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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-Unified language'
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1
O'Rourke, Bernadette, and Fernando F. Ramallo. "The native-non-native dichotomy in minority language contexts." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 2 (October 12, 2011): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.2.03oro.
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In minority language contexts, the aim of language policy and planning initiatives is frequently to enhance their survival prospects by increasing individuals’ knowledge and use of such languages in a variety of social contexts. The success of such policies depends on a variety of factors. These include the ability of policy to encourage maintenance of the language amongst existing speakers (the so-called ‘native’ speakers of the language) and its revival amongst individuals in the community who no longer speak it and who have become ‘native’ speakers of another language, typically, the dominant language. However, the task of policy makers and language planners is often made more difficult by sociolinguistic, socio-economic, socio-geographical and ideological differences between ‘native’ speakers and ‘non-native’ newcomers to the language. Rather than forming a unified speech community, ‘native’ and ‘non-native’ speakers of the minority language very often see themselves as being socially and linguistically incompatible. The purpose of this article is to examine the native-non-native dichotomy in two minority language contexts: Irish in the Republic of Ireland and Galician in the Autonomous Community of Galicia.
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Wan, Xue, Wensheng Zhang, Mengxing Huang, Siling Feng, and Yuanyuan Wu. "A Unified Approach to Nested and Non-Nested Slots for Spoken Language Understanding." Electronics 12, no. 7 (April 6, 2023): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071748.
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As chatbots become more popular, multi-intent spoken language understanding (SLU) has received unprecedented attention. Multi-intent SLU, which primarily comprises the two subtasks of multiple intent detection (ID) and slot filling (SF), has the potential for widespread implementation. The two primary issues with the current approaches are as follows: (1) They cannot solve the problem of slot nesting; (2) The performance and inference rate of the model are not high enough. To address these issues, we suggest a multi-intent joint model based on global pointers to handle nested and non-nested slots. Firstly, we constructed a multi-dimensional type-slot label interaction network (MTLN) for subsequent intent decoding to enhance the implicit correlation between intents and slots, which allows for more adequate information about each other. Secondly, the global pointer network (GP) was introduced, which not only deals with nested and non-nested slots and slot incoherence but also has a faster inference rate and better performance than the baseline model. On two multi-intent datasets, the proposed model achieves state-of-the-art results on MixATIS with 1.6% improvement of intent Acc, 0.1% improvement of slot F1 values, 3.1% improvement of sentence Acc values, and 1.2%, 1.1% and 4.5% performance improvements on MixSNIPS, respectively. Meanwhile, the inference rate is also improved.
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Dronjic, Vedran. "Serbo-Croatian." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 1 (January 12, 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.1.01dro.
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Utilizing Kloss’s concept of Ausbausprache (language as a sociopolitical construct), this article adopts the view that many languages in the world owe their language status to non-linguistic factors such as their speakers’ ethnic, cultural, and political affiliations, as well as language policy. It is thus possible that individuals who can readily understand each other in everyday conversation (such as two individuals living on either side of the Macedonian/Bulgarian border) can be deemed to speak different languages, while those who cannot understand each other at all (such as speakers of Shanghainese and Mandarin) can be widely perceived as speakers of the same language. This article is an account of how the South Slavic language formerly known as Serbo-Croatian came to be conceived of as a single, unified language due to a number of non-linguistic factors, and how it ceased to be considered a language once these non-linguistic factors were no longer present. Thus, apart from being a case study of how one particular European language was born and how it died without any significant change in linguistic reality on the ground, the present article serves to reinforce the theoretical notion of Ausbausprache as a crucial concept for defining what a language is.
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O’Keeffe, Isabel, Ruth Singer, and Carolyn Coleman. "The expression of emotions in Kunbarlang and its neighbours in the multilingual context of western and central Arnhem Land." Pragmatics and Cognition 27, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 83–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.00012.kee.
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Abstract This paper explores how emotions are expressed in the endangered Gunwinyguan language Kunbarlang and compares these expressions to those in the neighbouring Gunwinyguan language Bininj Kunwok, and neighbouring languages from other language families, Mawng (Iwaidjan) and Ndjébbana (Maningridan). As well as considering body-based emotion expressions and the tropes (metaphors and metonymies) they instantiate, we consider the range of other (non-body-based) expressions and tropes available in each language. These provide an important point of comparison with the body-part expressions, which are limited to expressions based on noun incorporation in the Gunwinyguan languages and, correspondingly, a more limited range of tropes. By outlining and comparing the linguistic tropes used to express emotions in these four languages in the highly multilingual yet socioculturally unified context of western Arnhem Land, we aim to shed further light on the relationships between linguistic figurative features and conceptual representations of emotions.
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Chen, Mo, Fengyang Ma, Zhaoqi Zhang, Shuhua Li, Man Zhang, Qiming Yuan, Junjie Wu, Chunming Lu, and Taomei Guo. "Language switching training modulates the neural network of non-linguistic cognitive control." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): e0247100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247100.
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Bilingual language experience, such as switching between languages, has been shown to shape both cognitive and neural mechanisms of non-linguistic cognitive control. However, the neural adaptations induced by language switching remain unclear. Using fMRI, the current study examined the impact of short-term language switching training on the neural network of domain-general cognitive control for unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals. Effective connectivity maps were constructed by using the extended unified structural equation models (euSEM) within 10 common brain regions involved in both language control and domain-general cognitive control. Results showed that, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/pre-supplementary motor area (dACC/pre-SMA) lost connection from the right thalamus after training, suggesting that less neural connectivity was required to complete the same domain-general cognitive control task. These findings not only provide direct evidence for the modulation of language switching training on the neural interaction of domain-general cognitive control, but also have important implications for revealing the potential neurocognitive adaptation effects of specific bilingual language experiences.
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Amundadottir, ML, SW Lockley, and M. Andersen. "Unified framework to evaluate non-visual spectral effectiveness of light for human health." Lighting Research & Technology 49, no. 6 (June 27, 2016): 673–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153516655844.
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The discovery of a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor in the mammalian eye that mediates a range of ‘non-visual’ responses to light has required reexamination of how lighting needs for human health are characterised and evaluated. Existing literature provides useful information about how to quantify non-visual spectral sensitivities to light but the optimal approach is far from decided. As more is learned about the underlying biology, new approaches will continue to be published. What is currently lacking is a flexible framework to describe the non-visual spectral effectiveness of light using a common language. Without a unified description of quantities and units, much of the value of scientific publications can be lost. In this paper, we review the existing approaches by categorising the proposed quantities depending on their application. Based on this review, a unified framework is provided for use in evaluating and reporting the spectral effectiveness of light for human health. The unified framework will provide greater flexibility to model the non-visual responses to light and is adaptable to a wide range of lighting solutions of interest to researchers, designers and developers. A new visualisation tool, the SpeKtro dashboard, is available to explore the unified framework online at spektro.epfl.ch.
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Gimasheva, Kseniya, Ekaterina Gladkikh, and S. I. Chuprina. "An Ontology-Driven Methods Unified Application in Text Data Processing Problems." Вестник Пермского университета. Математика. Механика. Информатика, no. 3(58) (2022): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1993-0550-2022-3-49-58.
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Unified application issues of ontological engineering methods and tools for text data processing automation in 2 problems classes solving are considered. The first class is the relational database applications construction automation based on the necessary facts extracting directly from unstructured text documents collections in natural language. The second class is the text data processing automation in artificial languages in the program code verifying process for database applications. The information systems designing and developing problems, same as program code verifying problems, are complex for non-professional programmers. The text data processing problem solving automation is also relevant for professional programmers, because it significantly reduces the database applications development time. The ontologically controlled solution concept is proposed for these problems. An unified approach for problems solution and the tools demos implementation are described.
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Rezaie, Naghmeh, and Mohammad Ali Taheri. "The Word’s Unity of Existence." Scientific Journal of Cosmointel 2, TA1 (August 27, 2023): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.61450/joci.v2ita1.153.
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Linguists do not agree on the origin of human language or the reasons for the human species’ unique possession of language faculty on the path of evolution. Any theoretical approach in cognitive science and linguistics eventually faces an impasse in its quest for the origin of language when reaching the realm of consciousness and mind which requires an accessibility beyond the physical inquiry. This article introduces Mohammad Ali Taheri’s theory of consciousness, T-Consciousness, as the gateway to the origin of language in the human mind. T-Consciousness stands for the non-material and non-energetic constituent of the universe, the third fundamental element which generates both matter and energy. Taheri theorizes that human beings have detected language rather than inventing it, following the Language Software’s primary activation in the human mind through an inter-T-Consciousness-level connection that extracts Fara-lingual information and adapts it into language. This study investigates Taheri’s language theory in relation to Chomsky’s UG theory, and offers a diversifying approach to UG theory, biolinguistics and psycholinguistics. The article introduces the Word’s Unity of Existence/ Vahdat-e Vojood-e Kalameh and conceptualizes the Unified Body of Languages, initiating an interdisciplinary discourse to revisit cognitive science, phenomenology, hermeneutics, and intertextuality.
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Przigoda, Nils, Robert Wille, and Rolf Drechsler. "Analyzing Inconsistencies in UML/OCL Models." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 03 (December 28, 2015): 1640021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616400211.
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Modeling languages such as the unified modeling language (UML) or the systems modeling language (SysML) in combination with constraint languages such as the object constraint language (OCL) allows for an abstract description of a system prior to its implementation. But the resulting system models can be highly non-trivial and, hence, errors in the descriptions can easily arise. In particular, too strong restrictions leading to an inconsistent model are common. Motivated by this, researchers and engineers developed methods for the validation and verification of given formal models. However, while these methods are efficient to detect the existence of an inconsistency, the designer is usually left alone to identify the reasons for it. In this contribution, we propose an automatic method which efficiently determines reasons explaining the contradiction in an inconsistent UML/OCL model. For this purpose, all constraints causing the contradiction are comprehensibly analyzed. By this, the designer is aided during the debugging of his/her model.
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Miličević, Maja, and Nikola Ljubešić. "Tviterasi, tviteraši or twitteraši? Producing and analysing a normalised dataset of Croatian and Serbian tweets." Slovenščina 2.0: empirical, applied and interdisciplinary research 4, no. 2 (September 27, 2016): 156–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/slo2.0.2016.2.156-188.
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In this paper we discuss the parallel manual normalisation of samples extracted from Croatian and Serbian Twitter corpora. We describe the datasets, outline the unified guidelines provided to annotators, and present a series of analyses of standard-to-non-standard transformations found in the Twitter data. The results show that closed part-of-speech classes are transformed more frequently than the open classes, that the most frequently transformed lemmas are auxiliary and modal verbs, interjections, particles and pronouns, that character deletions are more frequent than insertions and replacements, and that more transformations occur at the word end than in other positions. Croatian and Serbian are found to share many, but not all transformation patterns; while some of the discrepancies can be ascribed to the structural differences between the two languages, others appear to be better explained by looking at extralinguistic factors. The produced datasets and their initial analyses can be used for studying the properties of non-standard language, as well as for developing language technologies for non-standard data.
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Paul, Ileana, Baholisoa Simone Ralalaoherivony, and Henriëtte de Swart. "Culminating and non-culminating accomplishments in Malagasy." Linguistics 58, no. 5 (November 26, 2020): 1285–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0184.
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AbstractMalagasy is a language with non-culminating accomplishments. There is, however, a specific prefix (maha-), which appears to entail culmination. Moreover, verbs prefixed with maha- display a range of interpretations: causative, abilitive, ‘manage to’, and unintentionality. This paper accounts for these two aspects of this prefix with a unified semantic analysis. In particular, maha- encodes double prevention. The double prevention configuration is associated with a circumstantial modal base, which leads to culminating readings in the past and future, but not the present tense. The embedding of double prevention in a force-theoretic framework leads to a more fine-grained theory of causation, which the Malagasy data show to have empirical relevance.
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Bleikher, Oksana, and Svetlana Kvesko. "Using of Information Systems for Socio-Economic Management Applications in Mechanical Engineering Enterprises." Applied Mechanics and Materials 770 (June 2015): 651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.770.651.
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The paper summarizes an experience of information system implementation in mechanical engineering industry of Russia Federation. Methodological spaces of information supply in mechanical engineering enterprise have been approved. Effectiveness of creation and usage of non-unified information systems for information gathering about local socio-economic issues has been estimated. Conjointly with the friendly user interface individually tuned for each stakeholder, and realized on the base widely used webserver Apache 2.2, using programming language PHP, as well as using database engine mysql 5.5 with report import into unified format like SPSS or Excel, the system confirms its own usefulness.
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Déprez, Viviane, and Marie-Thérèse Vinet. "Predicative Constructions and Functional Categories in Haitian Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 12, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 203–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.12.2.03dep.
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This paper seeks to provide a unified analysis of the particle se in Haitian Creole, traditionally identified as an equality marker, a resumptive pronoun, or a focus marker. This study also serves to illustrate the role and the structural organization of functional projections in this non-inflected language. Under the proposed analysis, se (as well as ye, which has long been recognized as bearing a relation to se) is not a verbal copula; rather, it is a predicate forming aspectual head. A unified analysis based on general principles of UG is offered for se, appearing in predicative sentences, in nominal clefts, and in predicate cleft constructions. It is argued that in all these contexts, se always occurs with DP predicates or predicates headed by a functional head, such as CP predicates, not with any other type of predicates.
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Luyster, Rhiannon J., Emily Zane, and Lisa Wisman Weil. "Conventions for unconventional language: Revisiting a framework for spoken language features in autism." Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 7 (January 2022): 239694152211054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23969415221105472.
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Background and aims Autism has long been characterized by a range of spoken language features, including, for instance: the tendency to repeat words and phrases, the use of invented words, and “pedantic” language. These observations have been the source of considerable disagreement in both the theoretical and applied realms. Despite persistent professional interest in these language features, there has been little consensus around terminology, definitions and developmental/clinical interpretation. Main contribution This review paper updates and expands an existing framework for unconventional language in autism to include a broader range of non-generative (echolalia and self-repetition) and generative (idiosyncratic phrases, neologisms and pedantic language) features often observed in the language of individuals on the autism spectrum. For each aspect of the framework, we review the various definitions and measurement approaches, and we provide a summary of individual and contextual correlates. We also propose some transitional language features that may bridge non-generative and generative domains (e.g., mitigated echolalia and gestalt language). Conclusions This updated framework offers a unified taxonomy and nomenclature that can facilitate further investigation and interpretation of unconventional language in autism. Implications There are important implications of this work for our understanding of the complex interplay between autism and language development. Equally important are the clinical ramifications that will guide evidence-based practice in assessment and intervention for individuals on the autism spectrum.
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Lau, Seng-hian. "Negator turned intersubjective speech-act adverbial." Concentric. Studies in Linguistics 47, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 113–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/consl.00025.lau.
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Abstract This study investigates the non-negating negator m̄ in Taiwanese. With respect to its function, this study argues that it is neither an intensifier nor a rhetorical marker. Furthermore, contrary to prevalent intuition, the combination m̄-tō is not parallel to the ostensible cognate bújiù in Mandarin Chinese. Instead, the non-negating m̄ is an intersubjective speech-act adverbial affix attaching to the head of FocP (realized as tō or tsiah) that takes scope over whatever follows. Typologically, this study uncovers another use of non-negating negation in natural languages, and consequently challenges the enterprise pursuing a unified analysis for the phenomena of the so-called expletive negation.
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López-Medel, María. "The Directorate-General for Translation’s gender-neutral English guidelines (1998-2022)." Topics in Linguistics 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2023-0001.
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Abstract Ten years before the European Parliament adopted the Gender-neutral language in the European Parliament multilingual guidelines (2008), the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Translation had already included a section on this subject in the third edition of its English Style Guide (1998). The original text was later reproduced in other European Union’s style guides, namely the Interinstitutional Style Guide, the European Commission Style Guide and the ephemeral European Commission Guidelines for Inclusive Communication, withdrawn shortly after publication due to political and religious complaints. After a quarter of a century, the guidelines have drifted apart through their respective updates. What are the exact inconsistencies of the current style guides? How do the changes reflect developments in the field of inclusive language? And do the guidelines include gendered terms and expressions relevant for EU linguists? A unified EU policy on linguistic sexism across its languages and institutions expressed in a set of relevant and coherent language guidelines seems vital to enabling and fostering the implementation of non-sexist language as a gender mainstreaming tool in the EU.
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Theisen, Lambert, and Manuel Torrilhon. "fenicsR13." ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 47, no. 2 (April 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3442378.
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We present a mixed finite element solver for the linearized regularized 13-moment equations of non-equilibrium gas dynamics. The Python implementation builds upon the software tools provided by the FEniCS computing platform. We describe a new tensorial approach utilizing the extension capabilities of FEniCS’ Unified Form Language to define required differential operators for tensors above second degree. The presented solver serves as an example for implementing tensorial variational formulations in FEniCS, for which the documentation and literature seem to be very sparse. Using the software abstraction levels provided by the Unified Form Language allows an almost one-to-one correspondence between the underlying mathematics and the resulting source code. Test cases support the correctness of the proposed method using validation with exact solutions. To justify the usage of extended gas flow models, we discuss typical application cases involving rarefaction effects. We provide the documented and validated solver publicly.
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Aulia, Sis Churin Ien. "PEMANFAATAN UML (UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE) DALAM PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI REKAM MEDIS SEDERHANA PADA KEGIATAN POSBINDU PTM." Jurnal Ilmiah Sains dan Teknologi 6, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47080/saintek.v6i1.1665.
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The Integrated Non-Communicable Diseases Development Post (Posbindu NCD) is a form of health empowerment and public knowledge about non-communicable diseases that have a greater risk. In this Posbindu NCD, of course there are activities and steps that have been determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the concept of Posbindu NCD itself and the use of UML (Unified Modelling Language) to develop a simple medical record information system. The use of UML is done because in the characteristics of UML there is the possibility of identification of any objects that affect the system. The research method used is literature review and interviews with cadres on duty. Meanwhile, the journal criteria used are in the 2011-2020 range. The results of this study indicate that Posbindu NCD is very useful for early detection of non-communicable diseases and the use of UML to develop a simple medical record information system is very efficient.)
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Abramova, Irina Evgenyevna, Elena Petrovna Shishmolina, and Anastasia Valeryevna Ananyina. "Advantages of authentic assessment over traditional assessment while teaching English to university students majoring in non-linguistic subjects." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201874301.
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The paper analyzes existing approaches to assessing the results of teaching foreign languages to the university students majoring in non-linguistic subjects with a special focus on the advantages of authentic assessment. The authors stress the state-level need to develop and implement effective assessment tools for ESL university teaching, and substantiate the effectiveness of authentic assessment for increasing students motivation to learn English. They identify advantages of authentic assessment, including a possibility to track individual students learning progress, to effectively use peer assessment and self-assessment, to focus on students performance indicators, to create a success effect, and to present actual teaching and learning results or personal development achievements in the form of presentations, projects and other tangible accomplishments. The paper describes a unified system of control, assessment and evaluation of ESL teaching and learning results, developed by Foreign Languages for Students of Humanities Department at Petrozavodsk State University (Russia) for modeling a foreign-language environment and enhancing students language socialization. The authors give a detailed account of establishing procedures for the assessment of speaking and writing skills, and analyze a didactic potential of a foreign language portfolio as one of authentic assessment tools. They come to the conclusion that peer assessment, self-assessment and other authentic assessment methods help to shift the focus from teaching to learning and create optimal conditions for student-centered education process.
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HERLINA, HERLINA, and MUHAMMAD ASSIDIQ. "PENERAPAN UNIFIED MODELLING LANGUAGE (UML) PADA ANALISIS SISTEM SERTA PERANCANGAN DATABASE TIMBULAN SAMPAH." Jurnal INSTEK (Informatika Sains dan Teknologi) 6, no. 2 (September 18, 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/instek.v6i2.23994.
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Masyarakat Sulawesi Barat memiliki kebiasaan untuk membakar sampah, baik sampah organik maupun sampah non-organik. Padahal kebiasaan membakar sampah dapat meningkatkan pemanasan global. Kebiasaan ini tidak dapat diubah seketika dengan edukasi saja. Sebenarnya pemerintah sudah melaksanakan beberapa program penanggulangan sampah, tetapi belum tepat sasaran. Hal ini disebabkan karena validnya data timbulan sampah yang dihasilkan rumah tangga setiap hari. Solusinya adalah dengan terciptanya sebuah aplikasi pendataan timbulan sampah rumah tangga berbasis database sehingga memudahkan stakeholder dalam hal ini pemerintah daerah, terkait pengambilan keputusan perencanaan pembangunan program persampahan serta pemilihan teknologi yang akan diterapkan. Untuk analisis dan perancangan sistem timbulan sampah ini, peneliti menggunakan pemodelan Unified Modelling Language (UML) karena UML memiliki kemampuan fleksibilitas yang baik untuk pengembangan konsep perangkat lunak.Kata Kunci : Database, UML, Timbulan Sampah
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Kozanecka, Paulina. "Określenia podmiotów czynności prawnych w chińskim języku prawnym." Studia Iuridica, no. 83 (February 19, 2021): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2020-83.4.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the terms of the subjects of acts in law in Chinese legal language. Morphologically, Chinese is an isolating language. It also uses a non‑alphabetic writing system. Creating the terms of the subjects of acts in law is governed by fairly strict language rules; however, there are numerous exceptions that may be misleading for the translator. These terms are commonly used, among others, in the civil law contracts and therefore are an important element of the legal language, also used by non-specialists (e.g. parties to the contract). The analysis of particular terms has allowed to identify the aforementioned general rules in the legal language, as well as to find some exceptions. The research material included the civil law acts (General Principles of Civil Law of the PRC, new General Provisions of Civil Law of the PRC, the Contract Law, and the Inheritance Law – in modern Chinese law, as yet, no unified civil code has been adopted, therefore its role is played by the general law and the so-called satellite laws). The study is complemented by the comparison of the Chinese legal terms and their suggested Polish equivalents, which can be a valuable help for translators.
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Abdulina, A. T. "LANGUAGES AND CULTURES OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS OF KAZAKHSTAN THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE KAZAKH MODEL OF INTERETHNIC CONSENT." edu.e-history.kz 30, no. 2 (April 2022): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/2710-3994-2022-30-2-4-17.
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In sovereign Kazakhstan, a purposeful state policy is being carried out to form a unified Kazakh people on the basis of a single Kazakh identity while preserving linguistic and cultural pluralism. Ethnopolitics strengthens interfaith and interethnic harmony as the basis of national security. The state policy of the development of the Kazakh language, migration and demographic processes have led to the approval of a general trend in the field of the education system for a gradual increase in the number of students and schools with the Kazakh language of instruction. Representatives of large ethnic groups of Kazakhstan also have the opportunity to receive secondary education in their native languages, but the process of reducing national schools is increasing, causing discontent among many ethnic groups. During the ethno-linguistic processes, the formation of a bilingual social and communicative space with the predominance of Kazakh and Russian languages is observed. However, the presence of contradictions in the language sphere, national-linguistic dissatisfaction on the part of non-indigenous ethnic groups remains the main conflict-causing factor in the republic. In the field of media, the Kazakh language has begun to compete with the Russian language, which has a significant political resource, but it is necessary to expand the rights of ethnic minorities to access media broadcasting in their native languages. Great work on the preservation and development of ethnic cultures is carried out by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan and regional and national cultural centers.
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Abdulina, A. T. "LANGUAGES AND CULTURES OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS OF KAZAKHSTAN THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE KAZAKH MODEL OF INTERETHNIC CONSENT." edu.e-history.kz 30, no. 2 (October 5, 2022): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/2710-3994_2022_30_2_4-17.
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In sovereign Kazakhstan, a purposeful state policy is being carried out to form a unified Kazakh people on the basis of a single Kazakh identity while preserving linguistic and cultural pluralism. Ethnopolitics strengthens interfaith and interethnic harmony as the basis of national security.The state policy of the development of the Kazakh language, migration and demographic processes have led to the approval of a general trend in the field of the education system for a gradual increase in the number of students and schools with the Kazakh language of instruction. Representatives of large ethnic groups of Kazakhstan also have the opportunity to receive secondary education in their native languages, but the process of reducing national schools is increasing, causing discontent among many ethnic groups. During the ethno-linguistic processes, the formation of a bilingual social and communicative space with the predominance of Kazakh and Russian languages is observed. However, the presence of contradictions in the language sphere, national-linguistic dissatisfaction on the part of non-indigenous ethnic groups remains the main conflict-causing factor in the republic. In the field of media, the Kazakh language has begun to compete with the Russian language, which has a significant political resource, but it is necessary to expand the rights of ethnic minorities to access media broadcasting in their native languages. Great work on the preservation and development of ethnic cultures is carried out by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan and regional and national cultural centers.
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Groothuis, Kim A. "Non-finite Verb Movement in Romance." Probus 34, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 273–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2021-0010.
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Abstract Since Pollock, Jean-Yves. 1989. Verb movement, universal grammar, and the structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry 20. 365–424, it is well known that Romance finite verbs move into the I-domain. However, the relationship between finiteness and verb movement has not yet been investigated in detail. The aim of the present study is to trace and analyse verb movement in various types of non-finite and semi-finite clauses in Romance, including infinitives with specified subjects, inflected infinitives, bare infinitival clauses, Aux-to-Comp (cf. Rizzi, Luigi. 1982. Issues in Italian syntax. Dordrecht: Foris), past participial clauses, and gerunds. It is shown that all types of Romance non-finite verbs move high, with the exception of French absolute participles and French infinitives. The picture of non-finite movement is thus more uniform than that of finite verb movement (cf. Schifano, Norma. 2018. Verb movement in Romance. A comparative study. Oxford: Oxford University Press). A unified account is proposed: non-finite verbs all need to be anchored to the speech act through a higher clause, which requires them to be in a local relation with the anchoring head Fin (cf. Groothuis, Kim A. 2020. Reflexes of finiteness in Romance. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Unpublished PhD thesis).
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BECKER, MOLLY. "Talking American in the Midwest: Linguistic Diversity and Authenticity in the Twentieth-Century United States." Journal of American Studies 56, no. 1 (September 28, 2021): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875821000815.
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During the early twentieth century – when the United States was receiving an influx of non-English-speaking immigrants, and “standardization” was a dominant, yet polarizing, concept – having a single national language that unified Americans became a controversial topic in public discourse. In The Odyssey of a Nice Girl, Ruth Suckow, like many authors at the time, used immigrant language as a foil for midwestern speech to demonstrate its “standard” Americanness. But, as this essay will show, by using other regional American dialects in a similar manner, she questioned how “Americanness” was being understood and recognized during this period in the United States.
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Jacobs, C. T., and M. D. Piggott. "Firedrake-Fluids v0.1: numerical modelling of shallow water flows using an automated solution framework." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 3 (March 9, 2015): 533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-533-2015.
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Abstract. This model description paper introduces a new finite element model for the simulation of non-linear shallow water flows, called Firedrake-Fluids. Unlike traditional models that are written by hand in static, low-level programming languages such as Fortran or C, Firedrake-Fluids uses the Firedrake framework to automatically generate the model's code from a high-level abstract language called Unified Form Language (UFL). By coupling to the PyOP2 parallel unstructured mesh framework, Firedrake can then target the code towards a desired hardware architecture to enable the efficient parallel execution of the model over an arbitrary computational mesh. The description of the model includes the governing equations, the methods employed to discretise and solve the governing equations, and an outline of the automated solution process. The verification and validation of the model, performed using a set of well-defined test cases, is also presented along with a road map for future developments and the solution of more complex fluid dynamical systems.
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Egry, Gábor. "Unholy Alliances? Language Exams, Loyalty, and Identification in Interwar Romania." Slavic Review 76, no. 4 (2017): 959–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2017.272.
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This article analyzes national loyalty and identification by examining the language exams administered to minority public officials in Romania in 1934 and 1935. The exams aimed at testing officials’ knowledge of the state language, but given the broader political context they were more than a survey of linguistic skills. Examinees were singled out as non-Romanian and subjected to an additional requirement not demanded from their ethnic Romanian colleagues, interpreting the use of the official language as a sign of loyalty. Drawing upon theories of loyalty as a historical concept, the paper analyzes how the particular situation of minority public officials was reflected in these texts and how they created a specific identification for themselves, composed of important elements of their minority ethnicity but also expressing their identification with the state and its modernizing goals as members of a unified, professional public body. The language exams signaled the emergence of a specific category of minority public servants who were part of both the minority group and the middle-class functionaries of the Romanian state. Nationalist public discourse on both sides—Romanian and minority—have denied and erased the history of these hybrid loyalties and identities, but the languages exams help us to recover them.
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Taylor, John R. "Possessives and topicality." Functions of Language 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 67–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.1.1.05tay.
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This paper deals with certain aspects of prenominal possessives (i.e. expressions of the kind John's wife, the city's destruction) in English. Consideration of the discourse function of the construction leads to the prediction that the possessor nominal will be high in topicality, whilst the possessee nominal will generally denote a highly non-topical entity. A number of text-based studies of the possessive confirm these predictions. It is then argued that the distribution of topicality within the construction offers a unified explanation of a range of grammaticality judgements.
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Caponigro, Ivano, and Anamaria Falaus. "Investigating clausal wh-constructions in Romanian." Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.325.
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Romanian has an articulated system of (non-)interrogative wh-clauses that look morphosyntactically similar or even identical to each other on the surface, while exhibiting striking differences in distribution and interpretation. Using a minimal set of criteria, tests and distinctions, this article presents the first systematic comparative overview of all clausal wh-constructions attested in Romanian. We show that none of these constructions can be reduced to any of the others and flesh out some of the challenges arising for a unified analysis of wh-constructions and wh-expressions.
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Culy, Christopher, and Sarah M. B. Fagan. "The history of the middle in Dogon." Studies in African Linguistics 30, no. 2 (June 15, 2001): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v30i2.107357.
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Donno So, a Dogon language of Mali, has a class of verbs (C3) that exhibits an interesting set of formal and semantic properties. The verbs in this class have different derivational histories; they also have various typs of meaning (middle; middle-related; non-middle). Although C3 verbs cannot be unified derivationally or semantically, they can all be defined both paradigmatically and in terms of phonotactic constraints, like the other two verb classes in Donno So. Comparison with other Dogon languages shows how the middle evolved in Dogon and how Donno So C3 verbs in turn evolved from the middle. These results expand Kemmer's [1993] discussion of the processes invoved in the evolution of middle systems. The comparison also provides some hypotheses about the history of Dogon.
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Ivasiuk, N. A. "To the prospects of adapting seafarers of different nationalities as non-native speakers to the unified process of learning Maritime English through Unified English Language Communication Platform." Science and Education a New Dimension VII(204), no. 60 (September 25, 2019): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31174/send-ph2019-204vii60-07.
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Jaffe, Alexandra. "Misrecognition unmasked? ‘Polynomic’ language, expert statuses and orthographic practices in Corsican schools." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 515–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.13.4.04jaf.
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Over the last twenty years, “expert” discourses about the sociolinguistic character of Corsica have shifted from a focus on “diglossia” to an assertion that Corsican is a “polynomic” language. In the context of language shift and efforts at minority language revitalization, these two discourses make different claims about the relationship of language and identity, posit different kinds of power relationships between Corsicans and their two languages, and have different implications for Corsican language policy and advocacy. One of the unintended consequences of a revitalization program built on the idea of “diglossia” was the internal reproduction of dominant language hierarchies that divided rather than unified Corsicans around language. As an antidote, Corsican academics in the late eighties, introduced the notion of Corsican as a “polynomic” language defined both by its internal variation (multiple centers of “authenticity” and “authority”) and by speakers’ recognition of linguistic unity in diversity - a collective stance vis-à-vis linguistic variation that challenges the very principles of dominant (French) language ideologies in its inclusive, non-hierarchical nature. Through analysis of ethnographic data from a month-long bilingual teacher training course and from the way that Corsican orthography is taught in a bilingual school, I explore the ideology of polynomic unity in diversity and how it misrecognizes 1) contemporary speakers’ relationship with regional variation and 2) the new forms of linguistic diversity caused by language shift among both students and teachers in Corsican bilingual classrooms.
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Feldman-Adams, Deborah, Megan Bird, Janice Dwosh, and ElizaBeth Warner. "Implementing Innovation in Different Service Delivery Models." Gifted Child Today 42, no. 2 (April 2019): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076217518825367.
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This article reviews recent efforts to implement the William & Mary English Language Arts (ELA) curriculum within the Paradise Valley Unified School District gifted programs. The programs include self-contained gifted, as well as content replacement programs in Title 1 and Non-Title 1 schools. Each delivery model modified the constructs of the curriculum to meet the unique needs of the students serviced. All results indicated successful academic progress and student growth.
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TOLSKAYA, INNA K. "Verbal prefixes in Russian: Conceptual structure versus syntax." Journal of Linguistics 51, no. 1 (June 9, 2014): 213–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226714000206.
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At first glance, the variety of possible denotations of a given prefix in Russian might appear a chaotic set of idiomatic meanings, e.g. the prefix za- may refer to the beginning of an action, movement to a position behind an object, a brief deviation from a path, or completion of an action. I propose a unified analysis of Russian prefixes, where the differences in meaning are claimed to arise from different syntactic positions, while the lexical entry of a prefix remains the same. The main focus is on the verbs of motion due to the consistent duality displayed by the prefix meanings when added to directional and non-directional motion verbs. It turns out that prefixes modify path when added onto a directional motion verb and refer to movement in time with non-directional motion verbs. This semantic distinction corresponds to distinct sets of syntactic properties, characteristic of the lexical and superlexical prefixes. Furthermore, a tripartite division emerges in each set of prefixes, corresponding to goal, source and route of motion (TO, FROM, VIA, respectively) for lexical prefixes and to beginning, completion and duration for superlexical prefixes. This leads to the suggestion that the same prefix with a consistent conceptual meaning, shared with the corresponding preposition receives part of its denotation from its position in the syntactic representation. The separation of conceptual meaning from the structural meaning allows the polysemy to arise from position, rather than from arbitrary homophony. Thus, conceptual structure is unified with syntax.
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Deshors, Sandra C. "A case for a unified treatment of EFL and ESL." English World-Wide 35, no. 3 (October 10, 2014): 277–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.35.3.02des.
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This multifactorial corpus-based study focuses on dative alternation constructions (Mark gave his daughter a gift versus Mark gave a gift to his daughter) and contrasts 1,313 give occurrences in ditransitive and prepositional dative constructions across native, learner (EFL) and world (ESL) Englishes. Using cluster analysis and regression modeling, I analyze how grammatical contexts constrain syntactic choices in EFL and ESL and how speakers with different instructional backgrounds develop different variation patterns in their own English variety. The regression model reveals that the English variety factor accounts significantly for syntactic variation. In addition, the study identifies a prototypical prepositional dative construction in non-native English, which serves as a default construction for learners in more complex grammatical contexts. This study stresses the importance of reaching beyond structural linguistic differences by investigating processing (dis)similarities between EFL and ESL and shows the usefulness of a cognitive theoretical framework as a unified approach to cross-varietal variation.
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Morras, Javier. "Semantic Parameters, Cognitive Models, and Mental Units." Cognitive Semantics 8, no. 1 (May 11, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-bja10021.
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Abstract The paper explores the relationship between the linguistic and the conceptual system. The author argues for two main types of information that are vital for linguistically mediated communication. These are cognitive models and frames, and semantic parameters. Cognitive models and frames are rich coherent non-linguistic bodies of knowledge that are generally associated with open-class items. On the other hand, semantic parameters are bundles of schematic information that constitute part of the semantic pole of a symbolic unit and might be divided into conceptual and linguistic. The paper illustrates the two main types of information and seeks a unified account of their conceptual relations.
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Lavrova, N. A. "Typological passport of Basque as a minority language." Linguistics & Polyglot Studies 9, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2023-4-37-26-41.
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The aim of the research is to make an inventory of the most salient typological traits of Basque as one of the extant minority languages, whose origin and typological status have been debated ever since the 16th century. Despite the well-meaning attempts to compile a unified standard of Basque, the majority of its speakers communicate using one of its numerous dialects. Apart from that, most of the contemporary coursebooks of Basque convey contradictory messages about its main grammatical features. This lack of uniformity acts as an impediment on the way to learning Basque or forming a well-defined concept of its typology. To enhance and spread knowledge about Basque typology, the present research adopts the methodology of contrastive-typological studies, namely, the method of typological passport developed by Professor V.D. Arakin. The empirical data for the research were drawn from the courseand textbooks recommended by The Royal Academy of the Basque Language. Research results revealed a number of universal typological traits shared by Basque with well-studied languages of the world, such as the presence of articles, cases, assimilation, post-modifying adjectives, etc. However, from the perspective of contrastive typology, it is the unique typological features that are most typologically and conceptually salient, such as voiced and devoiced aspiration, variations in the pronunciation of diaphonic sounds, non-systematic (non-pleonastic) marking of number, conceptual salience of specific numerals (2, 4, and 11), neutral and emphatic world-building patterns as well the absence of some models altogether (blending, shortening, back-formation). Research results show that the typological passport of Basque can be defined as an agglutinative language with suffixes, syntactic agreement and fusions at morphemic junctures. One of the avenues for further research is a multifactorial analysis with a view to obtaining statistical data about typologically significant categories of Basque.
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WHITE-SUSTAITA, JESSICA. "Reconsidering the syntax of non-canonical negative inversion." English Language and Linguistics 14, no. 3 (October 1, 2010): 429–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674310000146.
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Two main hypotheses have been proposed to account for the word order of negative inversion (NI) in varieties of non-canonical English (e.g.Don't nobody else care). An auxiliary inversion analysis argues that the word order is derived via movement of the auxiliary to the left periphery, whereas an existential analysis argues that the word order is an artifact of deletion of the expletive subject, parallelingthere-insertion existential constructions. After reviewing these hypotheses, I provide empirical evidence that neither of these theories adequately explains the peculiarities of NI. I advance a third hypothesis, namely that NI is the result of negative movement to the specifier of NegP, and that this movement is pragmatically motivated by an existential meaning in NI constructions. Syntactically, NI is made possible through the Neg-Criterion (Haegeman & Zanuttini 1991, 1996). This analysis explains problems encountered by prior analyses, and offers a unified analysis for variation in NI across dialects. Finally, I explain cross-dialectal differences in NI by considering the relationship between subject requirements and agreement.
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Park, Chongwon. "Reference-point and blending in Korean non-nominative subject constructions." Studies in Language 38, no. 4 (December 8, 2014): 717–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.38.4.03par.
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This article examines three types of Korean constructions: case stacking and two types of non-nominative subject constructions. Relying on an independently established descriptive construct known as reference-point, I argue that the complex forms of these constructions reflect their meanings and functions. I further argue that the reference-point-based analysis of these constructions offers a unified account of a substantial range of phenomena when it is combined with the notion of conceptual and constructional blending. In providing technical analyses of the phenomena, I adopt the Cognitive Grammar (CG) framework. To justify the choice of the theoretical framework of my analysis, I examine the crucial role of spatial semantics in the said constructions, which is viewed as the primary factor underlying the distribution of case marking in CG. I then demonstrate that my CG-based analysis yields a natural explanation of the constructions both intuitively and theoretically.
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Birtić, Matea, and Ivana Brač. "Basic Characteristics and Aspectual Properties of Croatian ObjExp Verbs." Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje 47, no. 2 (2022): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31724/rihjj.47.2.1.
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This paper discusses the basic characteristics of ObjExp verbs in Croatian (thematic roles, argument structure, anticausative variant, aspect of the verb), with special attention paid to the aspectual properties of such verbs. According to various authors (Arad 1998, Pylkkänen 2000, Biały 2005, Grafmiller 2013), ObjExp verbs are not a unified aspectual class since they can be interpreted as both stative and non-stative verbs. Five diagnostics that differentiate between stative and non-stative interpretation are applied to a sample of 40 verbs: (1) passive formation; (2) use in the punctual past tense; (3) co-occurrence with agent-oriented adverbs; (4) use of a verb in the imperative mood; and (5) the ability of the verb to be used as a complement of control verbs (Grafmiller 2013). The results of this research show that all Croatian ObjExp verbs with primary psychological meaning have an anticausative variant derived by reflexive morphology, that most verbs have two (or three) interpretations, and that perfective ObjExp verbs can probably be more easily interpreted as non-stative than imperfective ones.
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Ostalski, Przemysław. "Optimality Theoretic Analysis of Non-Rhoticity in English." Research in Language 5 (December 18, 2007): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-007-0004-4.
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The paper intends to describe various rhotic phenomena within a unified phonological framework of Optimality Theory. This description encompasses “standard” rhotic phenomena, such as linking and intrusive r. Additionally both hyper- and hypo-rhoticity are discussed. The paper serves primarily two points. First, it proves practical workability of constraint mechanism, as proposed by Optimality Theory. Second, it presents an integrated account of seemingly unrelated phonological facts observed in various accents of English. The paper discusses also previous accounts of rhoticity in English in connection with an attempt of presenting solid evidence for the choice of underlying forms. Furthermore two competing theoretical descriptions of rhotic insertions (epenthesis vs. gliding/spreading) are compared and evaluated. Finally, the spreading account is shown to be formally superior to the anti-hiatus approach. Moreover, the paper demonstrates a way in which r-liaison might be incorporated in the synchronic grammar of non-rhotic accents. Simply put, r-liaison could be perceived as another instantiation of VSPREAD conspiracy, where vowels tend to spread their melodic content onto the following segments. The OT machinery was also employed to account for the differences between various subtypes of non-rhotic accents, in terms of re-ranking of several constraints. The peculiar phenomena of hyper-rhoticity have, too, been demonstrated to fit the proposal.
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Lazer-Pankiv, Olesia, and Iuliia Pysmenna. "Peculiarities of Phonetic and Orthographic Adaptation of Latin Terms in English Clinical Terminology: On the Issue of Latin Terminological Competence Formation of Foreign Medical Students." Sustainable Multilingualism 19, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 173–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2021-0018.
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Summary The article deals with the phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English clinical terminology in the context of Latin terminological competence formation of foreign medical students with English as the language of instruction. About 8,000 of the most common clinical terms selected from various lexicographic English sources have been studied on the basis of etymological and comparative approaches to demonstrate the grade of inconsistency in the reflection of Latin terms in modern English medical terminology. The quantitative analysis allowed us to determine and classify the main tendencies in the process of phonetic and orthographic development of Latin terms: (1) imitation of classical Latin spelling; (2) ‘simplification’ of classical Latin spelling; (3) syncretism of the first and second tendencies (parallel use of classical Latin and ‘simplified’ variants as synonyms). The analysis has also identified in some cases the phenomenon of ‘hypercorrectness’. The lack of a unified norm is reflected in all the analyzed reference sources, complicating the lexicographic description of medical terms as well as the process of teaching / learning the medical terminology. The proposed solution is to develop and implement some unified criteria for phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English. The possible ways to solve the problem are either to adhere to the etymological principle, returning ad fontes of medical terminology, and to use only non-monophthongized and non-simplified forms or to use monophthongized and phonetically and graphically simplified forms following the norms of modern English. Consistent adherence to one system of rules for the development of Latin terms is a needed requirement for the proper formation of terminological competence in medical students and correct use of terminology in their further professional activity.
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Bai, Xinran. "Relationship Between Chinese Non-English Majors Students Identification of Negative Transfer of L1 in C-E Translation and Their CET-4 or CET-6 Scores." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 25, no. 1 (November 28, 2023): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/25/20230437.
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College English Test Band 4 (CET-4) and College English Test Band 6 (CET-6) are administered nationwide, which is of great significance to non-English major students in China. English is the second language of Chinese college students, so it will inevitably have some negative transfer of L1 (first language, the same as mother tongue) in their second language output, but the relationship between negative transfer of L1 and their CET-4 and CET-6 scores is still lack of a unified explanation. Therefore, this study takes 91 Non-English Majors students identification of negative transfer of their mother tongue in Chinese to English (C-E) translation and their CET-4 or CET-6 scores as the research objects and uses SPSSAU to analyze the data. The results show that: there is a significant negative correlation between the behavior and thinking mode that may lead to negative transfer and CET-4 (CET-6) total score; CET-4 (CET-6) total score and the identification of negative transfer of L1 in translation are significant positive related. Therefore, colleges and universities should teach non-English majors students the phenomenon of negative transfer in mother tongue, and guide students to think and express in the way of second language native speakers when producing second language; Similarly, students should enhance their awareness of the negative transfer of their mother tongue in translation, in order to improve their translation quality, second language ability and CET-4 and CET-6 scores.
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Bessler, Paul. "L’accord du participe passé dans les langues romanes: une approche morphosyntaxique." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 40, no. 3 (September 1995): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310001598x.
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AbstractThe aim of this article is to present a unified analysis of Romance past participle agreement. Data from 19 standard and non-standard Romance varieties are considered. It is shown that in order to account for the variation found across the various Romance varieties, past participle agreement should not be considered as following simply from another module of the grammar, such as Case Theory, coindexation or the theory of functional categories, but should rather be considered from the point of view of a general theory of grammatical agreement. It is also shown that past participle agreement must be treated as an example of nominal-modifier agreement rather than as an example of verb-argument agreement.
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Milovanova, L. A., and V. A. Tsybaneva. "FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS’ LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL AWARENESS: WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT." Educational Psychology in Polycultural Space 58, no. 2 (2022): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2073-8439-2022-58-2-60-71.
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Today the development of professional standards aimed at teachers of foreign languages and requirements applied to the level of professional competence are both greatly discussed. It is obvious that new approaches are needed in order to form professional courses which focus on enriching language and cultural awareness of school teachers of foreign languages. Following the changes of educational system in general and taking into account the growth of information and communication technologies and their impact on educational teacher-training courses, the digital environment should be considered as the most appropriate for the teachers’ professional development. Defining the learning style of the teachers and analysing the results of some questionnaires, the methodological approaches to the course have been chosen and described as a combination of the leaner-centered approach (for language teachers), communicative approach, Kolb’s learning styles model and digital learning. Some difficulties the language teachers usually face are vocabulary, fluency, in which non-native English teachers are in a disadvantage, grammar and listening and reading skills due to the lack of practice. To meet the language teachers’ expectations some actions such as supplementation the language teachers with appropriate amount of practice of receptive and productive skills, usage of discourse analysis to advance the teachers’ linguistic skills and enlarging their socio-cultural information with the help of texts for reading and listening are to be done. Moreover, the course includes elements of test tasks in the format of tasks of the unified state exam in English, as well as several international exams of the appropriate level. In the process of studying according to the course program, foreign language teachers increase the level of linguistic and cultural competence by working with texts containing material of a linguistic and cultural orientation. The results of final test and evaluation prove the effectiveness of the proposed and further described ideas.
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WANG, YI, SHIQI ZHANG, and JOOHYUNG LEE. "Bridging Commonsense Reasoning and Probabilistic Planning via a Probabilistic Action Language." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 19, no. 5-6 (September 2019): 1090–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068419000371.
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AbstractTo be responsive to dynamically changing real-world environments, an intelligent agent needs to perform complex sequential decision-making tasks that are often guided by commonsense knowledge. The previous work on this line of research led to the framework called interleaved commonsense reasoning and probabilistic planning (icorpp), which used P-log for representing commmonsense knowledge and Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) or Partially Observable MDPs (POMDPs) for planning under uncertainty. A main limitation of icorpp is that its implementation requires non-trivial engineering efforts to bridge the commonsense reasoning and probabilistic planning formalisms. In this paper, we present a unified framework to integrate icorpp’s reasoning and planning components. In particular, we extend probabilistic action language pBC+ to express utility, belief states, and observation as in POMDP models. Inheriting the advantages of action languages, the new action language provides an elaboration tolerant representation of POMDP that reflects commonsense knowledge. The idea led to the design of the system pbcplus2pomdp, which compiles a pBC+ action description into a POMDP model that can be directly processed by off-the-shelf POMDP solvers to compute an optimal policy of the pBC+ action description. Our experiments show that it retains the advantages of icorpp while avoiding the manual efforts in bridging the commonsense reasoner and the probabilistic planner.
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Pooth, Roland, Peter Alexander Kerkhof, Leonid Kulikov, and Jóhanna Barđdal. "The origin of non-canonical case marking of subjects in Proto-Indo-European." Indogermanische Forschungen 124, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2019-0009.
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Abstract For a long time one of the most bewildering conundrums of Indo- European linguistics has been the issue of how to reconstruct the alignment system of this ancient language state, given the lack of distinction between s and o marking in the Proto-Indo-European neuter nouns and the problem of the Hittite ergative. An additional complication stems from the existence of argument structure constructions where the subject(-like) argument is marked in a different case than the nominative, like the accusative or the dative. Our aim with the present article is to fill two needs with one deed and offer a unified account of this century-long bone of contention. In contribution to the ongoing discussion in the field, we claim that a semantic alignment system, in the terms of Donohue & Wichmann (2008), might not only fit better with the morphological data that are currently reconstructed for the ancestral language, but also with the existence of non-canonically case-marked subjects in general (Barðdal, Bjarnadóttir, et al. 2013; Danesi, Johnson & Barðdal 2017).
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PAPASPYROU, NIKOLAOS S., and DRAGAN MAĆOš. "A study of evaluation order semantics in expressions with side effects." Journal of Functional Programming 10, no. 3 (May 2000): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679680000366x.
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The presence of side effects in even a very simple language of expressions gives rise to a number of semantic questions. The issue of evaluation order becomes a crucial one and, unless a specific order is enforced, the language becomes non-deterministic. In this paper we study the denotational semantics of such a language under a variety of possible evaluation strategies, from simpler to more complex, concluding with unspecified evaluation order, unspecified order of side effects and the mechanism of sequence points that is particular to the ANSI C programming language. In doing so, we adopt a dialect of Haskell as a metalanguage, instead of mathematical notation, and use monads and monad transformers to improve modularity. In this way, only small modifications are required for each transition. The result is a better understanding of different evaluation strategies and a unified way of specifying their semantics. Furthermore, a significant step is achieved towards a complete and accurate semantics for ANSI C.
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Grosu, Alexander, and Julia Horvath. "Reply to Bhatt and Pancheva's “Late Merger of Degree Clauses”: The Irrelevance of (Non)conservativity." Linguistic Inquiry 37, no. 3 (July 2006): 457–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2006.37.3.457.
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According to Bhatt and Pancheva (2004), two effects they attribute to degree constructions (obligatory extraposition effects and scope rigidity effects determined by the superficial position of degree phrases/clauses) can be given a unified analysis in terms of an extension of Fox and Nissenbaum's (1999) analysis of extraposition in conjunction with the nonconservativity of (certain) degree words. We show that, under full preservation of Bhatt and Pancheva's theoretical assumptions, their account faces at least three problems: (a) one of the phenomena they propose to unify, the one involving scope effects, does not exist; (b) (non)conservativity is irrelevant to obligatory extraposition effects; and (c) contrary to their tacit assumption, Trace Conversion is at most an optional procedure for DegP chains. We propose an alternative, nonsemantic treatment of obligatory extraposition effects, which subsumes them under an independently needed adjacency constraint on prehead modifiers. Furthermore, we note that the facts brought up here and in Bhatt and Pancheva 2004 call into question the quantificational approach to degree constructions.
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Nivre, Joakim. "Algorithms for Deterministic Incremental Dependency Parsing." Computational Linguistics 34, no. 4 (December 2008): 513–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.07-056-r1-07-027.
Full textAbstract:
Parsing algorithms that process the input from left to right and construct a single derivation have often been considered inadequate for natural language parsing because of the massive ambiguity typically found in natural language grammars. Nevertheless, it has been shown that such algorithms, combined with treebank-induced classifiers, can be used to build highly accurate disambiguating parsers, in particular for dependency-based syntactic representations. In this article, we first present a general framework for describing and analyzing algorithms for deterministic incremental dependency parsing, formalized as transition systems. We then describe and analyze two families of such algorithms: stack-based and list-based algorithms. In the former family, which is restricted to projective dependency structures, we describe an arc-eager and an arc-standard variant; in the latter family, we present a projective and a non-projective variant. For each of the four algorithms, we give proofs of correctness and complexity. In addition, we perform an experimental evaluation of all algorithms in combination with SVM classifiers for predicting the next parsing action, using data from thirteen languages. We show that all four algorithms give competitive accuracy, although the non-projective list-based algorithm generally outperforms the projective algorithms for languages with a non-negligible proportion of non-projective constructions. However, the projective algorithms often produce comparable results when combined with the technique known as pseudo-projective parsing. The linear time complexity of the stack-based algorithms gives them an advantage with respect to efficiency both in learning and in parsing, but the projective list-based algorithm turns out to be equally efficient in practice. Moreover, when the projective algorithms are used to implement pseudo-projective parsing, they sometimes become less efficient in parsing (but not in learning) than the non-projective list-based algorithm. Although most of the algorithms have been partially described in the literature before, this is the first comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the algorithms within a unified framework.