Journal articles on the topic 'Non-word discrimination'
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Reuterskiöld‐Wagner, Christina, Birgitta Sahlén, and Angelique Nyman. "Non‐word repetition and non‐word discrimination in Swedish preschool children." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 19, no. 8 (January 2005): 681–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699200400000343.
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Weber, Andrea, and Anne Cutler. "Phonetic discrimination and non-native spoken-word recognition." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111, no. 5 (2002): 2361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777954.
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Silbert, Noah H., Benjamin K. Smith, Scott R. Jackson, Susan G. Campbell, Meredith M. Hughes, and Medha Tare. "Non-native phonemic discrimination, phonological short term memory, and word learning." Journal of Phonetics 50 (May 2015): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2015.03.001.
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Silbert, Noah H., Benjamin K. Smith, and Scott R. Jackson. "Phonological structure, non-native phoneme discrimination, working memory, and word learning." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (May 2013): 3607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4806703.
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Strickler, Alyssa, and Rebecca Scarborough. "Effects of word context on formant discrimination." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011282.
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Studies of phonetic variation identify systematic, but often very small, acoustic differences in the realization of vowels. However, it is not known whether such differences are perceptually relevant in realistic contexts. We examine perceptibility of incrementally manipulated differences in F1 and F2 in vowels embedded in real words of English (experiment 1), and vowels in isolation (experiment 2), via an AX discrimination task. Forty listeners in each experiment, recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk, heard 27 monosyllabic words or vowels in pairs containing a no-change token and a token edited to differ up to ±100 Hz in F1 or ±150 Hz in F2 relative to the original and were asked to say whether tokens were same or different. Discrimination increased with bigger vowel differences (both F1 and F2) in both experiments; however, even maximally different tokens were correctly discriminated less than half the time. F2 discrimination was better in isolated vowels (48%) than in whole words (33%). Compared to previous results in optimized difference limen studies (e.g., Kewley-Port and Watson, 1994), our results show that untrained listeners in more typical listening conditions (non-synthetic speech heard in non-laboratory conditions in real word contexts) require much bigger differences to be perceptible.
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VAN DE VELDE, Daan J., Niels O. SCHILLER, Claartje C. LEVELT, Vincent J. VAN HEUVEN, Mieke BEERS, Jeroen J. BRIAIRE, and Johan H. M. FRIJNS. "Prosody perception and production by children with cochlear implants." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 1 (October 18, 2018): 111–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000918000387.
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AbstractThe perception and production of emotional and linguistic (focus) prosody were compared in children with cochlear implants (CI) and normally hearing (NH) peers. Thirteen CI and thirteen hearing-age-matched school-aged NH children were tested, as baseline, on non-verbal emotion understanding, non-word repetition, and stimulus identification and naming. Main tests were verbal emotion discrimination, verbal focus position discrimination, acted emotion production, and focus production. Productions were evaluated by NH adult Dutch listeners. All scores between groups were comparable, except a lower score for the CI group for non-word repetition. Emotional prosody perception and production scores correlated weakly for CI children but were uncorrelated for NH children. In general, hearing age weakly predicted emotion production but not perception. Non-verbal emotional (but not linguistic) understanding predicted CI children's (but not controls’) emotion perception and production. In conclusion, increasing time in sound might facilitate vocal emotional expression, possibly requiring independently maturing emotion perception skills.
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Morris, David Jackson, and Holger Juul. "The long and the short of vowel length perception in Danish." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 5 (November 2022): 2953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015145.
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Danish is a quantity language in which the length of vowels is either short or long. This study investigates vowel length in order to determine the degree to which we can ascribe the conventional categorical tag to vowel quantity perception. In a pilot study ( n = 18) the gradual shortening of long vowels was identified as methodologically preferable for deriving stimuli continua, as complete identification functions could be fitted to the mean data. We employed this method to derive stimuli for identification and discrimination experiments ( n = 32) that included the words used in the pilot and another word pair. This pair has phonetically similar variation in vowel duration although, due to recent language change, quantity is no longer contrastive. Results from the phonologically contrastive word pairs showed sigmoidal identification functions and discrimination peaks in the middle of the continua, while the identification slope for the non-contrastive pair was approximately linear and there was no clear discrimination peak. These differences show that the perception of speech contrasts is influenced by the linguistic experience of listeners as well as auditory and articulatory factors.
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Joanisse, Marc, and Félix Desmeules Trudel. "How do non-native phonemes impact learning words in a second language? Evidence from eyetracking and EEG in a laboratory word learning study." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016130.
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A classic finding holds that listeners have significant difficulty categorizing and discriminating unfamiliar/nonnative phonemes. In the present study we examined how this influences learning new words in a second language (L2). Adult monolingual English speakers were trained on a pseudo-French vocabulary, by matching images of cartoon “aliens” to auditory CVCV words incorporating French vowels and consonants. Of interest was comparing words incorporating vowels similar to English to those containing highly unfamiliar vowels (here, the French high front rounded vowel [y]). Accuracy, eyetracking and event-related potentials (ERPs, measured with EEG) were then used to assess word recognition post-training. The neurocognitive measures indicated weakened recognition of words containing the novel [y] vowel, compared to words with vowels that more closely resembled those in English. Furthermore, we found that a training regime that emphasized discriminating easily confused vowels (i.e., [u] vs. [y]) during learning yielded somewhat improved recognition, both immediately after training and in a follow-up session. Interestingly, learning words containing the unfamiliar [y] vowel was not accompanied by improved AX discrimination of this vowel. The results have key implications for how we understand the role of phonology in L2 word representations, and for how we approach L2 teaching.
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RAJAN, Vinaya, Haruka KONISHI, Katherine RIDGE, Derek M. HOUSTON, Roberta Michnick GOLINKOFF, Kathy HIRSH-PASEK, Nancy EASTMAN, and Richard G. SCHWARTZ. "Novel word learning at 21 months predicts receptive vocabulary outcomes in later childhood." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 04 (February 26, 2019): 617–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000918000600.
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AbstractSeveral aspects of early language skills, including parent-report measures of vocabulary, phoneme discrimination, speech segmentation, and speed of lexical access predict later childhood language outcomes. To date, no studies have examined the long-term predictive validity of novel word learning. We examined whether individual differences in novel word learning at 21 months predict later childhood receptive vocabulary outcomes rather than generalized cognitive abilities. Twenty-eight 21-month-olds were taught novel words using a modified version of the Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm. Seventeen children (range 7–10 years) returned to participate in a longitudinal follow-up. Novel word learning in infancy uniquely accounted for 22% of the variance in childhood receptive vocabulary but did not predict later childhood visuospatial ability or non-verbal IQ. These results suggest that the ability to associate novel sound patterns to novel objects, an index of the process of word learning, may be especially important for long-term language mastery.
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BHATIA, Gautam. "Horizontal Discrimination and Article 15(2) of the Indian Constitution: A Transformative Approach." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 11, no. 1 (May 25, 2016): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2016.5.
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AbstractThis article explores horizontal non-discrimination rights under the Constitution of India (Indian Constitution). The Indian Constitution is unique in that it expressly prohibits private discrimination on the grounds of sex, race, caste, religion, etc. for the purpose of, inter alia, “access to … shops” (Article 15(2)). The article argues that a historically grounded understanding of the word “shops”, in the context of the transformative purposes of the Indian Constitution, necessitates a broad reading that covers all private economic transactions where goods and services are offered to the public at large. Furthermore, seemingly contrary Supreme Court precedent, if it is constitutionally justifiable, must be restricted to its own facts. In sum, Article 15(2) of the Indian Constitution provides a radical constitutional remedy that is directly horizontally applicable to private conduct, and goes far beyond remedies developed in other jurisdictions, which have often needed to turn to legislation in order to adequately combat private discrimination in the economic and social sphere.
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Wong, Yetta Kwailing, Christine Kong-Yan Tong, Ming Lui, and Alan C. N. Wong. "Perceptual expertise with Chinese characters predicts Chinese reading performance among Hong Kong Chinese children with developmental dyslexia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): e0243440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243440.
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This study explores the theoretical proposal that developmental dyslexia involves a failure to develop perceptual expertise with words despite adequate education. Among a group of Hong Kong Chinese children diagnosed with developmental dyslexia, we investigated the relationship between Chinese word reading and perceptual expertise with Chinese characters. In a perceptual fluency task, the time of visual exposure to Chinese characters was manipulated and limited such that the speed of discrimination of a short sequence of Chinese characters at an accuracy level of 80% was estimated. Pair-wise correlations showed that perceptual fluency for characters predicted speeded and non-speeded word reading performance. Exploratory hierarchical regressions showed that perceptual fluency for characters accounted for 5.3% and 9.6% variance in speeded and non-speeded reading respectively, in addition to age, non-verbal IQ, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, rapid automatized naming (RAN) and perceptual fluency for digits. The findings suggest that perceptual expertise with words plays an important role in Chinese reading performance in developmental dyslexia, and that perceptual training is a potential remediation direction.
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Tamati, Terrin N., and David B. Pisoni. "Non-native Listeners’ Recognition of High-Variability Speech Using PRESTO." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 25, no. 09 (October 2014): 869–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.25.9.9.
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Background: Natural variability in speech is a significant challenge to robust successful spoken word recognition. In everyday listening environments, listeners must quickly adapt and adjust to multiple sources of variability in both the signal and listening environments. High-variability speech may be particularly difficult to understand for non-native listeners, who have less experience with the second language (L2) phonological system and less detailed knowledge of sociolinguistic variation of the L2. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-variability sentences on non-native speech recognition and to explore the underlying sources of individual differences in speech recognition abilities of non-native listeners. Research Design: Participants completed two sentence recognition tasks involving high-variability and low-variability sentences. They also completed a battery of behavioral tasks and self-report questionnaires designed to assess their indexical processing skills, vocabulary knowledge, and several core neurocognitive abilities. Study Sample: Native speakers of Mandarin (n = 25) living in the United States recruited from the Indiana University community participated in the current study. A native comparison group consisted of scores obtained from native speakers of English (n = 21) in the Indiana University community taken from an earlier study. Data Collection and Analysis: Speech recognition in high-variability listening conditions was assessed with a sentence recognition task using sentences from PRESTO (Perceptually Robust English Sentence Test Open-Set) mixed in 6-talker multitalker babble. Speech recognition in low-variability listening conditions was assessed using sentences from HINT (Hearing In Noise Test) mixed in 6-talker multitalker babble. Indexical processing skills were measured using a talker discrimination task, a gender discrimination task, and a forced-choice regional dialect categorization task. Vocabulary knowledge was assessed with the WordFam word familiarity test, and executive functioning was assessed with the BRIEF-A (Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Adult Version) self-report questionnaire. Scores from the non-native listeners on behavioral tasks and self-report questionnaires were compared with scores obtained from native listeners tested in a previous study and were examined for individual differences. Results: Non-native keyword recognition scores were significantly lower on PRESTO sentences than on HINT sentences. Non-native listeners’ keyword recognition scores were also lower than native listeners’ scores on both sentence recognition tasks. Differences in performance on the sentence recognition tasks between non-native and native listeners were larger on PRESTO than on HINT, although group differences varied by signal-to-noise ratio. The non-native and native groups also differed in the ability to categorize talkers by region of origin and in vocabulary knowledge. Individual non-native word recognition accuracy on PRESTO sentences in multitalker babble at more favorable signal-to-noise ratios was found to be related to several BRIEF-A subscales and composite scores. However, non-native performance on PRESTO was not related to regional dialect categorization, talker and gender discrimination, or vocabulary knowledge. Conclusions: High-variability sentences in multitalker babble were particularly challenging for non-native listeners. Difficulty under high-variability testing conditions was related to lack of experience with the L2, especially L2 sociolinguistic information, compared with native listeners. Individual differences among the non-native listeners were related to weaknesses in core neurocognitive abilities affecting behavioral control in everyday life.
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Bider Petelin, Ivanka, and Martina Ozbič. "The structure of preliteracy competence in children aged five to seven years." Hrvatska revija za rehabilitacijska istraživanja 56, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/hrri.56.2.1.
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Children´s early literacy development is a key contributor to later literacy skills and overall academic achievement. We have developed a set of tests that assesses preliteracy competence based on well-established foreign and Slovenian instruments or tools. A sample of 307 children aged from five to seven years were tested. A high Cronbach alpha coefficient (alpha = 0.87) indicates that the design instrument is an internally reliable instrument. This paper showcases and describes the differences in the development of preliteracy competence in different age group. The results show that children between 5 and 7 show the greatest development of the abilities to discern the initial sound, to analyse the sound, to notice the removal of sounds or syllables from a meaningless word, and to recall words on a given phoneme. Exploratory factor analysis with oblimin rotation revealed that preliteracy competence is best understood as a four-dimensional construct among children aged five to seven years. The first dimension is defined by higher-level phonological awareness, verbal memory, and rapid automatic naming, so it is metaphonology. The second factor, named perceptual language structure, expresses macro-linguistic structure (syllable, rhymes) and discrimination of words that sound similar. The third factor, named vocabulary, is saturated mostly by syllable analysis, vocabulary and word comprehension. The fourth factor is visual processing and capturing, which enable storage and refreshing of non-verbal information and the discrimination of symbols. The differences in development of preliteracy competency indicate intervention in the following areas: phonological awareness, verbal short-term memory, visual processing (discrimination and short-term memory) and vocabulary knowledge.
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Fitzgerald, Saira. "When you’re in with the in-crowd." Journal of Language and Discrimination 2, no. 1 (May 25, 2018): 58–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jld.33437.
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This paper examines the discursive construction of the International Baccalaureate (IB) in a 1.5 million word corpus of Canadian newspapers. Combining corpus analysis with the Discourse Historical branch of Critical Discourse Analysis, the study aims to identify discursive strategies employed in the construction of an IB in-group and a non-IB out-group, and suggests they are similar to those evident in discourses of discrimination that marginalise or exclude the outgroup (Baker, Gabrielatos and McEnery 2013a; KhosraviNik 2010; Reisigl and Wodak 2001). While discourses of discrimination tend to be directed at minority groups, in this case, the minority group is the in-group, exhibiting uniformly positive qualities. As a result, a ‘dichotomous world of insiders and outsiders’ (Reisigl and Wodak 2001:105) is created, privileging one and disadvantaging the other. This paper seeks to problematise the seemingly uncritical acceptance and adoption of IB programs in Canada’s publicly funded education system.
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GEFFEN, SUSAN, and TOBEN H. MINTZ. "Prosodic differences between declaratives and interrogatives in infant-directed speech." Journal of Child Language 44, no. 4 (July 18, 2016): 968–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000916000349.
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AbstractIn many languages, declaratives and interrogatives differ in word order properties, and in syntactic organization more broadly. Thus, in order to learn the distinct syntactic properties of the two sentence types, learners must first be able to distinguish them using non-syntactic information. Prosodic information is often assumed to be a useful basis for this type of discrimination, although no systematic studies of the prosodic cues available to infants have been reported. Analysis of maternal speech in three Standard American English-speaking mother–infant dyads found that polar interrogatives differed from declaratives on the patterning of pitch and duration on the final two syllables, butwh-questions did not. Thus, while prosody is unlikely to aid discrimination of declaratives fromwh-questions, infant-directed speech provides prosodic information that infants could use to distinguish declaratives and polar interrogatives. We discuss how learners could leverage this information to identify all question forms, in the context of syntax acquisition.
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VEII, KAZUVIRE, and JOHN EVERATT. "Predictors of reading among Herero–English bilingual Namibian school children." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8, no. 3 (November 15, 2005): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728905002282.
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Predictions derived from the central processing and script dependent hypotheses were assessed by measuring the reading ability of 116 Grade 2–5 Herero–English bilingual children in Namibia ranging in age from 7 to 12 and investigating possible predictors of word reading among measures of cognitive/linguistic processes. Tasks included measures of word reading, decoding, phonological awareness, verbal and spatial memory, rapid naming, semantic fluency, sound discrimination, listening comprehension and non-verbal reasoning. Faster rates of improvement in literacy within the more transparent language (Herero) supported the predictions of the script dependent hypothesis. However, the central processing hypothesis was also supported by evidence indicating that common underlying cognitive-linguistic processing skills predicted literacy levels across the two languages. The results argue for the importance of phonological processing skills for the development of literacy skills across languages/scripts and show that phonological skills in the L2 can be reliable predictors of literacy in the L1.
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Bultena, Sybrine. "'Phonetic' Or 'Fanatic'?" Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 77 (January 1, 2007): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.77.05bul.
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Non-native phoneme contrasts are hard to perceive for second-language learners. A case in point is the English /æ/-/e/contrast, which is notoriously difficult for Dutch listeners. Previous research has shown, however, that Dutch listeners are not oblivious to this contrast. This may either be caused by word-specific learning or by incomplete phonological learning which may falter if the vowels are slightly hypo-articulated. In this study it was investigated whether Dutch listeners' performance may be related to the acoustic, phonological, and lexical characteristics of minimal pairs distinguished by the vowels /æ/ and /ε/ in a 2AFC perceptual discrimination task. Acoustic differences, lexical frequency, and number of syllables per word all affected listeners' sensitivity to the contrast. However, regression analyses showed that lexical frequency had no effect once number of syllables was accounted for. This may indicate that listeners indeed learn a new phonological contrast, rather than a contrast between unanalysed whole words.
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TSUKADA, KIMIKO. "Cross-language perception of word-final stops in Thai and English." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 9, no. 3 (October 20, 2006): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728906002653.
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This study examined Australian English (AE) and Thai–English bilingual (TE) speakers' ability to perceive word-final stops in their native and non-native languages. In the perception experiment, the TE listeners were able to discriminate stop contrasts differing only in place of articulation (/p/–/t/, /p/–/k/, /t/–/k/) in both English and Thai accurately, but the AE listeners' discrimination was accurate only for English. The listeners' discrimination accuracy was differentially influenced by the type of stop contrast they heard. The Thai /p/–/t/ contrast was most discriminable for both groups of listeners, in particular, the AE listeners. Acoustic analyses of the Thai stimuli presented in the perception experiment were conducted in order to search for cues that led to different response patterns for the AE and TE listeners. There was a clear effect of the final stop on the formant trajectories of /a/ and /u/, suggesting that these acoustic differences may be audible to the listeners. The results provide further evidence that first language (L1) transfer alone is insufficient to account for listeners' response patterns in cross-language speech perception and that it is necessary to take into account phonetic realization of sounds and/or the amount of acoustic information contained in the speech signal to predict accuracy with which sound contrasts are discriminated.
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Kapteyn, T. S., and Johan Matter. "De Snelheid Van de Woordherkenning Als Factor in de Communicatie bij Slechthorendheid." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 35 (January 1, 1989): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.35.06kap.
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In this article it is assumed that in speech communication not only the pronunciation by the speaker and the sensitivity and the discrimination facility of the ears of the listener are important factors, but equally the speed of processing. A previous study showed that Dutch students studying French needed more time to recognize target phonemes in spoken French sentences than did French native speakers. Based on this result it was hypothesized that the hearing impaired need more time for word recognition than comparable normal hearing subjects. To investigate this hypothesis two tests were developed: 1. A list of cvc combinations, consisting of words and non-words is presented to the subject who has to press a button as soon as he hears an existing word. 2. A series of sentences, where target words are presented in highly constraining, normally constraining and not constraining contexts. The subject has to press the response button as soon as he hears a visually presented. Recognition times for the different items measured in a group of 55 hard of hearing subjects were related to the "normal values" obtained in a group of 16 normal hearing young subjects. The tests gave a clear indication that recognition time is a significant personal measure. Besides, a correlation was found between the increase of the recognition time and hearing loss, but not between recognition time and age. It was clear that hard of hearing people needed more time for word recogni-tion and that the use of a hearing aid reduced this time interval. The measure in which the pressure for a fast reaction caused an increase in errors appeared to correlate significantly with the way subjects experienced their handicap, more than with the hearing loss and the discrimination loss as such.
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Sayson, Richel J. "Improving Reading and Writing of Grade-I Through Self-Made Filipino Reading Module." Instabright International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 4, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.52877/instabright.04.01.0104.
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This study examined the improvement of reading and writing of Grade-I pupils of San Vicente Elementary School, Magsaysay-I, Division of Misamis Oriental through the Self-Made Filipino Reading Module for the school-year 2020-2021. Descriptive method of research was employed in this study using the EGRA assessment tool and peer interview. Mean and standard deviation were the statistical tool used to treat the data. The findings revealed that the Self-Made Filipino Reading Module highly improved the reading skills in terms of letter name knowledge, letter sound knowledge, initial sound discrimination, familiar word reading and non-word reading. Which means that most of the pupils performed the assessed indicator without mistake. While oral reading fluency passage and oral reading comprehension is improved. This means that most of the pupils performed the assessed indicator with slight mistake. Moreover, in the writing skill of the pupils, it was revealed that the ability to spell, follow spacing and direction of text and capitalization is improved. Which means that most of the pupils performed the assessed indicator with slight mistake.
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Morett, Laura M. "The Influence of Tonal and Atonal Bilingualism on Children’s Lexical and Non-Lexical Tone Perception." Language and Speech 63, no. 2 (March 12, 2019): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830919834679.
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This study examined how bilingualism in an atonal language, in addition to a tonal language, influences lexical and non-lexical tone perception and word learning during childhood. Forty children aged 5;3–7;2, bilingual either in English and Mandarin or English and another atonal language, were tested on Mandarin lexical tone discrimination, level-pitch sine-wave tone discrimination, and learning of novel words differing minimally in Mandarin lexical tone. Mandarin–English bilingual children discriminated between and learned novel words differing minimally in Mandarin lexical tone more accurately than their atonal–English bilingual peers. However, Mandarin–English and atonal–English bilingual children discriminated between level-pitch sine-wave tones with similar accuracy. Moreover, atonal–English bilingual children showed a tendency to perceive differing Mandarin lexical and level-pitch sine-wave tones as identical, whereas their Mandarin–English peers showed no such tendency. These results indicate that bilingualism in a tonal language in addition to an atonal language—but not bilingualism in two atonal languages—allows for continued sensitivity to lexical tone beyond infancy. Moreover, they suggest that although tonal–atonal bilingualism does not enhance sensitivity to differences in pitch between sine-wave tones beyond infancy any more effectively than atonal–atonal bilingualism, it protects against the development of biases to perceive differing lexical and non-lexical tones as identical. Together, the results indicate that, beyond infancy, tonal–atonal bilinguals process lexical tones using different cognitive mechanisms than atonal–atonal bilinguals, but that both groups process level-pitch non-lexical tone using the same cognitive mechanisms.
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GOLDBERG, JEFFREY L. "CDM: AN APPROACH TO LEARNING IN TEXT CATEGORIZATION." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 05, no. 01n02 (June 1996): 229–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021821309600016x.
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The Category Discrimination Method (CDM) is a new machine learning algo rithm designed specifically for text categorization. The motivation is there are sta tistical problems associated with natural language text when it is applied as input to existing machine learning algorithms (too much noise, too many features, skewed distribution). The bases of the CDM are research results about the way that humans learn categories and concepts vis-à-vis contrasting concepts. The essential formula is cue validity borrowed from cognitive psychology, and used to select from all possible single word-based features the best predictors of a, given category. The, hypothesis that CDM’s performance. will exceed two non-domain specific al gorithms, Bayesian classification and decision tree learners, is empirically tested.
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Ananya Pahari. "Analysis of Caste-Based Discrimination: Through the Spectacles of Bhimayana: Incidents in the Life of Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar." Creative Launcher 6, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.6.5.11.
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The caste-system encapsulates the agony, misery and helplessness of a low-caste group called the Untouchables. The upper class uses various means of violence, not necessarily the physical violence always and dominates these people who have a voice but are not allowed to speak. In this journey, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, became a ray of hope. Through the spectacles of Bhimayana: Incidents in the Life of Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, this paper will try to analyse that Education, Money, Posts, etc lose its glory in front of the Caste-based Discrimination. This paper will try to sensitize how being born in a low-caste becomes a sinful offence. It will try to analyse how simply experiencing the trauma of a Dalit, being a Non-Dalit, is different from the harrowing experiences of being born as an Untouchable, who is compelled to face it at every step. This paper will also try to decode and justify the word “Agitation” which acts as an important weapon against the injustice.
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Lee, Jackie F. K. "Chairperson or chairman? – A study of Chinese EFL teachers’ gender inclusivity." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 24–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.38.1.02lee.
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Given the potential influence of teachers’ linguistic practice on children’s language use and gender role development, the present study seeks to examine the extent of linguistic discrimination present in teachers’ language. A total of 215 Chinese EFL teachers were invited to participate in the survey, which included a series of elicitation tests on their selection of English words for occupational titles, and the choice of generic pronouns anaphoric to people of unknown gender. The findings revealed that, while gender-biased language is still widely used, non-sexist linguistic reform has had an impact on Chinese EFL teachers, some of whom have expressed a concern with regard to avoiding sexist language. The study also found that choice of generic pronouns co-varied with such factors as semantic meaning, word structure and the gender stereotypes associated with particular occupations.
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Cange, Charles W., Matthew LeBreton, Serge Billong, Karen Saylors, Ubald Tamoufe, Erin Papworth, Yves Yomb, and Stefan Baral. "Influence of stigma and homophobia on mental health and on the uptake of HIV/sexually transmissible infection services for Cameroonian men who have sex with men." Sexual Health 12, no. 4 (2015): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15001.
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Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) in Cameroon consistently face significant stigma and discrimination. The urban HIV prevalence in MSM is estimated at 35%. This study investigates the effect of stigma, discrimination and alienation on Cameroonian MSM’s engagement of the HIV treatment cascade. Methods: Qualitative interviews were semi-structured using a guide. Participants in Douala, Ngaoundere, Bamenda, Bertoua and Yaoundé were asked to describe the MSM social and structural context, MSM knowledge of existing HIV-related services in public and MSM-focussed non-governmental organisation (NGO) clinics. Using a codebook, coded text was extracted from 40 transcripts with Microsoft Word Macros. These texts were analysed for recurring themes that were developed into results. Results: There were three main themes that emerged. First, among those MSM participants seeking HIV services, many commonly reported experiences of discrimination and physical violence outside the healthcare setting. Second, a few respondents used services provided by the Ministry of Health and local NGOs. However, most participants observed limited clinical and cultural competency of public clinic staff. Third, MSM declared that lack of social support and healthcare access caused them much stress. Several individuals recounted their alienation greatly discouraged them from seeking HIV prevention, treatment and care services. Conclusions: Community-level and public healthcare-related stigma impacts the mental wellbeing of Cameroonian MSM. Alienation among MSM also represents a common obstacle to the uptake of MSM-oriented HIV/AIDS services. Improving provider cultural and clinical competency among Cameroonian health care workers combined with a broader stigma-reduction intervention for Cameroonian healthcare may increase the uptake of HIV prevention, treatment and care among MSM.
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Vercammen, A., E. H. F. de Haan, and A. Aleman. "Hearing a voice in the noise: auditory hallucinations and speech perception." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 8 (December 13, 2007): 1177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707002437.
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BackgroundIt has recently been suggested that auditory hallucinations are the result of a criterion shift when deciding whether or not a meaningful signal has emerged. The approach proposes that a liberal criterion may result in increased false-positive identifications, without additional perceptual deficit. To test this hypothesis, we devised a speech discrimination task and used signal detection theory (SDT) to investigate the underlying cognitive mechanisms.MethodSchizophrenia patients with and without auditory hallucinations and a healthy control group completed a speech discrimination task. They had to decide whether a particular spoken word was identical to a previously presented speech stimulus, embedded in noise. SDT was used on the accuracy data to calculate a measure of perceptual sensitivity (Az) and a measure of response bias (β). Thresholds for the perception of simple tones were determined.ResultsCompared to healthy controls, perceptual thresholds were higher and perceptual sensitivity in the speech task was lower in both patient groups. However, hallucinating patients showed increased sensitivity to speech stimuli compared to non-hallucinating patients. In addition, we found some evidence of a positive response bias in hallucinating patients, indicating a tendency to readily accept that a certain stimulus had been presented.ConclusionsWithin the context of schizophrenia, patients with auditory hallucinations show enhanced sensitivity to speech stimuli, combined with a liberal criterion for deciding that a perceived event is an actual stimulus.
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Deslandes, Andréa Camaz, Heloisa Veiga, Maurício Cagy, Roberto Piedade, Fernando Pompeu, and Pedro Ribeiro. "Effects of caffeine on visual evoked potencial (P300) and neuromotor performance." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 62, no. 2b (June 2004): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2004000300002.
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The stimulant effects of caffeine on cognitive performance have been widely investigated. The visual evoked potential, specially the P300 component, has been used in studies that explain the stimulant mechanisms of caffeine through neurophysiological methods. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate electrophysiological changes (P300 latency) and modification of cognitive and motor performance produced by caffeine. Fifteen healthy volunteers, 9 women and 6 men (26 ± 5 years, 67 ± 12.5kg) were submitted three times to the following procedure: electroencefalographic recording, Word Color Stroop Test, and visual discrimination task. Subjects took a gelatin caffeine capsule (400 mg) or a placebo (P1 and P2), in a randomized, crossover, double-blind design. A one-factor ANOVA and Tukey’ post hoc test were used to compare dependent variables on the C, P1 and P2 moments. The statistical analyses indicated a non-significant decrease in reaction time, Stroop execution time and latency at Cz on the caffeine moment when compared to the others. Moreover, a non-significant increase in Stroop raw score and latency at Pz could be observed. The only significant result was found at Fz. These findings suggest that the positive tendency of caffeine to improve cognitive performance is probably associated with changes in the frontal cortex, a widely recognized attention area.
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Chamié, Daniel, Júlio Maia, Tales Raminho, Lara Eurípedes, Lucas Sant'Anna, Adriano Caixeta, and Fernando Sant'Anna. "Non-hyperemic pressure ratios – theoretical basis, clinical applications, and limitations." Journal of Transcatheter Interventions 31 (January 23, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31160/jotci202331a202208.
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Coronary physiology has become the standard of care to assess the functional significance of coronary atherosclerotic disease. It allows for identification of myocardial ischemia on a vessel level, discrimination of the functional patterns of atherosclerotic disease, guidance for the need of revascularization, complements the planning of percutaneous coronary intervention and verification of the functional success of percutaneous coronary intervention. On a previous issue of the Journal of Transcatheter Interventions, we presented a comprehensive review about fractional flow reserve. Despite the robust body of evidence supporting its use, the clinical use of fractional flow reserve is variable, and unreasonably low in many areas around the globe. The perceived increase in procedure time, the use of hyperemic agents with its related costs and patient discomfort, and difficulty in interpreting results in certain anatomical scenarios have contributed to the limited adoption of fractional flow reserve. The introduction of instantaneous wave-free ratio overcame most of these limitations. Supported by sound technical validation, and clinical outcomes data, instantaneous wave-free ratio received the same clinical indications as fractional flow reserve in the most recent guidelines recommendations. This was followed by the introduction of other non- hyperemic pressure ratios for commercial use. In the current manuscript we review the physiological basis that supports, add a S at the end of the word the use of non-hyperemic pressure ratios, their technical and clinical validation, clinical outcomes data, and discuss its applications on specific anatomic scenarios, with examples of cases from the authors, whenever applicable.
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Nurfaidah, Resti. "KRITIK ADJIDARMA DALAM EMPAT CERPEN: TENTANG GENDER DAN KELIYANAN." SUAR BETANG 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v12i2.24.
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Seno Gumira Ajidarma is well-known as a multitalented popular figure in Indonesia. He is an artist, a humanist, a writer, an academician, and others. His works are always in excellent quality. They need an incredible depth level of intrinsic aspect exploration. Previous studies have shown that criticism against government of the New Ordermassively appears on Ajidarma’s writting. However, the criticism is well-hidden behind his expertise in word processing and stories composing or other excellent quality works. This research is aimed into Ajidarma's social critique in the following four short stories: “Pelajaran Mengarang”, “Sepotong Senja untuk Pacarku”, “Telinga”, dan “Maria” which are focused on the concept of gender and Other's conflict. Based on the concepts of the Holmes gender and the Other of Callavaro, as well as several supporting references, it comes into the following outcomes: gender conflicts are connected to inferiority and superiority; the non-acceptancy of certain criteria and many causes make the inferior is victimizedwith the arbitrariness of the ruler in such forms: doctrine, alienation, discrimination, detention, torture, even murder; inferiority is resembling the present situation and conditions in this country
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Ramlall, Suvira, Jennifer Chipps, Ahmed I. Bhigjee, and Basil J. Pillay. "Sensitivity and specificity of neuropsychological tests for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in a sample of residential elderly in South Africa." South African Journal of Psychiatry 20, no. 4 (November 30, 2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v20i4.558.
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<p><strong>Background. </strong>Neuropsychological tests can successfully distinguish between healthy elderly persons and those with clinically significant cognitive impairment. </p><p><strong>Objectives. </strong>A battery of neuropsychological tests was evaluated for their discrimination validity of cognitive impairment in a group of elderly persons in Durban, South Africa. </p><p><strong>Method. </strong>A sample of 117 English-speaking participants of different race groups (9 with dementia, 30 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 78 controls) from a group of residential homes for the elderly was administered a battery of 11 neuropsychological tests. Kruskal-Wallis independent sample tests were used to compare performance of tests in the groups. Sensitivity and specificity of the tests for dementia and MCI were determined using random operating curve (ROC) analysis. </p><p><strong>Results. </strong>Most tests were able to discriminate between participants with dementia or MCI, and controls (<em>p</em><0.05). Area under the curve (AUC) values for dementia v. non-dementia participants ranged from 0.519 for the digit span (forward) to 0.828 for the digit symbol (90 s), with 14 of the 29 test scores achieving significance (<em>p</em><0.05). AUC values for MCI participants ranged from 0.754 for controlled oral word association test (COWAT) Animal to 0.507 for the Rey complex figure test copy, with 17 of the 29 scores achieving significance (<em>p</em><0.05). </p><p><strong>Conclusions. </strong>Several measures from the neuropsychological battery had discrimination validity for the differential diagnosis of cognitive disturbances in the elderly. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of culture and language on the appropriateness of the tests for different populations.</p>
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Khairulina, Nailia, and Hanna Dubova. "Gender and Law Culture of Future Law Enforcement Specialists." Education and Pedagogical Sciences, no. 2 (177) (2021): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2747-2021-2(177)-35-46.
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The article considers the semiotic nature of gender and law culture, focuses on the synthetic nature of this term, and provides alternative definitions of such concepts as «gender» and «culture». Highlighting the essence of the proposed word from a semiotic perspective, the authors of the article give examples of the main elements that form the paradigm of gender and law culture. The practical part of the article is devoted to analyzing the proposed phenomenon as a psychological and pedagogical problem. Taking into account that modern conditions of social development are associated with changing social and economic, and criminal complications, as a result of which society is interested in the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies operating based on legality, humanism, transparency, the presumption of innocence, resilience, the subject matter of the research is viewed as undeniably topical today. The analysis of the scientific literature in gender and law made it possible to specify the concept of «gender and law culture of future law enforcement professionals», which, in particular, refers to the issues of forming a gender culture of future law enforcement professionals. It is considered to be an integral quality of personality determined by the specifics of law enforcement, reflecting comprehensive knowledge of the nature and legal regulation of gender aspects in current Ukrainian legislation and readiness to ensure further functioning of gender-sensitive practices and principles of non-discrimination in law enforcement activities based on legal attitudes and compliance with official duties.
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Mohi Ud Din, Syed Fawad Mashhadi, Shahzeb Arif Khan, Sadia Zubair, Ayesha Khan, and Sajjad Hussain. "Sehat Sahulat Program: Assessing the awareness and utilization effectiveness of Sehat Insaf Card among the general population of District Rawalpindi." Professional Medical Journal 29, no. 07 (June 30, 2022): 1061–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2022.29.07.6806.
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Objective: To determine the awareness of using Sehat Insaf Card and to determine the utilization effectiveness of Sehat Sahulat Program. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Sehat Insaf Card Authorized Hospitals. Period: July 2020 to December 2020. Material & Methods: Data was collected via self-administered questionnaire. The sample size was 316. Non-probability purposive sampling was done. The questionnaire consisted of three parts; Part A: Demographics, Part B: Awareness, Part C: Utilization Effectiveness. IBM, SPSS statistics version 25 was used for data entry. Descriptive statistics like frequency, percentage and proportion were measured. Results: Most of the participants belong to the rural area and fall into the category of 10 – 20 thousand monthly income. The awareness about program came from 2 main sources; Word of mouth and campaign by a local party representative. Majority of the services availed were curative services i.e. 72.8%. Before the launch of SSP, 3/4 of the participants self-paid their medical bills and with this program, its 100% free. 72.8% of the total participants were satisfied with the transportation charges covered in SSP. 92% of the total participants felt no discrimination in hospital in any regard, either from the doctor or the paramedical staff. 99.4% of the total participants were of the opinion that Govt of Pakistan should launch similar new programs. Conclusion: Sehat Insaaf Card distribution among the under-privileged citizens was almost similar in the urban and rural population of Rawalpindi. More involvement of females is need of the hour.
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Gür, Evrim, Ghada Binkhamis, and Karolina Kluk. "Effects of multiple sclerosis on the audio-vestibular system: a systematic review." BMJ Open 12, no. 8 (August 2022): e060540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060540.
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ObjectiveSystematically investigate the effects of multiple sclerosis (MS) on the audio-vestibular system.MethodsSystematic review of literature investigating audio-vestibular conditions in persons with MS (PwMS) aged ≥18 years. PubMed, Scopus, NICE and Web of Science were searched. Randomised controlled trials, and cohort, case–control, observational and retrospective studies in English, published from 2000 to 21 November 2021, evaluated PwMS with at least one outcome (pure tone audiometry, auditory brainstem response, otoacoustic emissions, cortical auditory evoked potentials, functional MRI assessing auditory function, vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, videonystagmography, electronystagmography, posturography, rotary chair, gaps in noise, word discrimination scores, duration pattern sequence test), were included. Study selection and assessments of bias were independently conducted by two reviewers using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-randomized Studies, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the NOS adapted for cross-sectional studies.Results35 studies were included. Auditory function was evaluated in 714 PwMS and 501 controls, vestibular function was evaluated in 682 PwMS and 446 controls. Peripheral auditory function results were contradictory between studies; some found abnormalities in PwMS, and others found no differences. Tests of brainstem and central auditory functions were more consistently found to be abnormal in PwMS. Most vestibular tests were reported as abnormal in PwMS, abnormalities were either peripheral or central or both. However, quantitative analyses could not be performed due to discrepancies between studies in results reporting, test stimulus and recording parameters.ConclusionsAlthough abnormal results on auditory and vestibular tests were noted in PwMS, specific effects of MS on the audio-vestibular system could not be determined due to the heterogeneity between studies that restricted the ability to conduct any quantitative analyses. Further research with consistent reporting, consistent stimulus and consistent recording parameters is needed in order to quantify the effects of MS on the auditory and vestibular systems.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020180094.
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Nataraj, Sathees Kumar, M. P. Paulraj, Ahmad Nazri Bin Abdullah, and Sazali Bin Yaacob. "A systematic approach for segmenting voiced/unvoiced signals using fuzzy-logic system and general fusion of neural network models for phonemes-based speech recognition." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39, no. 5 (November 19, 2020): 7411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-200780.
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In this paper, a speech-to-text translation model has been developed for Malaysian speakers based on 41 classes of Phonemes. A simple data acquisition algorithm has been used to develop a MATLAB graphical user interface (GUI) for recording the isolated word speech signals from 35 non-native Malaysian speakers. The collected database consists of 86 words with 41 classes of phoneme based on Affricatives, Diphthongs, Fricatives, Liquid, Nasals, Semivowels and Glides, Stop and Vowels. The speech samples are preprocessed to eliminate the undesirable artifacts and the fuzzy voice classifier has been employed to classify the samples into voiced sequence and unvoiced sequence. The voiced sequences are divided into frame segments and for each frame, the Linear Predictive co-efficients features are obtained from the voiced sequence. Then the feature sets are formed by deriving the LPC features from all the extracted voiced sequences, and used for classification. The isolated words chosen based on the phonemes are associated with the extracted features to establish classification system input-output mapping. The data are then normalized and randomized to rearrange the values into definite range. The Multilayer Neural Network (MLNN) model has been developed with four combinations of input and hidden activation functions. The neural network models are trained with 60%, 70% and 80% of the total data samples. The neural network architecture was aimed at creating a robust model with 60%, 70%, and 80% of the feature set with 25 trials. The trained network model is validated by simulating the network with the remaining 40%, 30%, and 20% of the set. The reliability of trained network models were compared by measuring true-positive, false-negative, and network classification accuracy. The LPC features show better discrimination and the MLNN neural network models trained using the LPC spectral band features gives better recognition.
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Mor, Billy, and Anat Prior. "Individual differences in L2 frequency effects in different script bilinguals." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 4 (September 23, 2019): 672–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006919876356.
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Aims: High frequency words are read more quickly and accurately than low frequency words, a phenomenon called the frequency effect. In the current study, we examine several possible predictors for explaining individual differences between bilinguals in their sensitivity to frequency in the second language: specific second language exposure and vocabulary; general language abilities (therefore also evident in native language performance); and general cognitive ability (non-linguistic sensitivity to regularities). Approach: We used an individual differences approach with unbalanced Hebrew–English bilinguals, two typologically different languages that do not share a writing system, which allows a clear discrimination between native language and second language exposure and vocabulary. Data and analysis: To examine frequency effects, 69 Hebrew–English bilingual adults completed lexical decision tasks in native language and second language. In addition, participants completed vocabulary tests in both languages, reported language use and proficiency, and performed a statistical learning task. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Findings: The results demonstrated that only vocabulary knowledge in the second language was a significant predictor of frequency effects in the second language. In addition, neither sensitivity to frequency in the native language nor statistical learning ability (a measure of general sensitivity to regularities) predicted sensitivity to frequency in the second language. Originality: Using an individual differences approach with bilinguals of two typologically different languages that do not share a writing system allows us to distinguish between native language and second language proficiency, and therefore identify the unique contribution of predictive factors from each of the languages to efficient visual word recognition in second language. Implications: The current findings support the lexical entrenchment hypothesis and highlight the importance of testing a variety of bilingual populations.
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Baider, Fabienne. "“Go to hell fucking faggots, may you die!” framing the LGBT subject in online comments." Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 14, no. 1 (June 26, 2018): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2018-0004.
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Abstract This paper reports on a manual monitoring of online representations of LGBT persons in the Republic of Cyprus for the period April 2015–February 2016. The article contextualizes the prevalence of “hate speech” in online Greek Cypriot comments against LGBT individuals, and, more generally, against non-heterosexuals. Adopting a Foucauldian position vis-à-vis the social and discursive construction of sexuality, we outline, first, the socio-historical context (Fairclough 1989, 2003) with a focus on LGBT rights in the Republic of Cyprus and the nationalistic project construing sexualities. We then examine the different levels of discursive discrimination practices, providing a snapshot of the types of “hate speech” referring to this topic typically found in such an environment. The focus is on identification of the frames used to construct LGBT identities, and their perception.We use in our title the word subject as defined by post-modernists and by Butler in particular (2009 : iii): subject refers to “a socially produced ‘agent’ and ‘deliberator’ whose agency and thought is made possible by a language that precedes that ‘I’. In this sense the ‘I’ is produced through power (….)”. This paper focuses on the socially produced definition of the LGBT community in the context under study. We thus address the way in which sexuality is constructed within a compulsory and hegemonic heterosexuality and heteronormativity. We analyze our data i.e. comments focused on the LGBT community, with corpus linguistic tools (Baker et al. 2008; Brindle 2016) as well as through a qualitative examination of the identified frames. Our analysis confirms an interface between nationalism and compulsory hegemonic heteronormativity in the Republic as well as the influence of the Orthodox Church and its beliefs (Kamenou 2011a, 2011b, 2016).
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Jimenez, Yulieth, Cesar Duarte, Johann Petit, Jan Meyer, Peter Schegner, and Gilberto Carrillo. "Steady state signatures in the time domain for nonintrusive appliance identification." Ingeniería e Investigación 35, no. 1Sup (November 18, 2015): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v35n1sup.53619.
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<p class="Abstractandkeywordscontent"><span lang="ES-CO"><span><span><span style="font-family: OptimaLTStd-DemiBold; font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: OptimaLTStd; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Smart Grid paradigm promotes advanced load monitoring applications to support demand side management and energy savings. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring to estimate the individual operation and power consumption of the residential appliances, from single point electrical measurements. This approach takes advantage of signal processing<span style="font-family: OptimaLTStd; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> in order to reduce the hardware effort associated to systems with multiple dedicated sensors. Discriminative characteristics of the <span style="font-family: OptimaLTStd; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">appliances, namely load signatures, could be extracted from the transient or steady state electrical signals. In this paper the effect of <span style="font-family: OptimaLTStd; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">impact factors that can affect the steady state load signatures under realistic conditions are investigated: the voltage supply distortion, <span style="font-family: OptimaLTStd; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">the network impedance and the sampling frequency of the metering equipment. For this purpose, electrical measurements of several <span style="font-family: OptimaLTStd; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">residential appliances were acquired and processed to obtain some indices in the time domain. Results include the comparison of<br /><span style="font-family: OptimaLTStd; font-size: 9pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">distinct scenarios, and the evaluation of the suitability and discrimination capacity of the steady state information.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></p>
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Fujii, Ryo, Ryo Domoto, and Daichi Mochihashi. "Nonparametric Bayesian Semi-supervised Word Segmentation." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (December 2017): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00054.
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This paper presents a novel hybrid generative/discriminative model of word segmentation based on nonparametric Bayesian methods. Unlike ordinary discriminative word segmentation which relies only on labeled data, our semi-supervised model also leverages a huge amounts of unlabeled text to automatically learn new “words”, and further constrains them by using a labeled data to segment non-standard texts such as those found in social networking services. Specifically, our hybrid model combines a discriminative classifier (CRF; Lafferty et al. (2001) and unsupervised word segmentation (NPYLM; Mochihashi et al. (2009)), with a transparent exchange of information between these two model structures within the semi-supervised framework (JESS-CM; Suzuki and Isozaki (2008)). We confirmed that it can appropriately segment non-standard texts like those in Twitter and Weibo and has nearly state-of-the-art accuracy on standard datasets in Japanese, Chinese, and Thai.
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Kaplan, Lisabeth, and Paul Roochnik. "The Jewish Obligation to Stand Up against Islamophobia in the United States." American Journal of Islam and Society 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i3.1788.
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First they came for the communists, and I did not speak out –because I was not a communist;Then they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out –because I was not a socialist;Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out –because I was not a trade unionist;Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out –because I was not a Jew;Then they came for me –and there was no one left to speak out for me.The German anti-Nazi Protestant minister, Martin Niemoeller, spoke thesepoignant words following the end of World War II. Pastor Niemoellerreminds us that whenever society singles out a specific minority for abuse,the rest of society must resist. What folly it is to believe that during a timeof insecurity and suspicion, any minority – religious, ethnic, or political –can long enjoy immunity from oppression. The Jewish people, perhapsmore than other minorities, has an intimate familiarity with the plight ofthe scapegoat, a 2,000 year history of diaspora and minority status, withall the cruelty and violence that has accompanied this experience. In thiswork, we will cite Biblical sources, cultural traditions, and rabbinic teachings to express the inescapable obligation of Jews to stand in solidaritywith Muslims in their time of need.Make no mistake about it: Muslims now confront unprecedented discriminationand harassment in the United States. In a recent report, theAmerican-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) reports a significantincrease in the frequency of hate crimes and acts of discriminationperpetrated against Arabs (both Muslims and Christians) and non-ArabMuslims.1 The list includes hundreds of acts of physical violence, some 60incidents of Arab or Muslim passengers being prevented from traveling onairlines simply because of their “profile,” several hundred employmentdiscrimination cases, and serious concerns arising from the USA PatriotAct. Tabloid media and bigoted radio talk show hosts contribute to anatmosphere of Islamophobia, and some Americans associate the word“Muslim” or “Arab” with “terrorist.” Shortly after the 9/11 attacks, conservativepundit Ann Coulter, commenting on Arab and Muslim countries,suggested that “we should invade their countries, kill their leaders andconvert them to Christianity.”2 An Islamophobic atmosphere has takenhold in the United States, targeting Muslims not for any crime, but merelyfor being Muslims ...
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Radha, Kodali, and Mohan Bansal. "Audio Augmentation for Non-Native Children’s Speech Recognition through Discriminative Learning." Entropy 24, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24101490.
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Automatic speech recognition (ASR) in children is a rapidly evolving field, as children become more accustomed to interacting with virtual assistants, such as Amazon Echo, Cortana, and other smart speakers, and it has advanced the human–computer interaction in recent generations. Furthermore, non-native children are observed to exhibit a diverse range of reading errors during second language (L2) acquisition, such as lexical disfluency, hesitations, intra-word switching, and word repetitions, which are not yet addressed, resulting in ASR’s struggle to recognize non-native children’s speech. The main objective of this study is to develop a non-native children’s speech recognition system on top of feature-space discriminative models, such as feature-space maximum mutual information (fMMI) and boosted feature-space maximum mutual information (fbMMI). Harnessing the collaborative power of speed perturbation-based data augmentation on the original children’s speech corpora yields an effective performance. The corpus focuses on different speaking styles of children, together with read speech and spontaneous speech, in order to investigate the impact of non-native children’s L2 speaking proficiency on speech recognition systems. The experiments revealed that feature-space MMI models with steadily increasing speed perturbation factors outperform traditional ASR baseline models.
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Mukhtar, Sohaib, Muhammad Fayaz, and Malieka Farah Deeba. "Afghan Refugees in Pakistan and Syrian Refugees in European Union: A Comparative Analysis." Journal of Economics, Trade and Marketing Management 5, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jetmm.v5n1p1.
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Displaced persons are Refugees, cross borders under coercion by force, leave motherland and difficult to return safely to home of parents. Root word is ‘refuge’ from which ‘refugee’ is derived, it means hiding and shelter from danger. Pakistan is not signatory of Refugee Convention 1951 but member of the United Nations (UN). Afghan refugees are living in Pakistan for approximately four decades, the Government of Pakistan provides favorable treatment and atmosphere to Afghan Refugees in Pakistan. Resultantly, Pakistan has been suffering terrorism, political instability, and economic dropdown though after left of Unites States of America (USA) in 2021, many more Afghan Refugees are expected to migrate to Pakistan. International Community is required to work and ensure peace and stability in Afghanistan in order to ensure returning back of Afghan Refugees to their parent’s home safely and work for stability and peace of Afghanistan and the region so that they live there peacefully. According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (UDHR) article 14: everybody has freedom and right to enjoy, seek asylum from persecution in other countries. Asylum right not invoked if (i) genuinely arising prosecutions from non-political crimes, or (ii) acts repugnant to principles and purposes of United Nations, and Convention Relating to Status of Refugee signed in 1951 under United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). There are 145 signatories currently to Refugee Convention 1951 but Pakistan has not yet acceded to Refugee Convention 1951. According to Refugee Convention 1951 preamble: freedom under fundamental rights enjoyed by human beings under Charter of the UN and UDHR without discrimination. The UN has assured efforts to expand freedom under fundamental rights to refugees. Communitarian Critique research methodology is deployed to help understand issues of refugees. Qualitative methodology is used while conducting this research, an analytical and comparative methods to analyze and compare Government of Pakistan’s treatment of Afghan refugees in Pakistan approximately for 4 decades as compare to Syrian Refugees’ treatment by European Union (EU). The largest populated migrants refugee country of the world for 4 decades is Pakistan, approximately 5 million Afghan nationals migrated to Pakistan during Cold War and approximately around 1.3 million still living in Pakistan and they are not willing to go back to Afghanistan specially after withdrawal of USA in 2021. The International Community is required, requested, and suggested to wish, help, and endeavor to build up economies of Afghanistan and Pakistan and try to strengthen stability and peace so that remaining Afghan nationals who are living as refugees in Pakistan can go back to their motherland safely, happily, and live there peacefully.
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Fassetti, Fabio, and Ilaria Fassetti. "Discriminating Pattern Mining for Diagnosing Reading Disorders." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 7540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157540.
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Tachistoscopes are devices that display a word for several seconds and ask the user to write down the word. They have been widely employed to increase recognition speed, to increase reading comprehension and, especially, to individuate reading difficulties and disabilities. Once the therapist is provided with the answers of the patients, a challenging problem is the analysis of the strings to individuate common patterns in the erroneous strings that could raise suspicion of related disabilities. In this direction, this work presents a machine learning technique aimed at mining exceptional string patterns and is precisely designed to tackle the above-mentioned problem. The technique is based on non-negative matrix factorization, nnmf, and exploits as features the structure of the words in terms of the letters composing them. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt of mining tachistoscope answers to discover intrinsic peculiarities of the words possibly involved in reading disabilities. From the technical point of view, we present a novel variant of nnmf methods with the adjunctive goal of discriminating between sets. The technique has been experimented in a real case study with the help of an Italian speech therapist center that collaborate with this work.
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Zellou, Georgia, Mohamed Lahrouchi, and Karim Bensoukas. "Clear speech in Tashlhiyt Berber: The perception of typologically uncommon word-initial contrasts by native and naive listeners." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 6 (December 2022): 3429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016579.
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Tashlhiyt Berber is known for having typologically unusual word-initial phonological contrasts, specifically, word-initial singleton-geminate minimal pairs (e.g., sin vs ssin) and sequences of consonants that violate the sonority sequencing principle (e.g., non-rising sonority sequences: fsin). The current study investigates the role of a listener-oriented speaking style on the perceptual enhancement of these rarer phonological contrasts. It examines the perception of word-initial singleton, geminate, and complex onsets in Tashlhiyt Berber across clear and casual speaking styles by native and naive listeners. While clear speech boosts the discriminability of pairs containing singleton-initial words for both listener groups, only native listeners performed better in discriminating between initial singleton-geminate contrasts in clear speech. Clear speech did not improve perception for lexical contrasts containing a non-rising-sonority consonant cluster for either listener group. These results are discussed in terms of how clear speech can inform phonological typology and the role of phonetic enhancement in language-universal vs language-specific speech perception.
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Jusczyk, Peter W. "Some Critical Developments in Acquiring Native Language Sound Organization during the First Year." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 5_suppl (May 2002): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00034894021110s503.
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Although infants are born with rather sophisticated capacities for discriminating and categorizing speech sounds, they still must learn about the sound organization of their native language. Before 6 months, infants show relatively little sensitivity to native language versus non-native language sound organization. Shortly thereafter, infants recognize which sounds and sound sequences and rhythmic patterns are likely to appear in native language words. Knowledge of these features plays a critical role in how and when infants segment words from fluent speech. Word segmentation abilities develop rapidly between 7.5 and 10.5 months. Initially, English-learners segment words using stress cues. Soon after, they learn to use other potential cues to word boundaries. As their lexicons develop during the second year, they begin to use information about known words in segmenting and learning new words.
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Mohiuddin, Tasnim, and Shafiq Joty. "Unsupervised Word Translation with Adversarial Autoencoder." Computational Linguistics 46, no. 2 (June 2020): 257–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00374.
Full textAbstract:
Crosslingual word embeddings learned from monolingual embeddings have a crucial role in many downstream tasks, ranging from machine translation to transfer learning. Adversarial training has shown impressive success in learning crosslingual embeddings and the associated word translation task without any parallel data by mapping monolingual embeddings to a shared space. However, recent work has shown superior performance for non-adversarial methods in more challenging language pairs. In this article, we investigate adversarial autoencoder for unsupervised word translation and propose two novel extensions to it that yield more stable training and improved results. Our method includes regularization terms to enforce cycle consistency and input reconstruction, and puts the target encoders as an adversary against the corresponding discriminator. We use two types of refinement procedures sequentially after obtaining the trained encoders and mappings from the adversarial training, namely, refinement with Procrustes solution and refinement with symmetric re-weighting. Extensive experimentations with high- and low-resource languages from two different data sets show that our method achieves better performance than existing adversarial and non-adversarial approaches and is also competitive with the supervised system. Along with performing comprehensive ablation studies to understand the contribution of different components of our adversarial model, we also conduct a thorough analysis of the refinement procedures to understand their effects.
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Bhide, Adeetee, Marta Ortega-Llebaria, Scott H. Fraundorf, and Charles A. Perfetti. "The contribution of orthographic input, phonological skills, and rise time discrimination to the learning of non-native phonemic contrasts." Applied Psycholinguistics 41, no. 3 (May 2020): 481–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716419000511.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAlthough learning second language phonology is a difficult task, orthographic input may support the learning of difficult sound contrasts through a process known as orthographic facilitation. We extended this research by examining the effects of orthographic input together with individual differences in three different phonological learning processes, namely, the production of, perception of, and memorization of words containing three Marathi phonemic contrasts (i.e., [k-kh], [], and []) by native English speakers. Moreover, because the [] and [] contrasts were particularly challenging in previous auditory training studies (e.g., Polka, 1991), we used cross-modal training in order to enhance learning by pairing auditory perception tasks with visual orthographic information, the amplification of relevant acoustic cues, and proprioceptive descriptions to the articulation of target phonemes. Results showed significant learning from the pre- to the posttest across tasks and contrasts, supporting the effectiveness of cross-modal training. Furthermore, incongruent orthographic input could inhibit perception, and orthographic input generally supported memory for word pronunciations. Moreover, individual differences regarding phonological skills and nonspeech auditory discrimination predicted participants’ success in different phonological learning processes. These results provide a detailed picture of the complexity between different aspects of second language phonological learning and cross-modal training.
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Ciobanu, Alina Maria, and Liviu P. Dinu. "Automatic Identification and Production of Related Words for Historical Linguistics." Computational Linguistics 45, no. 4 (January 2020): 667–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00361.
Full textAbstract:
Language change across space and time is one of the main concerns in historical linguistics. In this article, we develop tools to assist researchers and domain experts in the study of language evolution. First, we introduce a method to automatically determine whether two words are cognates. We propose an algorithm for extracting cognates from electronic dictionaries that contain etymological information. Having built a data set of related words, we further develop machine learning methods based on orthographic alignment for identifying cognates. We use aligned subsequences as features for classification algorithms in order to infer rules for linguistic changes undergone by words when entering new languages and to discriminate between cognates and non-cognates. Second, we extend the method to a finer-grained level, to identify the type of relationship between words. Discriminating between cognates and borrowings provides a deeper insight into the history of a language and allows a better characterization of language relatedness. We show that orthographic features have discriminative power and we analyze the underlying linguistic factors that prove relevant in the classification task. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt of this kind. Third, we develop a machine learning method for automatically producing related words. We focus on reconstructing proto-words, but we also address two related sub-problems, producing modern word forms and producing cognates. The task of reconstructing proto-words consists of recreating the words in an ancient language from its modern daughter languages. Having modern word forms in multiple Romance languages, we infer the form of their common Latin ancestors. Our approach relies on the regularities that occurred when words entered the modern languages. We leverage information from several modern languages, building an ensemble system for reconstructing proto-words. We apply our method to multiple data sets, showing that our approach improves on previous results, also having the advantage of requiring less input data, which is essential in historical linguistics, where resources are generally scarce.
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Jarrard, Stephen W., and Michael S. Wogalter. "Recognition of Non-Studied Visual Depictions of Aircraft: Improvement by Distributed Presentation." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 17 (October 1992): 1316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786749298.
Full textAbstract:
This experiment examined the effects of three methods of presentation, one massed and two distributed, on recognition of complex visual stimuli (military aircraft). Also examined was whether the effects of these methods differ as a function of the view at test (same or different from the studied view). In the massed presentation, aircraft were exposed once for eight seconds with each exposure separated by a blank interval of 20 seconds. In the successive distributed condition, each target aircraft was presented four times in a row for two seconds with each exposure separated by blank intervals of five seconds. In the random distributed condition, the aircraft were presented for the same on-off time intervals as the successive distributed condition, but the sequence of the study list was random. Results showed that recognition performance, as assessed by measures of hits, false alarms, and discrimination accuracy was significantly better when the same view was given at study and at test versus a different view. While presentation method did not produce an effect by itself, it did interact with test view. With a different view at test, distributed presentation showed a small, but significant, improvement in recognition performance compared to massed presentation. These results are discussed with regard to the high likelihood that most real-word visual stimuli are seen in a different views at subsequent exposures. Distributed presentation may be a useful way to prepare individuals for a different view at a later time.
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Hu, Hezhen, Wengang Zhou, Junfu Pu, and Houqiang Li. "Global-Local Enhancement Network for NMF-Aware Sign Language Recognition." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 17, no. 3 (July 22, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3436754.
Full textAbstract:
Sign language recognition (SLR) is a challenging problem, involving complex manual features (i.e., hand gestures) and fine-grained non-manual features (NMFs) (i.e., facial expression, mouth shapes, etc .). Although manual features are dominant, non-manual features also play an important role in the expression of a sign word. Specifically, many sign words convey different meanings due to non-manual features, even though they share the same hand gestures. This ambiguity introduces great challenges in the recognition of sign words. To tackle the above issue, we propose a simple yet effective architecture called Global-Local Enhancement Network (GLE-Net), including two mutually promoted streams toward different crucial aspects of SLR. Of the two streams, one captures the global contextual relationship, while the other stream captures the discriminative fine-grained cues. Moreover, due to the lack of datasets explicitly focusing on this kind of feature, we introduce the first non-manual-feature-aware isolated Chinese sign language dataset (NMFs-CSL) with a total vocabulary size of 1,067 sign words in daily life. Extensive experiments on NMFs-CSL and SLR500 datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
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Aljumily, Refat. "Evaluation of the Performance and Efficiency of the Automated Linguistic Features for Author Identification in Short Text Messages Using Different Variable Selection Techniques." Studies in Media and Communication 6, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v6i2.3892.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this paper was to evaluate the efficiency of automated linguistic features to test its capacity or discriminating power as style markers for author identification in short text messages of the Facebook genre. The corpus used to evaluate the automated linguistics features was compiled from 221 Facebook texts (each text is about 2 to 3 lines/35-40 words) written in English, which were written in the same genre and topic and posted in the same year group, totaling 7530 words. To compose the dataset for linguistic features performance or evaluation, frequency values were collected from 16 linguistic feature types involving parts of speech, function words, word bigrams, character tri grams, average sentence length in terms of words, average sentence length in terms of characters, Yule’s K measure, Simpson’s D measure, average words length, FW/CW ratio, average characters, content specific key words, type/token ratio, total number of short words less than four characters, contractions, and total number of characters in words which were selected from five corpora, totalling 328 test features. The evaluation of the 16 linguistic feature types differ from those of other analyses because the study used different variable selection methods including feature type frequency, variance, term frequency/ inverse document frequency (TF.IDF), signal-noise ratio, and Poisson term distribution. The relationships between known and anonymous text messages were examined using hierarchical linear and non-hierarchical nonlinear clustering methods, taking into accounts the nonlinear patterns among the data. There were similarities between the anonymous text messages and the authors of the non-anonymous text messages in terms function word and parts of speech usages based on TF.IDF technique and the efficiency of function word usages (=60%) and the efficiency of parts of speech frequencies (=50%). There were no similarities between the anonymous text messages and the authors of the non-anonymous text messages in terms of the other features using feature type frequency and variance techniques in this test and the efficiency of these features in the corpus (< 40%). There was a positive effect on identification performance using parts of speech and function word frequency usages and applying TF.IDF technique as the length of text messages increased (N≥ 100). Through this way, the performance and efficiency of syntactic features and function word usages to identify anonymous authors or text messages is improved by increasing the length of the text messages using TF.IDF variable selection technique, but decreased as feature type frequency and variance techniques in the selection process apply.