Journal articles on the topic 'Non-verbal sentences'
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El Bouzaïdi Tiali, Samuel, Elsa Spinelli, Fanny Meunier, Richard Palluel-Germain, and Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti. "Influence of homophone processing during auditory language comprehension on executive control processes: A dual-task paradigm." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): e0254237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254237.
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In the present preregistered study, we evaluated the possibility of a shared cognitive mechanism during verbal and non-verbal tasks and therefore the implication of domain-general cognitive control during language comprehension. We hypothesized that a behavioral cost will be observed during a dual-task including both verbal and non-verbal difficult processing. Specifically, to test this claim, we designed a dual-task paradigm involving: an auditory language comprehension task (sentence comprehension) and a non-verbal Flanker task (including congruent and incongruent trials). We manipulated sentence ambiguity and evaluated if the ambiguity effect modified behavioral performances in the non-verbal Flanker task. Under the assumption that ambiguous sentences induce a more difficult process than unambiguous sentences, we expected non-verbal flanker task performances to be impaired only when a simultaneous difficult language processing is performed. This would be specifically reflected by a performance cost during incongruent Flanker items only during ambiguous sentence presentation. Conversely, we observed a facilitatory effect for the incongruent Flanker items during ambiguous sentence suggesting better non-verbal inhibitory performances when an ambiguous sentence was simultaneously processed. Exploratory data analysis suggests that this effect is not only related to a more difficult language processing but also to the previous (n-1) Flanker item. Indeed, results showed that incongruent n-1 Flanker items led to a facilitation of the incongruent synchronized Flanker items only when ambiguous sentences were conjointly presented. This result, even if it needs to be corroborated in future studies, suggests that the recruitment of executive control mechanisms facilitates subsequent executive control implication during difficult language processing. The present study suggests a common executive control mechanism during difficult verbal and non-verbal tasks.
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Stella, Marianna, and Paul E. Engelhardt. "Use of Parsing Heuristics in the Comprehension of Passive Sentences: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences." Brain Sciences 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020209.
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This study examined the comprehension of passive sentences in order to investigate whether individuals with dyslexia rely on parsing heuristics in language comprehension to a greater extent than non-dyslexic readers. One hundred adults (50 dyslexics and 50 controls) read active and passive sentences, and we also manipulated semantic plausibility. Eye movements were monitored, while participants read each sentence, and afterwards, participants answered a comprehension question. We also assessed verbal intelligence and working memory in all participants. Results showed dyslexia status interacted with sentence structure and plausibility, such that participants with dyslexia showed significantly more comprehension errors with passive and implausible sentence. With respect to verbal intelligence and working memory, we found that individuals with lower verbal intelligence were overall more likely to make comprehension errors, and individuals with lower working memory showed particular difficulties with passive and implausible sentences. For reading times, we found that individuals with dyslexia were overall slower readers. These findings suggest that (1) individuals with dyslexia do rely on heuristics to a greater extent than do non-dyslexic individuals, and (2) individual differences variables (e.g., verbal intelligence and working memory) are also related to the use of parsing heuristics. For the latter, lower ability individuals tended to be more consistent with heuristic processing (i.e., good-enough representations).
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Cedden, Gülay, and Özgür Aydın. "Do non-native languages have an effect on word order processing in first language Turkish?" International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 4 (May 3, 2017): 804–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917703454.
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Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: Existing studies on sentence processing in bi-/multilinguals are typically centred on the first language (L1) influence on second language sentence processing. However, there is almost no evidence of influence in the other direction. The aim of this study is to find out whether being mono-, bi-, tri- or plurilingual has an effect on reading times (RTs) in the native language. To this end, Turkish native speakers’ RTs are measured when processing Turkish canonical subject–object–verb sentences, subject–verb–object (SVO) sentences where constituents move to post-verbal positions and SVO– ki sentences where post-verbal constituents are base generated. Design/Methodology/Approach: A non-cumulative self-paced reading task is used in order to measure the RTs of a sentence. The area of interest contains (i) the critical verb, (ii) the verb of the complement clause and (iii) the argument or adjunct of the complement clause (32 sentences + 12 filler sentences). All elements are matched according to their frequency of occurrence and their syllable structure. Data and Analysis: Analyses of variance are performed on RTs of the area of interest. Findings/Conclusions: One of the main findings in this study is that all three sentence types are processed significantly slower by the monolingual group than by the bi- and multilingual groups. We infer that non-native languages have a positive effect on processing the word order in the L1, which might lead to a faster processing in the three sentence types. The findings are discussed in terms of working memory and the “gap-driven strategy”. Originality and Significance/Implications: The results are interpreted from psycholinguistic and syntactic points of view.
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Novita, Haeriyah. "PEMEROLEHAN KALIMAT BAHASA INDONESIA ANAK USIA LIMA TAHUN (THE ACQUISITION OF INDONESIAN SENTENCE CHILDREN AGED FIVE YEARS)." JURNAL BAHASA, SASTRA DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA 8, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbsp.v8i2.5510.
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AbstractAcquisition is a process of mastery of language done by children naturally when he learned the firstlanguage or his mother tongue. In this case, there are two processes that occur in it, namely the acquisitionof language and language learning. Thus, language acquisition is concerned with the first language, whilelanguage learning is concerned with a second language. This study aims to describe the acquisition ofphrases and sentences of Indonesian children aged five years.This research uses a qualitative approachwith descriptive research type of analysis. All data obtained from the speech of a five-year-old childas a source of data. Techniques refer libat proficient, recording techniques, and techniques record is atechnique used by the author to collect data in this study.The results of this study found variations ofphrases and sentences. The phrase in question is a phrase consisting of a nominal phrase, a verbal phrase,a numeral phrase, an adverbial phrase, a preposition phrase, and an adjective phrase. In addition, thefive-year-old also has sentences consisting of core sentences and non-core sentences, single sentences andcompound sentences, major sentences and minor sentences, verbal sentences and non-verbal sentences,as well as free and bound sentences.Thus, the results of this study can be used as one of the comparativematerials with subsequent studies that will examine the acquisition of Indonesian sentence of five-yearoldchild although the aspects studied vary.Key words: earnings, sentences, children five yearsAbstrakPemerolehan Kalimat Bahasa Indonesia Anak Usia Lima Tahun. Pemerolehan merupakan prosespenguasaan bahasa yang dilakukan oleh anak secara natural pada waktu ia belajar bahasa pertamaatau bahasa ibunya. Dalam hal ini, terdapat dua proses yang terjadi di dalamnya, yakni pemerolehanbahasa dan pembelajaran bahasa. Jadi, pemerolehan bahasa berkenaan dengan bahasa pertama,sedangkan pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan pemerolehan frasa dan kalimatbahasa Indonesia anak usia lima tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif denganjenispenelitian deskriptif analisis. Seluruh data yang didapatkan dari ujaran-ujaran anak usia lima tahunsebagai sumber data. Teknik simak libat cakap, teknik rekam, dan teknik catat merupakan teknik yangdigunakan penulis untuk mengumpulkan data dalam penelitian ini.Hasil penelitian ini ditemukannyabentuk-bentuk frasa dan kalimat yang bervariasi. Frasa yang dimaksud adalah frasa yang terdiri darifrasa nominal, frasa verbal, frasa numeral, frasa adverbial, frasa preposisi, dan frasa adjektival. Selainitu anak usia lima tahun tersebut juga sudah memperoleh kalimat yang terdiri dari kalimat inti dankalimat non-inti, kalimat tunggal dan kalimat majemuk, kalimat mayor dan kalimat minor, kalimat246verbal dan kalimat non-verbal, serta kalimat bebas dan terikat. Dengan demikian, hasil penelitian inidapat dijadikan salah satu bahan pembanding dengan penelitian-penelitian selanjutnya yang akanmengkaji tentang pemerolehan kalimat bahasa Indonesia anak usia lima tahun walaupun dengan aspekyang dikaji berbeda-beda.
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Dalmi, Gréte. "What does it take to be a copula?" Yearbook of the Poznan Linguistic Meeting 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/yplm-2016-0001.
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Abstract This paper argues that copular sentences without an overt copular predicate do project a VP with a phonologically null head, hence so-called “verbless” copular sentences are illusory. Data from Standard Arabic, Spanish, Maltese, Russian, Jamaican Creole, Finnish and Hungarian copular sentences are used to support this claim. It is also claimed here that variation between the habitual property vs. ad hoc property interpretations (traditionally called the individual level vs. stage level distinction) of non-verbal predicates found in copular sentences is closely related to the choice of the copula in multiple BE-system languages. Whilst the current accounts explain this variation by introducing an abstract aspectual operator or an incorporated abstract preposition in the functional layer of the copular predicate, the present proposal derives these interpretive differences from the presence or absence of an OPalt alternative state operator, which can bind the temporal variable of non-verbal predicates in two ways. Negation and temporal adverbials show scope ambiguity in copular sentences. They either take scope over the whole proposition or only over the non-verbal predicate. Such interpretive differences are demonstrated in Russian and Hungarian in Section 4 of this paper, however, they are taken to be valid cross-linguistically. These amibiguities cannot be explained under the “verbless copular sentence” account but fall out naturally from the “zero copula” analysis. The “alternative state” approach can be extended to dream narratives and other nonveridical contexts, which serve as alternative triggers. The existing analyses have nothing to say about such contexts.
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Dalmi, Gréte. "Ad hoc properties and locations in Maltese." Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 1 (December 30, 2015): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.5624.
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This paper aims to show that the four-way BE-system of Maltese can best be accommodated in a theory of non-verbal predication that builds on alternative states, without making any reference to the Davidsonian spatio-temporal event variable. The existing theories of non-verbal predicates put the burden of explaining the difference between the ad hoc vs. habitual interpretations either solely on the non-verbal predicate, by postulating an event variable in their lexical layer (see Kratzer 1995; Adger and Ramchand 2003; Magri 2009; Roy 2013), or solely on the copular or non-copular primary predicate, which contains an aspectual operator or an incorporated abstract preposition, responsible for such interpretive differences (Schmitt 2005, Schmitt and Miller 2007, Gallego and Uriagereka 2009, 2011, Marín 2010, Camacho 2012).
The present proposal combines Maienborn’s (2003, 2005a,b, 2011) discourse-semantic theory of copular sentences with Richardson’s (2001, 2007) analysis of non-verbal adjunct predicates in Russian, based on alternative states. Under this combined account, variation between the ad hoc vs. habitual interpretations of non-verbal predicates is derived from the presence or absence of a modal OPalt operator that can bind the temporal variable of non-verbal predicates in accessible worlds, in the sense of Kratzer (1991). In the absence of this operator, the temporal variable is bound by the T0 head in the standard way. The proposal extends to non-verbal predicates in copular sentences as well as to argument and adjunct non-verbal predicates in non-copular sentences.
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Alabaeeji, Saif. "Non-Verbal Predicate in English: Evidence from Iraqi Nominal Sentences." Arab World English Journal 8, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol8no3.2.
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AGBARA, Clara Unoalegie Bola. "The Implicitness of some Interrogative Sentences in Legislative Debates." Nile Journal of English Studies 1, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20321/nilejes.v1i1.37.
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Linguists have identified three major sentence types namely; declaratives, imperatives and interrogatives, which feature in most communication situations, whether formal or non-formal. These sentences which perform specific communicative functions, such as giving out information, giving out command/order, and requesting for information, have unique structures respectively. These functions are sometimes, manipulated to meet speakers’ situational intentions. Legislative discourse is characterized by participants who are of opposing views and yet, need to arrive at a collective decision. Arriving at a collective decision requires convincing information which will assist the participants in decision making. In the bid to provide information as well as to influence co-participants, most speakers punctuate their utterances with interrogative sentences. This paper focuses on the pragmatic functions of some non-verbal response interrogatives in legislative discourse. Using Searle’s Speech Act Theory as well as insights from literature on grammar, this paper sets out to describe the illocutionary acts performed with some interrogative sentences in legislative debates. The data used for the research are taken from the Senate Hansards of the sixth National Assembly. It was discovered that most non-verbal response interrogative sentences (rhetorical questions) are used to perform three illocutionary acts of representative, directive and expressive acts in legislative debates. The paper concludes that rhetorical sentences are important persuasive tools which influence the emotional and reasoning capacities of participants in arriving at a collective decision in legislative debates. They also have the pragmatic force of emphasis, regrets, objections and appeal.
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Pašalić, Naim. "Recognition and Naming of the Sentence Content in Deaf Children Trough Verbal and Neverbal Approach." INFLUENCE : International Journal of Science Review 2, no. 2 (August 25, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/influence.v2i2.100.
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The aim of the research is to determine the effects on the recognition and naming of certain sentence structures through a verbal and non-verbal approach, or through the use of a verbal and non-verbal communication channel. The study was conducted on a sample of 30 deaf pupils at age from 11 to 14 years. As a measurement instrument, a modified image description test was used. The test consisted of six complexes, illustrated sentences, in which the actions and subjects performing certain actions are shown in the picture sequence in a way that deaf children understand. The descriptive analysis method was used for data processing. Measures of central tendencies and variations have been made. Testing the difference between verbal and non-verbal approach was performed by t-test. The correlation between the chronological age and the recognition and naming of the spoken structures were verified through the non-verbal approach. The results of the research have shown that respondents have achieved better results in recognizing and naming spoken content using the non-verbal communication channel, that there is a statistically significant difference in the use of verbal and non-verbal communication approaches in recognizing and naming spoken content, and that there is a high correlation between the chronological age of respondents and recognizing and naming of spoken content through a non-verbal approach
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Salkić, Naim, Emira Švraka, and Arzija Pašalić. "Recognition and naming of the sentence content in deaf children through verbal and non-verbal approach." Technium Social Sciences Journal 8 (May 15, 2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v8i1.638.
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The aim of the research is to determine the effects on the recognition and naming of certain sentence structures through a verbal and non-verbal approach, or through the use of a verbal and non-verbal communication channel. The study was conducted on a sample of 30 deaf pupils at age from 11 to 14 years. As a measurement instrument, a modified image description test was used. The test consisted of six complexes, illustrated sentences, in which the actions and subjects performing certain actions are shown in the picture sequence in a way that deaf children understand. The descriptive analysis method was used for data processing. Measures of central tendencies and variations have been made. Testing the difference between verbal and non-verbal approach was performed by t-test. The correlation between the chronological age and the recognition and naming of the spoken structures were verified through the non-verbal approach. The results of the research have shown that respondents have achieved better results in recognizing and naming spoken content using the non-verbal communication channel, that there is a statistically significant difference in the use of verbal and non-verbal communication approaches in recognizing and naming spoken content, and that there is a high correlation between the chronological age of respondents and recognizing and naming of spoken content through a non-verbal approach.
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Abdoulaye, Mahamane L., Salifou Barmou, and Saoudé Souley Bida. "one-term predication for deictic identification in Hausa." Studies in African Linguistics 49, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v49i2.125886.
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This article describes a type of non-verbal predication (NVP) with a single term called "deictic identification" (for example, Abdù nee 'it’s Abdu') and which, in its basic function, is used to identify a referent present in the immediate spatial environment of the speaker. The paper shows that the one-term sentences must be distinguished from ordinary two-term specificational or equative sentences (for example, ùban Muusaa Abdù nèe 'Musa’s father is Abdu' and wannàn Abdù nee 'this is Abdu'). Indeed, the paper in particular shows that when the two types of constructions are used in non-assertive contexts, they can select two different replacive copulas. The paper also shows how the basic one-term deictic constructions acquired extended, non-deictic uses, including uses in focus-fronting constructions, where the immediate external environment is not always relevant. The paper proposes that copula nee/ cee is the sentence predicate in one-term deictic identification and is hence comparable to other one-term non-verbal predicates in Hausa, such as the presentational gàa (for example, gàa Abdù ‘here is Abdu’).
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Stephane, M., M. Kuskowski, K. McClannahan, C. Surerus, and K. Nelson. "Evaluation of speech misattribution bias in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170999081x.
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BackgroundThe attribution of self-generated speech to others could explain the experience of verbal hallucinations. To test this hypothesis, we developed a task to simultaneously evaluate (A) operations of self-other distinction and (B) operations that have the same cognitive demands as in A apart from self-other distinction. By adjusting A to B, operations of self-other distinction were specifically evaluated.MethodThirty-nine schizophrenia patients and 26 matched healthy controls were required to distinguish between self-generated, other-generated and non-generated (self or other) sentences. The sentences were in the first, second or third person and were read in a male or female voice in equal proportions. Mixed multi-level logistic regression models were used to investigate the effect of group, sentence source, pronoun and gender of the heard sentences on response accuracy.ResultsPatients differed from controls in the recognition of self-generated and other-generated sentences but not in general recognition ability. Pronoun was a significant predictor of response accuracy but without any significant interaction with group. Differences in the gender of heard sentences were not significant. Misattribution bias differentiated groups only in the self-other direction.ConclusionsThese data support the theory that misattribution of self-generated speech to others could result in verbal hallucinations. The syntactic (pronoun) factor could impact self-other distinction in subtypes of verbal hallucinations that are phenomenologically defined whereas the acoustic factor (gender of heard speech) is unlikely to affect self-other distinction.
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Klímová, Eva. "La modalità e le frasi interrogative." Romanica Cracoviensia 22, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843917rc.22.009.15641.
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Modality and Interrogative Sentences The article deals with the modal scheme of the interrogative sentence in Italian. For this purpose, the inflectional verbal mood in Italian is observed with the aim to describe the way in which it operates along with non-grammatical means in the act of indication of different illocutionary act and various modal meaning of the deontic and epistemic modality that may be associated with this sentence type. For this purpose the verbal mood is viewed within the modal scheme of a particular sentence type and as the modal centre of a type of utterance that may function as several illocutionary acts. Both direct and indirect speech acts are taken into consideration.
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Mahendra, I. Gede, Putu Devi Maharani, and I. Wayan Sidha Karya. "A structural ambiguity analysis in sentences found in the skeleton key novel." Journal of Language and Applied Linguistics 3, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22334/traverse.v3i1.50.
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As social beings, humans need other individual to survive. In social life, humans interact and communicate with each other using languages which use to ask for help or exchange information. Often in verbal or non-verbal communication, someone provides information that has two or more different meaning thus confusing the interlocutors, this condition of information call ambiguous. This study entitle “A Structural Ambiguity Analysis In Sentences Found in The Skeleton Key Novel” is aimed to identify one of the types of surface ambiguity in the structural ambiguity in sentences found in The Skeleton Key novel, and to analyze pattern of structural ambiguity in sentences that were found in The Skeleton Key novel by tree diagrams. The data of this study were analyzed by using the qualitative method. From 12 data that were found in the data source, one of the data were analyzed as the sample of this study. From six types of surface ambiguity propose by Kriedler (1998) only one of the types was analyzed for this research. It was a coordinate head with one modifier. In this research, the researcher found that the structure of sentence structure will affect the meaning of the sentence itself. Thus the analysis of sentence structure using tree diagram will produce different meaning according to intented construction in tree diagram.
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Aung, Myintzu Phyo, and Aung Lwin Moe. "New Phrase Chunking Algorithm for Myanmar Natural Language Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.548.
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Chunking is the subdivision of sentences into non recursive regular syntactical groups: verbal chunks, nominal chunks, adjective chunks, adverbial chunks and propositional chunks etc. The chunker can operate as a preprocessor for Natural Language Processing systems. This study aims to proposed new phrase chunking algorithm for Myanmar natural language processing. The developed new algorithm accepts Myanmar tagged sentence as input and generates chunks as output. Input Myanmar sentence is split into chunks by using chunk markers such as postpositions, particles and conjunction and define the type of chunks as noun chunk, verb chunk, adjective chunk, adverb chunk and conjunction chunk. The algorithm was evaluated with POS tagged Myanmar sentences based on three measures parameters. According to the results, good accuracy of Precision, Recall and F-measure were obtained with new developed algorithm.
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FURMANOVA, Polina. "FEATURES OF INANIMATE SUBJECT IN JAPANESE, ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 71(1) (2022): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2022.1.11.
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The article summarizes the main approaches to the problem of inanimate subject in Japanese. While English has a strong tendency to use inanimate subject on a daily basis, Japanese language has a lot of restrictions for this type of construction. As these restrictions seem to appear both in subjects and predicates of the sentences, the two approaches – nominal and verbal – were elaborated in order to account for the phenomena. Nominal approach accounts for the nouns, that tend to appear in the subject or object position, while verbal approach tries to find out which verbs can be used in the sentences with an inanimate subject. This article outlines the nominal approach and explains two theories that were elaborated in Japanese studies. The first theory developed by T. Tsunoda adopts referential hierarchy of Silverstein and states that although personal pronouns and nouns that indicate animate objects have a stronger tendency to become a subject of the sentence, there is a hierarchy between the nouns that name inanimate objects. For example, the nouns that indicate natural forces are more likely to become the subject of the sentence than nouns that indicate abstract notions and territory names. The second theory developed by S. Saito adopts the empathy hierarchy (hierarchy of the positions) of S. Kuno in order to account for the extending acceptance of the sentences with inanimate subject that include auxiliary verb ‘kureru’. The theory states that ‘kureru’ in such types of sentences manages to balance empathy on the non-subject participant (which is an animated entity) rather than the subject, that results into an acceptance of the type of sentences. The article also suggests that there are some similarities in the way Ukrainian and Japanese speakers tend to translate English sentences that have an inanimate subject. The article also points out the necessity for Ukrainian studies to develop its own approach to the sentences with inanimate subject, because it seems that Ukrainian language has its own restrictions on such sentences.
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Tsujimura, Natsuko. "A constructional approach to stativity in Japanese." Studies in Language 25, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 601–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.25.3.07tsu.
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This paper deals with the relationship between the formal properties and a specific meaning associated with a class of Japanese sentences that have the verbal gerund and iru ‘be’ (i.e., -te iru). These sentences are characterized by the -te iru verbal morphology on a dynamic verb and a non-volitional subject that does not participate in the event denoted by the verb. The particular stative interpretation induced by these sentences cannot be attributed to the meaning of the individual lexical items. The paper argues instead that the source of the stative meaning is better explained by a constructional view, that the meaning is attributed to the construction itself.
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SOH, HOOI LING, and HIROKI NOMOTO. "Degree achievements, telicity and the verbal prefixmeN-in Malay." Journal of Linguistics 51, no. 1 (June 4, 2014): 147–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222671400019x.
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One issue in the analysis of degree achievements is whether or not what are called degree achievements are in fact achievements (Hay, Kennedy & Levin 1999, Kearns 2007, Rothstein 2008a). In this paper, we offer evidence from Malay that they are. Our evidence involves findings about the aspectual effect of the verbal prefixmeN-in degree achievement sentences, which may receive a natural account under an approach where degree achievements are lexically specified as achievements, but are difficult to explain if they are not. We propose thatmeN-merges with a verbal projection (VP) that describes eventualities with stages, in the sense of Landman (1992, 2008). This requirement explainsmeN-'s apparent effect on telicity in degree achievement sentences and the absence of such an effect in non-degree achievement sentences. It also accounts for the restricted distribution ofmeN-in stative sentences (Soh & Nomoto 2009) and regular achievement sentences. While certain aspectual parallels exist between the verbal prefixmeN-and the English progressive, we argue thatmeN-is not a progressive marker, and that the parallels with the English progressive are due to the subcategorization requirement ofmeN-, which makes event stages more prominent in sentences withmeN-compared to ones without. Our analysis supports the treatment ofmeN-as a light verb (v) (Aldridge 2008; Nomoto 2008, 2011; Sato 2012), rather than a marker of voice (Voice) (Cole, Hermon & Yanti 2008).
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Ćevriz Nišić, Vera, and Ognjen Kurteš. "The cumulation of semantically related verbs in literary and artistic texts." JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC AND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/jolie.2019.12.1.8.
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Cumulation with verbal near-synonymous lexemes figures significantly in literary artistic texts. This is primarily due to the fact that verbal, as well as adjectival, lexemes are linguistic units with attributive characteristics, and thus offer different choices. Cumulation with reduplication of semantically related verbs is realised within the framework of sentence construction, i.e. conjunctional or non-conjunctional compound sentences. As a dominant of cumulative series, there are verbs of different semantic types, including verbs that denote speaking, verbs of displacement, of moving within space, and so on. The aim of the analysis is to describe the syntactical and stylistic specificities of this type of figurative accumulation and to single out their distinctive models within literary artistic texts.
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Kovačević, Miloš. "Asindetske rečenice kao jezičko-stilska dominanta pripovijedaka Jovana Radulovića." Узданица 18, no. 2 (November 2021): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uzdanica18.2.053k.
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The paper pinpoints and describes asyndetic sentences as the linguistic and stylistic dominant of Jovan Radulović’s short stories. The analysis was primarily syntac- tic-semantic, because its goal was to single out and describe the basic structural-semantic models of asyndetic sentences in Radulović’s literary work. The method of analysis was analytical-synthetic. The analysis of asyndetic sentences in Jovan Radulović’s short stories greatly chang- es the view on the syntactic-semantic and stylistic status of these sentences in the language in general, and in the literary-artistic style in particular. Namely, Jovan Radulović shows originality and innovation by creating as many as five structural-semantic types of asyndetic sentences. Thus Radulović forms asyndetic sentences: 1) whose clauses combine narrative and direct speech as the speech of literary characters, 2) whose clauses combine narrative and free indirect speech, 3) whose clauses represent sentences of different functional goal or purpose, 4) which combine clauses expressed by predicate and non-verbal statements, and 5) whose asyndetic clauses allow“insertion” into the structure of another asyndetic clause. And it is exactly these types that represent the main argument that asyndetic sentences are structured according to the principles of the (bound) text, and not according to the princi- ples of a complex sentence. The analysis also showed that Jovan Radulović often includes a syndetic clause in the structure of polyclause asyndetic sentences in the mesophoric or epiphoric position for semantic and / or stylistic reasons, thus forming an asyndetic-syndetic sentence, which represents a comparative basis for declaring asyndetic sentences as a stylistic device. The analysis also showed that Jovan Radulović uses three orthographic signs for syntactic delimitation of clauses without conjuntions in the asyndetic sentence, namely commas, dashes and semicolons, where the comma is the most common and structurally- stylistically unmarked sign, while dash and semicolon are always used intentionally: for a special or structural or semantic, or stylistic emphasis on the role of one of the clauses within the whole asyndetic sentence.
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Mlakar, Izidor, Matej Rojc, Simona Majhenič, and Darinka Verdonik. "Discourse markers in relation tonon-verbal behavior." Gesture 20, no. 1 (November 22, 2021): 103–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.20018.mla.
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Abstract The research proposed in this paper focuses on pragmatic interlinks between discourse markers and non-verbal behavior. Although non-verbal behavior is recognized to add non-redundant information and social interaction is not merely recognized as the transmission of words and sentences, the evidence regarding grammatical/linguistic interlinks between verbal and non-verbal concepts are vague and limited to restricted domains. This is even more evident when non-verbal behavior acts in the foreground but contributes to the structure and organization of the discourse. This research focuses on investigating the multimodal nature of discourse markers by observing their linguistic and paralinguistic properties in informal discourse. We perform a quantitative analysis with case studies for representative cases. The results show that discourse markers and background non-verbal behavior tend to follow a similar functionality in interaction. Therefore, by examining them together, one gains more insight into their true intent despite the high multifunctionality of both non-verbal behavior and DMs.
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Machado, Thais Helena, Aline Carvalho Campanha, Paulo Caramelli, and Maria Teresa Carthery-Goulart. "Brief intervention for agrammatism in Primary Progressive Nonfluent Aphasia: A case report." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 8, no. 3 (September 2014): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642014dn83000014.
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The non-fluent and agrammatic variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (NFPPA) is characterized by reduced verbal production with deficits in building grammatically correct sentences, involving dysfunctions in syntactic and morphological levels of language. There are a growing number of studies about non-pharmacological alternatives focusing on the rehabilitation of functional aspects or specific cognitive impairments of each variant of PPA. This study reports a short-term treatment administered to a patient with NFPPA focusing on the production of sentences. The patient had significant reduction in verbal fluency, use of keywords, phrasal and grammatical simplifying as well as anomia. Using the method of errorless learning, six sessions were structured to stimulate the formation of sentences in the present and past with the cloze technique. The patient had improvement restricted to the strategy, with 100% accuracy on the trained phrases and generalization to untrained similar syntactic structure after training. These results persisted one month after the treatment.
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Jawed Abed, Fatima. "تجزيه ى روساختى جمله فارسى analyzethe Surface Structure of Persian Language." Journal of the College of languages, no. 42 (June 1, 2020): 308–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2020.0.42.0308.
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جمله در زبان فارسی اين همهءچيز كه در معنى ومفهوم مستقل مى باشد . جمله فارسى از اركان مى باشد. كه ساختمان جمله فارسى ازاين اركان مى باشد.که اركان جمله اين اجزاى جمله فارسى است همه اجزاى جمله در جاى هاى مختلف مى باشد. كه اقسام جمله فارسى سه اقسام است . اقسام جمله ازجهت معنى،ازجهت فعل،اقسام جمله ازجهت معنى مستقل است. روش تجزيه ی روساختى جمله فارسى يعني تجزيه ى اجزاى جمله فارسى به نمونه هاى مختلف ازحيث واژهاى جمله است . مى توان كَفت كه تجزيه جمله به دوجهت نهاد وكَزاره ياقيد وكَزاره ياجمله هاى مركب پايه است. Abstract The sentence is one building unit in a music that has a full meaning which in the end takes a long silence .The sentence bases made the sentences with intransitive verb ( non connection ) and the sentences are made with general verb (connection ) .The sentence parts :Verbal sentence –supportive sentence , sentence without a verb . The method of divide the sentence into these syntax units ( face division ) or (analysis and to each of the syntax units resulted from dividing the sentence to sections made to the end the characterizes the smaller syntax units ,the words .The method of analyze the surface structure of Persian language sentence is exchange method.
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Sio, Joanna Ut-Seong. "The Dual Identity of the Post-Verbal Can1 in Cantonese: A Non-Specific Resultative Particle and a Free Choice Item." Studies in Chinese Linguistics 41, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scl-2020-0005.
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Abstract This paper discusses the syntactic and semantic properties of the two functions of the post-verbal can1 in Cantonese. The first function of the post-verbal can1 is a non-specific resultative particle that denotes any degree on a “bodily harm” scale. The non-specific nature of can1 ensures that the scale is always a simplex scale (containing only a beginning and an end) and thus [V-can1] predicates behave like achievement verbs. The second function of the post-verbal can1 is a free choice item (FCI). It appears only in non-episodic sentences, specifically in dou1 (iota operator)-conditionals or zau6 (necessity operator)-conditionals.
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Muliana, I. Nyoman. "Ideologi di Balik Iklan Komersial Berbahasa Bali." Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) 10, no. 2 (October 10, 2020): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jkb.2020.v10.i02.p04.
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This study aims to reveal the meaning behind verbal, non-verbal sign, and ideological contained in advertisements written in Balinese-language. This study applied a critical descriptive approach. Eleven Balinese-language advertisements are the study data obtained from the field-observation and analyzed qualitatively by using semiotics, semantics and ideology theories. The results showed that the emergence of grammatical adjective category jaen dominated all culinary data used in this study. Jaen (delicious) is a taste to express food culinary production. There are two advertisements that use the word Jaen metaphorically, such as an expression for orgasmic activity in sexual intercourse, which is contextually understandable. Furthermore, certain verbs used are quite varied and contained a different ideology. Based on the sentence structure, all the study samples used simple sentences and an imperative sentence. There is no rhetorical device in the whole advertisements, but the ideology that stands out is to prioritize local content to persuade consumers.
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Soares, Nuno Verdial. "Nomes simples sujeitos pré-verbais." Linguística: Revista de Estudos Linguísticos da Universidade do Porto 2 (2022): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/16466195/ling2022v2a13.
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Research on Bare Noun Phrases (BNs) is focused on English and have Carlson (1977) as its origin: the readings (generic or existential) of these nouns depend on the type of predicate they occur with (Kind-, Individual- or Stage-level).Most authors use the Determiner Phrase, including number information, as the key to the readings BNs may get. The D position contains non-checked features which, in European Portuguese (EP), are not checked by Noun-raising to D.According to Oliveira & Cunha (2003), Kind nouns in EP crucially depend on the presence of a definite determiner. Thus, BNs are not Kind Nouns and can never be assigned generic readings.Pre-verbal Subject BNs, though, may occur in EP with Kind- and Individual-level predicates and characterizing sentences – as categorical judgements – getting a non-existential reading by being marked topics. But they also occur, getting an existential reading, in sentences where they are discourse sub-topics in descriptive contexts, like ‘scripts’, in Fillmore’s (1985) sense.The survival of BNs in the pre-verbal position depends on the combination with both Aktionsart values and types of predicates with which they occur. The [+habitual] feature determines the possibility of movement of the subject BN to a pre-verbal (Spec, TP or, as I suggest, TopP) position. This position is non-argumental and thus escapes the government or asymmetric c-command by a verb or a preposition constraint, allowing for a non-existential reading of the noun. The non-checked features in the empty D position are legitimated by a feature in TopP, namely the ‘aboutness’ feature (Reinhart 1981). They are a part of ‘common ground management’ (Bianchi & Frascarelli 2010). They are ‘aboutness topics’ or ‘contrast topics’ (Büring 1999), and they occur in root-sentences or epistemic subordinates.The availability of a non-existential reading of pre-verbal Subject BNs of activity predicates also depends on a parallelism effect: BNs as Objects facilitate a non-existential reading of a Subject BN when occurring with a [+habitual] feature predicate. The topicalization construction, as described by Duarte (1987, 1996), corresponds to the syntactic behavior of BNs in pre-verbal position getting a non-existential reading.In descriptive contexts, BNs occur as sub-topics of a ‘script’ (Fillmore 1985), i.e., they are information resulting from a stereotype situation. According to Abbot et al. (1985), ‘scripts’ are structured in a hierarchy. Lower levels are in a partonomy relation with higher levels. Thus, an explicit or implicit situation allows for the inclusion of low-level explicit information which may not be inferred. They get existential readings and are reconstructed in a post-verbal position. The sentences are thetic judgements. The pre-verbal position makes them prominent and their position in Spec, TP is allowed by an accumulation of events or states or by a logical connection in which there is no lexical connector. The paratactic connection follows from the meaning hierarchic created by the ‘script’. In these cases, when BNs co-occur with the Indicative Present, it does not have a [+gnomic]/ [+habitual] feature.
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Teslitska, Halyna Illivna. "Scientific and theoretical fundamentals of the onomasiological parameters study of adjectives as a part of speech word-class." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 14, no. 24 (2021): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2021-14-24-157-162.
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The article focuses on the study of the phenomenon of syntactic complication of a simple sentence structure by semi-predicative adjectival components (traditionally known as detached participle and verbal adverb phrases) with the inherent potential predicativeness. The scientific relevance of the investigation is predetermined by a general tendency of modern linguistic studies towards the problems of semantic syntax, and by the attempt to elaborate a semantic theory of a sentence with regard to the central place of syntax in grammar, asymmetry of a language sign, deep categories of sentence. Therefore, the analysis of simple sentences complicated by semi-predicative adjectival components (SАC) is predefined foremost by their ability to distinguish priorities of a personality in his/her act of communication during which a speaker differentiates their propositions as dynamic or static, full-sentenced or elliptical. Semi-predicativeness is defined as a syntactic category of a simple (mono-predicative) complicated sentence, that has acquired formal features, namely, its structuring according to a certain grammatical pattern, where the participle, the verbal adverb, the adjective or the noun with an appositive function take a central position; its intonation of detachment; its syntactic autonomy and disjunction. In this respect, SAC is interpreted as embodied through the detachment of mono- or multi-lexeme syntactic formations appearing as a result of shortening of a simple elementary sentence into a non-sentence proposition. A central position in it is occupied by a secondary attributive syntaxeme represented by an adjective, that is grammatically and semantically related to a basic part of a simple complicated sentence and it illustrates secondary predicative-attributive relations (sometimes bearing adverbial features). The scientific novelty of the research results consists in the definition of SAC based on its formally-grammatical, semantic-syntactical and functional features; the determination of outer syntagmatic efficiency of the adjective in the structure of a simple complicated sentence; the highlighting of models that underline valency potential of adjectives within the limits of a semi-predicative construction, and also their distribution through valency-not-predefined components. The article explores and contains theoretical principles of the research of the adjective as a separate part of speech. Detachment and semi-predicativeness have been characterized as formally-syntactic categories of a simple sentence complicated by SAC; secondary predication has been analysed as a marker of semantic complication of simple sentences with SAC. Functional potential of semi-predicative adjectival components in the structure of a simple sentence has been described.
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JANKE, VIKKI, and LAURA R. BAILEY. "Effects of discourse on control." Journal of Linguistics 53, no. 3 (September 21, 2016): 533–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226716000281.
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This study examined discourse effects on obligatory and non-obligatory control interpretations. Seventy participants undertook three online forced-choice surveys, which monitored preferred interpretations in complement control, verbal gerund subject control, long-distance control and sentence-final temporal adjunct control. Survey 1 ascertained their baseline interpretations of the empty category in these constructions. Survey 2 primed the critical sentences used in survey 1 with a weakly established topic of discourse and survey 3 primed them with a strongly established one. Reference assignment in complement control remained consistent across all three conditions, illustrating that pragmatics does not infiltrate this structurally regulated and syntactically unambiguous construction. Changes in interpretation were found in the remaining three constructions. An accessibility-motivated scale of influence, combining three independent discourse factors (topichood, competition and linear distance) was created to model reference determination in verbal gerund subject control and long-distance control. The results for temporal adjunct control are novel. They revealed a much stronger susceptibility to pragmatic interference than that reported in the literature yet the construction behaved differently from non-obligatory control under discourse pressure. We propose a structural account for sentence-final temporal adjunct control, which permits the evident interpretation shift while still excluding arbitrary and sentence-external interpretations.
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Hagiwara, Hiroko, Takahiro Soshi, Masami Ishihara, and Kuniyasu Imanaka. "A Topographical Study on the Event-related Potential Correlates of Scrambled Word Order in Japanese Complex Sentences." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 2 (February 2007): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.2.175.
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One of the most fundamental and universal properties of human language is a phenomenon called displacement. In the present study, we used multichannel event-related potentials (ERPs) to identify the nature of this phenomenon with Japanese, a subject-object-verb (SOV) language of relatively free word order. The ERPs of sentences of canonical word order (CC) were compared with those of non-canonical word order in two types of Japanese complex sentences; namely, in those which can be described as being in a middle-scrambled condition (MSC) and in those in a long-scrambled condition (LSC). The sustained anterior negativity (SAN) and the P600 in the pregap position were observed in the LSC, compared to the CC, and they are consistent with previous findings. The SAN, exhibiting a tripartite nature in morphology and scalp distribution, mainly reflected a storage cost of scrambled elements in sentence comprehension. The subsequent P600 had a left fronto-temporal maximum, distinguished from a posterior P600, taken as a reflector of the thematic role assignment in previous related studies. It is argued that the P600 in the present study reflects a cost of structural integration intensively depending on the case marker information. A compositional interpretation of sentence meanings was also observed, reflected in an anterior negativity at the postgap verbal position, which cannot be differentiated at the pregap verbal position in the languages of subject-verb-object (SVO) word order.
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Berninger, Virginia W., Robert D. Abbott, Amy Augsburger, and Noelia Garcia. "Comparison of Pen and Keyboard Transcription Modes in Children with and without Learning Disabilities." Learning Disability Quarterly 32, no. 3 (August 2009): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27740364.
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Fourth graders with learning disabilities in transcription (handwriting and spelling), LD-TD, and without LD-TD (non-LD), were compared on three writing tasks (letters, sentences, and essays), which differed by level of language, when writing by pen and by keyboard. The two groups did not differ significantly in Verbal IQ but did in handwriting, spelling, and composing achievement. Although LD-TD and non-LD groups did not differ in total time for producing letters by pen or keyboard, both groups took longer to compose sentences and essays by keyboard than by pen. Students in both groups tended to show the same pattern of results for amount written as a larger sample of typically developing fourth graders who composed longer essays by pen. Results for that sample, which also included typically developing second and sixth graders, showed that effects of transcription mode vary with level of language and within level of language by grade level for letters and sentences. However, consistently from second to fourth to sixth grade, children wrote longer essays with faster word production rate by pen than by keyboard. In addition, fourth and sixth graders wrote more complete sentences when writing by pen than by keyboard, and this relative advantage for sentence composing in text was not affected by spelling ability. Implications of the results for using computers for accommodations or specialized instruction for students with LD-TD are discussed.
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Izre'el, Shlomo. "The syntax of existential constructions." Journal of Speech Sciences 11 (July 11, 2022): e022001. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/joss.v11i00.16181.
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This study, in two parts, endeavors a novel analysis of existential constructions, based on a different theoretical setting of clause structure, where the predicate is taken as a necessary and sufficient constituent of the clause. Leaning on this perception, the analyses of existential constructions developed here tries to overcome the discrepancy between form and (semantic and informational) meaning in Hebrew existential constructions. The main part of the study deals with affirmative existential-presentative constructions, used to introduce referents into the discourse. Most of the constructions have been analyzed as consisting of an existential constituent, viewed as a modal marker, and a pivot, regarded as the core component of the predicate domain. This analysis is shown to be valid for both the existential marker jeʃ and for its suppletive verbal forms, derived from √hjj ‘be’. A distinction is made between verbal forms with non-referential and referential verb-bound person markers, where the latter, found with expected, known or given pivots, function as focus marking devices, coming in complementary distribution with prosodic marking of focus. Thus, presentative-existential sentences are formed as unipartite sentences, consisting of only a predicate domain. The last two sections of Part I deal with constructions where the existential constituent follows the pivot and with constructions where the pivot is definite. Part II deals with other existential constructions, including negative constructions; bipartite existential sentences; existential constituents as sole constituents in a sentence; existential constituents with clitic referential markers; and the use of existential markers as interjections or discourse markers.
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Bakir, Murtadha J. "The multifunctionality of fii in Gulf Pidgin Arabic." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 29, no. 2 (September 30, 2014): 410–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.29.2.08bak.
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The paper is a descriptive account of the various grammatical functions of the particle fii in the grammar of Gulf Pidgin Arabic, the contact system that has developed in the Arab countries of the Arabian Gulf for use between the Arabic-speaking native citizens and the expatriate workforce in these countries. It aims at discussing the grammatical multifunctionality of this element and the factors behind the expansion of its grammatical functions, when it was adopted from the lexifier Gulf Arabic. In Gulf Arabic, fii is used as a preposition and as an existential predicate. When it was adopted into GPA, fii also assumed the role of a possession marker and predication marker in non-verbal subject-predicate sentences and sentences with verbal predicates. A similar expansion in grammatical roles has affected its negative counterpart maafii, which is used as a negative of fii in its role as an existential predicate in Gulf Arabic. In GPA the use of maafii has also been expanded so that it is now used as a universal negator in the language, regardless of the predicate or sentence type. The paper investigates the factors that motivated this extension in the uses of fii/maafii and argues that it is not transfer-induced. Rather, language-internal motivation and universal tendencies are more legitimate candidates for the forces lying behind this process.
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Diah Anggraeni, Alifania, and Devi Hellystia. "The Representation of Fantasy Comedy in Movie Posters Entitled Turning Red Using Semiotics Theory." JADEs Journal of Academia in English Education 3, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jades.v3i2.4729.
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This research aims to identify the representation of fantasy comedy and explain the sign system to represent the fantasy comedy that is found in Turning Red movie posters. This research was descriptive qualitative because the result was discussed descriptively. The data of this research was the signifier and signifier, verbal signs represented by the text which consists of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences on the posters, and the non-verbal signs represented by the picture. Then, the color meaning of fantasy comedy in the Turning Red movie posters. From this research, we can understand the representation of fantasy comedy about the signifier and signified using Ferdinand de Saussure’s semiotics theory, and the analysis of verbal and non-verbal signs using Gillian Dyer’s theory in the movie posters. Then, the analysis of the color meaning using Sean Adams’ theory. The findings show that this research found 98 data which are presented in three points. The first is the signifier and signified with 28 data, the second is verbal signs with 14 data, and the non-verbal signs with 44 data. The third is the color meanings with 12 data in the Turning Red movie posters.
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Tajsner, Przemysław. "On focus marking and predication. Evidence from Polish with some notes on Hausa." Lingua Posnaniensis 57, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/linpo-2015-0006.
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Abstract Purpose: The primary aim of the paper is to provide a new, derivational analysis of two types of Polish sentences with the occurrence of a particle to, which syntactically code focus and topic. These are: to-clefts (To Janek napisał list. ‘It was Janek who wrote the letter’), and topic-to sentences (Janek to napisał list. ‘As for Janek, he wrote the letter’). The secondary aim is to reflect on the relevance of the isomorphism of focus markers and non-verbal copulas in Polish with some reference to Hausa. Method: The approach follows a minimalist method but departs from cartographic accounts with dedicated heads in sentence left-periphery. Instead, it postulates that focus and topic are interpretive by-effects of Specification Predication. In this, the paper extends and modifies Kiss’s (2006, 2010) central idea that focusing is predication. Result & Conclusion: The account proves successful in explaining a few syntactic constraints, doing so in a simple, unitary fashion. Viewing focus as a derivative of predication is a step towards understanding the relation between narrow syntax and information structure.
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Frahesti, Dian, and Harum Natasha. "Teacher's Reinforcement in Teaching English at High School Level." Lingua Susastra 1, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ls.v1i1.4.
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This study aims to determine the teacher's reinforcement in teaching English at the high school level. This is important to do because strengthening is one of the strategies that teachers can apply in increasing interest and motivation to learn to achieve satisfactory student achievement. This research uses qualitative methods with descriptive techniques. In data collection, researchers conducted interviews and observations on teachers of SMA Islam Negeri 2 Kuantan Singingi to determine the components of reinforcement used by teachers in learning English. The results of this study indicate that the English teacher uses verbal and non-verbal reinforcement in learning English. For verbal reinforcement, the teacher uses reinforcement with words and reinforcement with sentences. For non-verbal reinforcement, the teacher uses gesture reinforcement, closeness strengthening, contact strengthening, activity reinforcement, and token reinforcement. The reinforcement most often used by teachers in teaching English was reinforcement with words, while the reinforcement that was rarely used by teachers was token reinforcement.
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Mohri, Mehryar. "La Coreference et L'aspect." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 14, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.14.2.10meh.
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COREFERENCE AND ASPECT We present some of the complex non-local dependencies between the elements of sentences in French, and especially their effect on coreference. Some of the parameters involved in these aspectual dependencies are listed and analysed. We then show that a more precise analysis including a simultaneous study of noun and verbal phrases is required.
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Ranchhod, Elisabete. "Groupes nominaux négatifs issus de la réduction de verbes supports." Verbes supports 27, no. 2 (June 10, 2005): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.27.2.10ran.
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On the basis of general syntactic operations, within Z. S. Harris framework, we establish, for Portuguese, a syntactic relation between negative NPs, headed by a predicative noun (e.g. A não ratificação desse tratado por parte de alguns países; The non-ratification of that treaty by some countries), and negative support verb sentences (Não houve ratificação desse tratado por parte de alguns países; There was no ratification of that treaty by some countries). Support verb sentences, in turn, correspond to the nominalization of negative verbal (and adjectival) sentences (Alguns países não ratificaram esse tratado; Some countries did not ratify that treaty). Such an approach also clarifies the linguistic status of the element não (non) occurring in negative noun phrases, with predicative nouns, a linguistic fact mentioned sporadically by grammarians, and treated by lexicographers in a totally inconsistent way. Theoretical data were verified experimentally for Portuguese, English and French, on real text corpora, and the results confirm the consistency of the analysis.
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Choueiri, Lina. "The Pronominal Copula in Arabic." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 8, no. 1 (2016): 101–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-00801005.
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The literature on the syntax of verbless predication in Arabic is rich, but little attention has been given to the ‘pronominal copula’, PRON. Its main characteristics are well-known: it only takes the form of third person independent pronouns; it is limited to equational sentences, in which the predicate is a definite noun phrase; and it must always occur between the subject and the predicate nominal. A standard view (e.g. Eid 1991, and more recently, Ouhalla 2013) has been to assume that PRON, like its verbal counterpart KN, realizes subject agreement in T. In this paper, I examine the syntax of PRON and review its characteristics in contrast with those of KN. I show that the complex distribution of PRON challenges the standard view and supports an alternative analysis. I propose that equational sentences are underlyingly more complex than predicational verbless sentences: they project an extra functional head F between T and the small clause structure, PredP, in which the non-verbal predicate and its subject are generated. PRON is in FP, while KN is in T. I argue that, because equational sentences involve two elements of the same category, i.e. DP, they are subject to the Distinctness Condition of Richards (2010). FP provides the Spell-Out domain boundary necessary to avoid a Distinctness violation. Finally, I suggest that FP is always headed by a pronominal element that functions as a linker (Philip 2012, Franco et al. 2015), a syntactic head which marks an existing grammatical relation, namely predication, between two DPs. More broadly, my account is in line with the view that the identity/predicational divide in copular sentences corresponds to a difference in syntactic structure.
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Shields, Kenneth. "On the Origin of the Hittite Particle -z(a)." Linguistica 33, no. 1 (December 1, 1993): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.33.1.221-225.
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In the field of Hittite linguistic studies, recent scholarship has been especially interested in the nature and origin of the particles so frequently attested in this language. Among the most intriguing of these morphemes is -z( a), about which H.A. Hoffner (1969, 1973) has made important observations. He points out that, although the use of this particle in verbal sentences has long been correctly identified as "Reflexivum [ ... ], das [ ... ] fiir alle Personen verwendet wird" (Kronasser 1956: 145), "little is known today of the rules governing the occurrence or non-occurrence of -za in the nominal sentence" (1969: 225). His research has led him to conclude that "the first and second person pronouns, when they constitute the subject of the nominal sentence, demand -za or its oblique enclitic pronoun stand-in. Stated differently, when the subject of the nominal sentence is either the speaker or his addressee(s) or both ('inclusive "we"'), the reflexive pronoun is required. When the subject of the nominal sentence is a person or object not involved in the discourse as either addressor or addressee, no need is felt for the reflexive" (1969: 230); instead, "the enclitic -aš may appear for the 3rct person" (Hamp 1984: 58), cf. 11-an-za-wa-za e-eš 'be alive!' and ku-is-wa-ra-aš a-ši DUMU-aš 'who is he, this child?' In this paper 1 want to attempt an explanation of this distribution of -z( a) in nominal sentences by exploring the possible Indo-European etyma of the particle.
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Service, Elisabet, Erin DeBorba, Angie Lopez-Cormier, Meliha Horzum, and Daniel Pape. "Short-Term Memory for Auditory Temporal Patterns and Meaningless Sentences Predicts Learning of Foreign Word Forms." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050549.
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The ability to accurately repeat meaningless nonwords or lists of spoken digits in correct order have been associated with vocabulary acquisition in both first and second language. Individual differences in these tasks are thought to depend on the phonological loop component of working memory. However, phonological working memory may itself depend on more elementary processes. We asked whether auditory non-verbal short-term memory (STM) for patterns in time supports immediate recall of speech-based sequences. Participants tapped temporal sequences consisting of short and long beeps and repeated nonsense sentences sounding like their native language or an unfamiliar language. As a language learning task, they also memorized familiar-word–foreign-word pairs. Word learning was directly predicted by nonsense sentence repetition accuracy. It was also predicted by temporal pattern STM. However, this association was mediated by performance on the repetition measure. We propose that STM for temporal patterns may reflect a component skill that provides the context signal necessary to encode order in phonological STM. It would be needed to support representation of the prosodic profile of language material, which allows syllables in words and words in sentences to be ordered and temporally grouped for short-term representation and long-term learning.
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Service, Elisabet, Erin DeBorba, Angie Lopez-Cormier, Meliha Horzum, and Daniel Pape. "Short-Term Memory for Auditory Temporal Patterns and Meaningless Sentences Predicts Learning of Foreign Word Forms." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050549.
Full textAbstract:
The ability to accurately repeat meaningless nonwords or lists of spoken digits in correct order have been associated with vocabulary acquisition in both first and second language. Individual differences in these tasks are thought to depend on the phonological loop component of working memory. However, phonological working memory may itself depend on more elementary processes. We asked whether auditory non-verbal short-term memory (STM) for patterns in time supports immediate recall of speech-based sequences. Participants tapped temporal sequences consisting of short and long beeps and repeated nonsense sentences sounding like their native language or an unfamiliar language. As a language learning task, they also memorized familiar-word–foreign-word pairs. Word learning was directly predicted by nonsense sentence repetition accuracy. It was also predicted by temporal pattern STM. However, this association was mediated by performance on the repetition measure. We propose that STM for temporal patterns may reflect a component skill that provides the context signal necessary to encode order in phonological STM. It would be needed to support representation of the prosodic profile of language material, which allows syllables in words and words in sentences to be ordered and temporally grouped for short-term representation and long-term learning.
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Silvagni, Federico. "When estar is not there: A cross-linguistic analysis of individual/stage-level copular sentences in Romance." Open Linguistics 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 108–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2022-0186.
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Abstract This article studies how Romance languages encode the individual-level (IL)/stage-level (SL) aspectual distinction in the domain of non-verbal predication. To this end, attributive copular clauses are considered, and those languages that mark the IL/SL paradigm by means of two different copulas (ser and estar ‘to be’, such as Spanish, Catalan, and Portuguese) are compared with mono-copular languages (such as French, Italian, and Romanian). On the basis of recent developments in the study of the IL/SL contrast and Spanish copulas, I propose that SL-ness is encoded in non-verbal SL-predicates as an uninterpretable instance of a [Stage] feature and that SL-copular sentences are derived by virtue of an agreement operation between the predicate and an Asp head that carries an interpretable instance of [Stage], which is realised as estar in languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan. The conclusion is that the inventory of aspectual elements is the same across Romance languages, which differ one from another with respect to the presence of an SL-copula (namely, estar).
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Laplane, D. "Thought and Language." Behavioural Neurology 5, no. 1 (1992): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/584264.
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From aphasics' self records, common experience, changes in signification of sentences according to a verbal or non-verbal context, animals and non speaking children performances, it seems possible to get some evidence that thought is distinct from language even though there is a permanent interaction between both in normal adult human beings. Some considerations on formalisation of language suggests that the more formalised it is, the less information it contains. If it is true, it is not reasonable to hope that a formalised language like that used by computers may be a model for thought. Finally, the lack of status of thought, as far as it is a subjective experience and the impossibility of giving it a definition as far as it exceeds language, make it clear that in spite of progress in scientific psychology, thought, per se, is not an object for science.
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Abou El-Seoud, Samir, AbdelGhani Karkar, Jihad Al Ja'am, and Omar Karam. "A Pictorial Mobile Application for Improving Communication Skills in Non-Verbal Autism." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 9, no. 4 (September 25, 2015): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v9i4.4699.
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It is estimated that as many as 25 percent of individuals living with autism spectrum disorders are non-verbal. That is, they cannot functionally communicate with others using their voice. Despite that substantial fraction, we still know very little about these individuals, their abilities, and their needs. "We still know very little about the cognitive capabilities of nonverbal people with autism, and how best to help them learn to communicate," said Geri Dawson, Ph.D., Autism Speaks chief science officer. Non-verbal people with autism are usually unable to communicate normally using natural languages. They can, however, learn to communicate through specific symbols and images. Special education instructors have adopted this method of communication to teach non-verbal people with autism. They introduce the symbols and images to them through different methodologies. This learning process appeared to be effective but it is very long. The process is carried out manually and requires a lots of times, dedication, and resources. The instructors should find the materials in different formats and circumstances. They should repeat the lessons several times and normally in a face-to-face framework. We propose in this paper a mobile-based application that allows non- verbal people with autism to learn and communicate with their surroundings using a smart device. They can then be taught to use specific symbols and images through the smart mobile phones. They can form simple words and sentences to express their feelings and needs. The application is flexible and allows the addition of new contents very easily. To assess the progress of the users, different exercises and puzzles are proposed. These allow the users to improve their skills and to continue learning outside the classrooms.
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Ardid-Gumiel, Ana. "syntax of depictives: subjects, modes of judgement and I-L/S-L properties." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 26 (January 1, 2001): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.26.2001.138.
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In this work, I provide an analysis of adjectival depictive constructions which accounts for most of their fundamental properties. First, I focus on the restrictions having to do with the integration of the depictive and the verbal predicate: they are based on aspectual compatibility between the two predicates, which, in turn, will depend on the ability, on the part of the depictive, to make reference to some (sub)event in the event structure of the verbal predicate. Facts not captured by previous approaches in the literature will be straightforwardly accounted for, among them the possibility to have I-L depictive constructions, and the impossibility to combine a depictive with some non-stative verbal predicates. Second, it will be shown that the informational import of the depictive in the sentence can be equivalent to that of the verbal predicate: both can be the primary lexical basis of predication. This is reflected in the sentence in various ways, having to do with aspectual modifiers, and in the properties of the sentential subject. In this connection, we will reconsider the notion of subject, arguing that no subject-predicate relation takes place in the lexical domain of sentences, and hence that the argument the depictive is oriented to, the common argument, cannot be a subject of the depictive. Finally, a minimalist analysis is proposed for the syntax of the construction, in terms of direct syntactic merge of predicative constituents and sidewards (q-to-q) movement for the common argument, from the lexical domain of the depictive to the lexical domain of the verb. As to morphosyntactic properties, a syntactic Double Agree relation is assumed to hold between T/v, as probes, on the one hand, and the common argument and depictive, as simultaneous goals, on the other, which would allow for the deletion of Case features on both goals. The assumed presence of Structural Case on the adjectival depictive will be responsible for the well-known restriction on the orientation of depictives to the sentential subject or object.
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Stella, Marianna, and Paul E. Engelhardt. "Comprehension and Eye Movements in the Processing of Subject- and Object-Relative Clauses: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences." Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 10, 2021): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070915.
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In this study, we examined eye movements and comprehension in sentences containing a relative clause. To date, few studies have focused on syntactic processing in dyslexia and so one goal of the study is to contribute to this gap in the experimental literature. A second goal is to contribute to theoretical psycholinguistic debate concerning the cause and the location of the processing difficulty associated with object-relative clauses. We compared dyslexic readers (n = 50) to a group of non-dyslexic controls (n = 50). We also assessed two key individual differences variables (working memory and verbal intelligence), which have been theorised to impact reading times and comprehension of subject- and object-relative clauses. The results showed that dyslexics and controls had similar comprehension accuracy. However, reading times showed participants with dyslexia spent significantly longer reading the sentences compared to controls (i.e., a main effect of dyslexia). In general, sentence type did not interact with dyslexia status. With respect to individual differences and the theoretical debate, we found that processing difficulty between the subject and object relatives was no longer significant when individual differences in working memory were controlled. Thus, our findings support theories, which assume that working memory demands are responsible for the processing difficulty incurred by (1) individuals with dyslexia and (2) object-relative clauses as compared to subject relative clauses.
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Cherly Wereh, Agustien, Enjeli Yuliana Lumaing, Puteri Dewi Sari Pinem, Yesika Sapira BR Sembiring, and Romi Mesra. "PERMASALAHAN SENGKETA TANAH MASYARAKAT TERKAIT KEPEMILIKAN HAK TANAH DALAM PEMBANGUNAN JALAN DI KELURAHAN WEWELEN KECAMATAN TONDANO BARAT KABUPATEN MINAHASA." JURNAL PARADIGMA : Journal of Sociology Research and Education 3, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53682/jpjsre.v3i2.5582.
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In the Wewelen Sub-District, there are 2 families, namely the Laluan-Sakul Family and the Aguw Family, who have problems regarding land disputes which are quite protracted and often recur, so they need a settlement as soon as possible. The research approach used is qualitative research. Qualitative research is a type of research that is understood as research that utilizes descriptive data. While the data used is descriptive data in the form of data in the form of sentences both verbal and non-verbal. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observation, documentation. The results of this study concluded that the problem of community land conflicts in Wewelen Village, Tondano Barat District, Minahasa Regency occurred because of conflicts in road construction, land stake boundaries and land conflict resolution carried out through local government mediation
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TOTTIE, GUNNEL. "Not-negation revisited: variation between a and any in verb complements in contemporary spoken American English." English Language and Linguistics 25, no. 3 (September 2021): 513–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674321000198.
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In not-negated English sentences with indefinite expressions following the verb, there is variation between the indefinite article and any as determiners of nouns. The standard view is that singular count nouns take the indefinite article and singular non-count and plural nouns take any. However, it is possible to encounter examples like it isn't any threat, there isn't any lock or I don't have any problem.The article studies variation between the indefinite article and any as post-verbal determiners of singular nouns in 21,084 not-negated sentences in the spoken component of The Corpus of Contemporary American English, COCA SPOK. The indefinite article is dominant with 90 per cent of the tokens. Variation is extremely rare in sentences with copular be and much more frequent in sentences with existential be and have. Among the reasons for variation between verb types is the use of do-support with have (but not with be). Expressions such as have a job/car/home or there's not a/an with uncontracted not may also prevent the use of any. Variation occurs mostly with abstract nouns such as problem, choice, way, place, reason. This finding is surprising as abstract nouns have rarely been discussed in the literature on varying countability of nouns.
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Stassen, Leon. "Typology Versus Mythology: The Case of the Zero-Copula." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 17, no. 2 (December 1994): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500002961.
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It is widely believed that copulas perform a mere grammatical function, as carriers of grammatical categories such as Tense, Mood and Aspect in sentences with non-verbal predicates. Accordingly, zero copulas are predicted to occur only in contexts where these grammatical categories are unmarked. This article argues that this view of copulas, and especially of zero copula encoding, is untenable as a principle of Universal Grammar. More generally, the article demonstrates how typological generalizations can be used as an evaluation measure for putative abstract principles of linguistic theory.
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Piciucco, Emanuela, Viviana Masia, Emanuele Maiorana, Edoardo Lombardi Vallauri, and Patrizio Campisi. "Information structure effects on the processing of nouns and verbs: evidence from event-related brain potentials." Language and Cognition 14, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2021.23.
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AbstractElectroencephalographic (EEG) signals can reveal the cost required to deal with information structure mismatches in speech or in text contexts. The present study investigates the costs related to the processing of different associations between the syntactic categories of Noun and Verb and the information categories of Topic and Focus. It is hypothesized that – due to the very nature (respectively, predicative and non-predicative) of verbal and nominal reference – sentences with Topics realized by verbs, and Focuses realized by nouns, should impose greater processing demands, compared to the decoding of nominal Topics and verbal Focuses. Data from event-related potential (ERP) measurements revealed an N400 effect in response to both nouns encoded as Focus and verbs packaged as Topic, confirming that the cost associated with information structure processing follows discourse-driven expectations also with respect to the word-class level.