Journal articles on the topic 'Non-white immigrants'
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1
Akresh, Ilana Redstone, and Reanne Frank. "Differential Returns?: Neighborhood Attainment among Hispanic and Non–Hispanic White New Legal Permanent Residents." City & Community 17, no. 3 (September 2018): 788–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12313.
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We use data from the New Immigrant Survey to examine patterns of residential attainment among Hispanic immigrants who recently became legal permanent residents (LPRs) relative to new LPR non–Hispanic white immigrants. We focus on whether these Hispanic and non–Hispanic white immigrants differ in their ability to transform human capital into residential advantage. Our results suggest that the answer depends on the neighborhood attribute in question. When predicting residence in tracts with relatively more non–Hispanic whites, the answer is yes, with evidence in support of the place stratification model of residential attainment. We find that non–Hispanic white immigrants have access to relatively whiter neighborhoods than their Hispanic immigrant counterparts, irrespective of differences in education levels. When assessing Hispanic immigrants’ ability to enter socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, however, the differences we observe are mostly accounted for by compositional differences in sociodemographic and acculturation factors. Taken together, our findings suggest that Hispanic immigrants are more similar to their white immigrant counterparts when it comes to converting higher education into higher income neighborhoods than into increased residential integration with whites; although their exposure to more socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods at all levels of education remains lower than that of their white immigrant counterparts.
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Krysa, Isabella M., Albert Mills, and Salvador Barragan. "Canadian immigrant guidelines on how to become productive members of society." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 36, no. 6 (August 21, 2017): 482–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-01-2017-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically look at how immigrants to Canada are informed and educated about how to become productive members of society. The authors adopted a postcolonial framework to unveil the underlying assumptions embedded in the messages that are conveyed to “teach” and “prepare” immigrants for the Canadian workplace. In particular, the authors focus on non-white immigrants because they form the majority of immigrants to Canada and at the same time data show that they experience particular socio-economic obstacles in their settlement process that European immigrants did not. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply postcolonialism as the theoretical framework. This approach allows the authors to analyze the relationship between the local subject and the encounter with the non-local other, in this case the immigrant who is from a non-European background. The authors conduct a Foucauldian critical discourse analysis on selected texts that serve as information sources for immigrants. These texts include government documents, immigrant information brochures, and workplace information books and booklets. Findings The analysis shows ideological positions that reveal discursive messages representing the non-white immigrant in binary terms. Such immigrants are represented in opposing (and inferior) terms to the local (largely white) Canadian citizen. By adopting a postcolonial lens, the analysis shows that the messages to acculturate immigrants reveal assimilationist features. Research limitations/implications The authors acknowledge that the authors’ own personal socio-political, intellectual, and ideological locations influence the approach, logic, research process, and the interpretation of the findings. For future research, other textual sources should be analyzed with regard to the messages they convey to immigrants as a form of education to see what kind of acculturation is conveyed. Practical implications This paper sheds light on the necessity to develop policies that not only aim to acculturate immigrants using integration strategies but also to carefully communicate and educate newcomers through messages that that do not stem from colonial assumptions. Originality/value This research points out the taken-for granted and oftentimes invisible forms of discriminatory practices in the workplace that appear non-discriminatory on the surface but are rooted in colonial thinking. Consequently, the authors challenge “mainstream” management theories concerning diversity in the workplace by questioning the underlying messages portrayed to immigrants.
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Lopez, Jane Lilly, Genevra Munoa, Catalina Valdez, and Nadia Terron Ayala. "Shades of Belonging: The Intersection of Race and Religion in Shaping Utah Immigrants’ Social Integration." Social Sciences 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070246.
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Utah, USA, a state with a unique history of immigration and a distinctive religious context, provides a useful setting in which to study the intersection of racism and religious participation with immigrant integration. Utah is one of the Whitest states in the United States, with 4 of every 5 residents identifying as non-Hispanic White. It is also home to the headquarters of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) which, until 1978, explicitly imposed race-based exclusions that prohibited or strictly limited Black members’ participation in church leadership, rituals, and ordinances. The state’s cultural, social, and religious history has contributed to widespread beliefs among modern Utah residents of Whites’ racial supremacy in contexts both mundane and divine. Much of Utah’s population growth since 1960, especially among non-White racial and ethnic groups, can be attributed to immigrants, who today compose nearly 10 percent of the state’s population. Given Utah’s religious, social, and cultural relationship to race, it is an ideal case to study the following question: how do race, religion, and culture shape integration among immigrants? Utilizing interviews with 70 immigrants who have lived in Utah for an average of 13 years, we find that both race and LDS Church membership influence immigrants’ social integration, creating a hierarchy of belonging among immigrants in Utah––with White LDS immigrants reporting the highest levels of integration and non-White, non-LDS immigrants reporting the lowest levels of integration. These findings suggest the power of cultural narratives––beyond explicit institutional policy and practice––in perpetuating racial inequality in society. Thus, efforts to increase integration and belonging among immigrants must not only include work to dismantle legal and structural inequalities but also efforts to actively change the cultural narratives associated with them.
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Lee, Timothy, and Ludwin E. Molina. "“If You Don’t Speak English, I Can’t Understand You!”: Exposure to Various Foreign Languages as a Threat." Social Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2021): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080308.
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The number of non-English speaking and bilingual immigrants continues to grow in the U.S. Previous research suggests that about one third of White Americans feel threatened upon hearing a language other than English. The current research examines how exposure to a foreign language affects White Americans’ perceptions of immigrants and group-based threats. In Study 1, White Americans were randomly assigned to read one of four fictional transcripts of a conversation of an immigrant family at a restaurant, where the type of language being spoken was manipulated to be either Korean, Spanish, German, or English. In Study 2, White Americans read the same fictional transcript—minus the Spanish; however, there was an addition of two subtitles conditions in which the subtitles were provided next to the Korean and German texts. The two studies suggest that exposure to a foreign language—regardless of whether they are consistent with Anglocentric constructions of American identity—lead White Americans to form less positive impressions of the immigrant targets and their conversation, experience an uptick in group-based threats, and display greater anti-immigrant attitudes. Moreover, there is evidence that the (in)ability to understand the conversation (i.e., epistemic threat) influences participants’ perceptions of immigrants and group-based threats.
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Gomez Cervantes, Andrea, Daniel Alvord, and Cecilia Menjívar. "'Bad Hombres': The Effects of Criminalizing Latino Immigrants through Law and Media in the Rural Midwest." Migration Letters 15, no. 2 (April 29, 2018): 182–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v15i2.368.
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In this article we explore the policy and legal build-up that led to the 2017 Executive Orders targeting Latino/a immigrant families and communities. We provide a historical backdrop for the merging of criminal and immigration laws that has contributed to the criminalization of the behaviors, bodies, and communities of Latino/a immigrants. We then look at the media narratives that burry immigrants’ complex identities and reproduce daily the demonization of Latino/as as criminals. Together, these factors contribute to socially construct a “Brown Threat” which reproduces anxieties and fears about crime, terror, and threats to the nation, affecting the everyday lives of immigrants and non-immigrants alike, though in different ways. Based on an 18-month ethnography in a small Kansas town carried out before and after the signing of Executive Orders in 2017, we examine the spill-over effects of this environment on Guatemalan immigrant families as well as on non-immigrant Anglo-white residents in a rural community.
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Haan, Michael. "The Homeownership Hierarchies of Canada and the United States: The Housing Patterns of White and Non-White Immigrants of the past Thirty Years." International Migration Review 41, no. 2 (June 2007): 433–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00074.x.
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In this paper two gaps in North American immigrant homeownership research are addressed. The first concerns the lack of studies (especially in Canada) that identify changes in homeownership rates by skin color over time, and the second relates to the shortage of comparative research between Canada and the United States on this topic. In this paper the homeownership levels and attainment rates of Black, Chinese, Filipino, White, and South Asian immigrants are compared in Canada and the United States for 1970/1971–2000/2001. For the most part, greater similarities than differences are found between the two countries. Both Canadian and U.S. Chinese and White immigrants have the highest adjusted homeownership rates of all groups, at times even exceeding comparably positioned native-born households. Black immigrants, on the other hand, tend to have the lowest ownership rates of all groups, particularly in the United States, with Filipinos and South Asians situated between these extremes. Most of these differences stem from disparities that exist at arrival, however, and not from differential advancement into homeownership.
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Martinez, Joel E., Lauren A. Feldman, Mallory J. Feldman, and Mina Cikara. "Narratives Shape Cognitive Representations of Immigrants and Immigration-Policy Preferences." Psychological Science 32, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620963610.
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Scholars from across the social and media sciences have issued a clarion call to address a recent resurgence in criminalized characterizations of immigrants. Do these characterizations meaningfully impact individuals’ beliefs about immigrants and immigration? Across two online convenience samples (total N = 1,054 adult U.S. residents), we applied a novel analytic technique to test how different narratives—achievement, criminal, and struggle-oriented—impacted cognitive representations of German, Russian, Syrian, and Mexican immigrants and the concept of immigrants in general. All stories featured male targets. Achievement stories homogenized individual immigrant representations, whereas both criminal and struggle-oriented stories racialized them along a White/non-White axis: Germany clustered with Russia, and Syria clustered with Mexico. However, criminal stories were unique in making our most egalitarian participants’ representations as differentiated as our least egalitarian participants’. Narratives about individual immigrants also generalized to update representations of nationality groups. Most important, narrative-induced representations correlated with immigration-policy preferences: Achievement narratives and corresponding homogenized representations promoted preferences for less restriction, and criminal narratives promoted preferences for more.
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Tong, Yuying, Wenyang Su, and Eric Fong. "Labor market integration of non-Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong from 1991 to 2011: Structure of global market or White privilege?" Chinese Journal of Sociology 4, no. 1 (January 2018): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x17748533.
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Previous studies of Hong Kong immigrants have largely focused on those Chinese from the mainland, and less attention has been paid to non-Chinese immigrants. As exceptions to this, a few studies have focused on the channels of non-Chinese immigrants to Hong Kong, but less research has examined their labor market outcomes. This is partly because theories about immigrants in Asia’s global city are underdeveloped, and the traditional labor market assimilation theory based on the North American and European experience may not easily translate to the case of global cities in Asia. In this research, we examine the employment status, occupational rank, and earnings outcomes of Chinese and non-Chinese immigrants from the perspectives of global economic structure and White privilege. Using 5% Hong Kong census/by-census data from 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011, we draw two major conclusions. First, in the Hong Kong labor market, immigrants from more developed countries enjoy a labor market advantage, which demonstrates the advantages of core-nation origin. In contrast, their counterparts from peripheral nations are penalized. The labor market gap between immigrants from core nations and peripheral nations grew at the turn of the 21st century but narrowed in 2006. Second, White immigrants are privileged in the Hong Kong labor market, showing that White privilege has been transmitted to a non-White-dominant society.
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Chavez, Leo R., F. Allan Hubbell, Shiraz I. Mishra, and R. Burciaga Valdez. "Undocumented Latina Immigrants in Orange County, California: A Comparative Analysis." International Migration Review 31, no. 1 (March 1997): 88–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100105.
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This article examines a unique data set randomly collected from Latinas (including 160 undocumented immigrants) and non-Hispanic white women in Orange County, California, including undocumented and documented Latina immigrants, Latina citizens, and non-Hispanic white women. Our survey suggests that undocumented Latinas are younger than documented Latinas, and immigrant Latinas are generally younger than U.S.-citizen Latinas and Anglo women. Undocumented and documented Latinas work in menial service sector jobs, often in domestic services. Most do not have job-related benefits such as medical insurance. Despite low incomes and likelihood of having children under age 18 living with them, their use of public assistance was low. Undocumented and documented Latina immigrants lived in households that often contained extended family members; they were more likely than other women in the study to lack a regular source of health care, to utilize health clinics, public health centers, and hospital emergency rooms rather than private physicians or HMOs, and to underutilize preventative cancer screening services. Despite their immigration status, undocumented Latina immigrants often viewed themselves as part of a community in the United States, which significantly influenced their intentions to stay in the United States. Contrary to much of the recent public policy debate over immigration, we did not find that social services influenced Latina immigrants’ intentions to stay in the United States.
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CORBALLY, JOHN. "The Othered Irish: Shades of Difference in Post-War Britain, 1948–71." Contemporary European History 24, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777314000447.
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AbstractThe main goal of this paper is to consider white Irish immigrants within the context of immigration of colour in post-war Britain. It considers the similarities in the imperial-historical reasons for the immigration of mostly poor rural workers from the West Indies, South Asia and Ireland. The discussion explores the experiences of both white and non-white immigrants in London and Birmingham up to 1971, comparing all three groups but focusing on Irish immigrants. I aim to append the Irish experience to analyses of post-war immigration, which tend to focus on non-white Commonwealth immigrants from the West Indies and South Asia. By exploring the Irish experience, I question existing scholarship which suggests Irish immigrants assimilated into post-war Britain free of the ethnic tensions and difficult conditions that migrants of colour indisputably endured. I also demonstrate the degree to which British historians have disregarded the experiences of Irish people in Britain.
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Potochnick, Stephanie, and Matthew Hall. "U.S. Occupational Mobility of Children of Immigrants Based on Parents' Origin-Country Occupation." Demography 58, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 219–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-8931951.
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Abstract This study provides a national-level assessment of occupational mobility and early-career attainment of children of immigrants based on parents' origin-country occupation. Exploiting unique aspects of the Educational Longitudinal Study, we examine how parent-child U.S. intergenerational occupational mobility patterns and child occupational attainment differ based on parental premigration occupational status (i.e., low- vs. high-skilled) and parental postmigration occupational mobility (i.e., upward, same, or downward). Our results suggest misestimation in intergenerational mobility research if parents' origin-country occupation is excluded. Including parents' origin-country occupation, we find that the children of immigrants are recovering from instances of parental occupational downgrading, building on parental advances, and advancing where parents could not. Furthermore, most children of immigrants do as well or better occupationally than children of non-Hispanic White natives. Strong educational investments help explain this advantage, particularly for children of high-skilled immigrants. However, results indicate that all children of immigrants would attain even more if they faced fewer postmigration barriers, especially children of low-skilled immigrants. These results advance immigrant selection and assimilation theories by demonstrating how pre- and postmigration factors influence occupational attainment of children of immigrants.
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GEORGE, MOLLY, and RUTH P. FITZGERALD. "Forty years in Aotearoa New Zealand: white identity, home and later life in an adopted country." Ageing and Society 32, no. 2 (April 8, 2011): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x11000249.
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ABSTRACTIn this article we recount some of the memories, hopes and strategies of 22 older migrants who are ageing in their adopted country of Aotearoa New Zealand. Having arrived as young adults in the 20 years after World War II, most of the immigrants have lived on ‘foreign’ soil for twice as long as their brief sojourns of childhood and early adulthood in their country of origin. Arriving from a variety of backgrounds in 12 different countries, they can all be considered ‘white’ immigrants in relation to New Zealand's indigenous Māori population and other non-European immigrant groups such as those from Pacific Island Nations or Asia. Their lives encompass the experience of globalisation and transnationalism in communication technologies and inter-country migration. As they recount the meaning of living through these changes, these older folk discuss the delicacies of assimilation in post-World War II New Zealand and the interplay between the daily life of New Zealand as ‘home’ and the homeland asHeimat. Their stories argue against the assumption that decades of residence, particularly for white immigrants in a white-majority nation, imply an ‘assimilation’ of cultural identity. Instead, the stories evoke recognition of the negotiation of gain and loss which continues as they, and their contexts, change over time.
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Hawken, Steven, Robin Ducharme, Malia S. Q. Murphy, Katherine M. Atkinson, Beth K. Potter, Pranesh Chakraborty, and Kumanan Wilson. "Performance of a postnatal metabolic gestational age algorithm: a retrospective validation study among ethnic subgroups in Canada." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e015615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015615.
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ObjectivesBiological modelling of routinely collected newborn screening data has emerged as a novel method for deriving postnatal gestational age estimates. Validation of published models has previously been limited to cohorts largely consisting of infants of white Caucasian ethnicity. In this study, we sought to determine the validity of a published gestational age estimation algorithm among recent immigrants to Canada, where maternal landed immigrant status was used as a surrogate measure of infant ethnicity.DesignWe conducted a retrospective validation study in infants born in Ontario between April 2009 and September 2011.SettingProvincial data from Ontario, Canada were obtained from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences.ParticipantsThe dataset included 230 034 infants born to non-landed immigrants and 70 098 infants born to immigrant mothers. The five most common countries of maternal origin were India (n=10 038), China (n=7468), Pakistan (n=5824), The Philippines (n=5441) and Vietnam (n=1408). Maternal country of origin was obtained from Citizenship and Immigration Canada’s Landed Immigrant Database.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPerformance of a postnatal gestational age algorithm was evaluated across non-immigrant and immigrant populations.ResultsRoot mean squared error (RMSE) of 1.05 weeks was observed for infants born to non-immigrant mothers, whereas RMSE ranged from 0.98 to 1.15 weeks among infants born to immigrant mothers. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for distinguishing term versus preterm infants (≥37 vs <37 weeks gestational age or >34 vs ≤34 weeks gestational age) was 0.958 and 0.986, respectively, in the non-immigrant subgroup and ranged from 0.927 to 0.964 and 0.966 to 0.99 in the immigrant subgroups.ConclusionsAlgorithms for postnatal determination of gestational age may be further refined by development and validation of region or ethnicity-specific models. However, our results provide reassurance that an algorithm developed from Ontario-born infant cohorts performs well across a range of ethnicities and maternal countries of origin without modification.
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Banerjee, Rupa. "Income Growth of New Immigrants in Canada." Articles 64, no. 3 (November 11, 2009): 466–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/038552ar.
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Summary The present study examines the income growth of newly arrived immigrants in Canada using growth curve modeling of longitudinal data. The results from this study indicate that recent immigrants, regardless of visible minority status, face initial earnings disadvantage. However, while immigrants of European origins experience a period of “catch up” early in their Canadian careers, which allows them to overcome this earnings disadvantage, visible minority immigrants do not enjoy such a catch-up. This racial difference in recent immigrants’ income growth is found to be caused by the fact that visible minority immigrants receive lower returns to education, work experience and unionization. Furthermore, visible minority recent immigrants face greater penalties for speaking a non-official first language than do their white counterparts.
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Kulkarni, Veena S. "Household Extension and Earnings Among Foreign-Born Asian and Non-Hispanic White Households." Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 17 (June 23, 2019): 2412–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19848819.
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Previous research to understand socioeconomic well-being of immigrants finds the type of living arrangement is significantly correlated with household-level earnings. Present study employing 2009-2011 American Community Survey data explores the above relationship for the six major foreign-born Asian groups and native-born non-Hispanic Whites. The results indicate relative to Whites, household extension is more beneficial for Asian households. Furthermore, householders’ labor market advantages as measured by their human capital and English language proficiency are positively associated with nuclear living arrangement. However, diminishing gains in household earnings for the not so recent foreign-born immigrants living in vertically extended households displays a cultural inclination for collective living. Also, there are significant intergroup differences. While Japanese households appear to “rely” the least on household extension to enhance household earnings, the advantage of residing in extended households for the Filipinos and Koreans and especially so for the recent entrants is substantial.
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Wortzel, Jeremy D., Douglas J. Wiebe, Shabnam Elahi, Atu Agawu, Frances K. Barg, and Edward A. Emmett. "Ascertainment Bias in a Historic Cohort Study of Residents in an Asbestos Manufacturing Community." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052211.
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This paper describes follow-up for a cohort of 4530 residents living in the asbestos manufacturing community of Ambler, PA, U.S. in 1930. Using re-identified census data, cause and date of death data obtained from the genealogic website Ancestry.com, along with geospatial analysis, we explored relationships among demographic characteristics, occupational, paraoccupational and environmental asbestos exposures. We identified death data for 2430/4530 individuals. Exposure differed significantly according to race, gender, age, and recency of immigration to the U.S. Notably, there was a significant difference in the availability of year of death information for non-white vs. white individuals (odds ratio (OR) = 0.62 p-value < 0.001), females (OR = 0.53, p-value < 0.001), first-generation immigrants (OR = 0.67, p-value = 0.001), second-generation immigrants (OR = 0.31, p-value < 0.001) vs. non-immigrants, individuals aged less than 20 (OR = 0.31 p-value < 0.001) and individuals aged 20 to 59 (OR = 0.63, p-value < 0.001) vs. older individuals. Similarly, the cause of death was less often available for non-white individuals (OR = 0.42, p-value <0.001), first-generation immigrants and (OR = 0.71, p-value = 0.009), second-generation immigrants (OR = 0.49, p-value < 0.001), individuals aged less than 20 (OR = 0.028 p-value < 0.001), and individuals aged 20 to 59 (OR = 0.26, p-value < 0.001). These results identified ascertainment bias that is important to consider in analyses that investigate occupational, para-occupational and environmental asbestos exposure as risk factors for mortality in this historic cohort. While this study attempts to describe methods for assessing itemized asbestos exposure profiles for a community in 1930 using Ancestry.com and other publicly accessible databases, it also highlights how historic cohort studies likely underestimate the impact of asbestos exposure on vulnerable populations. Future work will aim to assess mortality patterns in this cohort.
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Khandelwal, Meena, and Chitra Akkoor. "Dance on!: Inter-collegiate Indian dance competitions as a new cultural form." Cultural Dynamics 26, no. 3 (June 16, 2014): 277–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374014537913.
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Inter-collegiate Indian dance competitions emerged in the late 1990s in the United States and have since become wildly popular. Why dance? Why now? We explore these questions through Nachte Raho, a competition hosted by a University of Iowa student organization. Such events allow participants to publicly embody the contradictions they experience as minoritized children of immigrants on a predominantly White campus. Thus, dance enables community building among minoritized students and has entertainment value to non-Indians. Students distinguish Nachte Raho from unruly “community functions” organized by immigrant parents and aim instead to produce a professionalized show intended primarily for peers.
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Hernandez, Donald J., Nancy A. Denton, and Suzanne Macartney. "School-Age Children in Immigrant Families: Challenges and Opportunities for America's Schools." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 111, no. 3 (March 2009): 616–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810911100306.
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Background/Context By the year 2030, when the baby boom generation born between 1946 and 1964 will be in the retirement ages, 72% of the elderly will be non-Hispanic Whites, compared with 56% for working-age adults, and 50% for children. As the predominantly White baby boomers reach retirement, they will increasingly depend for economic support on the productive activities and civic participation of working-age adults who are members of racial and ethnic minorities and, in many cases, children of immigrants. To prepare these young people for lives as productive workers and engaged citizens, we need to pay more attention to creating conditions that will foster their educational success. The profound shift taking place in the composition of the school-age population has implications for schools. Purpose/Objective/Research Questions/Focus of Study This article presents a demographic overview of school-age children in immigrant families and compares them with their peers in native-born families. After tracing the shift in the national origins of children of immigrants that has taken place over the past century, we consider the new challenges and opportunities presented to the education system by the socioeconomic, cultural, and religious diversity of this new and growing population of students and by their presence in a growing number of suburban and rural, as well as urban, communities. Population/Participants/Subjects This research uses data from Census 2000 to study children in immigrant families who have at least one foreign-born parent compared with children in native-born families who were born in the United States to U.S.-born parents. Research Design This research is a secondary analysis of data from Census 2000. Conclusions/Recommendations Immigration is transforming the demography of America. In less than three decades, a majority of children are likely to belong to race-ethnic minorities who are Hispanic, Black, Asian, or another non-White race, mainly because of immigration and births to immigrants and their descendants. The educational success achieved by immigrant groups, and their subsequent economic productivity, is important not only to the groups themselves but also to the broad American population because these groups will compose an increasingly important segment of the U.S. labor force during the next few decades; this labor force will be supporting the predominantly White baby boom generation throughout their retirement years. As we increasingly become a nation of minorities, with no single race-ethnic group in the majority, the educational success of all children, especially the rapidly growing population of children in immigrant families, merits increasing attention from teachers, school administrators, and public officials.
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Tzeng, Huey-Ming. "OLDER ADULTS’ IMMIGRANT STATUS AND SELF-REPORTED ABILITY TO NAVIGATE THROUGH THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1838.
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Abstract This exploratory study examined the association between older adults’ immigrant status and their self-reported ability to perform each of the 51 self-care behaviors that are needed for them to navigate through the healthcare system. Secondary data analysis was conducted based on a 2018 telephone survey of community-dwelling adults 65 y/o or older, living in a western Canada province (N = 1,000). A previously validated survey tool, Patient Involvement Behaviors in Health Care (e.g., indicating Yes=1 or No=0 regarding their ability to perform each self-care behavior), and a demographic data form (e.g., are you an immigrant? Yes=1 or No=0) were used. Descriptive analyses and chi-square tests for independence (alpha= 0.05) were conducted. Among the 993 adults who indicated their immigrant status, 51 (5.1%) self-declared as immigrants. 32 (62.7%) of the immigrant participants and 457 (48.5%) of the non-immigrant participants resided in the urban areas. 88.2% of these immigrant participants was white, 7.8% was Asian, and 2% was black; 72.5% indicated that English is their first language. Immigrant participants were less likely to report being able to perform 5 self-care behaviors than non-immigrant participants. These 5 behaviors were: bringing someone to help you move around when needed; asking your providers to share your medical record with each other; finding insurance that best matches your needs; changing health insurance coverage as needed; and knowing of any interactions with old and new treatments. Clinicians should co-create approaches with older adult immigrants to improve their self-care capacity (e.g., connecting with relevant peer support networks).
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Wong, Sabrina T., Grace J. Yoo, and Anita L. Stewart. "Examining the Types of Social Support and the Actual Sources of Support in Older Chinese and Korean Immigrants." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 61, no. 2 (September 2005): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/aj62-qqkt-yj47-b1t8.
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This study explored social support domains and actual sources of support for older Chinese and Korean immigrants and compared them to the traditional domains based on mainly White, middle class populations. Fifty-two older Cantonese and Korean speaking immigrants participated in one of eight focus groups. We identified four similar domains: tangible, information/advice, emotional support, and companionship. We also identified needing language support which is relevant for non-English speaking minority populations. Participants discussed not needing emotional support. These Chinese and Korean immigrants had a small number of actual sources of support, relying mainly on adult children for help with personal situations (e.g., carrying heavy groceries, communicating with physicians) and friends for general information/advice (e.g., learning how to speak English, applying for citizenship) and companionship. Immigrant Asians are caught between two different traditions; one that is strongly kinship oriented where needs and desires are subordinated to the interests of the family and one that values independence and celebrates individuality. Despite their reticence in asking for help outside the family, elders are seeking help from other sources, such as ethnic churches and the government.
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Fernando, Mario, James Reveley, and Mark Learmonth. "Identity work by a non-white immigrant business scholar: Autoethnographic vignettes of covering and accenting." Human Relations 73, no. 6 (April 12, 2019): 765–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726719831070.
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How do immigrants with multiple sources of identity deal with the identity tensions that arise from misidentification within the workplace? In order to answer this question, we reposition two under-researched self-presentational identity work strategies – covering and accenting – as particular types of intersectional identity work. Adopting a minoritarian perspective, we apply this framework to an autoethnographic study of a non-white business scholar’s identity work. To the extent that covering and accenting allow the scholar to draw identity resources from non-threatening and widely available social identities, we find that this work enables him to avoid being discredited in the eyes of others. Yet, as a practical response to being misidentified, it also risks reproducing oppressive social structures. We conclude that as ways of doing intersectional identity work, covering and accenting take on heightened significance for non-white immigrants who seek to craft identities at the intersection of several discriminable and stigmatizable categories of difference.
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Figueroa, Lucila. "Cultural Norms and Immigrants in the United States: The Green Card Experiment." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 3, no. 2 (January 21, 2018): 293–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rep.2017.24.
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AbstractThis paper explores the effect of norms—standards of conduct dictated by an identity—on white, American immigration attitudes. Results from a survey experiment show that when respondents evaluate immigrants who violate cultural norms, by speaking a non-English language and/or rooting for a foreign soccer team, respondents are less supportive of green cards for immigrants. Moreover, norm violations are consequential for tolerant, prejudiced, liberal, moderate, and conservative respondents. Valuing cultural norms is a shared and pervasive aspect of immigration attitudes, and targeting norms for inquiry brings into view the societal structure of opposition to immigration. However, norm violations affect green card support among liberals only in evaluations of Latino immigrants, and among conservatives only in evaluations of European immigrants.
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Shahidi, N. C., B. Homayoon, and W. Y. Cheung. "Causes of suboptimal colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) in U.S. immigrants." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2011): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.29.4_suppl.380.
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380 Background: Research shows that CRCS in U.S. immigrants is low, but causes for this poor uptake are unclear. Our aims were to 1) compare CRCS among U.S. born citizens (USB), naturalized citizens (NAC) and non-citizens (NOC), 2) evaluate clinical factors associated with CRCS, and 3) explore health system barriers to CRCS for immigrants. Methods: Screening eligible patients were identified from the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. CRCS was defined as a fecal occult blood test within 1 year, a sigmoidoscopy within 5 years or a colonoscopy within 10 years. Using logistic regression, we determined the effect of immigrant status and other clinical factors on CRCS. We devised a 3-point composite scoring system based on survey responses to questions about health system barriers (where 0=worst and 3=best). Stratified analyses based on residence (urban vs rural), healthcare coverage (insured vs uninsured), English proficiency (good vs. poor), and composite score were conducted to assess their relationship with CRCS. Results: We identified 30,434 respondents: USB 83%, NAC 13%, NOC 4%; mean age 66, 65, 61 years; male 39%, 41%, 48%; white 85%, 38%, 29%, respectively. Only 67% of USB, 61% of NAC and 46% of NOC underwent CRCS (p<0.001). Old age, male, high income earners, non-smokers, being married and those who visited their physicians frequently were more likely to receive CRCS (all p<0.05). When compared to USB, NAC and NOC were associated with decreased odds of CRCS (OR 0.88, 95%CI 0.73-1.05 and OR 0.67, 95%CI 0.52-0.87, respectively; global p=0.009). Stratified analyses revealed that the association between immigrants and decreased CRCS was more evident for immigrants who lived in rural areas, lacked insurance, or those who were not proficient in English (Table). Immigrants with a composite score ≤2 also reported worse CRCS. Conclusions: CRCS remains suboptimal, especially in new U.S. immigrants. Inferior healthcare access and language barriers are potential drivers of this disparity. Addressing these system issues for immigrants may promote CRCS in this population. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Hilde, Rosalie K., and Albert Mills. "Making critical sense of discriminatory practices in the Canadian workplace." critical perspectives on international business 11, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-09-2012-0042.
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Purpose – This paper aims to report on a preliminary study of how professionally qualified immigrants from Hong Kong to Canada make sense of their experiences, particularly workplace opportunities. Design/methodology/approach – The study is framed by a Critical Sensemaking approach, involving in-depth interviews with 12 informants from the Hong Kong Chinese community and discursive analysis (Foucault, 1979) of the local and formative contexts in which they are making sense of workplace opportunities. Findings – The findings suggest that a dominant discourse of “integration” strongly influences the way that professionally qualified immigrants come to accept the unchallenged assumptions that the government is providing help for them to “get in”; and that ethnic service organizations are offering positive guidance to the immigrants’ workplace goals and opportunities. Immigrants’ identity and self-worth are measured by whether they “get in” – integrate – into so-called mainstream society. The effect of this hidden discourse has been to marginalize some immigrants in relation to workplace opportunities. Research limitations/implications – The interplay of structural (i.e. formative contexts and organizational rules), socio-psychological (i.e. sensemaking properties) and discursive contexts (e.g. discourses of immigration) are difficult to detail over time. The interplay – although important – is difficult to document and trace over a relatively short period of time and may, more appropriately lend itself to more longitudinal research. Practical implications – This paper strongly suggests that we need to move beyond structural accounts to capture the voice and agency of immigrants. In particular, as we have tried to show, the sensemaking and sensemaking contexts in which immigrants find themselves provide important insights to the immigrant experience. Social implications – This paper suggests widespread policy implications, with a call for greater use of qualitative methods in the study of immigrant experience. It is suggested that policymakers need to move beyond uniform and structural approaches to immigration. How selected immigrants in context make sense of their experiences and how this can help to identify improved policies need to be understood. Originality/value – This paper is original in going beyond both structural and psychological accounts of immigration. Through the developing method of Critical Sensemaking, the study combines a focus on structure and social psychology and their interplay. Thus, providing insights not only to the broad discriminatory practices that so-called non-White immigrants face in Canada (and likely other industrial societies) but how these are made sense of. The study is also unique in attempting to fuse sensemaking and discourse analysis to show the interaction between individual sensemaking in the context of dominant discourses.
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Defreitas, Gregory. "Unionization among Racial and Ethnic Minorities." ILR Review 46, no. 2 (January 1993): 284–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399304600205.
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Using data on 23–30-year-olds from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the author presents the first comparative economic analysis of union coverage among black, Hispanic, Asian, and white workers in the United States. Coverage is found to be highest in this age group for blacks, followed by Hispanics, non-Hispanic whites, and Asians. Contrary to common belief, immigrants average higher rates of unionization than natives. Once the regression analysis takes into account the larger proportions of urban, immigrant, and less-educated workers in the Hispanic sample, the differences in demand for unionization among comparable whites, Asians, and Hispanics fall to insignificance. Blacks tend to exhibit a markedly stronger demand for representation than comparable workers from other groups.
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FIRKUS, ANGELA. "The Agricultural Extension Service and Non-Whites in California, 1910–1932." Agricultural History 84, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 506–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-84.4.506.
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Abstract Congress created the Agricultural Extension Service (AES) in 1914 to disseminate agricultural research to individual farmers but the service operated differently in each state. In California, AES aided agribusiness in its efforts to create a "harmonious hierarchy" that included a non-white laboring class. Records show that AES personnel contributed by helping to separate Native Americans from their land and water resources, prevent competition from immigrants from Asia, and Americanize non-whites.
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Alexander, J. Trent. "Defining the Diaspora: Appalachians in the Great Migration." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 37, no. 2 (October 2006): 219–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2006.37.2.219.
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New scholarship on southern white out-migration challenges long-held views regarding the economic difficulties experienced by Appalachian white migrants in the North. A comparison of the experiences of Appalachian white migrants and other southern white migrants during a forty-year period, using the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series files (IPUMS), shows that Appalachian migrants were significantly more impoverished than were other southern white migrants. As recent research suggests, migrants from the non-Appalachian South made a smooth economic transition, but migrants from the southern Appalachian region were nearly as impoverished as southern African-American migrants and international immigrants from the poorest developing countries. For these groups, the economic transition was a slow and difficult process.
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Poetrie, Sandy Tieas Rahmana. "DISKRIMINASI IMIGRAN KULIT PUTIH BERWARNA DALAM MASA KEBIJAKAN MULTIKULTURALISME PASCA PENGHAPUSAN WHITE AUSTRALIAN POLICY." Lakon : Jurnal Kajian Sastra dan Budaya 2, no. 1 (August 24, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/lakon.v2i1.1909.
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AbstractThis paper concern on the multiculturalism in Australia related to the immigration policy. Since the application of “White Australia Policy” which makes some restriction to people from other countries who are considered as different color and non-English speakers to come to Australia ended in 1907, the government attempts to eliminate the discrimination treatments to them all. This paper employs descriptive essay which was aimed to describe more aboutAustralian multiculturalism after the end of “White Australia Policy”. The technique of data collection was literary study from some sources like journals and some news from internet. The writer took three cases have ever happenedrelated to the multiculturalism in Australia to analyse the application of immigrants policy after “White Australia Policy” annulment. Those are Arabians beating in Sydney coast by Neo-Nazi, discrimination against Muslim minorityand Africans by police in Victoria, and also Muslim demonstration because of Muhammad humiliation. The study revealed that “White Australia Policy” still can not completely be eliminated. Those three cases, it shows that there arestill many discrimination treatments against coloured immigrants; on the other hand the government is still trying to implement a multiculturalism policy.
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Hall, Ronald E. "Light Supremacy vis-à-vis Non-White Immigrants as Racism in the 21st Century: A Question of Color." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 29 (October 31, 2016): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n29p62.
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Racism focuses attention upon African-Americans assumed victimized by Euro-Americans as an outcome of White supremacy. The recent trend in immigration by light-skinned non-White immigrants sustains racism via light supremacy. Distinct from racism per se White supremacy is contingent upon race, racism per light supremacy is contingent upon skin color. Demonstration of light supremacy is referenced in civil litigation and government hate crime statistical data. The most dramatic illustration of light supremacy as racism is referred to as “brown racism.” As suggested by Washington, brown racism is perpetrated by Mestizos, Chinese, Filipinos and South Asians against dark-skinned, persons particularly AfricanAmericans. Considering definition light supremacy is a product of White supremacy attributed to the aftermath of European conquest and/or domination. Lacking acknowledgement of light supremacy as a product of White supremacy will then sustain racism well into the 21st century and beyond if not immediately and effectively challenged by the Sociology academy.
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Skrentny, John D. "ARE AMERICA'S CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS STILL RELEVANT?" Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4, no. 1 (2007): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x07070075.
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AbstractThe federal government created America's historic 1964 Civil Rights Act during a period of low immigration. The primary goal was to create equal opportunities for African Americans by ending Jim Crow discrimination in the South. Focusing on the issue of employment discrimination, and specifically employer preferences for immigrants, this article shows how the current period of high immigration from Latin America and Asia has created new challenges and dilemmas for Title VII, the employment discrimination title of the Civil Rights Act. Specifically, sociological evidence indicates that U.S. businesses are engaging in race-conscious employment focused on the perceived value of racial skills (special abilities of certain racial groups at particular jobs) and racial symbolism (organizational benefits from displaying certain races on the work force). Businesses hire Asians and Latinos, and especially immigrant Asians and Latinos, because of the perceived racial skills of these groups at low-status jobs that require strong work ethics and obedient attitudes. Corporate employers seeking skilled workers do not necessarily prefer immigrants. Instead, they seek minorities for the symbolic value of their diversity, for their general racial skills at bringing new ideas to the workplace, and for their racial marketing skills for growing non-White markets. I assess these developments from a legal perspective, showing that a combination of a lack of litigation and some key court decisions have prevented Title VII from regulating racial skills and racial symbolism and/or from offering protection for immigrants themselves.
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Calvo, Rocío, Dawn C. Carr, and Christina Matz-Costa. "Another Paradox? The Life Satisfaction of Older Hispanic Immigrants in the United States." Journal of Aging and Health 29, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264315624901.
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Objective: To investigate disparities in life satisfaction among older Hispanic immigrants in the United States relative to their native-born Hispanic and non-Hispanic White counterparts, and to identify factors associated with such disparities. Method: Cross-sectional data from 9,798 individuals age 60 and above from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were used to estimate ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models. Results: Hispanic immigrants reported the highest levels of life satisfaction of all groups. Wealthier older adults, who were socially engaged, had social support, and experienced fewer functional limitations and lower exposure to discrimination, were more satisfied with their lives in the overall sample. Interaction effects revealed that although education was associated with greater life satisfaction only among non-Hispanic Whites, co-residing with children was associated with greater life satisfaction only among Hispanics. Discussion: Although older Hispanic immigrants had the least amount of socioeconomic resources of all groups in our study, they were the most satisfied with their lives. Possible explanations and directions for future research are discussed.
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Jeon, Haesang, and James Lubben. "The Influence of Social Networks and Supports on Depression Symptoms: Differential Pathways for Older Korean Immigrants and Non-Hispanic White Americans." Care Management Journals 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1521-0987.17.1.13.
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Objectives: The current cross-cultural study examines the pathways underlying different formations of social networks and social support systems, which affect depression symptoms among older Korean immigrants and non-Hispanic Whites in the United States.Method: Data for this study came from a panel survey of 223 older Korean American immigrants and 201 non-Hispanic White older adults 65 years of age and older living in Los Angeles. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to test the proposed conceptual model designed to explain the direct and indirect relationships between social networks and social support on depression symptoms.Results: Empirical evidence from this study indicated different effect of one’s social networks and social support on depression by race/ethnicity.Discussion: The work discussed in this article pointed to the need to recognize the role of culture in assessing the relationships between social networks, social support, and health among older adults.
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Ahmad, Mumtaz. "Gaps and Bridges in the Diaspora Cultural Life of the Asian-English Muslims in England in Buddha of Suburbia by Hanif Kureishi." Scholedge International Journal of Multidisciplinary & Allied Studies ISSN 2394-336X 3, no. 9 (November 26, 2016): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmas030903.
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This article carries out research in the domain of the issues faced by the first and second generation South-Asian Muslim immigrants in locating identity and their rightful place in postcolonial hybrid culture of England. Location of identity in multi-ethnic metropolitan cultureinvolves the issues of assimilation, segregation, naturalization, racial and cultural discrimination, in-betweeness, hybridity and ambivalence. The Muslim immigrants in an attempt to assimilate themselves into the new culture remain suspended between the two cultures and never completely succeed in embracing the one culture and discarding the other. This state of in-betweenness renders them hybrid characters in the postcolonial conditions. Quite contrary to their sweet dreams and expectations of living a superb life in metropolitan culture,non-white immigrants, Muslims, in the white English societyhave to make multi-dimensional struggle for the discovery and exploration of their unique identity in the face of highly intolerant, xenophobic white societies. The novel, Buddha of Suburbia, has been said to be autobiographical woven from the deeply personal experiences of the author as a member of an ethnic minority, the Muslims, in a multi-ethnic society. The story which initially appears to be fascinating tale of the city turns out to be the story of an Anglo-Asian hybrid. Kureishi has focused on the postcolonial concerns of unstable, fluid identity, gender issues, traumatized and indeterminate sexuality juxtaposed to hypocritical, racially prejudiced binaries-ridden English society.
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Vickerman, Milton. "RECENT IMMIGRATION AND RACE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4, no. 1 (2007): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x07070087.
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AbstractContemporary immigration is affecting U.S. society in many ways, particularly with respect to racial dynamics. Three aspects of these dynamics stand out: the conceptualization of race, the meaning of assimilation, and racial relations between groups. Although contemporary immigration, being largely non-White, is challenging U.S. society's entrenched conceptualization of race as revolving around a Black/White framework, this framework is not being rapidly overturned. Instead, immigrants are increasing social complexity by both adapting to the Black/White dichotomy and seeking alternatives to it through multiculturalism. The conceptualization of race is pivotally important because it determines the shape of assimilation, and, consistent with growing immigration-driven complexity, no one model of assimilation dominates the society. Instead, Anglo-conformity and multiculturalism are competing for preeminence. Blacks, because of U.S. society's failure to completely absorb them, helped to originate multiculturalism, but immigration is strengthening the model's appeal. Blacks and immigrants are adapting to U.S. society by utilizing both Anglo-conformity and multiculturalism. Immigration, increasingly, is also influencing race relations because of its volume and character. Even though Black/White conflict remains unresolved, future race relations will go beyond this nexus to incorporate other groups in complex interactions, revolving around the formation of coalitions and conflict situations as groups pursue particular interests.
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Liao, Kristin Tianqi, and Andrés Villarreal. "Unequal effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on employment: Differences by immigrant status and race/ethnicity." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): e0277005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277005.
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The COVID-19 epidemic resulted in a dramatic contraction in employment in the U.S., but the effects of this contraction have been unevenly distributed. We examine differences in employment among foreign- and native-born workers by race/ethnicity during the course of the epidemic. We test individual fixed-effects models based on data from the monthly CPS panel from January 2020 to December 2021 adjusting for seasonality. Immigrant men and women experienced greater declines in employment than non-immigrants of the same race/ethnicity when both compared to native-born Whites, but their disadvantage were limited to the initial months of the epidemic. Ethnoracial and immigrant status disparities were substantially reduced by the fall of 2020, except for Hispanic immigrant men and women, who still experienced substantial employment gaps with their native-born White counterparts. Differences in family characteristics account for Hispanic immigrant women’s lower employment rates during the epidemic but do not appear to account for differences between Black and Asian women and native-born Whites. Observed disparities in employment by race/ethnicity and immigrant status cannot be fully explained by differences in education, the concentration of minority and immigrant workers in industries and occupations that suffered steeper employment declines, or regional differences in the intensity of the epidemic.
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COATES, PETER. "Eastenders Go West: English Sparrows, Immigrants, and the Nature of Fear." Journal of American Studies 39, no. 3 (December 2005): 431–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875805000605.
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The Tortilla Curtain (1995), a novel by T. Coraghessan Boyle, juxtaposes the existence of southern California's affluent whites and non-white underclass by relating the stories of two couples whose lives become irrevocably entangled following a fateful automobile accident. The period flavour derives from racial tensions that culminated in the Los Angeles riots of 1992 and the passage, two years later, of Proposition 187, a package of prohibitive measures to curb the influx of “undocumented” immigrants from Mexico. Delaney Mossbacher, the book's main character, is a freelance nature writer with orthodox liberal views – a caricatured Sierra Club member. He contributes a monthly, Annie Dillard-esque nature column (“Pilgrim at Topanga Creek”) to an outdoor magazine. He lives in an upscale hilltop community designed in impeccable Spanish mission style – the product of white flight – apparently safe from the Mexican hordes that have broken through the border (the brittle “tortilla curtain” of the novel's title) and are overrunning the flatlands.
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Taylor, Marylee C., Maria Krysan, and Matthew Hall. "THE UNCERTAIN IMPACT OF ANGLO/LATINO CONTACT ON ANGLOS’ IMMIGRATION POLICY VIEWS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 14, no. 2 (2017): 471–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x17000133.
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AbstractThis project draws on psychological and sociological social psychology to investigate immigration policy opinions among native-born non-Hispanic Whites. Using data from a suburban Chicago-area county that has seen substantial growth in the Latino immigrant population, we examine Anglos’ opinions on three dimensions of immigration policy: preferred immigration rate, resistance to immigration, and assistance for immigrants. Our central hypothesis is that liberalizing effects of Anglo/Latino interpersonal contact are conditioned on Anglos’ recognition of hardships and barriers faced by Latinos. Five of the six interaction effects we estimated were highly significant: Personal contact with Latinos does promote more positive, progressive immigration policy opinions, but only among some Anglos—those who were acquainted with immigrants who had run afoul of immigration law or believed there is substantial local discrimination against Latinos. The results are reminiscent of James Kluegel’s (1985) analysis of White Americans’ views about affirmative action: “If there isn’t a problem, you don’t need a solution.” Affirmation of local anti-Latino discrimination was the stronger moderator of contact effects and also showed main effects on immigration policy opinion stronger than the effects of interpersonal contact. Denial of anti-Latino discrimination may be a means used by Anglos to defend their group position.
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Sheikholharam, Ehsan. "Borders within Borders: Superkilen as the Site of Assimilation." International Journal of Religion 3, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ijor.v3i2.2290.
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Cultural assimilation of “Muslim” immigrants in Europe poses a foundational question to political philosophy: is assimilation a prerequisite for socio-economic integration? What is often interpreted as the symptom of failed integration is the proliferation of ethnic enclaves in European metropolises. Non-white immigrants who experience discrimination and marginalization withdraw into isolated zones, creating internal borders within cities. These spaces are susceptible to a host of social problems and often become a fertile ground for radicalization. The State turns to design techniques to break open these ghettoized zones. This paper analyzes an urban renewal project that was conceived to address marginality in one such neighborhood in Copenhagen. Despite the façade of inclusivity and democratic participation, the design creates a parody of Muslim cultures by remixing culturally-significant symbols. In representing immigrants’ cultures as “Other,” the ideology of design mirrors the exclusionary preferences of the politics of the border.
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Reimers, Cordelia W. "The progress of Mexican and white non-Hispanic immigrants in California and Texas, 1980 to 1990." Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 37 (January 1997): 315–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1062-9769(97)90071-5.
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Yousef, Said, Douglas Manuel, Ian Colman, Manny Papadimitropoulos, Alomgir Hossain, MoezAlIslam Faris, and George A. Wells. "Vitamin D Status among First-Generation Immigrants from Different Ethnic Groups and Origins: An Observational Study Using the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 2702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082702.
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One in five Canadians are first-generation immigrants. Evidence suggests the baseline risk for vitamin D (vitD) deficiency is increased among immigrants who move from equatorial to northern countries. We investigated the prevalence and determinants of vitD deficiency/insufficiency among first-generation immigrants compared with native-born Canadians and identified explanatory covariables. We used a cross-sectional design with data from the national Canadian Health Measures Survey (Cycles 3 and 4) (11,579 participants aged 3–79 years). We assessed serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25(OH)D) levels, sociodemographic and environmental factors, immigration status, length of time in Canada, vitD-rich food intake, ethnicity, and place of birth. Immigrants had lower mean S-25(OH)D than non-immigrants (51.23 vs. 62.72 nmol/L, p < 0.001). Those with younger age at the time of immigration (<18 years) had a high risk for low vitD, and S-25(OH)D levels increased with the length of time they had lived in Canada. The highest deficiency levels were in immigrants born in Morocco, India, and Lebanon compared with native-born Canadians. Ethnicity was the factor most strongly associated with S-25(OH)D. Compared with the white ethnic grouping, the Japanese had the highest level of vitD deficiency, followed by Arabs and Southeast Asians. Ethnic variations, dietary intake, and lifestyle factors are the main predictors of/explanatory factors for vitD status among Canadian immigrants.
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South, Scott J., Kyle Crowder, and Erick Chavez. "Geographic Mobility and Spatial Assimilation among U.S. Latino Immigrants." International Migration Review 39, no. 3 (September 2005): 577–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00281.x.
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Although the spatial assimilation of immigrants to the United States has important implications for social theory and social policy, few studies have explored the patterns and determinants of interneighborhood geographic mobility that lead to immigrants' residential proximity to the white, non-Hispanic majority. We explore this issue by merging data from three different sources – the Latino National Political Survey, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and tract-level census data – to begin unraveling causal relationships among indicators of socioeconomic, social, cultural, segmented, and spatial assimilation. Our longitudinal analysis of 700 Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban immigrants followed from 1990 to 1995 finds broad support for hypotheses derived from the classical account of minority assimilation. High income, English language use, and embeddedness in Anglo social contexts increase Latino immigrants' geographic mobility into Anglo neighborhoods. U.S. citizenship and years spent in the United States are positively associated with geographic mobility into more Anglo neighborhoods, and coethnic contact is inversely associated with this form of mobility, but these associations operate largely through other predictors. Prior experiences of ethnic discrimination increase and residence in public housing decreases the likelihood that Latino immigrants will move from their origin neighborhoods, while residing in metropolitan areas with large Latino populations leads to geographic moves into “less Anglo” census tracts.
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Nash, Paul, Mark Brennan-Ing, Tonya Taylor, and Stephen Karpiak. "Intersectional Stigma and Barriers to Mental Health Among Older Adults With HIV in San Francisco." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 723–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2562.
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Abstract For older adults with HIV, forms of privilege and oppression (racism, poverty, limited access to quality education, and inequalities in criminal justice system) intersect with stigmatized social identities (immigrant status, non-cisgender identity, sexual orientation, depression, and addiction) that may increase cumulative burden of psychological distress, contribute to poor clinical outcomes, and create disparities in health care utilization. Using survey and focus group data from the San Francisco ROAH 2.0 (Research on Older Adults with HIV) site, we explored how layered intersectional identities (minority affiliation, gender and sexual orientation), life experiences (immigration, trauma) and forms of systemic oppression (poverty, low educational attainment, and incarceration) impact the utilization of mental health supportive services. Immigrants, minority women, and heterosexual men had higher burdens of depression compared to their white counterparts. Similarly, inhabiting multiple stigmatized identities resulted in both low and variable levels of mental health care utilization, suggesting need for targeted intervention efforts.
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Flores-Yeffal, Nadia Y. "English Proficiency and Trust Networks among Undocumented Mexican Migrants." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 684, no. 1 (July 2019): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219855024.
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This study explores whether being a member of a migration-trust network (MTN; social structures that immigrants create to manage the challenges of undocumented status) affects the acquisition of English language proficiency among undocumented heads of household who migrate to the United States from Mexico. The analysis shows that human capital accumulation and interactions with non-Hispanic white Americans are important to learning English in this migrant population. But it also suggests that membership in an MTN can inhibit the acquisition of English language proficiency. I use Mexican Migration Project data and other accumulated research to argue that being undocumented and participating in MTNs can deter migrants from assimilating into American mainstream society: a lack of legal status among many first-generation Mexican immigrants pushes them toward survival strategies that rely on MTNs.
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Gans, Herbert J. "“Whitening” and the Changing American Racial Hierarchy." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 9, no. 2 (2012): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x12000288.
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AbstractAs a result of the increasing number of biracials and multiracials, and White reconstructions of previously non-White skin colors, the Whitening of selected immigrants and especially their children appears to be proceeding. Although there are many studies on the racial identity of biracials, too little research exists on how Whites identify them and light-skinned monoracials, which of these they Whiten, how, and why. Enough is known to suggest that if current trends continue, our picture of the country's racial hierarchy has to be revised. While Whites will likely remain on top and poor African Americans and other Blacks at the bottom, what happens in the middle cannot now even be guessed at with any hope of accuracy. For that reason alone, empirical and policy-oriented research on White identification patterns is badly needed.
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López, Jane Lilly. "Redefining American Families: The Disparate Effects of IIRIRA's Automatic Bars to Reentry and Sponsorship Requirements on Mixed-Citizenship Couples." Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, no. 2 (June 2017): 236–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500201.
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With passage of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), the goal of discouraging illegal immigration and the legal immigration of the poor triumphed over the longstanding goal of family unity in US immigration policy. This shift resulted in policy changes that prevent some mixed-citizenship families from accessing family reunification benefits for the immigrant relatives of US citizens. Two specific elements of IIRIRA — (1) the three- and 10-year bars to reentry, and (2) the minimum income thresholds for citizen sponsors of immigrants — have created a hierarchy of mixed-citizenship families, enabling some to access all the citizenship benefits of family preservation and reunification, while excluding other, similar families from those same benefits. This article details these two key policy changes imposed by IIRIRA and describes their impact on mixed-citizenship couples seeking family reunification benefits in the United States. Mixed-citizenship couples seeking family reunification benefits do not bear the negative impacts of these two policies evenly. Rather, these policies disproportionately limit specific subgroups of immigrants and citizens from accessing family reunification. Low-income, non-White (particularly Latino), and less-educated American families bear the overwhelming brunt of IIRIRA's narrowing of family reunification benefits. As a result, these policy changes have altered the composition of American society and modified broader notions of American national identity and who truly “belongs.” Most of the disparate impact between mixed-citizenship couples created by the IIRIRA would be corrected by enacting minor policy changes to (1) allow the undocumented spouses of US citizens to adjust their legal status from within the United States, and (2) include the noncitizen spouse's income earning potential toward satisfying minimum income requirements.
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Wu, B., W. Mao, X. Qi, and Y. Pei. "Immigration and Oral Health in Older Adults: An Integrative Approach." Journal of Dental Research 100, no. 7 (February 4, 2021): 686–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034521990649.
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The aim of this study was to develop an integrative framework on aging, immigration, and oral health. The methodology was a critical review that used immigration as a social determinant framework through which to evaluate its impact on the oral health of older immigrants. We reviewed recent empirical evidence on factors related to oral health in older immigrants. In a systematic search across multiple databases, we identified 12 eligible studies in this review. Among the eligible studies, most were conducted among East Asian immigrants (8 articles), followed by non-Hispanic White/European origin (2 articles), Mexican origins (1 article), and Iran and other Middle East regions (1 article). The research revealed knowledge gaps in the evidence base, including the dynamic relationship between acculturation and oral health, the role of environmental factors on oral health for immigrants, psychosocial stressors and their relationship with oral health, and oral health literacy, norms, and attitude to dental care utilization and oral hygiene practices. The development of the integrative framework suggests the pathways/mechanisms through which immigration exerts influences on oral health in later life. This provides opportunities for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to gain greater insights into the complex associations between immigration and oral health among older adults.
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Sorrell, Tanya R. "Mexican Traditional Medicine: Application of a Traditional and Complementary Medicine System to Improve Opioid Use Treatment in Latinos." Journal of Holistic Nursing 38, no. 4 (May 2, 2020): 384–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898010120911540.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Initially considered a primarily rural, White issue, opioid use and overdose rates have risen faster for Latinos (52.5%) than for White, non-Hispanics (45.8%) from 2014 to 2016. With an estimated 45% to 65% of Latino immigrant families using Mexican traditional medicine (MTM) practices before seeking Western medical services, these practices could be used as a method to increase access to care and improve outcomes. Practice Model: Although not well known, MTM is founded on a defined set of theoretical tenets that comprise a whole medical system as defined by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Whole medical systems are characterized as complete systems of theory and practice that develop independently and parallel allopathic medicine. Classifying MTM as a whole medical system to encourage further research and utilization of traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) practices could help improve health outcomes for Latino patients. Specific T&CM practices that could be used in opioid treatment integration to decrease stigma and increase treatment utilization are then discussed. Conclusion: Incorporating T&CM practices will allow more effective, culturally competent and culturally sensitive health care provision for Latino immigrants in the United States to decrease stigma, improve health care outcomes, and address disparities in opioid use treatment.
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Albrekt Larsen, Christian, Morten Ringgaard, Prashanth Kantharooban, Aynkaran Anton Senthilnathan, Tim Sloth Johansen, and John Linaa Holbøll. "Når hudfarven forsvinder: Hvordan etnisk blandede folkeskoler skaber tillid til indvandrere." Dansk Sociologi 24, no. 2 (May 11, 2013): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v24i2.4589.
Full textAbstract:
Artiklen analyserer, hvorvidt blandede skoler skaber tillid mellem etniske danskere og indvandrere. Ved hjælp af et eksperimentelt design dokumenteres det, at etnisk danske børn på homogene ”hvide” skoler har mindre tillid til personer med anden hudfarve, mens den tilsvarende effekt er fraværende blandt etnisk danske børn på heterogene skoler. Det støtter den såkaldte kontakthypotese og afkræfter den såkaldte konflikthypotese. Der var ikke en klar effekt fra venskabsrelationer på tværs af hudfarve og erfaring med ikke-hvide lærere. Derfor argumenteres for, at effekten skal forklares med, at heterogene skoler ophæver grænsedragninger mellem ind- og ud-grupper baseret på hudfarve. Endelig viser artiklen, at effekten fra hudfarve er signifikant mindre hos elever, der er socialiseret til at være tillidsfulde.
ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Christian Albrekt Larsen, Morten Ringgaard, Prashanth Kantharooban, Aynkaran Anton Senthilnathan, Tim Sloth Johansen and John Linaa Holbøll:
When Skin Color Disappears: How Ethnically Mixed Public Schools Create Trust of Immigrants
The article examines the extent to which ethnically mixed schools generate trust between ethnic Danes and immigrants. It is based on an experimental research design. Ethnic Danes in homogeneous “white” schools have less trust in “non-white” persons, while this is not the case in ethnically mixed schools. The results support the contact-thesis and contradict the conflict-thesis of trust in immigrants. This effect cannot be explained by stronger inter-ethnic friendships or experience with non-Danish teachers. The article argues that the most plausible explanation of these results is that the pupils in the mixed schools simply do not apply skin color in constructing in- and out-groups. The analysis also shows that the negative effect of skin color is weaker among pupils with a general disposition to trust.
Key words: Contact thesis, conflict thesis, mixed schools, trust, experimental design.
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Baek, Jihye, Oejin Shin, Sojung Park, BoRin Kim, and Byeongju Ryu. "AFFORDABLE SENIOR HOUSING AND HEALTH AMONG LOW-INCOME OLDER IMMIGRANTS: THE ROLE OF SERVICE USES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3444.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Older immigrants in affordable senior housing face a unique set of challenges due to their demographic, social, economic, and cultural diversity. Existing knowledge about health among this unique but increasing aging subgroup population is extremely limited. Focusing on older immigrants subgroups (Asian and Russian older adults) in affordable senior housing in St.Louis, MO, this study aimed to examine to what extent different ethnic minority elders’ health varies by their uses of services available in the housing. Data came from the survey interviews at a subsidized independent senior housing in St. Louis (n=136). Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to examine ethnic differences in self-rated health and the role of services for the health of low-income ethnic minor elders in senior housing. Compared to the non-immigrants (White/African older adults), Asian (b=0.67, p<.05) and Russian residents (b=0.89, p<.05) were likely to have lower self-rated health. Interestingly, for both ethnic groups, they report a better self-rated health when they use supportive daily service (i.e. e.g. meal delivery, transportation, housekeeping and others) (b= -0.84, p<.05 for Asian, b=- 0.90, p<.05.for Russian) and social service (e.g. recreational, wellness, and exercise programs) (b= -0.73, p<.05 for Asian, b=- 0.83, p<.05.for Russian). Our findings point to an important role of services for the health of low-income ethnic minor elders in senior housing. As the first attempt to examine services that explicitly focus on ethnic minority elders, our study provides meaningful implications for future research on the health and service needs for older immigrant populations in senior housing.
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Jamieson, Thomas, Dakota Caldwell, Barbara Gomez-Aguinaga, and Cristián Doña-Reveco. "Race, Ethnicity, Nativity and Perceptions of Health Risk during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the US." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 22, 2021): 11113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111113.
Full textAbstract:
Previous research demonstrates that pandemics, including COVID-19, have disproportionate effects on communities of color, further exacerbating existing healthcare inequities. While increasing evidence points to the greater threat posed by COVID-19 to Latinx communities, less remains known about how identification as Latinx and migration status influence their perception of risk and harm. In this article, we use cross-sectional data from a large national probability sample to demonstrate a large positive association between ethnic identity and migration status and perceptions of harm from COVID-19 in the US. We find that individuals identifying as Hispanic/Latinx and first-generation immigrants report significantly greater risks of becoming infected by COVID-19 in the next three months, and dying from the virus if they do contract it. Further, subgroup analysis reveals that health risks are especially felt by individuals of Mexican descent, who represent the largest share of US Latinxs. Collectively, our results provide evidence about how the pandemic places increased stress on people from Latinx and immigrant communities relative to White non-Hispanic individuals in the US.