. "Investigating Digital Reading in L2 to Criticize and to Summarize: Working Memory Capacity and Reading Purpose Influencing Strategy." Lingüística y Literatura 41, no. 78 (September 20, 2020): 320–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.lyl.n78a13.

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The construction of meaning and inference generation considering low- and high- working memory span when readers read digital texts in L2 to criticize and to summarize were examined. Data collection included Reading Span Test, verbal protocol and post-reading tasks. The low-span group showed more misunderstandings in both purposes and a significant result of moderate correlation between reading time and reading to summarize. Both groups made more metacognitive comments when reading hypertexts to summarize and found strategies to cope with the demands of the nonlinear hypertext.

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Roberts, Garrett J., Denis G. Dumas, Daniel McNeish, and Brooke Coté. "Understanding the Dynamics of Dosage Response: A Nonlinear Meta-Analysis of Recent Reading Interventions." Review of Educational Research 92, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): 209–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543211051423.

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Researchers have noted a nonlinear association between reading instruction dosage (i.e., hours of instruction) and reading outcomes for Grade K–3 students with reading difficulties (K–3 SWRD). In this article, we propose a nonlinear meta-analysis as a method to identify both the maximum effect size and optimal dosage of reading interventions for K–3 SWRD using 26 peer-reviewed studies including 186 effect sizes. Results suggested the effect sizes followed a concave parabolic shape, such that increasing dosage improved intervention effects until 39.92 hours of instruction (dmax = 0.77), after which the intervention effects declined. Moderator analyses found that maximum intervention effects on fluency outcomes were significantly larger (dmax = 1.34) than the overall maximum effect size. Also, when students received 1:1 instruction, the dosage response curve displayed a different functional form than the concave parabolic shape, showing the effect increased indefinitely after approximately 16.8 hours of instruction. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

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ENGBERT, R., R. KLIEGL, and A. LONGTIN. "COMPLEXITY OF EYE MOVEMENTS IN READING." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 14, no. 02 (February 2004): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127404009491.

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During reading, our eyes perform complicated sequences of fixations on words. Stochastic models of eye movement control suggest that this seemingly erratic behavior can be attributed to noise in the oculomotor system and random fluctuations in lexical processing. Here, we present a qualitative analysis of a recently published dynamical model [Engbert et al., 2002] and propose that deterministic nonlinear control accounts for much of the observed complexity of eye movement patterns during reading. Based on a symbolic coding technique we analyze robust statistical features of simulated fixation sequences.

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Varela-Aldás, José, Renato Mauricio Toasa, and Paul Francisco Baldeon Egas. "Support Vector Machine Binary Classifiers of Home Presence Using Active Power." Designs 6, no. 6 (November 1, 2022): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs6060108.

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The intelligent analysis of electrical parameters has been facilitated by the Internet of Things (IoT), with capabilities to access a lot of data with customized sampling times. On the contrary, binary classifiers using support vector machines (SVM) resolve nonlinear cases through kernel functions. This work presents two binary classifiers of presence in the home using total household active power data obtained from the automated reading of an IoT device. The classifiers consisted of SVM using kernel functions, a linear function, and a nonlinear function. The data was acquired with the Emporia Gen 2 Vue energy monitor for 20 days without interruption, obtaining averaged readings every 15 min. Of these data, 75% was for training the classifiers, and the rest of the data was for validation. Contrary to expectations, the evaluation yielded accuracies of 91.67% for the nonlinear SVM and 92.71% for the linear SVM, concluding that there was similar performance.

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Rubino, I. Alex, Luigi Baggi, Lorenzo San Martino, Massimo Cuzzolaro, Bianca Pezzarossa, and Mario Martignoni. "Patterns of Adaptation to Conflict in Bulimia and Temporo-Mandibular Joint Disorder." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (June 1998): 979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.979.

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Two age- and education-matched groups of 45 women, respectively, with the diagnoses of Bulimia and of Temporo-mandibular Joint Disorder, were administered the Serial Color-Word Test, to assess differences in the pattern of adaptation to conflict (the latter being represented by the Stroop task). Three types of norms (clinical, nonclinical and based on reading times) and the functions derived from a previous cluster analysis were employed. Comparisons utilizing clinical norms and cluster analytical functions did not significantly differentiate between groups. According to both nonclinical norms and norms based on reading rimes, the two clinical groups were significantly different concerning the distribution of adaptation patterns. Bulimic patients resorted more often to the Dissociative pattern (high nonlinear change of reading times), while temporomandibular patients were characterized by the Cumulative pattern (high linear change) and, secondarily, by the Cumulative-Dissociative pattern (high linear and nonlinear change). Intergroup differences were more marked when employing the new norms based on reading times.

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Rubino, I. Alex, Maria Claps, Valeria Zanna, Maria Cristina, Caramia Bianca Pezzarossa, and Nicola Ciani. "General Cognitive Abilities and Patterns of Adaptation: For Serial Color–Word Test Norms Based on Reading Times." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 3_suppl (December 1997): 1347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1347.

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In a pool of 859 clinical and nonclinical Serial Color-Word Test protocols, significant positive correlations were observed between reading times on the Stroop task and measures of linear and nonlinear change. Especially nonlinear change, both within and between the five subtests, showed high correlations with reading times. To derive new time-related norms, the sample was divided into five time groups of the same size and stratified medians were calculated for each of the variables of the test. The new classification procedure should permit an assessment of patterns of adaptation less dependent on the general level of perceptual-cognitive functioning.

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Neutelings, Rob, and Henk Pander Maat. "Investigating the Processes of Reading-to-Assess among Dutch Legislators." Journal of Literacy Research 29, no. 1 (March 1997): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862969709547949.

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This study investigated the reading of policy documents by Dutch legislators. Its first aim was to investigate reading-to-assess processes using methods that address the limitations of previous studies. Its second aim was to analyze the reading-to-assess processes of the legislators to extend existing models and theories of reading in professional contexts. Data were gathered from 8 Dutch legislators who thought aloud while reading a policy document. Three methods of data analysis were employed: analyses of information-seeking behaviors, cognitive processes, and reading goals. Results indicated that the legislators read efficiently, focusing on relatively small portions of the policy documents in a nonlinear fashion, and that their processing of the text was devoted to elaborating and evaluating in relation to their goals for reading. Findings are discussed in relation to existing models of reading texts in professional life.

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Cameron, Claire E., Kevin J. Grimm, Joel S. Steele, Laura Castro-Schilo, and David W. Grissmer. "Nonlinear Gompertz curve models of achievement gaps in mathematics and reading." Journal of Educational Psychology 107, no. 3 (2015): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/edu0000009.

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Watson, Jean. "A Tarot Reading of Nursing: Past, Present, and Future." International Journal for Human Caring 22, no. 4 (December 2018): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20467/1091-5710.22.4.209.

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This article is based upon a graduation speech, delivered as final commencement address as Dean of Nursing. It is offered here as historic, prophetic, playful exploration of the “tarot” with its ancient, timeless, hidden messages for nursing, past, present, and the future. The tarot is known for its symbolic, nonlinear aspects of consciousness, which perhaps can offer new insights.

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Sachs, Jonathan, and Andrew Piper. "Technique and the Time of Reading." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 133, no. 5 (October 2018): 1259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2018.133.5.1259.

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What time is it when we read? There are many answers to this question. Time might refer to a particular day of the week, as in Sunday reading, a practice that Christina Lupton finds has spanned both religious and secular contexts. Or time might imply a sense of pace, that reading is something we do quickly or slowly, which Rolf Engelsing suggests when he distinguishes between intensive and extensive reading. Or perhaps time is more periodic, an argument one finds in Deidre Lynch's work on nineteenth-century habitual reading or Christopher Cannon's work on medieval practices of rereading. Or time could be closer to an idea or topos, as in Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of the chronotope like idyllic time. Finally, for someone like Gerard Genette the time of reading is fundamentally about anachronism, the nonlinear nature of narrative time.

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Brar, Sheetal, Smith Snehal Sute, Sheetal N. Bagare, and Sri Ganesh. "Functional Outcomes and Reading Speeds following PRESBYOND LBV Using Nonlinear Aspheric Ablation Profiles Combined with Micro-Monovision." Journal of Ophthalmology 2021 (July 31, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2957443.

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Purpose. To report the functional outcomes and reading speeds following PRESBYOND laser blended vision (LBV) using nonlinear aspheric ablation profiles with micro-monovision with the Carl Zeiss Meditec MEL 90 platform. Methods. Data have been collected retrospectively for all patients who underwent PRESBYOND LBV using the MEL 90 excimer laser. Postoperative binocular uncorrected distance and near visual acuity, stereo-acuity, contrast sensitivity, and reading performance were compared with pre-op values measured with patient’s progressive glasses. Mean follow-up was 6 ± 1.2 months. Results. Sixty eyes of 30 patients (mean age 50.47 ± 6.43 years) were included. Of these, 18 patients were hyperopic and 12 patients were myopic with mean SE of 1.28 ± 1.38 D and −2.84 ± 1.86 D, respectively. At 6 months, the mean binocular UDVA was ≥−0.03 ± 0.06 log MAR and the mean binocular UNVA was ≥0.22 ± 0.04 log MAR. The uncorrected reading speeds (words per minute) at the preferred reading distance of 46.17 cm, 60 cm, and 80 cm were significantly better ( p value <0.01), whereas the smallest letter size and reading acuities were comparable to the preoperative values ( p > 0.05 for all distances). Uncorrected contrast sensitivity log values showed mild reduction; however, this was not statistically significant for any spatial frequency. There was a significant reduction in post uncorrected stereopsis to 89.67 arc sec, compared with pre-op corrected stereopsis (50.67 arc sec); however, it recovered fully with near correction (53.33 arc sec, p > 0.05 compared with pre). Conclusion. PRESBYOND LBV resulted in significantly better reading speeds and satisfactory functional visual outcomes, without a permanent change in stereo-acuity and contrast sensitivity 6 months postoperatively.

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Loos, Ruth. "Reading Paths, Eye Drawings, and Word Islands: Movement in Un coup de dés." i-Perception 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/i0446aap.

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In the framework of an artistic–scientific project on eye-movements during reading, my collaborators from the psychology department at the KU Leuven and I had a close look at the poem “Un coup de dés jamais n'abolira le hasard” (“A throw of the dice will never abolish chance”) by Stéphane Mallarmé. The poem is an intriguing example of nonlinear writing, of a typographic game with white and space, and of an interweaving of different reading lines. These specific features evoke multiple reading methods. The animation, Movement in Un coup de dés, created during the still-ongoing collaboration interweaves a horizontal and a vertical reading method, two spontaneous ways of reading that point at the poem's intriguing ambiguity. Not only are we interested in different methods of reading; the scientific representations of eye movements themselves are a rich source of images with much artistic potential. We explore eye movements as “eye drawings” in new images characterized both by a scientific and by an artistic perspective.

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Kwon, Oh-In, and Chunjae Park. "Newton Method to Recover the Phase Accumulated during MRI Data Acquisition." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/973781.

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For an internal conductivity image, magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) injects an electric current into an object and measures the induced magnetic flux density, which appears in the phase part of the acquired MR image data. To maximize signal intensity, the injected current nonlinear encoding (ICNE) method extends the duration of the current injection until the end of the MR data reading. It disturbs the usual linear encoding of the MRk-space data used in the inverse Fourier transform. In this study, we estimate the magnetic flux density, which is recoverable from nonlinearly encoded MRk-space data by applying a Newton method.

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Sideridis, Georgios D., Panagiotis Simos, Angeliki Mouzaki, Dimitrios Stamovlasis, and George K. Georgiou. "Can the Relationship Between Rapid Automatized Naming and Word Reading Be Explained by a Catastrophe? Empirical Evidence From Students With and Without Reading Difficulties." Journal of Learning Disabilities 52, no. 1 (May 17, 2018): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022219418775112.

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The purpose of the present study was to explain the moderating role of rapid automatized naming (RAN) in word reading with a cusp catastrophe model. We hypothesized that increases in RAN performance speed beyond a critical point would be associated with the disruption in word reading, consistent with a “generic shutdown” hypothesis. Participants were 587 elementary schoolchildren (Grades 2–4), among whom 87 had reading comprehension difficulties per the IQ-achievement discrepancy criterion. Data were analyzed via a cusp catastrophe model derived from the nonlinear dynamics systems theory. Results indicated that for children with reading comprehension difficulties, as naming speed falls below a critical level, the association between core reading processes (word recognition and decoding) becomes chaotic and unpredictable. However, after the significant common variance attributed to motivation, emotional, and internalizing symptoms measures from RAN scores was partialed out, its role as a bifurcation variable was no longer evident. Taken together, these findings suggest that RAN represents a salient cognitive measure that may be associated with psychoemotional processes that are, at least in part, responsible for unpredictable and chaotic word reading behavior among children with reading comprehension deficits.

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Rubino, I. Alex, Emilia Del Monaco, Maria Teresa Rocchi, and Bianca Pezzarossa. "Microgenetic Styles of Regulation in Schizophrenia." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 1 (August 1994): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.451.

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Styles of adaptation to the Stroop task were studied with the Serial Color-Word Test among 50 schizophrenic patients and 50 sex- and age-matched clinical controls. Measures of linear (R) and nonlinear change (V) in reading times were derived for each of the five interference trials. Schizophrenia was significantly characterized by (1) a high sum of nonlinear change, (2) the Cumulative-Dissociative pattern (high R and high V), (3) concomitantly high secondary Vs (V of the 5 Rs and V of the 5 Vs), and (4) Cumulative-Dissociative secondary patterns (gradual increase of both linear and nonlinear change on both the 5 Rs and the 5 Vs).

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White, Sarah J., Denis Drieghe, Simon P. Liversedge, and Adrian Staub. "The word frequency effect during sentence reading: A linear or nonlinear effect of log frequency?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 1 (January 2018): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1240813.

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The effect of word frequency on eye movement behaviour during reading has been reported in many experimental studies. However, the vast majority of these studies compared only two levels of word frequency (high and low). Here we assess whether the effect of log word frequency on eye movement measures is linear, in an experiment in which a critical target word in each sentence was at one of three approximately equally spaced log frequency levels. Separate analyses treated log frequency as a categorical or a continuous predictor. Both analyses showed only a linear effect of log frequency on the likelihood of skipping a word, and on first fixation duration. Ex-Gaussian analyses of first fixation duration showed similar effects on distributional parameters in comparing high- and medium-frequency words, and medium- and low-frequency words. Analyses of gaze duration and the probability of a refixation suggested a nonlinear pattern, with a larger effect at the lower end of the log frequency scale. However, the nonlinear effects were small, and Bayes Factor analyses favoured the simpler linear models for all measures. The possible roles of lexical and post-lexical factors in producing nonlinear effects of log word frequency during sentence reading are discussed.

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Luo, Zhenxiong, Fan Xie, Bo Zhang, and Dongyuan Qiu. "Quantifying the Nonlinear Dynamic Behavior of the DC-DC Converter via Permutation Entropy." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2018): 2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102747.

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Quantifying nonlinear dynamic behaviors, such as bifurcation and chaos, in nonlinear systems are currently being investigated. In this paper, permutation entropy is used to characterize these complex phenomena in nonlinear direct current-direct current (DC-DC) converter systems. A mode switching time sequence (MSTS), containing the information from different periodic states, is obtained in a DC-DC converter by reading the inductor current when altering the switching mode. To obtain the nonlinear characteristics of this system, the concept of permutation entropy of symbolic probability distribution properties is introduced and the structure of the chaotic system is reproduced based on the theory of phase space reconstruction. A variety of nonlinear dynamic features of the DC-DC converter are analyzed using the MSTS and permutation entropy. Finally, a current-mode-controlled buck converter is reviewed as a case to study the quantification of nonlinear phenomena using permutation entropy as one of the system parameters changes.

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Ali, S. Twareque, Lubka Balkova, E. M. F. Curado, J. P. Gazeau, M. A. Rego-Monteiro, Ligia M. C. S. Rodrigues, and K. Sekimoto. "Noncommutative reading of the complex plane through Delone sequences." Journal of Mathematical Physics 50, no. 4 (April 2009): 043517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3095772.

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Hoyos Velasco, Carlos Ildefonso, Fredy Edimer Hoyos Velasco, and Julian M. Londoño Monsalve. "Nonlinear Dynamics Analysis of a Dissipation System with Time Delay." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 28, no. 06 (June 15, 2018): 1830018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127418300185.

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This work is concerned with the bifurcational analysis of nonlinear dissipative systems affected by time delay. This issue typically arises when testing highly nonlinear energy dissipation devices, commonly used in vibration control of civil structures, and carried out experimentally via a hybrid technique known as Real-Time Dynamic Substructuring (RTDS) simulation. Unfortunately, the RTDS simulation is affected by time delay in the control feedback loop due to the actuator response, sensor reading and numerical processing. In essence, this paper focuses on studying the nonlinear dynamics induced by the interaction of a dynamical system with the nonlinear damper affected by the presence of time delay. Given the complexity of the system, numerical analysis is carried out in the context of bifurcational behavior, and bifurcation diagrams are computed using a continuation method. The bifurcational analysis presented here, provides a characterization of delay-induced nonlinear phenomena created by the interaction of the dynamical system with a delayed nonlinear response of the dissipation device. Nonlinear dynamics are also identified and characterized for different damper types when varying the damper model parameters, leading to the identification of system conditions at which the testing arrangement and test specimens can exhibit undesired dynamics.

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Lombina, Tamara N., Valery A. Mansurov, and Olesya V. Yurchenko. "Literacy Problems in the New Digital Reality (By the Example of Schoolchildren). Part I." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 7, no. 4 (2019): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2019.7.4.6803.

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Linear printed text and nonlinear hypertext compete for the attention of children and adults. The article will focus on the problems of reading in the new digital reality associated with the emergence of new format texts and changing reading practices. This issue is becoming relevant, as digital reading begins to prevail over traditional, which has an impact on individual readers and on the education system as a whole. This problem remains insufficiently studied in the social Sciences. The first part of the article discusses the possible social and pedagogical consequences of the transition to digital reading in education. A review of scientific research on the problem shows that children understand texts better if they read them on paper. One reason for this is the different purposes with which we read printed and digital texts. Screen reading is more often a means to communicate or to find information, with the result that the mechanism of digital reading can be defined as «read-slip» as opposed to a slower, thoughtful immersion in printed text. The modern education system should provide conditions for the formation of double literacy: traditional and new, which will allow to understand the deep and complex things presented in digital and printed format. The results of the empirical study of reading practices of fourth grade students will be presented in the second part of the article.

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Dahl, Gordon B., and Lance Lochner. "The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement: Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit." American Economic Review 102, no. 5 (August 1, 2012): 1927–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.5.1927.

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Using an instrumental variables strategy, we estimate the causal effect of income on children's math and reading achievement. Our identification derives from the large, nonlinear changes in the Earned Income Tax Credit. The largest of these changes increased family income by as much as 20 percent, or approximately $2,100, between 1993 and 1997. Our baseline estimates imply that a $1,000 increase in income raises combined math and reading test scores by 6 percent of a standard deviation in the short run. Test gains are larger for children from disadvantaged families and robust to a variety of alternative specifications. (JEL H24, H31, I21, I38, J13)

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Computer aided photographic memory enhancement and speed reading (case study)." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.2.256-264.

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This work aimed to design and testing of a computer program – based eyeQ improvement, photographic memory enhancement, and speed reading to match the reading speed 150 – 250 word per minute (WPM) with the mind ability of processing and eye snap shooting 5000WPM . The package designed based on Visual Basic 6. The efficiency of the designed program was tested on a 10 persons with different levels of education and ages and the results show an increase in their reading speed of approximately 25% in the first month of training with noticeable enhancement in the memory as well as an increase in the ability to read for longer time without feeling nerves or boring, a nonlinear continuously increase in reading speed is assured after the first month with a hope of reaching a target of 3000WPM within 3 – 5 years of training and that is what is called photographic memory where most of the read data processed in right side of the mind, the smaller age, and higher level of education is an effective factor on the results.

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Forget, Joachim, Marco Buiatti, and Stanislas Dehaene. "Temporal Integration in Visual Word Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 5 (May 2010): 1054–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21300.

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When two displays are presented in close temporal succession at the same location, how does the brain assign them to one versus two conscious percepts? We investigate this issue using a novel reading paradigm in which the odd and even letters of a string are presented alternatively at a variable rate. The results reveal a window of temporal integration during reading, with a nonlinear boundary around ∼80 msec of presentation duration. Below this limit, the oscillating stimulus is easily fused into a single percept, with all characteristics of normal reading. Above this limit, reading times are severely slowed and suffer from a word-length effect. ERPs indicate that, even at the fastest frequency, the oscillating stimulus elicits synchronous oscillations in posterior visual cortices, while late ERP components sensitive to lexical status vanish beyond the fusion threshold. Thus, the fusion/segregation dilemma is not resolved by retinal or subcortical filtering, but at cortical level by at most 300 msec. The results argue against theories of visual word recognition and letter binding that rely on temporal synchrony or other fine temporal codes.

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Pedersen, OF, MR Miller, T. Sigsgaard, M. Tidley, and RM Harding. "Portable peak flow meters: physical characteristics, influence of temperature, altitude, and humidity." European Respiratory Journal 7, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 991–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.94.07050991.

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Little is known about the linearity of portable peak flow meters, or about physical gas factors affecting peak expiratory flow (PEF) readings. We therefore tested five portable peak flow meters of three types in an altitude chamber (sea level to 5,500 m) and in a climate chamber at sea level (7-37 degrees C) to determine the influence of the physical conditions of the gas on the reading of the meters. The nonlinear response of the variable orifice meters was confirmed and, when this was corrected for, the readings of these meters were found to be significantly reduced by higher altitude and lower temperature. The readings from a turbine type of peak flow meter were not affected by altitude but were reduced at low temperature. A mathematical model for the variable orifice meters could correct for both their nonlinear behaviour and the effect of gas density (altitude, temperature and humidity). The model showed that correction is not necessary for the differences in gas conditions between calibration and taking of measurements under normal laboratory conditions. All the meters tested had impedances higher than recommended (0.05 kPa.l-1.s) and this may influence PEF at high flows. The mean uncorrected PEF of six healthy subjects when measured with a Mini Wright peak flow meter at sea level and at 3,000 m fell by 5%, but the mean corrected PEF increased by 12%. This increase in PEF was about 60% of that predicted for fully density-dependent flow and agreed with the findings of other similar studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Tikhomirova, T. "Cognitive functions and reading speed in schoolchildren with typical development and mild mental retardation." Psikhologicheskii zhurnal 42, no. 6 (December 2021): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020595920017737-6.

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The article presents the results of an empirical study of the relationship between indicators of cognitive functioning and the success in reading in groups of schoolchildren with typical development and mild mental retardation (F70.0; ICD — 10). Information processing speed, visuospatial working memory and non-verbal intelligence were considered as indicators of cognitive development. To assess the reading speed, a check was used on the technique of reading texts in accordance with the Federal State Standard of General Education. The study involved 212 schoolchildren (39% girls) enrolled in Grades 1 — 9 of (1) a public school implementing programs of a special (correctional) school of type VIII and (2) a public school. The results revealed that age-related changes in the success of reading during compulsory schooling are characterized by a nonlinear pattern in children with typical development and a linear pattern in children with mild mental retardation. The differences between schoolchildren with typical and atypical development in reading speed increase from Grades 1 to 7, and then from Grades 7 to 9 may decrease. The regression analysis confirmed the differences in the direct effects of the influence of non-verbal intelligence, information processing speed and visuospatial working memory on the reading speed. These differences in effects depend on the type of mental development and the level of schooling. Mediation analysis showed that no more than 17% of the differences in the success of reading between schoolchildren with typical and atypical development can explain by cognitive functioning.

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Baggio, Giosué, and André Fonseca. "Complex dynamics of semantic memory access in reading." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 67 (June 29, 2011): 328–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0289.

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Understanding a word in context relies on a cascade of perceptual and conceptual processes, starting with modality-specific input decoding, and leading to the unification of the word's meaning into a discourse model. One critical cognitive event, turning a sensory stimulus into a meaningful linguistic sign, is the access of a semantic representation from memory. Little is known about the changes that activating a word's meaning brings about in cortical dynamics. We recorded the electroencephalogram (EEG) while participants read sentences that could contain a contextually unexpected word, such as ‘cold’ in ‘In July it is very cold outside’. We reconstructed trajectories in phase space from single-trial EEG time series, and we applied three nonlinear measures of predictability and complexity to each side of the semantic access boundary, estimated as the onset time of the N400 effect evoked by critical words. Relative to controls, unexpected words were associated with larger prediction errors preceding the onset of the N400. Accessing the meaning of such words produced a phase transition to lower entropy states, in which cortical processing becomes more predictable and more regular. Our study sheds new light on the dynamics of information flow through interfaces between sensory and memory systems during language processing.

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Kekeeva, Zinaida, Svetlana Darzhinova, and Elmira Abdiraimova. "Development of the reading culture in pre-service teachers amid digitalization of education." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 18083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021018083.

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The article deals with the problem of developing a pre-service teacher’s reading culture as a way to build professional competence in the context of digital education in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results of the questionnaire demonstrated that more than a half of the study pool of pre-service teachers made a conscious choice of a teaching profession, and the same number indicated difficulties in organizing their independent work with different texts. The results have also shown that around 90% of pre-service teachers do not consider books as a professional tool, and indicated major factors impeding reading: the Internet; difficulties in linear and nonlinear reading; lack of attention; financial struggles. The obtained results of the pedagogical experiment, carried out at the West Kazakhstan State University named after M. Utemisov suggest that using pedagogical experiment, with its collaborative workshops in conjunction with the university library, problem-based tasks, and educational role plays, afford beneficial ways of developing the reading culture among pre-service teachers. The materials of the article can be used in the context of higher education for delivering courses on digital pedagogy, as well as in organizing the teaching practice of students at school, etc.

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El Naschie, M. Saladin. "Intermediate prerequisites for E-infinity theory (Further recommended reading in nonlinear dynamics and mathematical physics)." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 30, no. 3 (November 2006): 622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.04.042.

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Mladenov, Valeri. "Analysis and Simulations of Hybrid Memory Scheme Based on Memristors." Electronics 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7110289.

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The investigation of new memory schemes is significant for future generations of electronic devices. The purpose of this research is to present a detailed analysis of the processes in the memory elements of a memory section with memristors and isolating Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) transistors. For the present analysis, a modified window function previously proposed by the author in another memristor model is used. The applied model is based on physical nonlinear current-voltage and state-voltage characteristics. It is suitable for illustration of the processes in the memristors for both writing and reading procedures. The memory scheme is simulated using a nonlinear drift model with an improved window function. The used model was previously adjusted according to the reference Pickett model. The memory circuit is analyzed for writing and reading information procedures. The memristor current-voltage relationship is compared to physical experimental characteristics and to results acquired by the use of basic window functions. A satisfactory coincidence between the corresponding results is established. For the used logical signals, the memory elements operate in a state near to hard-switching mode. It is confirmed that the memristor model with a modified window function applied here is suitable for investigating complex memristor circuits for a general operating mode.

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Farley, Dan, Daniel Anderson, P. Shawn Irvin, and Gerald Tindal. "Modeling Reading Growth in Grades 3 to 5 With an Alternate Assessment." Remedial and Special Education 38, no. 4 (November 19, 2016): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741932516678661.

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Modeling growth for students with significant cognitive disabilities (SWSCD) is difficult due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, missing data, test scaling, group heterogeneity, and small sample sizes. These challenges may account for the paucity of previous research exploring the academic growth of SWSCD. Our study represents a unique context in which a reading assessment, calibrated to a common scale, was administered statewide to students in consecutive years across Grades 3 to 5. We used a nonlinear latent growth curve pattern-mixture model to estimate students’ achievement and growth while accounting for patterns of missing data. While we observed significant intercept differences across disability subgroups, there were no significant slope differences. Incorporating missing data patterns into our models improved model fit. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

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da Silva, V. B., J. P. Vieira, and Edson D. Leonel. "Fisher information of the Kuramoto model: A geometric reading on synchronization." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 423 (September 2021): 132926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2021.132926.

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Brown, Matthew P. "The Thick Style: Steady Sellers, Textual Aesthetics, and Early Modern Devotional Reading." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 121, no. 1 (January 2006): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081206x96113.

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Research on the early modern book trades has uncovered a set of steadily reprinted devotional titles, a canon whose popularity challenges conventional notions of English and American literary history for the seventeenth century. My essay attends to these steady sellers as they helped structure the literary culture of early New England. The essay demonstrates that the pious conduct books rely on the performative literacies of sight, sound, gesture, and touch, on the sensory effects of literary expression, and on the cross-referencing collation of discrete passages, in a phenomenon I call–drawing on editorial theory and information history–the thickening of devotional textuality. With evidence from the prescriptive literature and its use in personal miscellanies, the essay revalues the aesthetic experience of devout colonists. Further, it examines the book format as a precursor to the modes of nonlinear reading associated with digital texts, and it historicizes such uses of the book format in the light of devotional sensibilities. (MPB)

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Vickery, Lindsay. "The Limitations of Representing Sound and Notation on Screen." Organised Sound 19, no. 3 (November 13, 2014): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135577181400020x.

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Animated screen-based notation and visual representation of sound provide an important solution to visualising a range of musical phenomena and techniques including continuous parametrical changes, synchronisation with prerecorded audio or live processing, and nonlinear formal organisation. The limitations of human visual capabilities, however, place some constraints upon the efficacy of screen-based representation, particularly in regard to notation reading. Findings from sightreading studies exploring the manner in which notation is encoded, processed and executed are examined with the aim of identifying the perceptual and practical boundaries of presenting animated notation on screen. The development of efficient visual representation is proposed as an important requirement for alleviating the issues created by the time constraints of reading on screen. Studies in semantics and cross-modal activation are discussed as a foundation for the expansion of approaches to the visualisation of sound.

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Clariana, Roy B., and Anthony W. Marker. "Generating Topic Headings During Reading of Screen-Based Text Facilitates Learning of Structural Knowledge and Impairs Learning of Lower-Level Knowledge." Journal of Educational Computing Research 37, no. 2 (September 2007): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2287-3204-06hg-2r37.

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This investigation considers the effects of learner-generated headings on memory. Participants ( N = 63) completed a computer-based lesson with or without learner-generated text topic headings. Posttests included a cued recall test of factual knowledge and a sorting task measure of structural knowledge. A significant disordinal interaction was observed with the no headings group performing better on the cued recall test and worse on the structural knowledge sorting task. In addition, a measure of structural knowledge using a list-wise rating task was field trialed. The two structural knowledge tasks were analyzed using a Pathfinder network scoring technique that measured both linear and nonlinear text subtopic organization. The sorting and rating tasks were differentially sensitive to participants' linear and nonlinear knowledge organization. Unexpectedly, the sorting and rating posttest tasks improved cued recall posttest scores. The implications of the results for measuring structural knowledge are considered and suggestions for further studies are presented.

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Zavota, Gina. "Given (No) Time: A Derridean Reading of Denis Villeneuve's Arrival." Film-Philosophy 24, no. 2 (June 2020): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/film.2020.0138.

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The central character of Denis Villeneuve's 2016 film Arrival, Dr. Louise Banks (Amy Adams), is a linguist tasked with deciphering a logographic alien language in time to avert a seemingly impending global war. I argue that the alien heptapods' logographs exemplify the understanding of language advanced by Jacques Derrida in seminal texts such as Of Grammatology (1976), while also engaging some of the themes concerning time and gift-giving that he develops in later, more explicitly political works. Derrida argues that written signifiers, rather than being a mere vehicle for representing speech, confer their own, supplemental meaning onto communication. Furthermore, he emphasizes that writing is not bound by the same linear temporality as spoken utterances, inasmuch as it is inscribed in a format which allows it to be revisited repeatedly. The significance of this disruption of linear temporality becomes clear in Derrida's later works such as Specters of Marx (1994) and On Cosmopolitanism (2001), where he describes such disruption as a necessary condition for the type of political change he believes is needed in the world. The ability to experience time in a nonlinear fashion allows Banks to prevent the looming war, in an illustration of the connection that Derrida draws between time, violence, and politics. However, it also puts humanity in the heptapods' debt, thus exemplifying the paradox of genuine gift-giving that Derrida claims is impossible. Despite the complex ethical questions it invokes, however, the unique nature of the gift in Arrival signals that this gift might be a genuinely altruistic offering after all.

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Pennybaker, Kent A. "Borehole gravity drift correction: A new approach." GEOPHYSICS 53, no. 10 (October 1988): 1343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442412.

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Gravity meter drift is the gradual change in the gravity reading over time; this change is unrelated to actual gravity changes. Drift is caused by creep in the gravity meter mechanism and by external influences which produce a change in the physical properties of the gravity element. Previous methods of drift correction for the LaCoste and Romberg borehole gravity meter are either linear random noise filters or nonlinear techniques relying upon the judgement of an interpreter for filtering. The method presented in this paper responds to the nonlinearity of the drift signal while retaining the ability to filter out the noise. The drift rate function is defined by repeat readings, which are integrated to yield a drift correction. The drift correction data’s Fourier transform has a sharp amplitude break between the drift signal and the noise. A low‐pass filter removes the higher frequency noise, resulting in a smoothed drift correction. This drift correction method, which attenuates random errors while retaining the characteristic drift signal, works well with a variety of drift patterns and leads to consistently better quality data.

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Stass, V. L. "Growth Pattern of Animals Is a Model for the Growth of Humans." Journal of Mathematics Research 13, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v13n1p47.

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The aim of this research was to translate a reading of a growth model of pigs to the modelling of growth of humans. The growth of individuals in the studied species is both a species-specific and phenotype-dependant process. The process is known as ontogenesis and has been considered as a dynamic system. The method used in the study was mathematical modelling. A hybrid model of animal's growth was applied to the experimental evidence to produce a reading of the growth dynamic. In the study, an earlier formulated analytical model of pig growth was developed to analyse a possible translation to the growth of humans. The study implies that in animals, the growth trajectory is phenotype-dependant, nonlinear and discontinuous. In some aspects such as saltatory growth and longevity as well as the discontinuous dynamic of the growth trajectory the translation of the results for the modelling the growth of humans were discussed.

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Chang, Di, Ziqi Yin, Yunke Sun, Pengcheng Hu, Jiubin Tan, and Zhigang Fan. "Spatially Separated Heterodyne Grating Interferometer for In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Displacement Measurements." Photonics 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110830.

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Grating interferometers that measure in-plane and out-of-plane displacements are not only effective two-degree-of-freedom (DOF) sensors, but are also basic units of six-DOF measurement systems. Besides resolution and accuracy, periodic nonlinear errors, misalignment tolerance, and size of reading heads are more crucial than ever. In this work, a spatially separated heterodyne grating interferometer that measures in- and out-of-plane displacements is proposed. A prototype with 3 mm diameter beams with a size of 69 mm × 51 mm × 41 mm was built and tested. The experiment results show that the 30 s stability is 2.5 nm; the periodic nonlinear errors of the two measuring directions are less than the resolutions (0.25 nm for in-plane motions and 0.15 nm for out-of-plane motions). Double-diffracted configuration ensures that the misalignment tolerances are three axes larger than ±2 mrad.

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Walanus, Adam, and Dorota Nalepka. "Radiocarbon Distance Between Calendar Dates." Radiocarbon 56, no. 2 (2014): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.16946.

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The calibration procedure, and especially the nonlinear shape of the calibration curve, makes analyzing a possible dating result a far from straightforward process. This is especially so if the goal is to distinguish between two relatively close events. Proposed herein is a calculator, or alternatively a graph, which enables reading of the difference between two radiocarbon ages corresponding to their expected calendar ages. The result may surprise the less experienced14C users. Such a calculation also indicates the time periods with high or low potential for application of the wiggle-matching method.

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Walanus, Adam, and Dorota Nalepka. "Radiocarbon Distance Between Calendar Dates." Radiocarbon 56, no. 02 (2014): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200049894.

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The calibration procedure, and especially the nonlinear shape of the calibration curve, makes analyzing a possible dating result a far from straightforward process. This is especially so if the goal is to distinguish between two relatively close events. Proposed herein is a calculator, or alternatively a graph, which enables reading of the difference between two radiocarbon ages corresponding to their expected calendar ages. The result may surprise the less experienced14C users. Such a calculation also indicates the time periods with high or low potential for application of the wiggle-matching method.

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Zabchev, Angel, and Romeo Alexandrov. "Measuring the insulating resistance in networks with isolated star centre controlled by an Azur device." SUSTAINABLE EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING OF RAW MATERIALS 3, no. 3 (August 30, 2022): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.58903/c16182124.

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The AZUR apparatus is intended to control the insulating resistance in mine networks with an isolated star centre. The indication of the measured insulating resistance is realised by a pointer meter with a reversed nonlinear scale, which makes it difficult to read. The methodology for the development of an analogue converter is considered here, which linearises the non-linear characteristic current-resistance and, together with a light indicator, the device allows for more accurate and easy reading. An analysis of the error and the measurement range is made.

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Lupo, Cosmo, and Stefano Pirandola. "Super-additivity and entanglement assistance in quantum reading." Quantum Information and Computation 17, no. 7&8 (May 2017): 611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic17.7-8-4.

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Quantum information theory determines the maximum rates at which information can be transmitted through physical systems described by quantum mechanics. Here we consider the communication protocol known as quantum reading. Quantum reading is a protocol for retrieving the information stored in a digital memory by using a quantum probe, e.g., shining quantum states of light to read an optical memory. In a variety of situations using a quantum probe enhances the performance of the reading protocol in terms of fidelity, data density and energy efficiency. Here we review and characterize the quantum reading capacity of a memory model, defined as the maximum rate of reliable reading. We show that, like other quantities in quantum information theory, the quantum reading capacity is super-additive. Moreover, we determine conditions under which the use of an entangled ancilla improves the performance of quantum reading.

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GEVA, AMIR B., LIOR SHTRAM, and SHAI POLICKER. "Errors in a nonlinear graphic-semantic mapping task resulting from lesions in Boltzmann machine: Is it relevant to dyslexia?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6, no. 5 (July 2000): 620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561770065511x.

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One of the most fascinating aspects of brain research is the subject of language. As in many other cases, the malfunctions that occur in different persons for various reasons give us insight on the mechanisms that support our ability to talk, read and listen. Following the work of Plaut and associates, we deal with the dyslexia disorder, which is the overall name for a large number of reading disorders. A Boltzmann machine neural network scheme was trained to implement the nonlinear mapping task of graphic representation into semantic representation, which may model the brain sections responsible for the translation of a written word into meanings and syllables. After training, various types of lesions were applied and the performance of the network was tested in order to measure the effect of each lesion on the error rate and type distribution that were detected. The system's errors were classified into several categories and the distribution of errors between the categories was studied. Using the simulations, it is demonstrated that a finite scheduling process in the Boltzmann machine causes the distribution of the network's errors to be unique and different from its expected error distribution. The phenomenon is given a mathematical explanation rooted in the statistical mechanics basics of the Boltzmann machine. Test results suggest the localization of certain reading functions within the network. Comparison is made to relevant types of dyslexia and shows resemblance in major symptoms as well as in certain known side effects. (JINS, 2000, 6, 620–626.)

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Cahillane, Ashley. "Dry Country, Wet City: A World-Ecological Reading of Drought in Thea Astley’s Drylands." Humanities 9, no. 3 (August 11, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9030079.

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Using a postcolonial and world-ecological framework, this article analyses the representation of water as an energy source in Thea Astley’s last and most critically acclaimed novel Drylands (1999). As environmental historians have argued, the colonial, and later capitalist, settlement of Australia, particularly the arid interior, was dependent on securing freshwater sources—a historical process that showed little regard for ecological impact or water justice until recent times. Drylands’ engagement with this history will be considered in relation to Michael Cathcart’s concept of ‘water dreaming’ (2010): the way in which water became reimagined after colonization to signify the prospect of economic growth and the consolidation of settler belonging. Drylands self-consciously incorporates predominant modes of ‘water dreaming’ into its narrative, yet resists reducing water to a passive resource. This happens on the level of both content and form: while its theme of drought-induced migration is critical of the past, present, and future social and ecological effects of the reckless extraction of freshwater, its nonlinear plot and hybrid form as a montage of short stories work to undermine the dominant anthropocentric colonial narratives that underline technocratic water cultivation.

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Sánchez, Luciano, Inés Couso, José Otero, Yuviny Echevarría, and David Anseán. "A Model-Based Virtual Sensor for Condition Monitoring of Li-Ion Batteries in Cyber-Physical Vehicle Systems." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9643279.

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A model-based virtual sensor for assessing the health of rechargeable batteries for cyber-physical vehicle systems (CPVSs) is presented that can exploit coarse data streamed from on-vehicle sensors of current, voltage, and temperature. First-principle-based models are combined with knowledge acquired from data in a semiphysical arrangement. The dynamic behaviour of the battery is embodied in the parametric definition of a set of differential equations, and fuzzy knowledge bases are embedded as nonlinear blocks in these equations, providing a human understandable reading of the State of Health of the CPVS that can be easily integrated in the fleet through-life management.

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TRUSHKEVYCH, OKSANA, NEIL COLLINGS, WILLIAM A. CROSSLAND, TIMOTHY D. WILKINSON, ANDREAS GEORGIOU, and WILLIAM I. MILNE. "PROJECTION OF HOLOGRAMS FROM PHOTOREFRACTIVE OASLMs." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 16, no. 03 (September 2007): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863507003810.

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Liquid crystals doped with fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) act as good optical nonlinear materials. We have used these materials to build optically-addressed spatial light modulators (OASLMs). The devices comprise a single layer of doped liquid crystal acting as an active layer. Undoped LC devices with surfaces coated with fullerenes are also studied. Such OASLMs allow recording of phase holograms, and we record by imaging pre-calculated pre-recorded holograms. Writing is performed at normal incidence and reading at 45° oblique incidence. Both transmission and reflection modes of operation are used. Experimental results as well as comparison with commercially available OASLMs are presented.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nonlinear reading'

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