Dissertations / Theses: 'Nonlinear Kerr effects'

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Jukna, Vytautas. "Conical wave triggered transient spatio-temporal effects in Kerr media." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121001_093530-53415.

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Thesis consists of introduction, followed by five main chapters and conclusions. Introduction is devoted to the explanation of filamentation process. The mechanisms responsible for filament generation and evolution are explained first and various models of the filamentation are presented as well. The second chapter is devoted to the study on supercontinuum spectrum dependence on the initial pulse diameter. The chapter 4 is devoted to the study of the filamentation in scattering medium, and covers the performed experiment, explanation of new developed numerical scheme, and finally comparison of the numerical and experimental results. The chapter 5 describes the multifilamentation with elliptical beam. The role of the four wave mixing to the filaments periodicity is briefly explained. The periodicity dependence on the wave of intensity as well the evolution of multifilamentation is shown. Three dimensional study of the modulation instability during multifilamentation process is also presented in chapter 5. The last chapter 6 is devoted to the origin of the rogue wave statistics in supercontinuum generation, and comparison of the numeric results with experimental. At the end (chapter 7) the main conclusions of the current work are presented.
Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, penki pagrindiniai skyriai ir išvados. Įvade aiškinamas sudėtingas šviesos gijų formavimosi procesas. Paaiškinami fizikiniai reiškiniai, lemiantys šviesos gijų generacijos bei evoliucijos ypatybes, supažindinama su įvairiais šviesos gijų susidarymo ir sklidimo modeliais. Antrajame skyriuje nagrinėjama pradinio pluošto diametro įtaka superkontinuumo spektrui. Trečias skyrius, skirtas šviesos gijų generacijos sklaidančioje terpėje tyrimui, apima atlikto eksperimento bei sukurtos naujos skaitmeninio modeliavimo schemos pristatymą, ir, galiausiai, skaitmeninio modeliavimo ir eksperimentinių rezultatų palyginimą. Ketvirtame skyriuje nagrinėjama daugelio gijų generacija elipsiniais pluoštais. Trumpai paaiškinta kaskadinio keturbangio maišymo įtaka šviesos gijų periodiškumui. Ištirta šviesos gijų periodo priklausomybė nuo bangos intensyvumo, ir atskleista daugelio gijų generacijos dinamika. Moduliacinio nestabilumo analizė ir jos įtaka taip pat pateikiama ketvirtame skyriuje. Penktajame skyriuje nagrinėjama ekstremalių įvykių tūrinėje Kerro terpėje atsiradimas. Palyginami plataus spektro generacijos kompiuterinio modeliavimo ir eksperimento metu surinkti statistiniai duomenys. Pabaigoje pateikti pagrindiniai darbo rezultatai ir išvados.

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Liu, Jingtian. "Shaping Strategies to Embrace Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fiber Communications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAT007.

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Le principal obstacle aux communications longue distance est l'interférence non linéaire (NLI), résultant des effets non linéaires dans les canaux de fibres optiques. Bien que les algorithmes de traitement du signal numérique offrent une atténuation partielle, la nature intrinsèquement non linéaire, couplée aux effets de dispersion prédominants, continue de défier la fidélité de transmission. Aborder la non-linéarité directement à la source par des modulations intrinsèquement moins sensibles aux distortions non-linéaires est au coeur de notre stratégie de recherche. Les schémas traditionnels de modulation, à mesure que l'efficacité spectrale augmente, i.e formats QAM, deviennent de plus en plus sensibles à NLI et la distance euclidienne moyenne au carré (MSED) diminue. Bien que la modulation multi-dimensionnelle (MD) offre des gains linéaires améliorés et non linéaires partiels, elle est insuffisante. L'émergence de la mise en forme probabiliste de constellation (PCS), privilégiée pour son gain linéaire accru et sa compatibilité avec le matériel de modulation conventionnel, introduit une NLI supplémentaire. Par conséquent, la conception de PCS tolérante aux non-linéarités émerge comme une direction de recherche cruciale. Notre thèse commence par une nouvelle modulation MD pour les signaux uniformes. Ensuite, nous proposons une approche novatrice combinant MD avec PCS pour examiner les variations de performance. En explorant la PCS, nous étudions le coupleur de distribution de mise en forme (DM) sphérique énumérative, initialement d'un point de vue MD, et concevons un DM optimisé pour la tolérance non linéaire sur de courtes distances. Par la suite, nous introduisons une nouvelle technique de mesure d'NLI, prenant en compte les effets de dispersion. En intégrant cela au cadre de sélection de séquence de la PCS, nous réalisons une transmission longue distance réussie avec des gains non linéaires notables
The main impediment in long-distance communications is nonlinear interference (NLI), stemming from nonlinear effects in optical fibers. While Digital signal processing algorithms offer partial mitigation, the inherent nonlinear nature of the fiber, coupled with predominant dispersion effects, continues to challenge the increase of transmission throughputs. Addressing nonlinearity at the information source through signal modulation technology is at the heart of our research. Traditional modulation schemes, as spectral efficiency climbs, such as QAM, become increasingly susceptible to NLI while their Mean Squared Euclidean Distance (MSED) diminishes. While multi-dimensional (MD) modulation yields improved linear and partial nonlinear gains, it has not yet demonstrated tangible benefits. On the other hand, the emergence of probabilistic constellation shaping (PCS), preferred for its enhanced linear gain and compatibility with conventional modulation hardware and software, introduces additional NLI. Consequently, the design of nonlinear-tolerant PCS is emerging as a pivotal research direction. Our thesis begins with a novel MD modulation for uniformly distributed signals. Then, we propose a novel approach combining MD with PCS to examine performance variations. Delving into PCS, we investigate the enumerative sphere shaping distribution matcher (DM), initially from an MD stance, and design a DM optimized for nonlinear tolerance over shorter distances. Subsequently, we introduce a new NLI measurement technique, accounting for dispersion effects. Integrating this with the sequence selection framework of PCS, we achieve successful long-distance transmission with notable nonlinear gains

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Becerra, Castro Emilio Manuel 1977. "Efeitos óticos não-lineares transversais a baixas intensidades de luz." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278228.

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Orientador: Luís Eduardo Evangelista de Araujo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T04:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BecerraCastro_EmilioManuel_D.pdf: 3066640 bytes, checksum: 3e7ff0e58dae7364f9f6d0b5f37924eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: Neste tese apresentamos um estudo teórico dos efeitos de coerência atómica em vapor atómico com o propósito de estudar teoricamente efeitos óticos não-lineares transversais a baixas intensidades de luz. Sob a condição da transparência induzida eletromagneticamente, um meio atómico pode desenvolver não-linearidades óticas gigantes, possibilitando a observação de efeitos óticos não-lineares a baixas intensidades. Investigamos três efeitos transversais: emissão cónica, focalização induzida e feixes de vórtices induzidos eletromagneticamente. Todos estes três efeitos têm origem na modulação de fase cruzada entre um laser de prova e um laser sinal, ambos fracos, com intensidades abaixo da intensidade de saturação das transições às quais estão acopladas. Em emissão cónica, descrevemos a formação de anéis ao redor de um feixe de prova fraco. No estudo de focalização induzida, descrevemos como que a aplicação de uma máscara de intensidade ao feixe sinal pode levar à formação de lentes GRIN no vapor atómico, induzindo à focalização do laser de prova. Por último, estudamos a conversão do feixe de prova em um feixe de vórtice ótico pela aplicação de uma máscara de intensidade espiral ao feixe sinal
Abstract: In this thesis we present theoretical study of the effects of atomic coherence in atomic vapor for the purpose of studying theoretically transverse nonlinear optical effects at low light levels. Under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency, an atomic medium can develop giant optical nonlinearities, allowing the observation of nonlinear optical effects to low intensities. We investigate three transverse effects: conical emission, induced focusing and electromagnetically induced vortices. All three of these effects stem from cross-phase modulation between probe and a signal laser, both weak with intensities below the saturation intensity the transitions to they coupled. In conical emission, we describe the formation of rings around a weak probe beam. In the study of induced focusing, we describe how applying an intensity mask to the signal beam can lead to the formation of GRIN lenses the atomic vapor, leading to focusing of the probe laser. Finally, we studied the conversion of the probe beam into an optical vortex beam by applying a spiral intensity mask to the signal beam
Doutorado
Física
Doutor em Ciências

4

Kaassamani, Shatha. "Polarization Spectroscopy of High Order Harmonic Generation in Semiconductors Orbital angular momentum from semiconductor high-order harmonics All semiconductor enhanced highharmonic generation from a single nanostructured cone." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP091.

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Depuis sa première observation, la génération d'harmonique d'ordre élevé (HHG) dans les cristaux s'est avérée d'être une source efficace, contrôlable et compacte de rayonnement XUV cohérent. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la génération d'harmonique d'ordre élevé (HHG) dans le graphène, et dans différents semi-conducteurs principalement oxyde de zinc, silicium, arséniure de gallium et oxyde de magnésium. Nous observons que les propriétés du laser, notamment l'intensité, polarisation et ellipticité ainsi que les propriétés du cristal impactent de manière corrélée au processus de génération d'harmonique. De plus, nous surlignons le rôle important des effets de propagation linéaire et non linéaire, surtout l'effet Kerr, qui peut modifier l'efficacité de génération d'harmonique. Bien que ceux-ci induisent des limitations, dans certaines conditions ils présentent un avantage. Finalement, nous démontrons la possibilité d'augmenter localement l'intensité du laser par confinement dans un cône nanostructuré et ainsi d’accroître le flux harmonique généré. Enfin, nous démontrons une application en imagerie par diffraction cohérente de la source harmonique nanostructurée
Since its first observation, a decade ago, high harmonic generation (HHG) in crystals has proved to be an efficient, controllable and compact source of coherent XUV radiation. In this thesis, we investigate HHG in 2D materials, particularly graphene, and in different semiconductor crystals mainly zinc oxide, silicon, gallium arsenide and magnesium oxide. We find that the laser properties, such as its intensity, polarization and ellipticity, and the crystal properties are interrelated. Moreover, we shed the light on the role of the linear and nonlinear propagation effects mainly the Kerr effect, upon laser interaction with the crystal, which can significantly influence the high harmonic generation efficiency. Although this presents major limitations, we show that in some cases it turns out to be an advantage. Finally, we demonstrate the manipulation of the harmonic radiation at the source of the emission by patterning nanostructures to confine and enhance nanojoule laser pulses, and generate harmonic beams carrying orbital angular momentum. Lastly, we successfully image a micrometer-sized sample by the coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) technique based on solid-state harmonics

5

Balakireva, Irina. "Nonlinear dynamics of Kerr optical frequency combs." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2043.

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La présente thèse est consacrée à l’étude des peignes optiques de Kerr dans les résonateurs àmodes de galerie, au sein desquels la lumière peut être excitée par pompage externe. L’effet Kerrexistant dans ces résonateurs engendre des modes latéraux équidistants (dans le domaine spectral)de part et d’autre du mode excité, c’est à dire un peigne de fréquence. Cette thèse est diviséeen trois chapitres. Le premier est dédié à l’introduction de la génération de ces peignes et leurapplications. Le deuxième chapitre présente l’analyse de l’équation de Lugiato-Lefever, décrivantde manière analytique le système, et conduit à la construction de deux diagrammes de bifurcationpour les dispersions normale et anomale. Ils sont tracés en fonction des deux seuls paramètresexpérimentalement contrôlables une fois le résonateur fabriqué : la puissance du laser et sondécalage de fréquence. Ces diagrammes indiquent les plages de paramètres pour lesquels une,deux, ou trois solutions existent ainsi que leur stabilité. Les simulations numériques renseignentle type exact de solution associée à chaque aire (notamment les solitons brillants et sombres, lesbreathers, les peignes optiques de Kerr de premier et deuxième ordre, et un régime chaotique) ; cesdiagrammes indiquent donc les paramètres du laser à choisir afin de générer la solution souhaitée.Le troisième chapitre est dédié aux peignes de Kerr optique secondaires, lignes additionnelles dansle domaine spectral générées entre les lignes du peigne principal. Ils apparaissent en dispersionanormale, lorsque la quantité de photon pompe excède un seuil dit de second ordre, qui a étédéterminé numériquement
This thesis is dedicated to the study of the Kerr optical frequency combs in whispering gallery moderesonators, where the light can be excited by the extern pump. Due to the Kerr effect existing in theseresonators, the quasi-equidistant lines in the spectral domain are generated around the excited mode,that is the frequency comb. This thesis is devided in three chapters. The first one is dedicated to theintroduction of the Kerr comb generation and their applications.The second one presents the analysisof the Lugiato-Lefever equation used for the analytical study of the system, leading to the constructionof two bifurcation diagrams for the normal and anomalous dispersions. They are plotted for twoparameters, which can be controlled during experiments once the resonator has been fabricated,which are the pump power of the laser and its frequency detuning. These diagrams show the areas ofthe parameters for which one, two, or three solutions exist and their stability. The additional numericalsimulations show the exact type of the solution in each area (such as the bright and dark solitons,the breathers, the primary and secondary Kerr combs and chaotical regimes), finally these diagramsshow the parameters of the laser needed to be choosen for the generation of the desired solution.The third chapter is dedicated to the secondary Kerr combs, which are the additional lines generatedbetween the lines of the primary comb. They appear in the anomalous dispersion regime, when thequantity of the pump photons crosses the second-order threshold, which has been found numerically

6

Rasekh, Payman. "Kerr Effect at the THz Frequencies." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41085.

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This doctoral dissertation focuses on the nonlinear optical response of water vapour as well as some solids at terahertz (THz) frequencies. In this study, the propagation of broadband single-cycle THz pulses through a medium with the third-order nonlinear optical response is theoretically investigated. Also, a technique to measure the nonlinear response of transparent materials based on the time-domain THz spectroscopy is developed, which provides frequency dispersion curves of the nonlinear Kerr coefficient (n₂). A numerical model is used to simulate the THz pulse propagation. This model takes into account non-paraxial effects, self-focusing, and diffraction, as well as dispersion, in both the linear and nonlinear optical regimes. The contribution of non-instantaneous Kerr-type nonlinearity to the overall instantaneous and delayed Kerr effect at the THz frequencies is investigated. It is shown how increasing the nonlinear relaxation time and its dispersion modifies the THz pulse after the propagation through a transparent medium. The effect of linear dispersion on self-action during pulse propagation is also discussed. Moreover, the nonlinear spectroscopy of water vapour at THz frequencies is reported. Atmospheric water vapour has a rich spectrum with several strong resonances at frequencies below 3 THz, falling within the range of operation of most existing THz sources. An extremely large nonlinear response to THz radiation is observed at the positions of these resonances. Using the optical Kerr model for the nonlinear response, a minimum nonlinear refractive index of the order of 10² m²/W is estimated. The results provide insight into the energy levels of the water molecule and give a more accurate picture of its response to electromagnetic radiation, paving the way to more accurate THz spectroscopy, imaging, and sensing systems, and thereby facilitating future emerging THz technologies. Finally, the nonlinear response of solids at THz frequencies is studied. It has been shown that a phonon-induced THz Kerr effect can result in a larger nonlinear refractive index than the nonlinear refractive index at the visible or near-infrared range (optical Kerr effect). This pronounced nonlinear optical behavior is verified using a time-domain characterization approach. The results indicate a large delay occurred to the THz fields as they transmit through some of the material samples. In the frequency domain, the induced nonlinear phase shift of the intense THz field is shown to be relatively large of the order of 0.1 rad. From the phase information, the nonlinear phase is extracted by which the dispersion profile of n₂ is obtained.

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Squire, Anthony. "Incoherent laser light as a probe of ultrafast nonlinear optics." Thesis, University of Essex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296168.

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Laban, Dane Edward. "Highly Nonlinear Optical Phenomena with Few-Cycle Light Pulses." Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365337.

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This thesis details two investigations of highly nonlinear optical phenomena using few-cycle light pulses. Specifically, self-focusing in air with carrier-envelope phase locked pulses and high-order harmonic generation from successive sources. Producing few-cycle light pulses with a sufficient intensity to observe these phenomena has only become possible with the recent development of mode-locked lasers. By observing the behaviour of atoms in such an intense electromagnetic field, new conclusions can be drawn on the nature of nonlinear phenomena. Intense electromagnetic fields propagate nonlinearly and one effect that plays an important role in determining the propagation is the Kerr effect. This effect makes it possible for an intense light pulse to undergo self-focusing, in which the light modifies the spatial refractive index of the medium such that the light is brought to a focus. The position of the self-focus is determined by the power of the light pulse relative to a critical power for self-focusing that is a property of the medium. When using a few-cycle pulse, shifting the carrier-envelope phase alters the peak value of the electric field within the pulse envelope that determines the maximum instantaneous power achieved. In this thesis, self-focusing in air with a 6.3 fs, 800 nm pulse was investigated. The critical power of self-focusing was measured to be 18 ± 1 GW. A first-order theory was developed and predicted that altering the carrier-envelope phase would shift the focus by 790 µm. When the experiment was performed, no change in the focus position was observed and a 3σ upper limit to a fit of the data gave a total shift of 180 µm.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Zhang, Weiya. "Effect of a thin optical Kerr medium on a Laguerre-Gaussian beam and the applications." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2006/W_Zhang_121306.pdf.

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Bree, Carsten. "Self-compression of intense optical pulses and the filamentary regime of nonlinear optics." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16430.

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Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Femtosekunden-Filamenten in dispersiven, transparenten Medien. Die Erzeugung optischer Femtosekunden-Impulse durch Selbstkompression in Edelgasen wird unter theoretischen und experimentellen Aspekt behandelt, wobei die zugrundeliegenden physikalischen Mechanismen aufgezeigt werden. Dazu werden numerische Simulationen hochintensiver Femtosekunden-Impulse in Edelgasen durchgeführt, und eine analytische Beschreibung der Selbstkompression wird entwickelt. Im experimentellen Teil der Arbeit wird eine bisher nur theoretisch vorhergesagte Selbstheilungseigenschaft des zeitlichen Impulsverlaufs in Femtosekunden-Filamenten nachgewiesen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die zeitliche Impulsform stabil gegenüber einer adiabatisch einsetzenden, temporären Zunahme von Dispersion und Nichtlinearität um jeweils drei Größenordnungen ist, wie sie beim Durchgang durch das Austrittsfenster einer gasgefüllten Zelle auftritt. Die optische Feldstärke in Filamenten ist vergleichbar mit inneratomaren Bindungskräften. Bei derart hohen Intensitäten treten hochgradig nichtlineare Effekte wie Multiphoton- oder Tunnelionisation auf. Neuere experimentelle Befunde deuten an, dass die Sättigung des optischen Kerr-Effekts eine entscheidende Rolle in Filamenten spielt, im Gegensatz zur bisherigen Annahme der Sättigung der optischen Nichtlinearität durch freie Ladungsträger. Dieser Befund wird derzeit in der Literatur kontrovers diskutiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ein unabhängiger theoretischer Ansatz verfolgt, um Beiträge hoher Ordnungen zum optisch-optischen Kerr-Effekt aus einer Kramers-Kronig Transformation des Multiphoton-Absorptionskoeffizienten abzuschätzen. Auschließlich ausgehend von physikalischen Grundprinzipien sowie einiger moderater Näherungen stützen diese Ergebnisse ein kürzlich vorgeschlagenes Modell, welches relevante Beiträge höherer Ordnung zum optisch-optischen Kerr-Effekt vorhersagt.
This thesis discusses femtosecond filaments in dispersive dielectric media. In particular, the generation of intense, few-cycle optical pulses due to self-compression in noble gases is analyzed from a theoretical as well as from an experimental viewpoint, clearly isolating the physical mechanisms behind the observed pulse self-compression mechanism. To this end, numerical simulations of high-intensity femtosecond pulses propagating in noble gases were performed, and an analytical model of the processes leading to pulse self-compression was developed. Moreover, a theoretically predicted temporal self-healing property of femtosecond filaments is experimentally proven, demonstrating that few-cycle optical pulses can recover and even benefit from a temporary, non-adiabatic increase of dispersion and nonlinearity of the order of three magnitudes as experienced during the passage from a gaseous medium to a thin silica sample. Filamentation sets in at field strengths that approach the order of inner-atomic binding forces. At these extreme intensities, highly nonlinear effects such as multiphoton ionization or tunneling effects occur. Recent experimental investigations claim a prevalent contribution of a saturation of the optical Kerr effect in filamentation prior to the onset of Drude-contributions from ionization effects. This finding is currently controversially discussed in literature. In this thesis, an independent theoretical approach was pursued, estimating high-order contributions to the all-optical Kerr effect via a Kramers-Kronig transform of multiphoton absorption cross-sections. Quite surprisingly, while only based on first principles with some moderate approximations, the results of this analysis are in strong support of the recently suggested higher-order Kerr model.

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Walasik, Wiktor. "Plasmon-soliton waves in metal-nonlinear dielectric planar structures." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284234.

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In this PhD thesis, we study properties of stationary transverse magnetic polarized waves in structures built of a Kerr-type nonlinear dielectric layer, metal and linear dielectric layers. Although these waves, called here plasmon-solitons, have been studied for more than 30 years, there is still no experimental confirmation of their existence. The main reason being that, in all the configurations predicted so far, the nonlinear index modification required to observe plasmon-solitons corresponds to light intensities orders of magnitude higher than the damage threshold of typical nonlinear materials. The goal of this thesis is to improve the understanding of plasmon-solitons, so as to design structures that support these nonlinear waves at low power levels. Firstly, we study configurations with a semi-infinite nonlinear medium. We develop two semi-analytical models based on Maxwell's equations. The first model treats the Kerr-type nonlinearity in a simplified way, but allows us to obtain analytical expressions for both the field profiles and the nonlinear dispersion relation. The second model treats the nonlinearity in an exact way. It allows us to obtain an analytical expression for the nonlinear dispersion relation, but the field profiles in the nonlinear medium are found numerically. We study for the first time three-layer structures (nonlinear dielectric/metal/linear dielectric) for which the linear permittivities of the dielectric cladding are different on both sides of the metal. In these configurations, we find narrow regions of structure opto-geometric parameters in which low-power plasmon-solitons exist. Because our models are formulated for four-layer structures, they allow us to study for the first time configurations with an additional dielectric layer introduced between the nonlinear dielectric and the metal film. We provide dispersion diagrams and field plots for such structures with various parameters. The semi-analytical formulation of our models allows us to rapidly scan the phase space of the structure parameters. Using these scans, we report possible four-layer configurations with realistic parameters that support plasmon-solitons at power levels below the material damage threshold. Secondly, we study configurations called nonlinear slot waveguides, in which a finite-size nonlinear dielectric core is sandwiched between two semi-infinite metal cladding layers. We develop two models based on Maxwell's equations. The first model uses a simplified treatment of the Kerr nonlinearity, but provides analytical expressions for the field profiles and the nonlinear dispersion relations expressed in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions. The second model treats the Kerr nonlinearity in the exact way and allows us to obtain an analytical condition that reduces the parameter space in which the solutions for a given structure are numerically computed. We study the dispersion plots and the mode transformations along the dispersion curves for the symmetric nonlinear slot waveguides. Except for the first-order modes already known in such structures, we report the existence of higher-order modes. All the modes of the nonlinear slot waveguide can be divided in two families: a family of symmetric and antisymmetric modes with nodes that resemble the linear modes of a modified linear slot waveguide; and a family of symmetric and asymmetric node-less modes that do not have linear counterparts. We report that in the node-less family, the symmetric modes appear through a fold bifurcation and the asymmetric modes, appear from the symmetric modes through a Hopf bifurcation. We also study the effects of the core size and of the permittivity contrast between the core and the cladding on the dispersion diagrams. We show that a careful choice of these parameters may lead to nonlinear effects that can be observed at low powers. Finally, we study asymmetric nonlinear slot waveguides (with different permittivities of the two metal claddings).
El objetivo de esta tesis es la mejora en el conocimiento de los SP, así como el diseño de estructuras capaces de soportar estas ondas no lineales a bajos niveles de intensidad.En primer lugar, se ha estudiado la configuración correspondiente a un medio no lineal semiinfinito. Para ello se han desarrollado dos modelos semianalíticos basados en las ecuaciones de Maxwell. El primero trata la no linealidad de tipo Kerr de una manera sencilla, pero permite obtener expresiones analíticas para tanto los perfiles de campo como para las relaciones de dispersión no lineales. El segundo considera la no linealidad de un modo exacto. Esto permite obtener una expresión analítica de la mencionada relación de dispersión no lineal; sin embargo, los perfiles de campo han de ser obtenidos numéricamente. Se estudian también por primera vez estructuras de tres láminas (dieléctrico no lineal/metal/ dieléctrico lineal) en las que las constantes dieléctricas lineales del recubrimiento son distintas en ambos lados del metal. En estas estructuras se optimizan los parámetros y se obtienen pequeñas zonas con presencia de SP de baja energía. Puesto que los modelos están desarrollados para estructuras de cuatro láminas, se pueden estudiar por primera vez configuraciones con una lámina dieléctrica adicional situada entre el dieléctrico no lineal y el metal. Se proporcionan a su vez diagramas de dispersión y perfiles de campo para las anteriores estructuras en función de varios parámetros. La formulación semianalítica de los modelos permite hacer un rápido barrido del espacio fásico de los parámetros de la estructura. De este modo, se muestran configuraciones de cuatro láminas con unos parámetros realistas para la creación de los citados SP de baja energía.En segundo lugar, se han estudiado las guías de onda metálicas no lineales (GOMNL), en las que un núcleo dieléctrico no lineal de tamaño finito es intercalado entre dos láminas metálicas. Para ello se han desarrollado de nuevo dos modelos basados en las ecuaciones de Maxwell. El primero trata la no linealidad de tipo Kerr de un modo sencillo, pero proporciona expresiones analíticas para los perfiles de campo y las relaciones de dispersión no lineales mediante funciones elípticas de Jacobi. Por otra parte, el segundo modelo trata la no linealidad de tipo Kerr de un modo exacto y proporciona una condición analítica para la eliminación de una de las dimensiones del espacio fásico en el cual las soluciones son buscadas numéricamente. A su vez se estudian las curvas de dispersión así como sus posibles transformaciones de modo asociadas para las GOMNL. Además de los modos de primer orden típicos en este tipo de estructuras, se muestra la existencia de modos de orden superior. Todos los modos de las GOMNL pueden ser divididos en dos familias: la de los modos simétricos y antisimétricos con nodos que se asemejan a los modos lineales de una guía de onda metálica lineal modificada; y la de los modos simétricos y asimétricos sin nodos y que no se asemejan a ningún tipo de modos lineales. En esta última familia, los modos simétricos aparecen a través de una bifurcación silla-nodo y los asimétricos a través de una bifurcación de Hopf. Se estudian también los efectos producidos sobre los diagramas de dispersión al variar el tamaño del núcleo y el contraste dieléctrico entre el núcleo y el recubrimiento metálico.

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Labidi, Tarek. "Amplification sensible à la phase de signaux analogiques sur porteuse optique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS340/document.

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Les liaisons opto-hyperfréquences sont appelées à jouer un rôle important dans les futurs systèmes micro-ondes. Elles permettent par exemple de transporter des signaux radars ou des oscillateurs locaux sur porteuse optique sur de longues distances. Elles permettent également de réaliser un certain nombre de fonctions comme des déphasages, l’introduction de retards vrais sur de larges bandes passantes, le filtrage reconfigurable des signaux, ou même des fonctions plus complexes comme de l’analyse spectrale ou de la corrélation de signaux hyperfréquences. Comme tous les systèmes opto-hyper, elles souffrent de pertes dues soit à la conversion opto-hyper, soit tout simplement à la propagation. Les amplificateurs classiques, par exemple à fibre dopée erbium, à semi-conducteur, ou à effet Raman dans les fibres, ne permettent pas de compenser ces pertes sans dégrader le rapport signal sur bruit. L’objectif de la thèse est l’étude et la réalisation expérimentale d’un amplificateur optique sensible à la phase basé sur des fibres hautement non linéaires (HNLF) pour amplifier des signaux analogiques sans ajouter du bruit. La majeure partie de ce travail de thèse a été consacrée à la mise en œuvre d’une expérience qui porte sur l’amplification sensible à la phase avec une seule pompe. Notre étude a également porté sur l’étude des performances de cet amplificateur en termes de linéarité et de bruit. La linéarité de l’amplificateur a été testée en comparant les produits d’intermodulation d’ordre 3 (IMD3) lorsque le PSA est activé et le PSA est désactivé. Nous avons montré à partir de ces mesures que l’introduction de l’amplificateur sensible à la phase dans la liaison n’a pas dégradé la dynamique libre de parasite (SFDR). De plus, nous avons étudié les performances de notre amplificateur sensible à la phase en termes de bruit en effectuant des mesures de son facteur de bruit (NF). En effet, nous avons mesuré un facteur de bruit de -2.07 dB dans le cas où l’on ne détecte que le signal, tandis qu’un facteur de bruit de 0.2 dB est obtenu lors de la détection de l’ensemble « signal et idler »
Microwave photonic links are expected to play an important role in future RF systems. Based on low loss optical fibers, analog photonic links (APLs) have become the heart of the emerging field of microwave photonics, in which various functionalities are explored such as the generation and distribution of radar signals and local oscillators, phase shifting, reconfigurable true time delays, or even more complex functions such as spectrum analysis or correlation of RF signals. Unavoidably, microwave photonics systems undergo losses due either to microwave-to-optical conversion or to propagation. Classical amplifiers based on erbium doped fibers, semiconductor amplification, or Raman scattering in fibers, do not allow to compensate for these losses without degrading the signal-to-noise ratio. The aim of this thesis is to address this issue and to theoretically study and experimentally an optical phase-sensitive amplifier based on highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) in order to amplify an analog signals without adding noise. We experimentally investigate the linearity of a phase sensitive amplifier based on nonlinear optical fiber in the context of microwave photonics. The linearity of the PSA amplifier is assessed by performing third order intermodulation distortion products (IMD3) measurements using two RF tones. The results show that the PSA is, in the explored domain, perfectly linear for the RF modulation, leading to amplification without any increase of distortion, thus proving the compatibility with future microwave photonics applications. In addition, we study the performance of our PSA in terms of noise by taking measurements of the noise figure (NF). Indeed, we measure a noise factor of -2.07 dB in the case where when we detect only the signal, while a 0.2 dB noise factor is obtained when both "signal and idler" are detected

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Emms, Rhys Mullin. "Impact of Plasma Dynamics On Femtosecond Filamentation." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35126.

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In this thesis we ran a series of 2D simulations of femtosecond laser pulses filamenting in air using the FDTD method, a saturable Lorentz oscillator model of air [1], and two separate models of plasma: a Drude model where the plasma density is static in space, and a particle-in-cell model where plasma is free to migrate throughout the simulation space. By comparing matched pairs of simulations, which varied in pulse size, duration, and intensity, we can gauge the impact plasma dynamics has upon the evolution of a filamenting laser pulse. From these tests we determine that, while there are some visible differences between dynamic and static plasmas, plasma dynamics do not significantly alter the evolution of the pulse.

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Sinclair, Gary F. "Cross-phase modulation in rubidium-87." Thesis, St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/735.

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Besse, Valentin. "Dynamique spatiale de la lumière et saturation de l’effet Kerr." Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0030/document.

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Nous présentons une étude de la dynamique de la lumière et des mesures des caractéristiques non-linéaires optiques dans le disulfure de carbone.Dans la première partie, nous calculons dans le cadre d’un modèle classique des expressions des susceptibilités non-linéaires jusqu’au cinquième ordre, en tenant compte des corrections de champ local. Nous formulons diﬀérentes hypothèses que nous conﬁrmons ou inﬁrmons par la mesure des indices d’absorption et de réfraction non-linéaires. Celles-ci sont obtenues en combinant deux méthodes de caractérisation des non-linéarités au sein d’un système 4fd’imagerie. L’analyse des données expérimentales utilise une méthode nouvellement développée, qui consiste à inverser numériquement, par la méthode de Newton, les solutions analytiques des équations diﬀérentielles qui décrivent l’évolution du faisceau.Dans la deuxième partie, nous observons la ﬁlamentation d’un faisceau laser à la longueur d’onde de 532 nm et en régime picoseconde. Puis nous procédons à la mesure de l’indice de réfraction non-linéaire eﬀectif du troisième ordre n2,eﬀ en fonction de l’intensité incidente. Par un ajustement de la courbe de saturation de l’eﬀet Kerr,nous développons un nouveau modèle. La résolution numérique de celui-ci reproduit la ﬁlamentation observée.La dernière partie est consacrée à l’étude de la dynamique des solitons dissipatifs au sein de milieux à gains et pertes non-linéaires. La résolution numérique de l’équation complexe de Ginzburg-Landau cubique-quintique est réalisée suivant diﬀérentes conﬁgurations :soliton fondamental, dipôle, quadrupôle,vortex carré et rhombique
We present a study of light dynamics and measurements of the nonlinear optical characteristics of carbon disulphide. In the ﬁrst part, we calculate using the classical model, the nonlinear susceptibilities up to the ﬁfth order taking into account local ﬁeld corrections. We express diﬀerent assumptions that we conﬁrm or refute by measuring the nonlinear absorption coeﬃcient and the nonlinear refractive index. The measurements are performed by means of two nonlinear characterization methods combined with an imaging 4f system. We analyse the experimental data using a newly developed method which numerically inverts the analytical solutions of the diﬀerential equations which describe the evolution of the beam, using Newton’s method. In the second part, we observe light ﬁlamentation at wavelength 532 nm, in the picoseconds regime. Then we measure the eﬀective third order nonlinear refractive index n2,eﬀ versus the incident intensity. By ﬁtting the curve of the Kerr eﬀect saturation, we develop a new model. Numerically solving this model, allows us to reproducethe experimentally observed ﬁlamentation. The last part is dedicated to the study of dissipative solitons dynamics. The complex Ginzburg-Landau equation with cubic-quintic nonlineraties is numerically solved in various conﬁgurations : soliton fundamental dipole, quadrupole, vortex and square rhombic

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Bergmann, Emeric. "Optique non linéaire quadratique et cubique des nanoparticules d'or uniques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10291/document.

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Le manuscrit présente une étude de la réponse optique non linéaire quadratique et cubique de nano-structures métalliques d'or déposées sur substrat. Le travail s'inscrit plus généralement dans le domaine de la plasmonique non linéaire et vise à mieux comprendre l'interaction entre les nanostructures et la lumière, dans un régime d'intensités incidentes fortes, lorsque la réponse n'est plus linéaire. Les exaltations des champs électromagnétiques locaux dans ces structures par les résonances de plasmon de surface, excitations collectives des électrons de conduction, favorisent en effet considérablement ces processus. Dans le cadre de la réponse quadratique, l'étude a essentiellement porté sur le processus appelé génération de second harmonique (SHG, acronyme pour Second Harmonic Generation) par lequel deux photons incidents à la fréquence fondamentale sont convertis en un photon à la fréquence harmonique double. Ce processus est fortement dépendant de la morphologie des nanostructures métalliques. Pour la réponse cubique, l'étude a porté sur les effets Kerr optiques qui décrivent la variation de l'indice optique des nanostructures avec l'intensité de l'onde incidente. Une attention toute particulière a été donnée aux conditions géométriques d'éclairement effectué avec une grande ouverture numérique. Le champ électromagnétique incident ne doit en effet plus être considéré dans l'approximation paraxiale
The manuscript reports a study about the quadratic and cubic nonlinear optical response from gold metallic nanostructures which are deposited onto substrates. The field of this work is more commonly known as nonlinear plasmonics and it consists in trying to understand the interaction between nanostructures and light, in a regime of high incident intensities when the response is no longer linear. The local electromagnetic field enhancement in these structures due to the surface plasmon resonance, the latters being collectives excitations of the conduction band electrons, increase drastically the cross-section for these processes. In the context of a quadratic response, the study has been focused on the Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) process whereby two incident photons at the fundamental wavelength are converted into one photon at twice the harmonic frequency. This process is highly dependent to the metallic nanostructures morphology. For the cubic response, the study has been focused on the optical Kerr effect which describes the optical index variation of nanostructure with the intensity of the incident wave.Specifics considerations have been taken into account about the geometrical illumination conditions which are performed with a large numerical aperture. The electromagnetic incident field cannot be anymore considered within the paraxial approximation

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Er-Rhaimini, Salih. "Reconstruction d'image par rétrodiffusion stimulée Raman et amélioration du rendement de conversion." Angers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ANGE0007.

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La rétrodiffusion Raman stimulée peut être utilisée pour différentes applications, en particulier la fabrication des fréquences laser nouvelles et conjugaison de phase. Dans notre travail, nous montrons qu'il est possible de transférer sur le rayonnement Raman stimule l'image d'un objet éclairé par un faisceau laser avec de bons rendements de conversion. Nous améliorons d'abord le rendement de rétrodiffusion en choisissant des matériaux actifs (exemple : l'acétone) et des conditions géométriques d'excitation convenables. Nous trouvons les conditions géométriques et énergétiques pour un bon transfert d'image et montrons que deux phénomènes jouent un rôle important dans la reconstruction d'image : l'amplification Raman, et la relation de phase entre ondes laser et Raman. Nous montrons le rôle possible des variations non linéaires de l'indice de réfraction qui peut accompagner l'effet Raman. Nous proposons des applications en particulier à la visualisation d'objets de phase et a l'étude de la cohérence de la diffusion Raman.

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Silva, II Gentil Luiz da. "Amplificação de ruído em um meio Kerr com resposta não-linear não-instantânea em pulsos parcialmente coerentes." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1670.

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Considering noninstantaneous Kerr nonlinearity, the propagation of a partially coherent optical beam are theoretically investigated by using extensions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). In order to account for the partial coherence of the beam, a phase-diffusion model is used for the laser beam. To introduce the finite response time of the medium, a time dependent nonlinear response is incorporated in the system of NLSE using the Debye relaxation model. We analytically deduce the dispersion relation and numerically compute the gain spectra along with relevant second-order statistical quantities. A detailed study of how these statistical properties are influenced by the group velocity dispersion regime as well as by the delayed nonlinear response of the material is presented. The distinct features for slow and fast delayed nonlinear response are also emphasized. In another aspect of this work, we also conducted theoretical studies on such statistical characteristics near zero-dispersion regime.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Considerando a não-linearidade não-instantânea do tipo Kerr, a propagacão de um pulso parcialmente coerente é estudado teoricamente através do uso de extensões na equação não linear de Schrödinger. Para isso, levamos em conta um modelo de difusão de fase no pulso parcialmente coerente. Para incorporar o tempo de resposta finito no meio Kerr, utilizamos uma dependência temporal na resposta não linear do meio introduzida na equação não linear de Schrödinger através do modelo de relaxação de Debye. Deduzimos analiticamente também a relação de dispersão e computamos numericamente o espectro de ganho e algumas quantidades estatísticas de segunda ordem relevantes. Neste trabalho realizamos também um estudo detalhado de como estas propriedades estatísticas são influenciadas pelos regimes de dispersão da velocidade de grupo, tanto quanto pelo atraso na resposta não linear do meio em questão. Por fim, enfatizamos as diferentes características para as respostas não lineares rápidas e lentas. Em outra vertente deste trabalho, realizamos estudos teóoricos acerca de tais características estatísticas para o regime de dispersão zero.

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Dremetsika, Evdokia. "Nonlinear optics in graphene: Detailed characterization for application in photonic circuits." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/264211.

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In the quest for ultrathin materials compatible with CMOS technology for all-optical signal processing applications in integrated photonics, graphene appears to be a promising candidate, with broadband1 optical properties and a high and broadband optical nonlinearity. However, researchers do not agree on the value of its nonlinear refractive index, and commonly used characterization methods do not provide a clear picture of the optical nonlinearity, in terms of its tensor nature or relaxation time. In the first part of this thesis, apart from the previously used Z-scan method, we have also used the ultrafast Optical Kerr Effect method coupled to Optical Heterodyne Detection (OHD-OKE) for the characterization of the third order optical nonlinearity of monolayer CVD graphene at telecom wavelengths. This method allows to separately measure the real and the imaginary part of the third-order nonlinearity, as well as their dynamics. With respect to the Z-scan method, OHD-OKE presents the major advantage of being robust against inhomogeneities of the sample. As such, we have demonstrated that graphene has a negative nonlinear refractive index, contrary to previously reported results. In addition, we have studied the real and imaginary part of graphene’s nonlinearity, when electrostatic gating is applied to change the chemical potential of graphene. Furthermore, we have proposed an enhanced version of the OHD-OKE method, together with the appropriate theoretical framework, in order to extract the tensor elements of the nonlinearity including the out-of-plane tensor elements. In particular, we have measured separately the time response of the two main tensor elements of the nonlinear susceptibility and we have experimentally verified that the out-of-plane tensor components are negligible. In the second part of this thesis, we have investigated, from an experimental point of view, the use of the nonlinear optical response of graphene for all-optical switching applications in integrated photonics. Namely, we have designed simple silicon nitride waveguide structures that constitute basic building blocks of switching devices, which were then fabricated and covered by graphene patches. Finally, we have experimentally tested the graphene-covered structures at low and high power levels and discussed the results.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Jenneve, Philippe. "Analyse Expérimentale des Distorsions Non-Linéaires pour la Construction d’un Estimateur de Performances des Réseaux Optiques Cohérents." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLO014.

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Les réseaux optiques à très haut-débit sont à la base des technologies de l’information d’aujourd’hui et le sujet d’intenses recherches. Alors que l’innovation permet de rendre les transpondeurs flexibles et versatiles, les réseaux de transmission par fibres optiques sont encore configurés manuellement et surtout rarement modifiés au cours de la vie du réseau. Un des points bloquants pour aller vers la reconfiguration et l’automatisation des réseaux optiques est le besoin de prédiction de la performance de tous les liens du réseau de façon précise et rapide. Cependant, la prédiction est rendue plus complexe par la diversité du type de fibres optiques déployées et les régimes de propagation utilisés.Au cours de mes travaux, j’ai étudié expérimentalement les distorsions du signal provenant des effets non-linéaires de type Kerr, accumulées sur des centaines de kilomètres de fibres optiques. Au travers d’expériences spécifiques et contrôlées, j’ai mesuré et mis en évidence les propriétés fondamentales des distorsions non-linéaires. Ces analyses m’ont permis de concevoir l’estimateur d’un modèle de performance destiné à des liens optiques hétérogènes, qui s’applique pour différents types de fibre et différents régimes de propagation.La flexibilité des transpondeurs associés à un estimateur de performance permettront de concevoir, d’optimiser et d’adapter de façon dynamique les canaux en fonction de la demande et de la topologie du réseau, ainsi que de calculer la protection et la restauration des chemins
Nowadays, high-speed fiber-optic communication networks are the basis of information technology and the subject of intense research. Innovation enables transponders to be flexible and versatile, but fiber optical networks are still configured manually and especially almost never tuned during the life of the network. One of the blocking points toward reconfigurable and automated optical networks is the need of performance prediction for any link of the network in an accurate and fast way. However, the prediction is made even more complex by the diversity of deployed optical fiber types and propagation regimes.During my work, I addressed experimentally the signal distortions coming from nonlinear Kerr effects accumulated on hundreds of kilometers of optical fibers. Based on specific and controlled experiments, I have measured and highlighted the properties of the nonlinear distortions. These analyses allowed me to design a performance model estimator that can be applied to heterogeneous optical links with various optical fiber types and propagation regimes.The flexibility of transponders associated with a performance estimator will optimize and tune the channels dynamically depending on the load and the topology of the network, as well as compute the protection and restoration links

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Mauger, Sarah. "Couplage entre auto-focalisation et diffusion Brillouin stimulée pour une impulsion laser nanoseconde dans la silice." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00638962.

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Dans le cadre des études sur l'endommagement laser liées au projet Mégajoule, nous analysons le couplage entre l'auto-focalisation induite par effet Kerr et la rétrodiffusion Brillouin stimulée pour des impulsions de durée nanoseconde se propageant dans des échantillons de silice. L'influence de la puissance d'entrée, des modulations de phase ou d'amplitude ainsi que la forme spatiale du faisceau sur la dynamique de filamentation est discutée. Nous montrons qu'une modulation d'amplitude appropriée divisant l'impulsion incidente en train d'impulsions de l'ordre de la dizaine de picosecondes supprime l'effet Brillouin pour toute puissance incidente mais réduit notablement la puissance laser disponible. A l'inverse, des impulsions modulées en phase avec une largeur spectrale comparable peuvent subir de la filamentation multiple et une auto-focalisation à distance plus courte causées par des instabilités modulationnelles. Nous démontrons cependant l'existence d'une largeur spectrale critique à partir de laquelle la rétrodiffusion peut être radicalement inhibée par une modulation de phase, même pour des fortes puissances. Cette observation reste valide pour des faisceaux de forme carrée avec des profils spatiaux plus larges, qui s'auto-focalisent beaucoup plus rapidement et se brisent en filaments multiples sur de courtes distances. L'inclusion de la génération de plasma pour limiter la croissance des ondes pompe et Stokes est finalement abordée.

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Boughdad, Omar. "Fluides de lumière dans un milieu non-linéaire photoréfractif." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4014.

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L’objet de cette thèse est l’étude expérimentale des comportements hydrodynamiques d’un faisceau laser se propageant dans un milieu à réponse non-linéaire. Pour un milieu presentant un indice de réfraction qui depend de l’intensité du laser, ainsi que dans le cadre de l’approximation paraxiale, l’intensité du faisceau est assimilée à une densité de fluide. L’axe de propagation représente le temps d’évolution du fluide, le gradient de phase du faisceau définit sa vitesse d’écoulement et la variation de l’indice de réfraction permet de définir une vitesse du son dans le fluide. Dans le cadre de cette analogie, nous appelons le faisceau qui se propage, fluide de lumière. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la notion de superfluidité de la lumière dans un régime non linéaire auto-défocalisant (self-defocusing). Cette notion est définie par l’absence de diffraction lorsque le fluide de lumière se propage en présence d’un obstacle. Les paramètres permettant de contrôler la transition superfluide sont : la vitesse du fluide de lumière ainsi que la vitesse du son. La première est pilotée par la direction du vecteur d’onde, ainsi que la deuxième est contrôlée par l’intensité du laser. Nous étudions aussi dans le cadre de cette analogie, le régime d’émission de vortex quantifiés suite à l’interaction entre le fluide de lumière et l’obstacle, considéré dans ce cas comme étant fort. Quand deux fois la vitesse d’écoulement aux pôles de l’obstacle dépasse la vitesse du son, des paires de vortex/anti-vortex sont émises, démontrant ainsi un comportement hydrodynamique de la lumière. Dans le but de comprendre l’effet non linéaire mis en jeu, nous présentons également dans cette thèse, une étude de l’effet photoréfractif non-linéaire en exploitant l’effet de l’automodulation de phase (self-phase modulation)
This thesis presents an experimental study of hydrodynamical phenomena of a laser propagating nonlinearly. For a medium presenting an intensity-dependent refractive index, and in the frame of the paraxial approximation, The intensity of the laser beam is equivalent to a density of a fluid, the propagation direction is seen as a time evolution of the fluid as well as the phase gradient of the laser beam defines a flow velocity and the nonlinear refractive index change allows defining a sound velocity of the fluid. Under this analogy, we call the propagating laser beam a fluid of light. In this thesis, we provide a study of the superfluidity concept of a fluid of light in a selfdefocusing regime of the nonlinearity. It is defined as the absence of diffraction when the fluid of light encounters an obstacle. The parameters which control the superfluid transition are: the flow velocity as well as the sound velocity. They are controlled respectively through the wave vector and the intensity of the laser beam. In the frame of this analogy, we also present in this thesis a study of vortex shedding regime as a result of the interaction between the fluid of light and the obstacle. Here, the obstacle is considered to be strong. When twice the flow velocity at the poles of the obstacle is larger than the sound velocity, pairs of vortex/anti-vortex are emitted demonstrating a hydrodynamical behaviour of the fluid of light. In order to underline the nonlinear refractive index change, we also report in this thesis a study of the photorefractive effect using the self-phase modulation effect

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Beenken, Wichard Johann Daniel. "Theory of nonlinear polarization spectroscopy in the frequency domain (NLPF) with applications to photosynthetic antennae." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=970522789.

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Lefkir, Miloud. "Mesure des susceptibilités non linéaires d'ordre trois par auto-modification de l'état de polarisation d'une onde lumineuse : rôle des gradients transversés du champ." Angers, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ANGE0025.

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Ce travail porte essentiellement sur la mesure des susceptibilités non linéaires par automodification de l'état de polarisation d'une onde polarisée elliptiquement dans des milieux à non-linéarité de Kerr lorsqu'ils sont excités par une impulsion laser picoseconde intense. En modèle d'onde plane dans un milieu sans absorption non linéaire, l'ellipse de polarisation tourne d'un angle proportionnel à la composante #(#3#)xyyx du tenseur de susceptibilité non linéaire du troisième ordre et conserve son ellipticité. Nous présentons pour la première fois l'observation simultanée du profil transverse de l'onde, du comportement de l'état de polarisation et de la transmission d'une onde. Nous mettons en évidence les effets de gradients transverses sur le profil transverse de l'intensité et l'état de polarisation de l'onde transmise. Nous montrons que le modèle d'onde plane est insuffisant pour exploiter les résultats des mesures, même pour de très faibles densités d’énergie excitatrice, puisque ne reste pas proportionnel a #(#3#)xyyx et que l'ellipticité n'est pas conservée. En conclusion, l'influence des dispersions temporelle et spatiale dans la susceptibilité non linéaire est clairement montrée.

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Rolle, Jérémie. "Étude de la dynamique plasma dans la filamentation laser induite dans les verres de silice en présence de rétrodiffusion Brillouin stimulée et dans les cristaux de KDP." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112195/document.

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Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l’influence d’un plasma non-stationnaire produit par des impulsions laser en régime d’auto-focalisation. Cette auto-focalisation est couplée à des non-linéarités Brillouin pour des impulsions nanosecondes dans les verres de silice. Elle excite différents canaux d’ionisation dans les cristaux de KDP irradiées par des impulsions femtosecondes. Tout d’abord, nous dérivons les équations de propagation des ondes optiques laser et Stokes sujettes à la filamentation due à l’effet Kerr, la rétrodiffusion Brillouin et à la génération de plasma. Dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons des résultats numériques sur la propagation non-linéaire de faisceaux LIL. Ceux-ci révèlent l’importance de la distribution temporelle de l’impulsion pompe dans la compétition entre auto-compression Kerr et la rétrodiffusion Brillouin stimulée. Ces simulations préliminaires permettent de valider le système anti-Brillouin opté pour le LMJ sur la base de faisceaux millimétriques.Dans une troisième partie, nous présentons des résultats théoriques et numériques sur la filamentation d’impulsions nanosecondes opérant dans l’ultraviolet et l’infrarouge. L’influence d’un plasma inertiel sur la dynamique de couplage de deux ondes en contre-propagation est examinée. Dans une configuration à une onde, une analyse variationnelle reproduit les caractéristiques globales d’un équilibre quasi-stationnaire entre auto-compression Kerr et défocalisation plasma. Toutefois, cet équilibre cesse pour faire place à des instabilités modulationnelles induites par rétroaction du plasma sur l’onde de pompe. Nous montrons que des modulations de phase supprimant la rétrodiffusion Brillouin permettent d’inhiber ces instabilités plasma. La robustesse de ces modulations de phase est testée en présence d’un bruit aléatoire dans le profil de l’impulsion laser.Enfin, nous étudions numériquement la dynamique non-linéaire d’impulsions femtosecondes se propageant dans la silice et le KDP. Premièrement, nous montrons que la présence de défauts impliquant moins de photons pour exciter un électron de la bande de valence à la bande de conduction promeut des intensités de filamentation plus élevées. Ensuite, nous comparons la dynamique de filamentation dans la silice avec celle dans un cristal KDP. Le modèle d’ionisation pour le KDP prend en compte la présence de défauts et la dynamique électrons-trous. Nous montrons que la dynamique de propagation dans la silice et le KDP présente des analogies remarquables pour des rapports de puissance incidente sur puissance critique équivalents.La conclusion nous permet de résumer les résultats originaux obtenus dans le cadre de cette thèse et d’en discuter des développements ultérieurs possibles
In this thesis, we study the role of an inertial plasma reponse produced by laser pulses in self-focusing regime. Self-focusing is coupled with Brillouin nonlinearities for nanosecond pulses in silica glasses. For femtosecond pulses propagating in KDP crystals, self-focusing excites various ionization chanels. First of all, we derive the propagation equations for the pump and Stokes waves, subjected to filamentation due to optical Kerr effect, stimulated Brillouin scattering and plasma generation. In the second part, we present numerical results on the nonlinear propagation of LIL laser beams. These results show that temporal distribution of the pump pulse play a key role in the competition between self-focusing and stimulated Brillouin scattering. These preliminary results valide the anti-Brillouin system opted on the MegaJoule laser (LMJ) on the basis of milimetric-size laser beam.In a third part, we present numerical and theoretical results on the filamentation in fused silica of nanosecond light pulses operating in ultraviolet and infrared range. Emphasis is put on the action of a dynamical plasma reponse on two counterpropagating waves. For a single wave, we develop a variational analysis which reproduces global propagation features for a quasistationary balance between self-focusing and plasma defocusing. However, such a quasistionary balance ceases to clean up modulational instabilites induced by plasma retroaction on the pump wave. We show that phase modulations supress both simulated Brillouin scattering and plasma instabilities. The robustness of phase modulations is evaluated in presence of random fluctuations in the input pump pulse profile.Finally, we study numerically the nonlinear propagation of femtosecond pulses in fused silica and KDP. First, we show that the presence of defects involving less photons for exciting electrons from the valence band to the conduction band promotes higher filamentation intensity levels. Then, we compare the filamentation dynamic in silica and KDP crystal. The ionization model for KDP crystal takes into account the presence of defects and the electron-hole dynamics. We show that the propagation dynamics in silica and KDP are almost identical at equivalent ratios of input power over the critical power self-focusing.The summary of this thesis recalls the original results obtained and discusses the possibility of future developments

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Araújo, Michelle Oliveira de. "Investigação experimental e modelo teórico para o índice de refração não-linear da linha D2 do césio." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5739.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5247280 bytes, checksum: a825d4cf1e9d423d3daa9794ddd2962e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-23
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The response of a material to an incident radiation can be described in terms of the susceptibility of the medium. In an atomic vapor, this susceptibility strongly depends on the frequency of the radiation and can vary over several orders of magnitude near the resonance. When a material is illuminated by light whose electric field is intense, the Kerr effect may become significant, showing a linear variation of the refractive index as a function of the intensity of the laser beam. Several techniques allow the measurement of this nonlinear effect. One of the simplest and most accurate is the z-scan technique. It consists in moving the medium to be probed along the axis of a focused laser beam. The transmittance through an aperture is measured as a function of the cell position and the obtained curve allows one to determine the nonlinear refractive index (n2) of the material. In this work, we investigate the nonlinear refractive index of a vapor of cesium atoms. We used the z-scan technique for various detunings around the Cs D2 transition (wavelength at 852 nm). To monitor the frequency of the laser, we simultaneously used an auxiliary saturated absorption setup and a Fabry-Perot analyzer. Through simple relationships between n2 and the aperture transmittance, we obtained a value for n2 as a function of the laser detuning. A theoretical model was developed to be compared to our experimental results. We used the density matrix formalism to calculate n2, taking into account the velocity distribution of the atoms in the calculation of the matrix elements. We started by treating the atoms as two-level systems, which allows us to test different limits of velocity integration. We then carried out a more realistic model for the D2 line of Cs, considering one fundamental level and three excited levels. We showed that for each hyperfine transition, the third-order fundamental-excited coherence depends on the population of the excited states as well as on the coherence created between the excited levels. To our knowledge, our experimental results are the first measurements of n2 for a cesium vapor, using the z-scan technique. The measured values of n2 are consistent with our theoretical calculations.
A resposta de um meio material à radiação incidente pode ser descrita em termos da susceptibilidade ótica desse meio. Em vapores atômicos, essa susceptibilidade depende fortemente da freqüência da radiação e pode variar, em torno da ressonância, por várias ordens de grandeza. Quando um material é iluminado por um feixe de luz cujo campo elétrico é muito intenso, evidencia-se o efeito Kerr, ou seja, o próprio índice de refração do material varia linearmente com a intensidade do feixe laser. Para medir esse efeito não linear da polarização do material, existem varias técnicas na literatura. Uma das mais simples e precisa é a varredura z (z-scan). O z-scan consiste em deslocar o meio a ser estudado ao longo do eixo de um feixe laser focalizado. Mede-se então a transmitância através de uma abertura, em função da posição da célula. A partir dessa curva de transmitância, é possível determinar o índice de refração não linear do material. Neste trabalho, investigamos a dependência espectral do índice de refração não linear do vapor atômico de césio. Realizamos experimentos com a técnica z-scan para várias dessintonizações na linha D2 (comprimento de onda de 852 nm). O monitoramento da freqüência do laser é feito através de uma montagem auxiliar de absorção saturada e de uma cavidade Fabry-Pérot. Utilizando relações simples entre n2 e a transmitância na abertura, obtivemos um valor de n2 para cada dessintonização. Para interpretar os resultados experimentais, usamos o formalismo de matriz densidade para calcular teoricamente o n2. No cálculo dos elementos da matriz densidade, deve-se levar em consideração a distribuição de velocidades dos átomos. Iniciamos nosso modelo tratando os átomos como sistemas de dois níveis, com o objetivo de compreender os diferentes limites da integração em velocidade. Em seguida passamos para um modelo mais realista para a linha D2 do Cs envolvendo um nível fundamental e três excitados. Mostramos que, para cada transição hiperfina, a coerência fundamental-excitada de terceira ordem depende de efeito de população dos estados excitados e da coerência criada entre eles. Nossos resultados experimentais são, até onde sabemos, as primeiras medidas usando z-scan para a obtenção do indice de refração de vapor de césio. Os valores medidos de n2 são condizentes com os nossos cálculos teóricos.

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Fahmi, Abdelilah. "Contrôle des effets non linéaires dans des liquides en mélange d'ondesApplication à la mesure de la susceptibilité non linéaire et à la conjugaison de phase." Angers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ANGE0022.

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La mesure des susceptibilités non linéaires d'ordre 3 dans des matériaux nécessite une bonne maitrise de l'ensemble des non-linéarités apparaissant dans ces matériaux en particulier dans les expériences faites en mélanges d'ondes. L'étude présentée est consacrée à la maitrise des non-linéarités dans des matériaux de référence. Nous avons montré la présence d'une diffusion Rayleigh stimulée des cs#2 et des absorptions linéaire et non linéaire dans c#6h#5no#2. Ces effets diminuent considérablement la réflectivité de conjugaison de phase par mélange quatre ondes dégénéré. L'analyse théorique et la démonstration expérimentale de ces processus sont présentées. On a observé que les effets de couplages pompe/sonde dans le cas de la diffusion Rayleigh stimulée dépendent de l'angle entre l'onde pompe et l'onde sonde. On a de plus montre l'effet des gradients transverses de champ dans les mesures. Les absorptions linéaire et non linéaire observées produisent un échauffement du matériau qui conduit à la formation d'une onde acoustique. Nous avons analysé les répercussions de cette onde acoustique sur les mesures de la susceptibilité non linéaire. Les résultats obtenus permettent d'envisager, par exemple, des applications a la mesure de la partie réelle de la susceptibilité non linéaire par mélange d'ondes dans des matériaux organiques nouveaux qui peuvent être absorbants ou diffusants et ou l'ordre de grandeur de la non-linéarité d'indice est inconnu à l'avance.

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Doclot, Olivier. "Etude des propriétés optiques non linéaires de troisième ordre de la molécule et du cristal de 4-(N,N diéthylamino)-b-nitrostyrène par Z scan et ellipsométrie." Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10230.

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Dans cette these, nous avons etudie les proprietes optiques non lineaires de troisieme ordre de la molecule et du cristal de 4-(n,n diethylamino)-nitrostyrene (deanst). Nous avons fait des mesures d'absorption a deux photons de la molecule de deanst en solution par ellipsometrie kerr. Nous avons modelise le spectre non lineaire ainsi obtenu a partir du spectre d'absorption lineaire et d'un unique parametre: la variation de moment dipolaire entre les etats s#0 et s#1. Nous avons monte un banc z scan qui permet la mesure de l'indice de refraction dependant de l'intensite et de l'absorption non lineaire aux deux longueurs d'onde 1,064 m et 532 nm. Les mesures a 1,064 m en solutions ont montre que la variation d'indice de refraction est dominee par l'effet d'orientation moleculaire et que l'absorption a deux photons est faible a cette longueur d'onde. Les mesures effectuees a 532 nm dans une bande d'absorption a un photon de la solution de deanst mettent en evidence de fortes non-linearites dues a la creation d'une population dans un etat excite. Ces mesures montrent qu'aux concentrations elevees, les molecules isolees ne sont pas les seules a jouer un role dans les proprietes non lineaires des solutions. Les mesures z scan sur le cristal de deanst revelent l'anisotropie de ses proprietes non lineaires. De plus, l'absorption non lineaire n'est pas uniquement interpretable par un phenomene de troisieme ordre et necessite l'intervention d'un coefficient non lineaire supplementaire. L'analyse des non-linearites du cristal de deanst doit etre envisagee dans le cadre d'un modele excitonique: le modele du gaz oriente en considerant une hyperpolarisabilite dominee par l'element tensoriel le long du grand axe de la molecule ne rend pas compte des non-linearites du cristal

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"Multi-wavelength optical Kerr effects in high nonlinearity single mode fibers and their applications in nonlinear signal processing." 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892974.

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Kwok Chi Hang.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- All-Optical Signal Processing in Optical Communications --- p.2
Chapter 1.2 --- Fiber-Based Optical Kerr Nonlinear Switches --- p.5
Chapter 1.3 --- Highly Nonlinear Fibers --- p.6
Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives and Scope of Study --- p.8
Chapter 1.5 --- Summary --- p.9
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Optical Nonlinearity --- p.14
Chapter 2.1 --- Fiber Nonlinearity --- p.15
Chapter 2.2 --- Dispersion --- p.21
Chapter 2.3 --- Cross-Phase Modulation --- p.26
Chapter 2.4 --- Cross-Polarization Modulation --- p.29
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Fibers: The Nonlinear Media --- p.47
Chapter 3.1 --- Average Dispersion --- p.48
Chapter 3.2 --- Longitudinal Dispersion Map --- p.53
Chapter 3.3 --- Nonlinear Refractive Index and Nonlinear Coefficient --- p.57
Chapter 3.4 --- Electrostrictive Contribution --- p.62
Chapter 3.5 --- List of the Fiber Properties --- p.66
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Multi-Wavelength Nonlinear Signal Processing --- p.69
Chapter 4.1 --- Challenge --- p.70
Chapter 4.2 --- Applications --- p.72
Chapter 4.3 --- Proposed System Application --- p.110
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion and Future Work --- p.114
Chapter 5.1 --- Comparisons between Proposed and Existing Approaches --- p.114
Chapter 5.2 --- Conclusion of the Dissertation --- p.115
Chapter 5.3 --- Prospects and Directions of Future Work --- p.117
Appdenix A Numerical Model for Dispersion Calculation --- p.I
Appdenix B Simulation Model of Wide Band Cross-Polarization Switch --- p.III
Appdenix C Simulation Model of Spectral Filtering under XPM --- p.VI
List of Publications --- p.IX

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CHUNG, SUNG HAN. "Wavelength-Preserving Polarization-Insensitive All-Optical 3R Regenerator Based on Self- and Cross-Phase Modulation and Offset Filtering Utilizing Raman Amplification." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5278.

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Optical regeneration has the potential to significantly increase the reach of long-haul transmission systems. In this thesis, wavelength-preserving polarization-insensitive all-optical 3R regeneration is investigated and demonstrated for 10 and 40 Gb/s signals. The all-optical regenerator utilizes a self-pulsating laser for clock recovery, cross-phase modulation (XPM) based spectral broadening in a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) and offset filtering for retiming, and self-phase modulation based spectral broadening in a HNLF and offset filtering for reshaping. Raman amplification is used to increase the XPM-based spectral broadening and thus allow a design that meets the tradeoffs involved in simultaneously achieving good retiming and reshaping performance. The regenerator is shown to reduce amplitude noise and timing jitter while not causing a BER penalty. To fully validate the regeneration scheme, the cascadability is demonstrated using a recirculating loop. For a 10 Gb/s signal, with a regenerator spacing of 240 km, a return-to-zero, on-off-keyed (RZ-OOK) signal was transmitted over 18,000 km (75 loops) with a power penalty of 1.6 dB at a BER of 1E-9 compared to the back-to-back case. For a 40 Gb/s signal, with a regenerator spacing of 80 km, a RZ-OOK signal was transmitted over 8,000 km (100 loops) with a power penalty of 1.2 dB. In addition, all-optical 3R regeneration is demonstrated using a multimode quantum-dot Fabry Petot laser with ultra-low timing jitter.
Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-10-19 14:11:53.826

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"Study of nonlinear optical properties of fullerenes and related compounds by optical Kerr effect: 應用光學克爾效應硏究足球烯分子及有關化合物之非線性光學性質." 1997. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889269.

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Yung, Man Fai.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references.
Yung, Man Fai.
Acknowledgements --- p.iii
Abstract --- p.iv
Preface --- p.vi
Contents --- p.vii
List of Figures --- p.x
List of Tables --- p.xii
Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Physical Origin of Optical Nonlinearity --- p.3
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Mathematical Description --- p.3
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Anharmonic Oscillator Model --- p.4
Chapter 1.2 --- Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Molecular Hyperpolarizability --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Macroscopic Nonlinear Susceptibility --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Kleinman Conjecture --- p.6
Chapter 1.3 --- Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Process --- p.7
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Intensity Dependent Refractive Index --- p.7
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Physical Mechanisms --- p.8
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Tensor Nature of Third-Order Susceptibility x(3) --- p.10
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Conventions for Nonlinear Susceptibility --- p.11
References --- p.12
Chapter Chapter 2. --- Optical Kerr Effect --- p.13
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.13
Chapter 2.2 --- Theoretical Background --- p.14
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Pump-Probe Technique --- p.14
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Description of Induced Birefringence --- p.15
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Signal Transmitted through OKE --- p.17
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Resonant OKE --- p.18
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Third-Order Autocorrelation --- p.19
Chapter 2.3 --- Applications --- p.20
References --- p.21
Tables --- p.23
Figure Captions --- p.24
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Nonlinear Optical Properties of Fullerenes --- p.26
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.26
Chapter 3.2 --- Second Harmonic Generation --- p.27
Chapter 3.3 --- Third-Order Effects --- p.28
Chapter 3.4 --- Reverse Saturable Absorption and Optical Limiting --- p.29
References --- p.32
Figure Captions --- p.34
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Excited State Enhancement --- p.38
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.38
Chapter 4.2 --- Origin and Properties of Excited State Enhancement --- p.39
Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental Demonstrations --- p.42
References --- p.44
Chapter Chapter 5. --- Experimental Setup --- p.46
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.46
Chapter 5.2 --- Laser System --- p.46
Chapter 5.3 --- Optical Layout --- p.48
Chapter 5.4 --- Sample Preparation --- p.50
Chapter 5.5 --- Detection System --- p.51
Chapter 5.6 --- Third-Order Autocorrelation Measurement --- p.52
Chapter 5.7 --- Optical Limiting Measurement --- p.53
Chapter 5.8 --- Excited State Enhancement Measurement --- p.54
References --- p.56
Figure Captions --- p.57
Chapter Chapter 6. --- Results and Discussion --- p.69
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.69
Chapter 6.2 --- Results of Pure Liquids --- p.69
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Carbon Disulfide (CS2) --- p.69
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Toluene --- p.71
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Nitrobenzene --- p.71
Chapter 6.3 --- Third-Order Autocorrelation of CS2 --- p.74
Chapter 6.4 --- Results of Fullerenes C60 and C70 --- p.75
Chapter 6.5 --- Optical Limiting of C60 --- p.78
Chapter 6.6 --- Excited State Enhancement of Fullerenes --- p.79
References --- p.82
Tables --- p.85
Figure Captions --- p.90
Chapter Chapter 7. --- Conclusion --- p.108

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MARCUCCI, GIULIA. "Complex extreme nonlinear waves: classical and quantum theory for new computing models." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1353250.

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The historical role of nonlinear waves in developing the science of complexity, and also their physical feature of being a widespread paradigm in optics, establishes a bridge between two diverse and fundamental fields that can open an immeasurable number of new routes. In what follows, we present our most important results on nonlinear waves in classical and quantum nonlinear optics. About classical phenomenology, we lay the groundwork for establishing one uniform theory of dispersive shock waves, and for controlling complex nonlinear regimes through simple integer topological invariants. The second quantized field theory of optical propagation in nonlinear dispersive media allows us to perform numerical simulations of quantum solitons and the quantum nonlinear box problem. The complexity of light propagation in nonlinear media is here examined from all the main points of view: extreme phenomena, recurrence, control, modulation instability, and so forth. Such an analysis has a major, significant goal: answering the question can nonlinear waves do computation? For this purpose, our study towards the realization of an all-optical computer, able to do computation by implementing machine learning algorithms, is illustrated. The first all-optical realization of the Ising machine and the theoretical foundations of the random optical machine are here reported. We believe that this treatise is a fundamental study for the application of nonlinear waves to new computational techniques, disclosing new procedures to the control of extreme waves, and to the design of new quantum sources and non-classical state generators for future quantum technologies, also giving incredible insights about all-optical reservoir computing. Can nonlinear waves do computation? Our random optical machine draws the route for a positive answer to this question, substituting the randomness either with the uncertainty of quantum noise effects on light propagation or with the arbitrariness of classical, extremely nonlinear regimes, as similarly done by random projection methods and extreme learning machines.

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Filippov, Oleg. "Vectorial beam coupling in fast photorefractive crystals with AC-enhanced response." Doctoral thesis, 2004. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2004092812.

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We develop a theory of vectorial wave coupling in cubic photorefractive crystals placed in an alternating ac-field to enhance the nonlinear response. First we analytically and numerically investigate the dependences of the first Fourier harmonics of the space-charge field, induced in an AC-biased sillenite crystal by a light-interference pattern, on the light contrast m. The data obtained was used to extend the vectorial beam-coupling theory on the whole contrast region. In particular, we proved in the general case that despite of essential differences between thediffusion and AC nonlocal responses the later keeps the light interference fringes straight during the interaction. This fundamental feature allows, under certain restrictions, to reduce the nonlinear problem of vectorial coupling to the known linear problem of vectorial Bragg diffraction from a spatially uniform grating, which admits an exact solution. As a result, the nonlinear vectorial problem can be effectively solved for a number of practically important cases.The developed theory was applied to describe the transformation of a momentary phase changes of one of the input beams into the output intensity modulation (so-called grating translation technique). In contrast to the previous studies, we take into account the change of the space-charge field amplitude across the crystal (the coupling effects). The theory developed is employed to optimize the conditions for the linear signal detection under polarization filtering for the transverse and longitudinal optical configurations. We also analyze the possibility of the linear detection without polarization filtering.Illumination of AC-biased photorefractive BTO crystals with a coherent light beam results in development of strong nonlinear scattering. We investigate the angular and polarization characteristics of the scattered light for the diagonal optical configuration and different polarization states of the pump.

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Su, Sheng-Pin, and 蘇聖斌. "Nano-scale Si doped Si-rich SiOx/ Si-rich SiNx/Si-rich SiCx ring waveguide based all-optical modulator using linear free-carrier absorption and nonlinear Kerr effect." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81327990858089791098.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
光電工程學研究所
102
In this thesis, we simulate, fabricate and analyze the Si-QD doped Si-rich SiOx/ Si-rich SiCx/ Si-rich SiNx micro-ring waveguide resonator based all-optical modulator using linear free-carrier absorption and nonlinear Kerr effect. In the chapter 2, by integrating with a ring-resonator waveguide, the Si quantum dot doped SiOx strip-loaded waveguide based free-carrier absorption modulator with enhanced FCA loss modulation is demonstrated by different pumping wavelengths. The micro-ring waveguide resonator induced a dark-comb like throughput transfer function in wavelength domain, in which function with a Q-factor of 6×103 can be blue-shifted by varying the photo-excited electron-hole plasma density. When transmitting optical data stream at the central wavelength of any notch in the dark-comb throughput function, the output data-stream can be inverted by pumping the micro-ring waveguide resonator to up-shift the notch away from its original wavelength. As a result, this maximize the extinction ratio of output data stream. The largest FCA loss and highest free-carrier density can be enhanced up to 3.44 cm-1 and 9.29×1016 cm-3, respectively, at excitation intensity as high as 6.7 W/cm2. By adding the micro-ring waveguide resonator, the modulation depth can be further enhanced from 52.5% to 63.5% by up-shifting the transfer function of the micro-ring waveguide resonator with the photo-excited e-h plasma. The maximal wavelength of the transmittance notch shift can be up to 0.033 nm under the same pumping intensity at wavelength of 1563.42 nm. The excited free-carriers inside the micro-ring waveguide resonator is obtained to be ~5.25×1015 cm-3. The pumping wavelength dependent transmission notch linewidth is broadened from 0.26 nm to 0.3 nm when the ring waveguide resonator is pumped by 325-nm HeCd laser. Due to the speed of FCA based modulator is limited by the carrier lifetime which the modulation speed of SiOx:Si-QD is ~ 1 μs. As a result, the ultrafast nonlinear optical Kerr effect is employed in the following work. In the chapter 3, the ultrafast optical Kerr switch with a Si-rich SiC micro-ring resonator is demonstrated. In addition, the nonlinear refractive index of Si-rich SiC at telecommunication wavelengths is firstly estimated by the resonance red-shift, which is still unknown in the literature. With the 12 Gbit/s NRZ-OOK optical pump data-stream, the Si-rich SiC micro-ring resonator shows a great applicability in the real optical communication system. From the maximal inverted probe signal, the red-shift of resonance dip is 0.07 nm corresponding to refractive index change of 1.2×10-4. By the red-shift of resonance dip, the nonlinear refractive index of Si-rich SiC is estimated to be n2=3.14×10-13 cm2/W, which is several orders magnitude larger than that in SiC. From the analyses of XPS and the RSS, the excessive Si concentration of 37.2% which exist in the form of Si-QDs is observed. The existence of Si-QDs buried in the Si-rich SiC matrix can effectively result in a huge enhancement on the nonlinear refractive index, which can be explained by the quantum confinement effect. From the BPM analysis under single-mode condition, the waveguide width and height of 600 nm and 300 nm is determined. The fabricated micro-ring waveguide resonator is obtain with Q=22800 and the transmittance drop of nearly 60% at a wavelength of 1551.08 nm. In the chapter 4, the 12 Gbit/s optical Kerr switch has been demonstrated with a Si-rich SiN micro-ring resonator in the first time. The Si-rich SiN with excessive Si of 23.4% is grown by PECVD process with fluence ratio of [SiH4]/[NH3] equals 0.9. The fabricated mirco-ring resonator of Q=11000 is observed, which provides a field enhancement inside the micro ring resonator. By introducing the 12 Gbit/s NRZ-OOK data stream as the optical pump format, the ultra-fast response up to 83 ps of the Si-rich SiN micro-ring resonator shows a great applicability in the real-world optical communication system. The SNR is degraded from 9.66 dB to 5.32 dB after the wavelength conversion. According to the ultrafast response of nonlinear Kerr effect, the nonlinear refractive index of Si3N4:Si-QD at near-infrared wavelengths for optical telecommunications is instantly modified by the input optical data stream to cause the red-shift on the resonance of the micro-ring, thus providing a high-speed optical switch up to 12 Gbit/s via the cross-wavelength amplitude modulation effect. By analyzing the resonance dip red-shift of 0.13 nm corresponding toδn=2.2×10-4, the nonlinear refractive index of the Si-rich SiN is estimated as n2=δn/Ir=2.17×10-13 cm2/W, which is one order and two orders of magnitude larger than that in Si and SiN, respectively.

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Badorreck, Holger. "Nichtlineare Optik mit ultrakurzen Laserpulsen: Suszeptibilität dritter Ordnung und kleine Polaronen sowie Interferenz und Holographie verschiedenfarbiger Laserpulse." Doctoral thesis, 2016. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2016061314530.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die nichtlinearen optischen Eigenschaften der Materialien Lithiumniobat und Di-Zinn-Hexathiohypodiphosphat aufgrund der Suszeptibilität 3. Ordnung und kleiner Polaronen untersucht. Zudem wird gezeigt, dass die Interferenz verschiedenfarbiger Laserpulse die Aufzeichnung von statischen und dynamischen holographischen Gittern ermöglicht. Ein Teil dieser Arbeit ist in den im Anhang angegebenen 6 Publikationen bereits veröffentlicht. Lithiumniobat wird mit einer Erweiterung des Z-Scan Experiments untersucht, welches die Pulslängenabhängige Messung der nichtlinearen Absorption und der nichtlinearen Brechungsindexänderung ermöglicht. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass bei sehr kurzen Pulslängen von 70 fs ein Effekt der Polaronen auf die nichtlineare Absorption vernachlässigbar ist und die Zwei-Photonen-Absorption die nichtlineare Absorption dominiert. Mit größerer Pulslänge gibt es allerdings Abweichungen zwischen der Theorie der Zwei-Photonen-Absorption und den Messergebnissen. Mit der Entwicklung eines Polaronen-Anregungs-Modells, welches eine polaronische Absorption aufgrund wiederholtem optisch induziertem Hopping annimmt, konnte dieser Effekt konsistent erklärt werden. Die Messungen der nichtlinearen Brechungsindexänderung lassen darauf schließen, dass sowohl freie Ladungsträger als auch kleine Polaronen neben der Suszeptibilität 3. Ordnung einen Einfluss auf die Brechungsindexänderung haben, da eine nichtlineare Abhängigkeit von der Intensität auch bei Pulslängen von 70 fs festgestellt werden konnte. Analog dazu konnte in Di-Zinn-Hexathiohypodiphosphat ein großer Zwei-Photonen-Absorptionskoeffizient festgestellt werden, welcher für Photonenenergien nahe der Bandkante Werte zeigt, die größer sind als theoretischen Überlegungen zeigen. Eine transiente Absorption nach optischer Anregung, gemessen durch ein Anreg-Abtast-Experiment, sowie Literatur legen nahe, dass in Di-Zinn-Hexathiohypodiphosphat gebundene Lochpolaronen durch optische Anregung entstehen können. Durch den hohen Zwei-Photonen-Absorptionskoeffizienten konnte das Aufzeichnen eines kontrastreichen, dynamischen Amplitudengitters mittels Femtosekundenpulsen gezeigt und nachgewiesen werden. Die Kürze der Femtosekundenpulse ermöglicht aber nicht nur das Aufzeichnen eines Zwei-Photonen-Absorptionsgitters aufgrund der hohen Intensitäten, sondern erlaubt zudem die Beobachtung von Interferenz zwischen verschiedenfarbigen Pulsen. In der Zeitspanne der Pulslänge beträgt die Bewegung der Interferenzstreifen, welche in der Größenordnung der Lichtgeschwindigkeit liegt, nur ein Bruchteil der Streifendistanz, sodass das Interferenzmuster eingefroren und beobachtbar erscheint. Somit lassen sich statische Hologramme in holographischen Filmen, wie auch dynamische Hologramme aufzeichnen. Über ein dynamisches holographisches Gitter mittels Zwei-Photonen-Absorption konnte so eine Frequenzkonversion durch Dopplerverschiebung in Lithiumniobat gezeigt werden.

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Allodi, Marco Alberto. "On Ultrafast Time-Domain TeraHertz Spectroscopy in the Condensed Phase: Linear Spectroscopic Measurements of Hydrogen-Bond Dynamics of Astrochemical Ice Analogs and Nonlinear TeraHertz Kerr Effect Measurements of Vibrational Quantum Beats." Thesis, 2015. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/8949/10/marco_allodi_thesis_2015.pdf.

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Much of the chemistry that affects life on planet Earth occurs in the condensed phase. The TeraHertz (THz) or far-infrared (far-IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from 0.1 THz to 10 THz, 3 cm^-1 to 300 cm^-1, or 3000 μm to 30 μm) has been shown to provide unique possibilities in the study of condensed-phase processes. The goal of this work is to expand the possibilities available in the THz region and undertake new investigations of fundamental interest to chemistry. Since we are fundamentally interested in condensed-phase processes, this thesis focuses on two areas where THz spectroscopy can provide new understanding: astrochemistry and solvation science. To advance these fields, we had to develop new instrumentation that would enable the experiments necessary to answer new questions in either astrochemistry or solvation science. We first developed a new experimental setup capable of studying astrochemical ice analogs in both the TeraHertz (THz), or far-Infrared (far-IR), region (0.3 - 7.5 THz; 10 - 250 cm^-1) and the mid-IR (400 - 4000 cm^-1). The importance of astrochemical ices lies in their key role in the formation of complex organic molecules, such as amino acids and sugars in space. Thus, the instruments are capable of performing variety of spectroscopic studies that can provide especially relevant laboratory data to support astronomical observations from telescopes such as the Herschel Space Telescope, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA). The experimental apparatus uses a THz time-domain spectrometer, with a 1750/875 nm plasma source and a GaP detector crystal, to cover the bandwidth mentioned above with ~10 GHz (~0.3 cm^-1) resolution.

Using the above instrumentation, experimental spectra of astrochemical ice analogs of water and carbon dioxide in pure, mixed, and layered ices were collected at different temperatures under high vacuum conditions with the goal of investigating the structure of the ice. We tentatively observe a new feature in both amorphous solid water and crystalline water at 33 cm^-1 (1 THz). In addition, our studies of mixed and layered ices show how it is possible to identify the location of carbon dioxide as it segregates within the ice by observing its effect on the THz spectrum of water ice. The THz spectra of mixed and layered ices are further analyzed by fitting their spectra features to those of pure amorphous solid water and crystalline water ice to quantify the effects of temperature changes on structure. From the results of this work, it appears that THz spectroscopy is potentially well suited to study thermal transformations within the ice.

To advance the study of liquids with THz spectroscopy, we developed a new ultrafast nonlinear THz spectroscopic technique: heterodyne-detected, ultrafast THz Kerr effect (TKE) spectroscopy. We implemented a heterodyne-detection scheme into a TKE spectrometer that uses a stilbazoiumbased THz emitter, 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4-N-methyl-stilbazolium 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate (DSTMS), and high numerical aperture optics which generates THz electric field in excess of 300 kV/cm, in the sample. This allows us to report the first measurement of quantum beats at terahertz (THz) frequencies that result from vibrational coherences initiated by the nonlinear, dipolar interaction of a broadband, high-energy, (sub)picosecond THz pulse with the sample. Our instrument improves on both the frequency coverage, and sensitivity previously reported; it also ensures a backgroundless measurement of the THz Kerr effect in pure liquids. For liquid diiodomethane, we observe a quantum beat at 3.66 THz (122 cm^-1), in exact agreement with the fundamental transition frequency of the υ4 vibration of the molecule. This result provides new insight into dipolar vs. Raman selection rules at terahertz frequencies.

To conclude we discuss future directions for the nonlinear THz spectroscopy in the Blake lab. We report the first results from an experiment using a plasma-based THz source for nonlinear spectroscopy that has the potential to enable nonlinear THz spectra with a sub-100 fs temporal resolution, and how the optics involved in the plasma mechanism can enable THz pulse shaping. Finally, we discuss how a single-shot THz detection scheme could improve the acquisition of THz data and how such a scheme could be implemented in the Blake lab. The instruments developed herein will hopefully remain a part of the groups core competencies and serve as building blocks for the next generation of THz instrumentation that pushes the frontiers of both chemistry and the scientific enterprise as a whole.

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Χατζηκυριάκος, Γεώργιος. "Μη-γραμμικές οπτικές ιδιότητες μεταλλικών νανοσωματιδίων (Pd, οξειδίων σιδήρου), διθειολενικών συμπλόκων και φουλλερενικών παραγώγων." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/5097.

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Ο όρος μη-γραμμική οπτική αντιπροσωπεύει τον κλάδο της οπτικής ο οποίος μελετά την αλληλεπίδραση της ύλης με ακτινοβολία πολύ ισχυρής έντασης. Όταν ένα υλικό εκτεθεί σε ακτινοβολία υψηλής έντασης όπως αυτή του laser, οι οπτικές του ιδιότητες αλλάζουν εξαιτίας της πόλωσης που επάγεται στα δομικά υλικά του και το αποτέλεσμα είναι η αλλαγή των οπτικών του ιδιοτήτων. Αυτό με τη σειρά του οδηγεί σε μία πληθώρα φαινομένων τα οποία μας βοηθούν στη κατανόηση της δομής του υλικού άλλα και των φυσικών μηχανισμών που κρύβονται πίσω από αυτά. Υλικά με μεγάλες μη-γραμμικες οπτικές ιδιότητες είναι πολύ χρήσιμα στην έρευνα και την ανάπτυξη πολλών κλάδων της τεχνολογίας. Σαν παράδειγμα μπορεί να αναφερθεί η ανάπτυξη των οπτικών και κβαντικών υπολογιστών, αλλά και τεχνολογιών οι οποίες μπορούν να βρουν εφαρμογή στις τηλεπικοινωνίες. Στη παρούσα εργασία μελετώνται οι μη-γραμμκές οπτικές ιδιότητες υλικών με μορφή διαλυμάτων. Η διάρθρωση της εργασίας είναι ως εξής: Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μία εισαγωγή και παρουσιάζονται κάποιες βασικές έννοιες της μη-γραμμικής οπτικής. Έπειτα παρουσιάζεται ο τρόπος που μπορούν να εξαχθούν οι σχέσεις οι οποίες περιγράφουν τις μη-γραμμικές οπτικές ιδιότητες των υλικών όπως τη μη-γραμμική επιδεκτικότητα τρίτης τάξης με βάση τη κλασσική Φυσική και τη κβαντομηχανική. Το κεφάλαιο κλείνει παρουσιάζοντας μερικά φαινόμενα τα οποία οφείλονται στη μη-γραμμική επιδεκτικότητα τρίτης τάξης. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται η παρουσίαση των πειραματικών τεχνικών που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για τη διεξαγωγή των πειραμάτων, αλλά και η διαδικασία που ακολουθήθηκε για την εξαγωγή των μη-γραμμικών οπτικών ιδιοτήτων από τα πειραματικά δεδομένα. Στα κεφάλαια που ακολουθούν παρουσιάζονται τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα των συστημάτων που μελετήθηκαν. Πιο συγκεκριμένα στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από τη μελέτη νανοσωματιδίων οξειδίων του σιδήρου καλυμμένων με πολυμερή αλλά και ακάλυπτων όταν διεγείρονταν με παλμούς laser χρονικής διάρκειας 35 ps και 4 ns και μήκη κύματος 532 nm και 1064 nm. Στόχος της μελέτης ήταν ο προσδιορισμός αν το πολυμερές που βρίσκεται αγκυροβολημένο στην επιφάνεια του νανοσωματιδίου ή απουσία αυτού έχει κάποια επίδραση στις μη-γραμμικές οπτικές ιδιότητες αυτών. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα της μελέτης των μικκυλιακών συστημάτων Pd για μήκη κύματος διέγερση 532 nm και 1064 nm. Η μελέτη έγινε για χρονικό εύρος παλμού laser 35 ps και 4 ns. Τα συμπολυμερή τα οποία σχημάτιζαν το μικκύλιο απέτρεπαν τη συσσωμάτωση των νανοσωματιδίων Pd και τη δημιουργία σταθερών κολλοειδών διαλυμάτων. Τα συμπολυμερή που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν επίσης δημιουργούσαν νανοδομές οι οποίες είχαν καλά ορισμένες διαστάσεις και σχήματα. Στόχος της μελέτης ήταν να διαπιστωθεί το κατά πόσο η διάσταση, το σχήμα καθώς και η αλλαγή του συμπολυμερούς επηρεάζουν τις μη-γραμμικές οπτικές των νανοδομών. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από τη μελέτη οργανομεταλλικών ενώσεων διθειολενικών συμπλόκων. Η επίδραση των υποκαταστών του σκελετού του μορίου καθώς και του κεντρικού ατόμου της ένωσης εξετάστηκαν για παλμούς laser χρονικής διάρκειας 35 ps και μήκους κύματος 532 nm και 1064 nm. Στο έκτο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από τη μελέτη δυαδικών συστημάτων φουλλερενίων δότη-αποδέκτη ηλεκτρονίων για παλμούς laser 35 ps και μήκους κύματος 532 nm. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι αυτά τα συστήματα έχουν πολύ αυξημένες μη-γραμμικές οπτικές σε σχέση με τα απλά φουλλερένια καθιστώντας τα υποψήφια για πιθανές εφαρμογές σε διατάξεις οπτικών αισθητήρων και οπτικών πυλών.
The field of optics that examines the interaction of matter with very high intensity radiation is called nonlinear optics. When a material is exposed to radiation with high intensity such as the radiation emitted by a laser, the optical properties of the material change as a result of the induced polarization that occurs in the atoms or the molecules that constitute the material. This in turn can lead to a variety of phenomena that helps us to understand and establish relations between the structure and the physical mechanisms that take place when light interacts with matter. Materials with large nonlinear optical properties are considered possible candidates for applications in a wide range of technology such us optical or quantum computers or even in the field of telecommunications. In this work the nonlinear optical properties of metallic nanoparticles, organometallic molecules and fullerene derivates is examined. The investigated systems were in form of solutions and the nonlinear optical properties were determined with the use of Z-scan and OKE techniques. The laser pulse duration was 35 ps and 4 ns, while the excitation wavelength was 532 nm and 1064 nm respectively. In the first chapter an introduction is presented to some elements of the field of nonlinear optics. Then the derivation of the relations that describe the nonlinear optical parameters like the third order susceptibility (χ(3)) with the use of electromagnetic theory and quantum mechanics is presented. At the end some interesting phenomena that occur as a result of third order susceptibility are described. The second chapter is devoted to the experimental techniques that were used to determine the nonlinear optical properties of the investigated systems that are presented in this work. The Z-scan and OKE techniques are described thoroughly as well and the process of the determination of the nonlinear optical properties from the experimental data. In the next four chapters, experimental results are presented of the nonlinear optical properties for all the systems that were studied during this work. At the third chapter the results for γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles are presented. Those systems were either covered or uncovered with polymeric brushes, and had different sizes of the nanoparticle core. The results show that the presence or not of the polymeric brushes, as well and the size of the core has an impact on the nonlinear optical properties those systems. In chapter four are presented the results from the investigation of the nonlinear optical properties of Pd nanoparticles encapsulated into amphiphilic block copolymer micelles. The investigation was done under 35 ps and 4 ns laser pulse duration at excitation wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm. It is concluded that the NLO response of the systems is depending on the size of the micelle, the shape but also from the metallic load of the micelle. In the final two chapters they are presented the results regarding the NLO properties of organometallic and fullerene derivates molecules. In chapter five the investigation of the nonlinear optical properties of various dithiolene complexes is presented, under 35 ps laser pulse duration at 532 and 1064 nm. The results shows that the central atom attached to the molecule is playing crucial role to the NLO response but also and the number and the nature of substituent attached to the molecule. At the final chapter the determined NLO properties of some donor – acceptor fullerene derivatives are presented. The results show that functionalized fullerene derivatives have greater NLO response than the neat fullerene making them promising candidates for applications in optoelectronics and all-optical switching.

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Wagner, Sean. "Wavelength Conversion in Domain-disordered Quasi-phase Matching Superlattice Waveguides." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/29903.

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This thesis examines second-order optical nonlinear wave mixing processes in domain-disordered quasi-phase matching waveguides and evaluates their potential use in compact, monolithically integrated wavelength conversion devices. The devices are based on a GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice-core waveguide structure with an improved design over previous generations. Quantum-well intermixing by ion-implantation is used to create the quasi-phase matching gratings in which the nonlinear susceptibility is periodically suppressed. Photoluminescence experiments showed a large band gap energy blue shift around 70 nm after intermixing. Measured two-photon absorption coefficients showed a significant polarization dependence and suppression of up to 80% after intermixing. Similar polarization dependencies and suppression were observed in three-photon absorption and nonlinear refraction. Advanced modeling of second-harmonic generation showed reductions of over 50% in efficiency due to linear losses alone. Self-phase modulation was found to be the dominant parasitic nonlinear effect on the conversion efficiency, with reductions of over 60%. Simulations of group velocity mismatch showed modest reductions in efficiency of less than 10%. Experiments on second-harmonic generation showed improvements in efficiency over previous generations due to low linear loss and improved intermixing. The improvements permitted demonstration of continuous wave second-harmonic generation for the first time in such structures with output power exceeding 1 µW. Also, Type-II phase matching was demonstrated for the first time. Saturation was observed as the power was increased, which, as predicted, was the result of self-phase modulation when using 2 ps pulses. By using 20 ps pulses instead, saturation effects were avoided. Thermo-optically induced bistability was observed in continuous wave experiments. Difference frequency generation was demonstrated with wavelengths from the optical C-band being converted to the L- and U-bands with continuous waves. Conversion for Type-I phase matching was demonstrated over 20 nm with signal and idler wavelengths being separated by over 100 nm. Type-II phase matched conversion was also observed. Using the experimental data for analysis, self-pumped conversion devices were found to require external amplification to reach practical output powers. Threshold pump powers for optical parametric oscillators were calculated to be impractically large. Proposed improvements to the device design are predicted to allow more practical operation of integrated conversion devices based on quasi-phase matching superlattice waveguides.

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nonlinear Kerr effects'

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