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Journal articles on the topic 'Nonlinear optical microscopies'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Li, Rui, Yajun Zhang, Xuefeng Xu, Yi Zhou, Maodu Chen, and Mengtao Sun. "Optical characterizations of two-dimensional materials using nonlinear optical microscopies of CARS, TPEF, and SHG." Nanophotonics 7, no. 5 (May 24, 2018): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0002.

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AbstractIn this paper, we employ the nonlinear optical microscopies of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy, two-photon excitation fluorescence, and second harmonic generation to characterize the properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials. With these nonlinear optical microscopy methods, we can not only clearly observe the surface topography of 2D materials but also reveal the quality of 2D materials. These nonlinear optical microscopies offer great potential for characterization of the properties of 2D materials.

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2

Kang, Dawei, Rui Li, Shuo Cao, and Mengtao Sun. "Nonlinear optical microscopies: physical principle and applications." Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 56, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2020.1728295.

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3

Devadas, Mary Sajini, Tuphan Devkota, Paul Johns, Zhongming Li, Shun Shang Lo, Kuai Yu, Libai Huang, and Gregory V. Hartland. "Imaging nano-objects by linear and nonlinear optical absorption microscopies." Nanotechnology 26, no. 35 (August 12, 2015): 354001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/35/354001.

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4

Mi, Xiaohu, Yuyang Wang, Rui Li, Mengtao Sun, Zhenglong Zhang, and Hairong Zheng. "Multiple surface plasmon resonances enhanced nonlinear optical microscopy." Nanophotonics 8, no. 3 (February 7, 2019): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0231.

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AbstractThe nonlinear optical microscopies of coherent two-photon excited fluorescence and anti-Stokes Raman scattering are strongly enhanced by multiple surface plasmon resonances (MSPRs). The Au@Ag nanorods presented strong MSPRs peaks at 800 and 400 nm, and can enhance nonlinear optical microscopy at fundamental and double frequencies, respectively. A two-dimensional (2D) material of g-C3N4 is employed to study the plasmon-enhanced nonlinear optical microscopy by the femtosecond laser. The electric analysis reveals that the MSPRs of the Au@Ag nanorod can significantly enhance the signals of two-photon excited fluorescence and anti-Stokes Raman scattering by up to the orders of 104 and 1016, respectively. The results demonstrate the great advantages of plasmon-enhanced nonlinear optical microscopy for the optical analysis on 2D materials, thus providing a new adventure for increasing the optical resolutions of nonlinear optical microscopy.

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5

Miyauchi, Yoshihiro, Haruyuki Sano, and Goro Mizutani. "Solid State Surfaces and Plants Observed by Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Microscopies." Journal of Surface Analysis 15, no. 1 (2008): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1384/jsa.15.2.

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6

Ma, Jialin, and Mengtao Sun. "Nonlinear optical microscopies (NOMs) and plasmon-enhanced NOMs for biology and 2D materials." Nanophotonics 9, no. 6 (April 10, 2020): 1341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0082.

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AbstractIn this review, we focus on the summary of nonlinear optical microscopies (NOMs), which are stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), second harmonic generation (SHG), and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF). The introduction is divided into two parts: the principle of SRS, CARS, TPEF, and SHG and their application to biology and two-dimensional materials. We also introduce the connections and differences between them. We also discuss the principle of plasmon-enhanced NOM and its application in the above two aspects. This paper not only summarizes the research progress in the frontier but also deepens the readers’ understanding of the physical principles of these NOMs.

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Adur, Javier, Vitor B. Pelegati, Andre A. de Thomaz, Mariana O. Baratti, Diogo B. Almeida, L. A. L. A. Andrade, Fátima Bottcher-Luiz, Hernandes F. Carvalho, and Carlos L. Cesar. "Optical Biomarkers of Serous and Mucinous Human Ovarian Tumor Assessed with Nonlinear Optics Microscopies." PLoS ONE 7, no. 10 (October 8, 2012): e47007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047007.

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8

Chicanne, C., S. Emonin, N. Richard, T. David, E. Bourillot, J. P. Goudonnet, and Y. Lacroute. "Characterization of optogeometric parameters of optical fibers by near-field scanning probe microscopies." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 17, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.17.001473.

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9

Dal Fovo, A., M. Sanz, S. Mattana, M. Oujja, M. Marchetti, F. S. Pavone, R. Cicchi, R. Fontana, and M. Castillejo. "Safe limits for the application of nonlinear optical microscopies to cultural heritage: A new method for in-situ assessment." Microchemical Journal 154 (May 2020): 104568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104568.

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10

Lagugné-Labarthet, F., C. Sourisseau, R. D. Schaller, R. J. Saykally, and P. Rochon. "Chromophore Orientations in a Nonlinear Optical Azopolymer Diffraction Grating: Even and Odd Order Parameters from Far-Field Raman and Near-Field Second Harmonic Generation Microscopies." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108, no. 44 (November 2004): 17059–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp047117k.

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11

Cao, Yi, Jing Li, Mengtao Sun, Haiyan Liu, and Lixin Xia. "Nonlinear Optical Microscopy and Plasmon Enhancement." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081273.

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Improving nonlinear optics efficiency is currently one of the hotspots in modern optical research. Moreover, with the maturity of nonlinear optical microscope systems, more and more biology, materials, medicine, and other related disciplines have higher imaging resolution and detection accuracy requirements for nonlinear optical microscope systems. Surface plasmons of metal nanoparticle structures could confine strong localized electromagnetic fields in their vicinity to generate a new electromagnetic mode, which has been widely used in surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhanced fluorescence, and photocatalysis. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of nonlinear optical effects and surface plasmons and also review some recent work on plasmon-enhanced nonlinear optical effects. In addition, we present some latest applications of nonlinear optical microscopy system research.

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12

Guo, Li Na, Zhi Lie Tang, and Da Xing. "Microscopic Three-Dimensional Imaging Theory Based on RIKES." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 1089–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.1089.

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A novel nonlinear confocal microscopic imaging system based on Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (RIKES) is presented in this paper. The three-dimensional (3-D) microscopic imaging theory is derived with the Fourier imaging theory and nonlinear optical principle. The impact of RIKES on the spatial resolution and imaging properties of confocal microscopic imaging system has been analyzed in detail by the imaging theory. It’s proved that the RIKES nonlinear microscopic imaging system can effectively improve the imaging contrast and provide more characteristic information on Raman spectrum and optical nonlinear Kerr effect, thus greatly improving the imaging quality of confocal microscopic imaging system. It’s shown that the spatial resolution of RIKES confocal microscopic imaging system is higher than that of two-photon confocal microscopic imaging system.

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MORALES-SAAVEDRA, OMAR G., ANTAL JÁKLI, GERD HEPPKE, and HANS J. EICHLER. "POLAR MICRO STRUCTURES OF THE B2- AND B4-PHASES OF BENT-SHAPED LC-MOLECULES RESOLVED BY NONLINEAR OPTICAL MICROSCOPY." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 15, no. 02 (June 2006): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863506003293.

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A nonlinear optical (NLO) microscope has been developed based on recording the second harmonic generation (SHG) signals of the B 2- and B 4-phases of bent shaped liquid crystalline (LC) materials. We observed that the microstructures of the polar order can be accurately characterized by 2D scanned images implementing this device. Specifically, we have investigated two bent-core compounds, which have either B 4 or B 2 phases at room temperature and exhibit SHG activity. The NLO microscope was calibrated according to the Maker-fringes method allowing the in situ evaluation of the relative SHG efficiency. The developed NLO microscopy device may serve as an important tool to characterize liquid crystalline features at a microscopic scale for both fundamental and applied research.

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MORALES-SAAVEDRA, OMAR G., JÁKLI ANTAL, HEPPKE GERD, and EICHLER HANS J. "POLAR ORDERING IN THERMOTROPIC MESOGENS RESOLVED BY SCANNING NLO MICROSCOPY." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 15, no. 04 (December 2006): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863506003396.

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A nonlinear optical (NLO) microscope has been developed based on recording the second harmonic generation (SHG) signals of the B 2- and B 4-phases of bent-shaped liquid crystalline (LC) materials. We observed that the microstructures of the polar order can be accurately characterized by 2D scanned images implementing this device. Specifically, we have investigated two bent-core compounds, which have either B 4 or B 2 phases at room temperature and exhibit SHG activity. The NLO microscope was calibrated according to the Maker fringe method allowing the in situ evaluation of the relative SHG efficiency. The developed NLO-microscopy device may serve as an important tool to characterize liquid crystalline features at a microscopic scale for both, fundamental and applied research.

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15

LEDOUX, I., and J. ZYSS. "NONLINEAR ORGANIC MOLECULES AND MATERIALS FOR OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 03, no. 03 (July 1994): 287–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218199194000183.

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The development of important applications related to optical telecommunications and optical signal processing rely increasingly on nonlinear optical phenomena underlying these optical functions such as frequency conversion and modulation, amplification and emission, multiplexing and directional switching, optical logical gates, and others. This will depend on the design, elaboration and availability of new materials displaying enhanced nonlinearities to be subsequently integrated into waveguiding devices. Organic materials are noteworthy candidates in this context, provided their microscopic and macroscopic properties are properly optimized with respect to the type of application required. Among the key-factors in the development of these materials are the quasi-unlimited variety of molecular structures accessible by organic synthesis, the possibility to connect specific nonlinear properties to other kinds of functionalities which are of crucial importance for the development of commercial devices (e.g., compatibility with other materials used in integrated optical circuits such as semi-conductors), and their exceptionally large second-order, non-resonant nonlinear response. Such performances are strongly dependent on a better understanding of the ‘molecular engineering’, rules, correlating molecular structures to their nonlinear optical properties towards optimization of the microscopic second order polarizabilities β and third-order polarizabilities γ. We will present in the following some examples of the most recent developments of highly efficient nonlinear molecules, ranging from purely one-dimensional structures such as polyenes to fully three-dimensional systems, taking full advantage of the tensorial character of the microscopic or macroscopic susceptibility tensors.

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Schumacher, Zeno, Rasa Rejali, Raphael Pachlatko, Andreas Spielhofer, Philipp Nagler, Yoichi Miyahara, David G. Cooke, and Peter Grütter. "Nanoscale force sensing of an ultrafast nonlinear optical response." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 33 (August 4, 2020): 19773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003945117.

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The nonlinear optical response of a material is a sensitive probe of electronic and structural dynamics under strong light fields. The induced microscopic polarizations are usually detected via their far-field light emission, thus limiting spatial resolution. Several powerful near-field techniques circumvent this limitation by employing local nanoscale scatterers; however, their signal strength scales unfavorably as the probe volume decreases. Here, we demonstrate that time-resolved atomic force microscopy is capable of temporally and spatially resolving the microscopic, electrostatic forces arising from a nonlinear optical polarization in an insulating dielectric driven by femtosecond optical fields. The measured forces can be qualitatively explained by a second-order nonlinear interaction in the sample. The force resulting from this nonlinear interaction has frequency components below the mechanical resonance frequency of the cantilever and is thus detectable by regular atomic force microscopy methods. The capability to measure a nonlinear polarization through its electrostatic force is a powerful means to revisit nonlinear optical effects at the nanoscale, without the need for emitted photons or electrons from the surface.

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17

Xiang, Bo, Raphael F. Ribeiro, Yingmin Li, Adam D. Dunkelberger, Blake B. Simpkins, Joel Yuen-Zhou, and Wei Xiong. "Manipulating optical nonlinearities of molecular polaritons by delocalization." Science Advances 5, no. 9 (September 2019): eaax5196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax5196.

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Optical nonlinearities are key resources in the contemporary photonics toolbox, relevant to quantum gate operations and all-optical switches. Chemical modification is often used to control the nonlinear response of materials at the microscopic level, but on-the-fly manipulation of such response is challenging. Tunability of optical nonlinearities in the mid-infrared (IR) is even less developed, hindering its applications in chemical sensing or IR photonic circuitry. Here, we report control of vibrational polariton coherent nonlinearities by manipulation of macroscopic parameters such as cavity longitudinal length or molecular concentration. Further two-dimensional IR investigations reveal that nonlinear dephasing provides the dominant source of the observed ultrafast polariton nonlinearities. The reported phenomena originate from the nonlinear macroscopic polarization stemming from strong coupling between microscopic molecular excitations and a macroscopic photonic cavity mode.

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18

Cammarata, Antonio, and James Rondinelli. "Microscopic interactions governing phase matchability in nonlinear optical materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 24 (2016): 5858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc01633b.

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19

Naskali, Liisa, Mikko J. Huttunen, Matti Virkki, Godofredo Bautista, András Dér, and Martti Kauranen. "Microscopic Determination of Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility Tensors." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118, no. 45 (October 31, 2014): 26409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp509453b.

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20

CANFIELD, BRIAN K., SAMI KUJALA, KAISA LAIHO, KONSTANTINS JEFIMOVS, TUOMAS VALLIUS, JARI TURUNEN, and MARTTI KAURANEN. "LINEAR AND NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES WITH BROKEN SYMMETRY." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 15, no. 01 (March 2006): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863506003104.

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We describe our research involving arrays of gold nanoparticles fabricated with electron beam lithography. Small defects in the particles introduced during the fabrication process result in broken design symmetry. The broken symmetry renders the arrays chiral, and signatures of chirality can be observed in both the linear and nonlinear optical responses through precise polarization measurements. The defects enhance the local electric field, enabling more efficient nonlinear optical generation and therefore making nonlinear optical measurements more sensitive to their presence. We also discuss future objectives for clarifying the microscopic processes underlying the optical responses in gold nanoparticle arrays.

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21

Lu, Yalin, and Kitt Reinhardt. "Domain-Reversed Lithium Niobate Single-Crystal Fibers are Potentially for Efficient Terahertz Wave Generation." Advances in OptoElectronics 2008 (October 30, 2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/208458.

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Nonlinear frequency conversion remains one of the dominant approaches to efficiently generate THz waves. Significant material absorption in the THz range is the main factor impeding the progress towards this direction. In this research, a new multicladding nonlinear fiber design was proposed to solve this problem, and as the major experimental effort, periodic domain structure was introduced into lithium niobate single-crystal fibers by electrical poling. The introduced periodic domain structures were nondestructively revealed using a crossly polarized optical microscope and a confocal scanning optical microscope for quality assurance.

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22

CHAKRABORTY, PURUSHOTTAM. "LAYERED SYNTHETIC MICROSTRUCTURES AS OPTICAL ELEMENTS FOR THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET AND SOFT X-RAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 05, no. 13 (August 10, 1991): 2133–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979291000845.

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In recent years, the availability of intense continuous radiation sources, such as electron synchrotrons and laser-induced hot plasmas, has given rise to a renewed interest in soft x-ray and x-uv reflectivity measurements. Such studies were, for a long time, hindered because of mainly two reasons. First, it was really difficult to generate soft x-rays in the laboratories and second, there was no possibility for practical implementation and design of optical systems, such as focusing elements, mirrors, etc. associated with that particular wavelength region. Soft x-rays, with wavelength range usually from 10 to about 200 angstroms, can produce images of higher resolution than visible light due to their shorter wavelength. For years, physicists have wanted to construct an x-ray microscope that would exploit the ability of soft x-rays to detect small structures. The need for such an instrument is clear. The resolution of light microscopes is limited by the comparatively long wavelength of visible light. Although transmission electron microscopes have much higher resolution, they are weak in penetrating power and are, therefore, limited to very thin specimens. Therefore, transmission electron microscopy involves extreme care in sample preparation. Such preparations which might alter the very structure of a biological sample, would not be required in x-ray microscopy. The difficulties in constructing an x-ray microscope, however, have proved to be irresistible, because of the fact that soft x-rays cannot be brought together to form an image. In other words, soft x-rays cannot be made reflected from any known single surface at normal or near-normal incidence. The only possibility that existed until now employs grazing incidence, the only form of focusing x-ray optics. But their quality (resolution) has been limited because they must be machined in the form of a paraboloid or hyperboloid. Lenses of the kind used in ordinary optical microscopes cannot be made for use at wavelengths less than about 1000 angstroms. There are two reasons for this. First, there is only a tiny difference in the refractive indices among the different materials at soft x-ray wavelengths. Second, soft x-rays are strongly absorbed by all materials and cannot penetrate any conceivable lens, used in ordinary optical microscopes or telescopes. A major advance in x-ray optics holds a great promise both in the fields of high resolution scanning x-ray microscopy, lithography and substantial improvements in the quality of x-ray telescopes. Recent improvements in the techniques for quality control of evaporated and sputtered films have led to the interest in the controlled fabrication of multilayered structures known as 'Layered Synthetic Microstructures', to be used as mirrors for the extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray regions. These can be produced with virtually any layer spacing greater than approximately 10 angstroms and they have a considerably high diffraction efficiency at normal or near-normal incidence. This remarkable enhancement in normal-incidence reflectivities at x-uv domain of the electromagnetic spectrum leads to another innovative application of these microstructures, i.e. the production of x-ray lasers with high gain-length products, where the enhanced normal-incidence reflectivity of the multilayers has been applied for multiple pass gain of the laser media by increasing the effective path lengths of the plasma columns. The present article covers the theoretical considerations, development and different techniques of controlled fabrication of layered synthetic microstructures along with their potential applications in the fields of x-ray spectroscopy, microscopy, x-ray laser production and lithography.

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Díaz-García, María A. "Nonlinear optical properties of phthalocyanines and related compounds." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 13, no. 04n05 (April 2009): 652–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424609000784.

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This paper aims to review the advances achieved in the field of nonlinear optics in relation to phthalocyanines and other related compounds. The main focus is on electronic nonlinear processes, such as second- and third-harmonic generation, and mostly on the work performed by Portuguese and Spanish research groups. Several aspects in which these teams were pioneers are described in more detail. In particular, they performed numerous experiments in solution, thanks to their synthetic efforts in preparing soluble compounds, thus enabling the determination of the nonlinear parameters at a molecular level. They also measured for the first time the real and imaginary components (i.e. the magnitude and the phase) of the nonlinear parameters of phthalocyanines and, in some cases, their frequency dispersion behavior. Such detailed studies allow for the elaboration of microscopic models to identify the electronic levels involved in nonlinear processes. Some Spanish groups were also pioneers in the characterization of the nonlinear optical properties of unsymmetrically substituted phthalocyanines and other related compounds, such as triazolehemiporphyrazines and subphthalocyanines.

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Xia, Mingjun, Zhanyu Hou, Yi Yang, Bo Xu, Lijuan Liu, Xiaoyang Wang, Zheshuai Lin, R. K. Li, and Chuangtian Chen. "Chemical engineering of mixed halide hexaborates as nonlinear optical materials." RSC Advances 6, no. 109 (2016): 107810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra21584j.

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25

Yamanaka, Kazushi. "Ultrasonic Force Microscopy." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 10 (October 1996): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400031626.

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As an imaging method of elastic properties and subsurface features on the microscopic scale, the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) provides spatial resolution comparable or superior to that of optical microscopes. Nondestructive evaluation methods of defects and elastic properties on the microscopic scale were developed by using the SAM, and they have been widely applied to various fields in science and technology. One major problem in acoustic microscopy is resolution. The best resolution of SAM with water as the coupling fluid has been 240 nm at a frequency of 4.4 GHz. At a more conventional frequency of 1 GHz, the resolution is about 1 μm. Therefore the resolution of SAM is not always sufficient for examining nanoscale defects and advanced micro/nanodevices.For materials characterization on the nanometer scale, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was developed and extended in order to observe elastic properties in force-modulation mode. In the force-modulation mode, the sample is vibrated, and the resultant cantilever-deflection vibration is measured and used to produce elasticity images of objects. The lateral force-modulation AFM can evaluate the friction force or the shear elasticity in real time. However in the force-modulation mode, it is difficult to analyze stiff objects such as metals and ceramics.When the sample is vertically vibrated at ultrasonic frequencies much higher than the cantilever resonance frequency, the tip cannot vibrate due to the inertia of the cantilever. However by modulating the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibration, deflection vibration of the cantilever at the modulation frequency is excited due to the rectifier effect of the nonlinear force curves. Based on the tip-sample indentation during ultrasonic vibration, we developed ultrasonic force microscopy (UFM) for contact elasticity and subsurface imaging of rigid objects using a soft cantilever with a stiffness of the order of 0.1 N/m.

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26

Liu, Pengxiang, Chuncao Niu, Feng Qi, Wei Li, Weifan Li, Qiaoqiao Fu, Liyuan Guo, and Zhongyang Li. "Phase-Matching in Nonlinear Crystal-Based Monochromatic Terahertz-Wave Generation." Crystals 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091231.

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Optically pumped nonlinear frequency down conversion is a proven approach for monochromatic terahertz (THz)-wave generation that provides superior properties such as continuous and wide tunability as well as laser-like linewidth and beam quality. Phase-matching (PM) is an important connection between the pump sources and nonlinear crystals and determines the direction of energy flow (as well as the output power). In past decades, a variety of peculiar PM configurations in the THz region have been invented and are different from the traditional ones in the optical region. We summarize the configurations that have been applied in nonlinear THz-wave generation, which mainly fall in two categories: scalar (collinear) PM and vector PM (including macroscopic noncollinear PM and microscopic vector PM). The development of this technique could relax the matching conditions in a wide range of nonlinear crystals and pump wavelengths and could finally promote the improvement of coherent THz sources.

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Kumar, Sunil, Tschackad Kamali, Jonathan M. Levitte, Ori Katz, Boris Hermann, Rene Werkmeister, Boris Považay, Wolfgang Drexler, Angelika Unterhuber, and Yaron Silberberg. "Single-pulse CARS based multimodal nonlinear optical microscope for bioimaging." Optics Express 23, no. 10 (May 8, 2015): 13082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.013082.

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Bagdinova, Anna N., Evgeny I. Demikhov, Nataliya G. Borisenko, Sergei M. Tolokonnikov, Gennadii V. Mishakov, and Andrei V. Sharkov. "Periodic structures on liquid-phase smectic A, nematic and isotropic free surfaces." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (January 30, 2018): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.34.

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The free boundary of smectic A (SmA), nematic and isotropic liquid phases were studied using a polarized optical microscope, an interferometric surface structure analyzer (ISSA), an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM). Images of the SmA phase free surface obtained by the polarized microscope and ISSA are in good correlation and show a well-known focal domain structure. The new periodic stripe structure was observed by scanning near-field optical microscopy on the surface of the smectic A, nematic and isotropic phases. The properties of this periodic structure are similar to the charged liquid helium surface and can be explained by nonlinear electrostatic instabilities previously described.

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You, Fei, Bing Teng, Lin Hua Xia, Hui Xu, De Gao Zhong, Shi Ming Zhang, Yue Juan Yu, and Jiang Tao Ma. "Surface Morphology and Shape Analysis of Nonlinear Optical Crystal DAST." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.306.

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DAST (4-N, N-dimethylamino-4′-N′-methyl stilbazolium tosylate) crystal has been grown by slope nucleation method (SNM) at different cooling rates (0.5°С/d and 0.1°С/d). The morphology of crystal growing surfaces was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and microscope. Different growth striations were found on the growth surfaces. The arrangements of crystal ions and cooling rate have a great influence on the crystal shape. The relationship between the DAST crystal molecular structure and the crystal shape was systematically studied by analyzing the growing surface morphology. Two-dimensional nucleation mechanism was found on growing faces with increasing supersaturation.

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Chis, Mihaela, Hongzhen Wang, Christophe Cassagne, Charles Ciret, and Georges Boudebs. "Dark field Z-scan microscopic configuration for nonlinear optical measurements: Numerical study." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 27, no. 04 (December 2018): 1850037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863518500376.

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This study deals with numerical simulations to optimize the parameters of the Dark Filed Z-scan (DFZ-scan) in a microscopic configuration for third-order nonlinear (NL) refraction measurements into thin films. The method allows dynamic, transparent, nonlinear phase shifts to be clearly visible. The simulations of such images are obtained for very low-induced refractive indices. Darkfield illumination requires blocking out of the central light which ordinarily passes through and around (surrounding) the NL specimen. A table to approximate circular aperture stop size versus magnification will be given depending on the focusing lens into the tested material.

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Lin, J., Y. Fujita, and A. Neogi. "Saturation of two photon emission in ZnO nanoparticles with second order nonlinearity." RSC Advances 5, no. 15 (2015): 10921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra08380f.

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The nonlinear optical effects such as second harmonic generation and two-photon emission in ZnO nanocrystals have been studied using microscopic time-resolved and time-integrated emission spectroscopy.

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Wu, Kechen, Ping Lin, Xintao Wu, and Ling Chen. "Synthesis, Characterization and Theoretical Investigation on the Optical Nonlinearity of WS4Co(dppe)(DMF) Heterometallic Cluster Compound." Laser Chemistry 18, no. 4 (January 1, 2000): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/98130.

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A novel hetero-metallic binuclear cluster WS4Co(dppe)(DMF) has been synthesized and characterized. The crystal has a structure of monoclinic space group P21. Ab initio CPHF calculations are performed on the static first hyperpolarizabilities of the molecular building blocks of the cluster. The microscopic structural origin of nonlinear optical properties are discussed in-depth. The charge-transfer between tungsten ion and cobalt ion in a molecular building block critically contributes to the optical nonlinearity, while the joint effect of the ligands makes sufficient enhancements. The study is helpful to search for novel IR nonlinear optical materials among the transition metal cluster compounds.

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33

KOKHKHAROV, A. M., E. A. ZAKHIDOV, SH P. GOFUROV, S. A. BAKHRAMOV, and U. K. MAKHMANOV. "CLUSTERIZATION OF FULLERENE C70 MOLECULES IN SOLUTIONS AND ITS INFLUENCE TO OPTICAL AND NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS." International Journal of Nanoscience 12, no. 04 (August 2013): 1350027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x13500270.

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Nonlinear optical rotation of elliptically polarized laser pulses (λ = 532 nm, τFWHM ~ 12 ns) in benzene, toluene and binary (toluene+acetonitrile) solutions of fullerene C 70–D5h(6) has been investigated experimentally. High-resolution transmission electron microscope studies of C 70-solutions showed stable ball-shaped C 70-clusters formation in toluene+acetonitrile mixtures. It has been demonstrated, that the C 70-clusters sizes depend on initial concentration of C 70, as well as volume fraction of acetonitrile in solvent mixture. The most probable model of C 70-clusterization in solutions was proposed. Correlations between the processes of nonlinear rotation of polarization ellipse, change of electronic absorption spectra and C 70-clusters formation in solutions have been demonstrated. Physical mechanisms of laser-induced optical activity in C 70-solutions have been discussed. The values of the nonlinear Kerr coefficient (n2) and nonlinear susceptibility component [Formula: see text] of C 70-solutions in: toluene, benzene with various polarization ellipticity (θ = 0.2-0.8), and toluene+acetonitrile at different concentrations of C 70 for various volume fractions of acetonitrile have been determined.

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34

Ramya, Emusani, M. Veeramohan Rao, and D. Narayana Rao. "Nonlinear optical properties of Ag-enriched ZnO nanostructures." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 28, no. 03 (September 2019): 1950027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863519500279.

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Ag-enriched ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared by using silver nitrate, zinc acetate, and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as source elements, a novel method under particular conditions without any additives added as stabilizing or reducing agent. The transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies reveal that the ZnO layer is well formed onto the Ag core. The photoluminescence shows the energy transfer and electron-hole recombination between the conductor and semiconductor layers. Nonlinear optical properties are studied by using picosecond laser. Nonlinear absorption values are increased by increasing the Ag concentration in Ag-enriched ZnO NPs. Nonlinear optical effects in Ag-enriched ZnO NPs are due to two-photon induced free carrier and inter-band transitions. Optical limiting characteristics are measured in the picosecond time domain. Ag-enriched ZnO NPs are used as optical limiters in the visible region.

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35

Ramya, Emusani, Dushyant Kushavah, M. Veeramohan RaO, T. Arun Kumar, and D. Narayana Rao. "Nonlinear Optical Properties of CdSe Quantum Dots Having Different Sizes." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 7710–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18610.

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We synthesis different sizes of cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe QDs) and their linear and nonlinear optical properties. Size-controlled CdSe QDs are characterized by ultraviolet-visible absorption, photoluminescence, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Z-scan techniques. Redshift was observed in the linear absorption and photoluminescence with an increase in the size of CdSe QDs. TEM images show the sizes of the QDs are 2.2 nm–4.9 nm. Bandgap tuning CdSe QDs of third-order nonlinear optical properties are investigated at 532 nm with an open aperture Z-scan technique using a picosecond laser. These CdSe QDs can be used as optical limiters.

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36

Li, Weiqi, Wei Quan Tian, and Xiudong Sun. "Understanding of nonlinear optical properties of CS2 from a microscopic viewpoint." Journal of Chemical Physics 137, no. 8 (August 28, 2012): 084315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4748261.

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37

Wang, Yuan, and Liping Huang. "A Simplified Method of Microscopic Polarizability Tensor Differential of Hyper-Raman Spectroscopy Based on the Bond Additivity Model." International Journal of Optics 2022 (March 10, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2710506.

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Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) and Ccherent anti-Stokes hyper-Raman spectroscopy (CAHRS), as other high-order nonlinear spectroscopy techniques, are widely exploited in many research fields, such as dynamic processes, gene expression spectrum screening, high-resolution spectroscopy, and nonlinear high-resolution imaging. However, it is difficult to make a quantitative analysis of the spectral signals that involve a large number of high-order micropolarizability tensors. It is reported that the CARS and CAHRS microscopic hyperpolarizability tensor elements can be decomposed into the product of the differentiation of Raman microscopic polarizability tensor α′i′j′ and hyper-Raman microscopic polarizability tensor β′i′j′k′ so that the high-order spectra can be simplified to the analysis of low-order spectra. In this paper, we use the bond additivity model (BAM) combined with experimental corrections to address the carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule and present the simplified scheme for differentiation of hyper-Raman microscopic polarizability tensor elements β′i′j′k′. Taking advantage of this approach, combined with the experimental correction, the differentiation of Hyper-Raman microscopic polarizability tensor elements β′i′j′k′ of the CO2 is obtained and the expressions of β′i′j′k′ for antisymmetric vibrations of CO2 are deduced. Finally, substituting the differentiation of Raman microscopic polarizability tensor elements α′i′j′ reported in the literature into the ratio above can obtain the proportional relationship between the microscopic polarizability tensor elements of CARS and CAHRS of the CO2. This method can provide the basis for the quantitative analysis of high-order nonlinear spectral profiles.

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38

Atta, Ali, Mostufa M. Abdelhamied, Ahmed M. Abdelreheem, and Mohamed R. Berber. "Flexible Methyl Cellulose/Polyaniline/Silver Composite Films with Enhanced Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081225.

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In order to potentiate implementations in optical energy applications, flexible polymer composite films comprising methyl cellulose (MC), polyaniline (PANI) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully fabricated through a cast preparation method. The composite structure of the fabricated film was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy, indicating a successful incorporation of AgNPs into the MC/PANI blend. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images have indicated a homogenous loading and dispersion of AgNPs into the MC/PANI blend. The optical parameters such as band gap (Eg), absorption edge (Ed), number of carbon cluster (N) and Urbach energy (Eu) of pure MC polymer, MC/PANI blend and MC/PANI/Ag films were determined using the UV optical absorbance. The effects of AgNPs and PANI on MC polymer linear optical (LO) and nonlinear optical (NLO) parameters including reflection extinction coefficient, refractive index, dielectric constant, nonlinear refractive index, and nonlinear susceptibility are studied. The results showed a decrease in the band gap of MC/PANI/AgNPs compared to the pure MC film. Meanwhile, the estimated carbon cluster number enhanced with the incorporation of the AgNPs. The inclusion of AgNPs and PANI has enhanced the optical properties of the MC polymer, providing a new composite suitable for energy conversion systems, solar cells, biosensors, and nonlinear optical applications.

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39

Jacob, David S., Somashekarappa Mallenahalli, Aharon Gedanken, Leonid A. Solovyov, Evangelia Xenogiannopoulou, Konstantinos Iliopoulos, and Stelios Couris. "Synthesis of one-dimensional structured metal phthalocyanine in an ionic liquid." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 11, no. 10 (October 2007): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424607000813.

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Nickel phthalocyanine is synthesized in an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) giving a high yield of one-dimensional structures. The morphology of the synthesized material is detected by a high-resolution scanning electron microscope, a high-resolution transmission electron microscope, characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, and a CHN analyzer. The nonlinear optical properties of the synthesized phthalocyanine are also investigated.

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40

Guo, Zhongping, Jian Li, Yongqi Song, Chengqian He, and Fuyu Zhang. "The Size Effect and Microstructure Changes of Granite after Heat Treatment." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (July 1, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9958255.

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High temperature can change the mechanical properties of granite, with significant nonlinear characteristics, and at the same time change its microstructure. Therefore, two kinds of granites are used in this paper: one is normal temperature granite and the other is granite treated at 600°C, and a detailed comparative study is made. The fracture toughness of two kinds of rocks was tested by fracture tests, and the results were analyzed by a nonlinear fracture mechanics model (SEL). At the same time, in order to understand the influence of high temperature on the mineral composition and microstructure of granite, XRD, optical microscope, and SEM were used to observe the mineral composition, microcracks, and fracture morphology of granite. The results show the following: (1) high temperature significantly changes the fracture mechanics parameters of granite. The fracture toughness of granite treated at 600°C is significantly lower than that of untreated granite, which is reduced by more than 60%. (2) No obvious size effect was found in the untreated granite, while the size effect of the granite after treatment at 600°C was significant. (3) The granite after high-temperature treatment showed strong nonlinear characteristics, and the SEL can reasonably describe and explain its nonlinear fracture characteristics. (4) The brittleness of the granite treated at 600°C decreased and the ductility increased. The microscopic morphology of the fracture was rough, with obvious steps and rivers. The microcracks and porosity had increased significantly, but the main components did not change significantly.

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41

KELLER, O. "QUANTUM DOTS OF LIGHT." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 05, no. 01 (January 1996): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863596000118.

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Basic ingredients of a microscopic theory describing the degenerate four-wave mixing of the outgoing field from a mesoscopic source particle were established. Starting from many-body theory and selfenergy quantum electrodynamics it is argued that the best spatial confinement one might hope to obtain of the source field is given by the extension of the transverse part of the current density distribution induced in the mesoscopic particle. Taking into account the phaseconjugation of evanescent components of the source field, the existence of so-called quantum dots of light having a subwavelength extension is predicted. Using the outgoing field from the tip of an optical near-field microscope in combination with a phaseconjugating mirror exhibiting a sufficiently long memory time light dots can be made experimentally. A new nonlocal nonlinear response tensor enabling one to study the four-wave mixing process of the local field itself is presented.

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42

Li, Chen, Changqin Ding, Minghe Li, Jiayue Rong, Hilary Florian, and Garth Simpson. "Depth-of-field extension in optical imaging for rapid crystal screening." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 77, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798321000097.

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The depth of field (DoF) was extended 2.8-fold to achieve rapid crystal screening by retrofitting a custom-designed micro-retarder array (µRA) in the optical beam path of a nonlinear optical microscope. The merits of the proposed strategy for DoF enhancement were assessed in applications of second-harmonic generation imaging of protein crystals. It was found that DoF extension increased the number of crystals detected while simultaneously reducing the number of `z-slices' required for screening. Experimental measurements of the wavelength-dependence of the extended DoF were in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. These results provide a simple and broadly applicable approach to increase the throughput of existing nonlinear optical imaging methods for protein crystal screening.

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43

Reshak, A. H., and S. Auluck. "The influence of oxygen vacancies on the linear and nonlinear optical properties of Pb7O(OH)3(CO3)3(BO3)." RSC Advances 7, no. 24 (2017): 14752–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra00012j.

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We have investigated the influence of the oxygen vacancy on the linear and nonlinear optical properties and the microscopic first hyperpolarizability of asymmetric Pb₇O(OH)₃(CO₃)₃(BO₃).

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44

Li, Donghai, Matthias Nuss, Sebastian Goetz, Verena Kolb, Jens Pflaum, Chiara Trovatello, Giulio Cerullo, and Tobias Brixner. "Spatially resolved coherent 2D fluorescence spectroscopy within a high-NA microscope." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920503014.

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We have developed coherent two-dimensional (2D) fluorescence micro-spectroscopy which probes the nonlinear optical response at surfaces via fluorescence detection with sub-micron spatial resolution. This enables the investigation of microscopic variations in laterally heterogeneous film samples which are of interests for sub-wavelength opto-electronic devices.

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45

Wu, Jieyun, Wen Wang, Nan Wang, Juan He, Guowei Deng, Zhonghui Li, Xiaoling Zhang, Hongyan Xiao, and Kaixin Chen. "Structure–property analysis of julolidine-based nonlinear optical chromophores for the optimization of microscopic and macroscopic nonlinearity." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 36 (2018): 23606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp04470h.

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A structure–property relation investigation revealed that the theoretical hyperpolarizability and experimental solvatochromism were more reliable in julolidine-based nonlinear optical chromophore design.

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46

Malagoli, M., and R. W. Munn. "Microscopic calculation of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of DEANST crystal." Journal of Chemical Physics 107, no. 19 (November 15, 1997): 7926–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.475106.

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47

TSUKIOKA, MASAYUKI, TETSUROU FUJIMOTO, and SADAO TSUTSUMI. "OPTICAL SHG EFFECT OF STOICHIOMETRIC Ba4Na2Nb10O30 (BNN), Gd-DOPED BNN, AND Nd-DOPED BNN." Modern Physics Letters B 08, no. 13 (June 10, 1994): 785–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984994000790.

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In order to investigate the doping effect of Ba 2 NaNb 5 O 15 by rare-earth ions, single crystals of stoichiometric BNN, Gd-doped BNN, and Nd-doped BNN were synthesized. The measurements were carried out for second harmonic generation (SHG), microscopic observation on {001}, and for dielectric property of these materials. The considerable effects by the doping were found for the SHG. The doping effect was investigated from the point of view of the theory of electro-optical and nonlinear optical effect on oxygen octahedral ferroelectrics, and from that of domain structure. Microscopic observation proved that the refractive index fluctuation causes several SHG phase matching conditions.

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48

Usha, V., R. Vettumperumal, S. Kalyanaraman, and R. Thangavel. "Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of NiO Nanoparticles by Sol–Gel Method." International Journal of Nanoscience 17, no. 05 (October 2018): 1850003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x18500035.

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Nanocrystalline nickel oxide (NiO) were prepared by low cost sol–gel method and analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX), Raman, photoluminescence (PL) and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopic techniques. XRD spectrum confirmed the face centered cubic structure of NiO nanoparticles and it showed polycrystalline nature without any impurity. Magnetic ordered phase related modes of NiO nanoparticles was observed from Raman spectra, which also confirmed the absence of secondary phases in NiO nanoparticles. Linear and nonlinear refractive index and optical susceptibility of NiO nanoparticles were calculated and discussed using Tauc’s method and Wemple and DiDomenico single oscillator model. Calculated maximum value of third ordered nonlinear optical susceptibility ([Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text] revealed that the NiO nanoparticles were suitable in nonlinear optical devices applications. Simulation of second harmonic efficiency, spectral band width and quasi phase matching of NiO nanocrystals are discussed using optiFDTD.

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Ryazantsev, Nikolay, Alexander Nosach, and Anton Ryazantsev. "ROCKS – SEGNETOELASTICS." JOURNAL of Donetsk mining institute, no. 2 (2020): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2020-2-72-82.

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Purpose. Identification of the features and the properties of segnetoelastics in rocks. Research Methods. Laboratory experiments on the deformation of rocks in a volume field of compressive stresses, macro- and microscopic studies of the deformations and the orientations of an optical indicatrix, analysis of the data obtained. Research results. As a result of microscopic and optical studies of rocks in thin sections on a polarizing microscope, tests of rocks under the conditions of unequal triaxial compression, analysis of the results obtained, it was found that the rock-forming minerals of the sedimentary sequence at a normal temperature and in the absence of an external load have a domain structure. Under the conditions of a triaxial unequal component compression, the volumetric deformations at the micro and macro levels do not exceed hundredths, while the relative micro deformations fully correspond to the dilatancy volume at the macro level. Shear rotational deformations reach 15–20%, their resonant increment increases several times over three periods before the destruction. During the loading, the direction of the rotation is changed 3-4 or more times, an optical indicatrix changes the direction. All deformations are alternating in sign and, until resonance, the amplitude of their increment does not exceed 0.5%. During the loading, the deformation, elastic, optical, electromagnetic, and other parameters are changed abruptly (structural-phase transitions of the second, and upon the destruction, of the first and third kind). The interconnection between the load and the deformations is nonlinear, a number of characteristic deformations are distinguished at which these jumps occur. All said indicate that rocks are classical distortion segnetoelastics. The following parameters can be taken as parameters of a segnoelastic transition: the value or increase in the value of relative deformation; an elastic modules varying within ± ∞; the sign and the magnitude of the increment of the Lode angle for the deformations; the angle of rotation of the optical indicatrix, the presence of structural-phase transitions in the minerals. Scientific novelty. It has been shown for the first time that all five signs and traits of segnetoelastics are present in sedimentary rocks. Practical significance. The possibility for isolating of segnetoelastics without laborious microscopic and electromagnetic studies.

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Hatano and Kawata. "Applicability of deconvolution and nonlinear optimization for reconstructing optical images from near-field optical microscope images." Journal of Microscopy 194, no. 2-3 (May 1999): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00564.x.

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