Journal articles on the topic 'Non-traditional water sources'
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Anderson-Coughlin, Brienna L., and Kalmia E. Kniel. "Recovery and Detection of Enteric Viruses from Non-Traditional Irrigation Water Sources." Methods and Protocols 2, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps2030055.
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The variability of environmental water samples impacts the allowance of one method to be universally ideal for all water types and volumes. Surface and reclaimed waters can be used for crop irrigation and may be referred to as non-traditional irrigation waters as these water types may be associated with a higher risk of microbial contamination compared to groundwater. These waters are typically more microbially and chemically complex than groundwater and have a higher risk of viral contamination. To detect viruses in these water types, an infinite number of variations can be made to traditional recovery methods. This protocol was developed based on a commonly used virus adsorption and elution (VIRADEL) method. Additional steps were included to simplify and efficiently reduce particulates in the viral concentrate and remove DNA from eluted nucleic acids prior to detection. Method alterations allow for volumes up to 40 liters to be processed with consistent recovery of enteric viruses including Aichi virus, hepatitis A virus, and noroviruses belonging to genogroups GI and GII. No inhibition was observed among either surface or reclaimed water samples. This protocol could be utilized in the monitoring of a wide array of irrigation water sources throughout irrigation processes.
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Horak, Helena M., Joshua S. Chynoweth, Ward P. Myers, Jennifer Davis, Scott Fendorf, and Alexandria B. Boehm. "Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 1 (November 9, 2009): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.233.
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In Papua New Guinea, a significant portion of morbidity and mortality is attributed to water-borne diseases. To reduce incidence of disease, communities and non-governmental organizations have installed rain catchments to provide drinking water of improved quality. However, little work has been done to determine whether these rain catchments provide drinking water of better quality than traditional drinking water sources, and if morbidity is decreased in villages with rain catchments. The specific aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of water produced by rain catchments in comparison with traditional drinking water sources in rural villages in the East Sepik Province. Fifty-four water sources in 22 villages were evaluated for enterococci and Escherichia coli densities as well as 14 health-relevant metals. In addition, we examined how the prevalence of diarrhoeal illness in villages relates to the type of primary drinking water source. The majority of tested metals were below World Health Organization safety limits. Catchment water sources had lower enterococci and E. coli than other water sources. Individuals in villages using Sepik River water as their primary water source had significantly higher incidence of diarrhoea than those primarily using other water sources (streams, dug wells and catchments).
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Kelly, Caitlin. "The Thirst Quenchers." Mechanical Engineering 142, no. 07 (July 1, 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2020-jul2.
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Abstract Scientists are developing a wide variety of technologies to solve the urgent problem of water shortages across the world. In fact, many have been working for decades on finding better and more economical ways to turn non-traditional sources of water into potable water for drinking and cooking. This article focus on early-stage research and development of energy-efficient and cost-competitive technologies to tap nontraditional water sources for a variety of uses.
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Pei, Liang. "Features of Metallic Ion Distribution in Non-Traditional Water Agricultural Applications in Sandy Loam in an Arid Area." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 11080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141711080.
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Sandy loam is the main soil in the arid area of North China, which leads to serious water shortage. Therefore, the utilization of non-traditional water is necessary. However, there are many metal mining areas in the northern arid area. The mining process of these metal mines causes the pollution of surrounding water sources. It is important to study the distribution of pollutants in the process of unconventional water utilization around metal mines. In view of the above problems, a field test area was established near a mining area in a northern province to carry out research on non-traditional agricultural water applications. The influence of non-traditional agricultural water on pollutant distribution in balsam pear and sandy loam irrigation areas around a loam metal mine was analyzed. By discussing the influence of non-traditional water output after secondary treatment on the content and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in balsam pear in the sandy loam irrigation area around the metal mine, the distribution rules of heavy metals in the soil crop system under different non-traditional hydroponics conditions in the sandy loam irrigation area around the metal mine were analyzed. The results show that under different non-traditional agricultural water consumption conditions, there is no significant difference in terms of the content of heavy metals in the sandy loam irrigation area around the metal mine. The non-traditional water used for short-term agricultural application does not cause pollution of the loam environment and crops, nor does it cause heavy metal accumulation in the sandy loam irrigation area around the metal mine. The input and output have a minimal impact on the balance of heavy metals in the sandy loam irrigation area around the metal mine. The presented research results provide a scientific basis for agricultural utilization of non-traditional water around mining areas in arid areas.
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Paton, F. L., G. C. Dandy, and H. R. Maier. "Integrated framework for assessing urban water supply security of systems with non-traditional sources under climate change." Environmental Modelling & Software 60 (October 2014): 302–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.06.018.
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Zhang, Lei, and Zi Yang Li. "Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering Construction System Brittleness Evaluation Based on Choquest Integral." Advanced Materials Research 459 (January 2012): 638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.459.638.
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Water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction system is a typical multi-level complex system and its swarm identity is apparent to brittleness cumulative effect. The brittle sources are interlinked and associated, thus there are topological forms of different brittle sources, which make the relationship of brittleness evaluation cumulative function to be non-linear. In traditional evaluation methods, indicators are usually assumed to be independent, which does not satisfy the non-linear characteristics of water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction system brittleness. Thus, in this paper, weak monotonic of fuzzy measure is used to replace the addition function, brittleness evaluation model of water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction system based on Choquest integral is built.
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Konshina, Lidia G. "RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH DUE TO THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES OF THE NON-CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY OF THE CITY OF EKATERINBURG." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 9 (October 28, 2019): 997–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-9-997-1003.
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Introduction. In recent years, the risk assessment methodology has become the leading tool for assessing the health of various groups of the population, allowing identifying priority negative environmental factors. Material and methods. There were explored 212 wells, including 150 in collective gardens and 62 in cottage settlements. The priority oral route of chemical intake into the body was studied. Results. Nitrates and arsenic compounds create the main non-carcinogenic risk in the sources of non-centralized water supply in the territory of the Municipal Settlement of the city of ekaterinburg. When using water from wells in cottage settlements levels of non-carcinogenic risks are significantly lower than non-carcinogenic risks in horticultural partnerships. Acceptable level of non-carcinogenic risk for children under 6 years are related with 17.4% of water sources in collective gardens and 25% of wells in cottage settlements; for adults - 60.8% and 93.8% respectively. The detected nitrate concentrations in individual wells of horticultural associations can create a high non-carcinogenic risk. The total individual lifetime carcinogenic risk, both in the water of collective gardens and in the water wells of cottage settlements ranges from 10-5 to 10-4 and, therefore, is at a low level, the greatest contribution is made by arsenic compounds. Discussion. In contrast to the earlier traditional assessment of drinking water quality, when the main substances for which the discrepancy was found to hygienic standards were manganese, nitrates, iron and silicon, in the assessment of water danger using the methodology of risk assessment, nitrates and arsenic come to the first place, with a much smaller role of manganese. The calculation of carcinogenic risks using age correction factors (ADAF) has increased the risk values calculated by the traditional method by almost 2 times. Summary Levels of non-carcinogenic risks when using water from wells in cottage settlements are significantly lower than non-carcinogenic risks in horticultural partnerships.
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Jahanzaib, Sardar. "INDO-PAK HYDROPOLITICS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DISPUTED JAMMU AND KASHMIR." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 02 (June 30, 2021): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i02.199.
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India and Pakistan have been fighting over Kashmir, a contested region that is claimed by both the countries. Competition over waterways and dependence over water assets of Kashmir remains a bone of contention between India and Pakistan. This Research paper discusses the dependence of India and Pakistan over water sources originating from Kashmir. Kashmir, besides emotional attachment also has strategic, economic and political benefits for India and Pakistan. In the twenty first century, traditional concepts of state security have been changed. We have moved from traditional security aspects to non-traditional security aspects. Water is included in one of the non-traditional security aspects. India having all cards in hands is showing its’ hegemonic by choking the loose points of Pakistan. Though Indus Water treaty was signed in 1960’s to resolve the water issues between the two countries, but still we have not found any direct solution that will resolve the water crisis and provide permanent peace in the region. There is no way forward which will provide a win win situation for India, Pakistan and Kashmir in Indus water treaty. The researcher accounted that Indus Water Treaty has proved successful as far as its’ theoretical approach is concerned, but has failed in implementation and practicality. The researcher has used Hourglass model to analyze the Indus Water Treaty and to suggest the way forward that will lead towards a conflict resolution. Mixed methods have been used in the research from secondary sources to analyze water dependence. The research also seeks to analyze Indus water treaty and to explore the prospects for equal division of water resources. The subject matter of the research is Indo-Pak water dependency over water of Kashmir with a focus on how it will contribute towards the socio-economic status of India and Pakistan in the region and also how much dependence on water would affect the regional peace and stability in Kashmir conflict. Keywords: Conflict resolution, Hourglass glass model, Kashmir conflict, India-Pakistan water dependency, Indus water Treaty, Composite Dialogue process.
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Page, Declan, and Simon Toze. "Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for water re-use via aquifers." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 1 (2009): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09020.
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Worldwide, there is an increasing interest in the recharge of aquifers as a method for augmenting urban water supplies. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can utilise a variety of non-traditional source waters including urban stormwater and reclaimed water from sewage effluent. However, these alternate water sources may contain a wide range of pathogenic hazards that pose risks to human health. Hence the safe use of recycling water via aquifers requires potential risks to be reduced to acceptable levels. This article outlines the approach recommended by the draft Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling (AGWR) (Phase 2C Managed Aquifer Recharge) to quantify the aquifer treatment using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach.
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Dodi, Rossella, Letizia Bresciani, Beatrice Biasini, Marta Cossu, Francesca Scazzina, Federica Taddei, Maria Grazia D’Egidio, Margherita Dall’Asta, and Daniela Martini. "Traditional and Non-Conventional Pasta-Making Processes: Effect on In Vitro Starch Digestibility." Foods 10, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10050921.
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Pasta is a carbohydrate-rich food with a low glycemic index (GI) and is one of the main sources of slowly digestible starch (SDS). The presence of bran fractions (BFs) in pasta may enhance its health potential, owing to the content of fiber, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds; however, at the same time, BF may affect starch digestibility. In this study, the bioaccessibility of starch in pasta made with BF-enriched semolina (BF pasta), or only with micronized debranned kernel (DK pasta), and a control pasta made with traditional semolina was evaluated by applying two different in vitro models. The control pasta showed a percentage of SDS about four-fold higher than that of the BF pasta and 1.5-fold higher than that of the DK pasta (p < 0.05). The amount of starch released during simulated gastrointestinal digestion was slightly lower, but not significantly different, for the control pasta than for both the BF and DK pasta. These results suggest that the presence of a higher amount of dietary fiber in BF pasta can affect the structure of the food matrix, interfering with the formation of the gluten network, water absorption, and starch granule accessibility, while micronization could enhance starch digestibility due to starch gelatinization. These findings emphasize the need to optimize the process for producing fiber-rich pasta without affecting its low starch digestibility and, consequently, its GI.
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Demin, A. P. "WASTE WATER DISCHARGE AND WATER POLLUTION IN THE VOLGA RIVER BASIN (1990–2018)." Ecology. Economy. Informatics.System analysis and mathematical modeling of ecological and economic systems 1, no. 5 (2020): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-395x-2020-1-5-138-143.
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The main characteristics of the socio-economic development of the basin of the river Volga are given. It is shown that the withdrawal of water resources in the basin decreased from 37.0 km3 in 1990 to 16.3 km3 in 2018 as a result of the transformation of socio-economic conditions in Russia. The area of actually irrigated irrigated lands decreased during this period from 1530 thousand ha to 565 thousand ha. Sharply reduced water consumption in housing and communal services. As a result, the volume of wastewater discharge has decreased over the 28 years from 22.3 to 10.9 km3 . Most of the contaminated wastewater is discharged into water inlets without treatment or not sufficiently treated. Prior to standards, only every tenth cubic meter of contaminated water is cleaned in the Volga basin. The low efficiency of treatment facilities is associated with outdated technological equipment and traditional treatment schemes, as well as violations of wastewater treatment regimes. The amount of the main pollutants discharged into wastewater decreased by 3–15 times. This indicates that despite all the shortcomings in the operation of treatment facilities, a significant effect has been achieved from the implementation of water protection measures. In some river basins, some ingredients have improved water quality. However, in most river basins, the state of water quality remains unsatisfactory and still does not meet regulatory requirements. This effect is caused by the action of a number of uncontrolled (dispersed) pollution sources, as well as sources of secondary (accumulated) pollution. According to many estimates, it is non-point sources of pollution that make the main contribution to the pollution of water bodies.
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Olmos Giupponi, Belén. "Transnational Environmental Law and Grass-Root Initiatives: The Case of the Latin American Water Tribunal." Transnational Environmental Law 5, no. 1 (July 30, 2015): 145–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204710251500014x.
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AbstractThis article analyzes the role played by the Latin American Water Tribunal (Tribunal Latinoamericano del Agua – TRAGUA) (LAWT) in the resolution of environmental disputes over water resources. Since its inception in 1998, the LAWT has emerged as a non-governmental body with a multidisciplinary composition and a mandate based on both formal and informal sources of law, which holds public hearings in order to address water-related complaints. This article explores whether (and the ways in which) the LAWT is contributing to the resolution of environmental disputes concerning water resources. The main underlying thesis is that, whereas the traditional model for interstate dispute settlement offers only limited possibilities of redress to non-state actors (mainly individuals and groups), the LAWT provides them with the opportunity to present their demands before an environmental justice forum.
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Northcott, K., S. Bartlett, D. Sheehan, I. Snape, P. Scales, and S. Gray. "Water quality risk management strategies for remote operations." Water Supply 18, no. 2 (June 26, 2017): 482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.130.
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Abstract The delivery of treatment and supply solutions for the management of water infrastructure for small and remote communities presents unique challenges. The identification of water quality hazards, the management of risks and conducting plant performance validation and verification activities can all be problematic. The ‘Demonstration of Robust Water Recycling’ (Robust Recycling) Project was funded by the Australian Water Recycling Centre of Excellence (AWRCoE) and the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) as a means of developing strategies for the provision of small scale water treatment schemes from non-traditional water sources. Using the example of the AAD's Davis Station, this project featured an alternative approach to the establishment of a risk management framework for water recycling. This approach may be applicable to both drinking and recycled water schemes in other small and remote communities.
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Li, Xue Ping, and Zeng Feng Yan. "Study on Technology Status and Development Strategy of Green Building in Xi'an Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.459.
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Through analysis of the technology status of the green building in Xi'an area, targeted Raised the technology development strategy of green building to adapt to the characteristics of the region, such as improve local standards of green building technology system, strengthen the propaganda and training on green building knowledge, improve energy efficiency, use of renewable energy, good publicity and promotion of exemplary green building, full application of green building materials, use of non-traditional water sources and recycling water, etc., in order to provide a reference for the development of green buildings in Xi'an area.
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Mayhan, James D., and Arthur B. Weglein. "First application of Green’s theorem-derived source and receiver deghosting on deep-water Gulf of Mexico synthetic (SEAM) and field data." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): WA77—WA89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0295.1.
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Deghosting benefits traditional seismic processing and is a prerequisite to all inverse-scattering-series based processing. The freedom of choosing a convenient reference medium (and associated Green’s function) means Green’s theorem offers a flexible framework for deriving useful algorithms including deghosting. Among advantages over traditional deghosting methods are: (1) no need for Fourier transforms over receivers and sources, and (2) can accommodate a horizontal or non-horizontal measurement surface, the latter of particular interest for ocean bottom and onshore applications. The theory of Green’s theorem-derived deghosting is presented, and its first application on deep-water Gulf of Mexico synthetic (SEAM) and field data is reported. The source and receiver deghosting algorithms work with positive and encouraging results.
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Hill, Stephen, and M. Carmen Galan. "Fluorescent carbon dots from mono- and polysaccharides: synthesis, properties and applications." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (April 10, 2017): 675–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.67.
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Fluorescent carbon dots (FCDs) are an emerging class of nanomaterials made from carbon sources that have been hailed as potential non-toxic replacements to traditional semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Particularly in the areas of live imaging and drug delivery, due to their water solubility, low toxicity and photo- and chemical stability. Carbohydrates are readily available chiral biomolecules in nature which offer an attractive and cheap starting material from which to synthesise FCDs with distinct features and interesting applications. This mini-review article will cover the progress in the development of FCDs prepared from carbohydrate sources with an emphasis on their synthesis, functionalization and technical applications, including discussions on current challenges.
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Naphtali, Paul, Mahi M. Mohiuddin, Athanasios Paschos, and Herb E. Schellhorn. "Application of high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing to identify fecal contamination sources and to complement the detection of fecal indicator bacteria in rural groundwater." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.295.
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Abstract Residents in rural communities across Canada collect potable water from aquifers. Fecal contaminants from sewage and agricultural runoffs can penetrate aquifers, posing a public health risk. Standard methods for detecting fecal contamination test for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), but the presence of these do not identify sources of contamination. In contrast, DNA-based diagnostic tools can achieve this important objective. We employed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput DNA sequencing to trace fecal contamination sources in Wainfleet, a rural Ontario township that has been under the longest active boil water advisory in Canada due to FIB contamination in groundwater wells. Using traditional methods, we identified FIBs indicating persistent fecal pollution in well waters. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to profile groundwater microbial communities and identified Campylobacteraceae as a fecal contamination DNA marker in septic tank effluents (STEs). We also identified Turicibacter and Gallicola as a potential cow and chicken fecal contamination marker, respectively. Using human specific Bacteroidales markers, we identified leaking septic tanks as the likely primary fecal contamination source in some of Wainfleet's groundwater. Overall, the results support the use of sequencing-based methods to augment traditional water quality testing methods and help end-users assess fecal contamination levels and identify point and non-point pollution sources. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
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Bhangale, Akash P., Sushant D. Wadekar, Sandeep B. Kale, Suraj N. Mali, and Amit P. Pratap. "Non-traditional oils with water-soluble substrate as cell growth booster for the production of mannosylerythritol lipids by Pseudozyma antarctica (ATCC 32657) with their antimicrobial activity." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 59, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2021-2366.
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Abstract Among glycolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL), are mild and environmentally friendly surfactants used in various industrial applications. MELs are produced by biofermentation using non-traditional oils with various water-soluble carbon sources as cell growth booster. This substrate affects the production yield and cost of MEL. In this research work, the non-traditional oils jatropha oil, karanja oil and neem oil were used as new substrates along with glucose, glycerol and honey as new water-soluble substrates. All these oils are new feedstocks for the production of MEL using Pseudozyma antarctica (ATCC 32657). Jatropha oil, karanja oil and neem oil with honey as substrates resulted in higher MEL yields of (8.07, 7.75, and 1.86) g/L and better cell growth of (8.07, 7.75, and 1.86) g/L, respectively, than non-traditional oils with glucose and glycerol as substrates. Neem oil gave a lower yield of MEL (1.54 g/L) as well as cell growth (6.06 g/L) compared to jatropha oil and karanja oil (7.03 and 6.17) g/L, respectively. Crude MEL from the fermentation broth was detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared spectrommetry (FT-IR), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Purified MEL has been used as an antimicrobial agent in cosmetic products associated with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi.
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Hwang, Hoei-Yuan, and Hung-Yuan Fang. "The study of diagnostic techniques for the sources of Escherichia coli at Ta-An Beach." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.335.
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Ta-an Beach in Taichung County, central Taiwan, was found to have exceeded 1,000 CFU/100 ml, 51% of the total monitoring records. It is difficult to identify the contamination source using traditional Escherichia coli and Enterococci analysis. Therefore, a more advanced method known as molecular biotechnology is adopted in this study to diagnose the sources of E. coli at Ta-An Beach. After comparing several different groups of micro-organisms in water samples, we know that there are E. coli and Bacillus. This shows that the beach water quality is indeed affected by contamination from land drainage, and the numbers of E. coli and non-E. coli coliform in land drainage is far greater than that normally found at the beach. The analytical methods and techniques used in this study were not significantly different from the results detected using standard data analysis. The proposed method has high stability and reliability, providing ways to track and identify future of contamination.
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Karamysheva, Anna A. "Development of the Architecture of High-Rise Unique Buildings with Renewable Energy Sources." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.451.
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The article deals with the use of renewable energy sources in construction in general and in high-rise unique buildings. Such approach will allow to design and construct buildings in which integrated renewable energy sources can be perfectly applied to all aspects of construction. The historical development of architecture and ecology as a single phenomenon is considered. This is particularly relevant to high-rise buildings. With the implementation of energy-efficient technologies, the main drawback - high-energy consumption - will be cut off. The article raises the question of the need to merge these two concepts. Examples of buildings with applied renewable energy sources, both constructed and projected, are considered. Non-traditional energy sources such as wind, solar, land, water and biomass are analyzed. The relevance of their application in construction and influence on all aspects of the project is proved: town-planning, functional, space planning, architectural and artistic, constructive and engineering.
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Burke, S., L. Heathwaite, P. Quinn, S. Merrett, P. Whitehead, N. Preedy, D. Lerner, and A. Saul. "Strategic management of non-point source pollution from sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0703.
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In the UK, the recycling of sewage sludge to land is expected to double by 2006 but the security of this route is threatened by environmental concerns and health scares. Strategic investment is needed to ensure sustainable and secure sludge recycling outlets. At present, the security of this landbank for sludge recycling is determined by legislation relating to nutrient rather than potentially toxic elements (PTEs) applications to land - especially the environmental risk linked to soil phosphorus (P) saturation. We believe that not all land has an equal risk of contributing nutrients derived from applications to land to receiving waters. We are currently investigating whether it is possible to minimise nutrient loss by applying sludge to land outside Critical Source Areas (CSAs) regardless of soil P Index status. Research is underway to develop a predictive and spatially-sensitive, semi-distributed model of critical thresholds for sludge application that goes beyond traditional “end-of-pipe” or “edge-of-field” modelling, to include hydrological flow paths and delivery mechanisms to receiving waters from non-point sources at the catchment scale.
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Deshmukh, Nikheel N., Devendra Chitale, and Raghavendra C. Kamath. "CLEAROSO: A Cleaning Robot for the Solar Panels." Journal of Computers, Mechanical and Management 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 09–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.57159/gadl.jcmm.1.2.22013.
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Non-renewable power sources being sustainable have a major impact on controlling global warming. Solar energy is one of the prominent non-renewable energy sources that has been increasingly utilized in recent years to generate solar power using solar panels. The accumulation of dust (also known as soiling) on the surface of solar panels reduces the quantity of sunlight reaching the solar cells beneath, lowering the efficiency of the solar panel. To fully utilize their specified capacity, they must be cleaned regularly, often with water. Cleaning solar panels, especially when large in numbers, consumes much time. The cleaning of solar panels has become complex, complicated, and ultimately costly due to the growing water shortage problem in most parts of the world. The current study also suggests the development of a solar panel cleaning robot to address the issues connected with the traditional technique of solar panel cleaning. In the present work, an appropriate methodology was developed to balance the robot on the solar panel, having the ability to clean the panels with no wastage of water and no damage to the panels. Since the proposed cleaning process is automated, cleaning time was significantly reduced, and the usage of water and the effort of the personnel was eliminated. Several cleaning trials were conducted using the robot, and the result indicated an increase in the overall efficiency of the solar panel cleaning process.
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Glushchenko, O. L., S. V. Ravitkina, and A. P. Pododny. "DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM OF HEATING OF A WATER AND HEALTH COMPLEX WITH THE USE OF NON-TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY." Collection of scholarly papers of Dniprovsk State Technical University (Technical Sciences) 1, no. 36 (September 7, 2020): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2519-2884.36.2020.16.
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Nguyen, My-Linh, Ali Taghvaie Nakhjiri, Mehnaz Kamal, Abdullah Mohamed, Mohammed Algarni, Subbotina Tatyana Yu, Fu-Ming Wang, and Chia-Hung Su. "State-of-the-Art Review on the Application of Membrane Bioreactors for Molecular Micro-Contaminant Removal from Aquatic Environment." Membranes 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12040429.
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In recent years, the emergence of disparate micro-contaminants in aquatic environments such as water/wastewater sources has eventuated in serious concerns about humans’ health all over the world. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is considered a noteworthy membrane-based technology, and has been recently of great interest for the removal micro-contaminants. The prominent objective of this review paper is to provide a state-of-the-art review on the potential utilization of MBRs in the field of wastewater treatment and micro-contaminant removal from aquatic/non-aquatic environments. Moreover, the operational advantages of MBRs compared to other traditional technologies in removing disparate sorts of micro-contaminants are discussed to study the ways to increase the sustainability of a clean water supplement. Additionally, common types of micro-contaminants in water/wastewater sources are introduced and their potential detriments on humans’ well-being are presented to inform expert readers about the necessity of micro-contaminant removal. Eventually, operational challenges towards the industrial application of MBRs are presented and the authors discuss feasible future perspectives and suitable solutions to overcome these challenges.
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Huang, Xiuying, Qin Qin, Qinglang Ma, and Bo Wang. "Atmospheric Water Harvesting with Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Composites: From Materials to Devices." Water 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 3487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213487.
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Clean water scarcity is deteriorating because of the growing population and water pollution. New methods to harvest freshwater from non-traditional water sources are urgently required to address this global issue. The atmosphere contains abundant water resources. Harvesting fresh water from the air has become an emerging and attractive approach, among which sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is the most promising method, as it demonstrates high water producibility, wide applicability and low energy consumption. Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) are a class of emerging porous materials characterized by their large specific surface area, adjustable pore structures and chemistry. Recently, hydrolytically stable MOFs have been used as sorbents in AWH, and several MOF-based prototyping devices have been demonstrated with great practical potential. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent progress on the MOFs and their derived composites as AWH sorbents. Then, we introduce several most representative devices using MOFs for practical applications. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of this emerging field are discussed.
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Agrawal, G. D. "Diffuse agricultural water pollution in India." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0131.
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Concern over agricultural diffuse pollution sources in integrated water quality management has been growing recently. Such sources are likely to be even more critical in developing countries, including India, where agriculture and rural habitats are still dominant, unlike the G7 or other affluent industrialised nations. A number of special features of the Indian scene need to be considered. These include: (i) extremely varying rainfall and stream-flow patterns; (ii) still largely traditional agricultural practices with average application of fertilizers and pesticides and significant areas under dry farming or only marginal irrigation; (iii) a very large cattle population, with agriculture almost always linked with animal husbandry; (iv) a culture of living close to the river (if not in the river) with dominating instream uses of bathing, washing, cattle wading, waste disposal, etc. and large-scale floodplain farming; and (v) scant respect for rules, regulations and laws alongside an extremely weak law-enforcement machinery. The paper shows that in the non-monsoon (non-flood) periods, which may account for all but 2 months of a year, agricultural diffuse pollution sources seem to have no impact on stream water quality. During these periods flows are low to minimal and pollution is dominated by the in-stream uses, sullage waters of rural communities and point discharges from urban/industrial sources, if any. Pollution due to agricultural return waters, either as wash-off or as seepage, appears to be rare during the 8-10 fair weather months. However, surface wash-off of pollutants from agricultural sources becomes the dominant factor during flood flows, and seepage/drainage from agricultural fields/soils continues to pollute streams for a month or two after the monsoons are over. Application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides (or any other agricultural chemicals) in India is still low compared to developed countries, and while eutrophication due to high levels of washed-off nutrients is observed in rural ponds and other stagnant bodies of water receiving agricultural drainage, and excessive pesticide residuals are often reported for vegetables, fodder, milk, etc., monitoring of streams and rivers does not show any significant pollution due to nutrients or pesticides from agricultural diffuse pollution during fair weather months. High nitrate concentrations have been reported in groundwater and in many areas, such as Punjab and Haryana, these can often be linked directly to diffuse agricultural sources. The major problem of agricultural diffuse pollution appears to be the heavy silt loads, along with large quantities of dissolved salts, nutrients, organics and even heavy metals and bacterial contaminants washed off during floods. The silt tends to clog up the flow channel to further encourage seasonal floodplain agriculture. This results in a vicious circle, which degrades the channel, increases flood-damage and is undesirable from ecological and sustainability points of view. High concentrations of salts and nutrients encourage growth of weeds and macrophytes after the floods have passed. The presence of organics, heavy metals and bacterial contamination renders the streamwater unfit for in-stream use or abstraction. With the introduction of intensive agriculture and adoption of modern farming techniques involving the application of much irrigation water and agricultural chemicals, the problems caused by diffuse agricultural pollution are bound to grow. Routine pollution control methods of discharge permits (or consent letters), EIAs or environmental audits, and normal enforcement measures by regulatory agencies are not likely to work for control of such pollution. Using the example of a small river in central India, Paisuni (Mandakini), the paper brings out the nature of the problems, and suggests a possible management approach.
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Tsgoev, Ruslan S. "Promising Osmotic and Hybrid Electrochemical Power Plants." Vestnik MEI 5, no. 5 (2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2020-5-47-53.
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A range of energy technologies ultimately aimed at obtaining electric energy is considered. Proceeding from the list of considered sources, it is possible to analyze their different combinations for achieving better energy efficiency of new complexes. A systematic list of 21 currently known traditional, non-traditional, and renewable energy sources is compiled. Each of them taken individually has an efficiency not exceeding 50%, except for some types of fuel cell based power facilities. Block diagrams of energy flow conversion stages are proposed for the considered kinds of sources. Obviously, if some or other chain does not contain certain blocks in comparison with the first classical chain of thermal engine thermodynamic cycles, this means that the missing energy conversion stages of are either implemented covertly, or proceed in the environment. As an example, two promising sources are considered: an osmotic hydroelectric power plant and a hybrid power plant (HybPP) based on high-temperature fuel cells with solid oxide electrolyte and a gas turbine unit. In fact, an osmotic hydroelectric power plant takes the solar energy spent for evaporation from sea surfaces in the form of the osmotic pressure phenomenon energy under the conditions of one-way diffusion of fresh river water (a solvent) molecules through a semi-permeable membrane towards salt sea water (a solution). An osmotic HPP is a combination of a reservoir with semi-permeable membranes and an HPP. The former is characterized by the expected high specific power up to 12 kW per square meter of semi-permeable membrane area, and the latter is characterized by the highest efficiency among all types of electric power sources and by the high achieved specific power up to 2-3 kW per square meter of solid oxide electrolyte surface area.
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Lee, Yong-Jin, Marirosa Molina, Jorge W. Santo Domingo, Jonathan D. Willis, Michael Cyterski, Dinku M. Endale, and Orin C. Shanks. "Temporal Assessment of the Impact of Exposure to Cow Feces in Two Watersheds by Multiple Host-Specific PCR Assays." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 22 (September 19, 2008): 6839–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00601-08.
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ABSTRACT Exposure to feces in two watersheds with different management histories was assessed by tracking cattle feces bacterial populations using multiple host-specific PCR assays. In addition, environmental factors affecting the occurrence of these markers were identified. Each assay was performed using DNA extracts from water and sediment samples collected from a watershed directly impacted by cattle fecal pollution (WS1) and from a watershed impacted only through runoff (WS2). In WS1, the ruminant-specific Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene marker CF128F was detected in 65% of the water samples, while the non-16S rRNA gene markers Bac1, Bac2, and Bac5 were found in 32 to 37% of the water samples. In contrast, all source-specific markers were detected in less than 6% of the water samples from WS2. Binary logistic regressions (BLRs) revealed that the occurrence of Bac32F and CF128F was significantly correlated with season as a temporal factor and watershed as a site factor. BLRs also indicated that the dynamics of fecal-source-tracking markers correlated with the density of a traditional fecal indicator (P < 0.001). Overall, our results suggest that a combination of 16S rRNA gene and non-16S rRNA gene markers provides a higher level of confidence for tracking unknown sources of fecal pollution in environmental samples. This study also provided practical insights for implementation of microbial source-tracking practices to determine sources of fecal pollution and the influence of environmental variables on the occurrence of source-specific markers.
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Rahman, S. K. Mashudur. "Challenges Faced by Entrepreneurial Fishermen Communities in Bangladesh: Realities from the Ground." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 29, no. 2 (December 2019): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529119898045.
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In Bangladesh, there are more than 30 indigenous fishing communities who depend on fishing as their chief sources of livelihood. In the past, they faced no problems for accessing the open water bodies. During the last few decades, due to siltation of rivers, wetlands, involvement of non-indigenous fishermen in fishing, lack of appropriate entrepreneurship development policies, indigenous fishermen are shifting their traditional occupations at an alarming rate and facing a very measurable economic condition. Based on sample surveys (250 respondents), focus group discussion and case studies among the five fishermen communities, this article has been prepared.
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DERKACH, Tetyana, and Denys CHEBANENKO. "THE PARADIGM OF ECONOMIC ENERGY SECURITY BY ORIENTATION ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 3(64) (2020): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2020.03.114.
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Introduction. The topic of renewable energy today is one of the most relevant and requires consideration from the point of view of all components of this process, namely economic, financial, environmental, technological, and others. The transition to renewable energy is already irreversible today since natural resources are depleted, fuel prices are the subject to significant fluctuations, and the stable growth of the national economy is ensured by energy security. The purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the volume of global energy consumption, to analyze the impact of the introduction of renewable energy sources on the development of the national economy, to ensure energy security with the depletion of hydrocarbon resources and a slight diversification of their suppliers. Results. Today the Ukrainian economy is the most energy-intensive. Unstable energy prices are a threat both to the global economy and to each country separately. Therefore, in the event of a decrease in the supply of traditional energy resources, the importing countries experience the greatest difficulties. The existing tendency in Ukraine to increase the consumption of traditional energy sources, combined with the absence of a targeted policy aimed at reducing the volume of environmental pollution, will lead to an increase in negative economic consequences. The advantage of renewable energy sources is their equal distribution throughout the country (with the exception of water resources). This feature leads to the formation of one of the main characteristics of power systems based on renewable energy sources, namely, their decentralization. It should be borne in mind that the world energy market is made up of state and non-state participants. Non-state participants are showing an upward trend. However, the state should have the greatest influence on the national energy sector. Renewable energy is an area that, in the Ukrainian context, depends on state support, namely economic and administrative incentives. The dynamics of the development of renewable energy should be combined with the balanced development of the fuel and energy sector in Ukraine. Conclusions. The process of development and transition to renewable energy needs a systematic approach. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are needed to assess the transition to renewable energy. An effective strategy for the transition to the introduction of renewable energy technologies should be justified by economic feasibility. The transition from traditional energy to renewable sources should lead to energy security, which contributes to stable economic growth, political independence, and improving the quality of the environmental component.
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Faroon, Maha, Zainb AL Saad, and Ahmed Hamdan. "A Review on Water Desalination Technology and Economics." Academic Journal of Research and Scientific Publishing 4, no. 43 (November 5, 2022): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52132/ajrsp.e.2022.43.2.
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Water is essential for life on earth. There were civilizations everywhere there was water. The issue of severe freshwater shortage on Earth results from the planet's limited freshwater resources, quickly growing human population, and improving living standards (mainly due to industrial and agricultural advancement). Numerous studies and research programs have focused on the future of the water situation and the quest for non-traditional water sources, such as desalination. Desalination has been regularly employed since the 1960s. Major technologies have improved efficiency, dependability, and cost since then. MSF served as the standard thermal technique for many years. The most advanced thermal process is MEE. However, it is not commonly employed. Since reverse osmosis (RO) has surpassed MSF as the most popular desalination method, it needs to be used as a standard. Desalination technology costs have significantly decreased over the past 30 years due to research and development that has reduced energy usage and improved design. Table 1 lists desalination methods according to their anticipated prices. Most of the costs associated with desalination are related to capital expenditure and energy prices, whereas expenses like operation and maintenance are almost constant.
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Batukhtin, Sergey, Andrey Batukhtin, and Marina Baranovskaya. "Water-air regenerative heat exchanger with increased heat exchange efficiency." E3S Web of Conferences 295 (2021): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129504005.
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According to experts’ forecasts, by 2040 the global demand for energy will increase by 37%, and renewable energy sources in the next 20 years will become the fastest growing segment of the world energy, their share in the next decade will grow by about one and a half times. Solar energy is the fastest growing industry among all non-conventional energy sources and is gaining the highest rates of development in comparison with other renewable energy sources. In this article, the authors provide an overview of the technologies that increase the efficiency and productivity of solar panels, only the investigated methods are described that can speed up the process of introducing solar energy instead of traditional. All the methods described can increase the efficiency of systems that are based on the use of the sun as the main source of energy. The authors presented and described the scheme of a solar-air thermal power plant, which will improve energy efficiency through the use of a regenerative air solar collector with increased heat transfer efficiency. Strengthening will be achieved through the use of hemispherical depressions on the surface that receives solar radiation. A schematic diagram is given and the principle of operation of such a solar collector is described in detail. A comparative calculation of the intensification of the solar collector with the use of depressions and without the use as modernization was carried out, on the basis of which a conclusion was made about the efficiency of using this type of solar collector and the economic effect from the application of this method. A description of the method for calculating the solar collector is given, thanks to which this development can be used and implemented in existing heating and hot water supply systems.
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Vasilyev, Gregory, Victor Gornov, Marina Kolesova, Vitaliy Leskov, Victoria Silaeva, Svetlana Marchenkova, and Alexander Dmitriev. "Experimental studies of energy efficiency of heat pump equipment for hot water supply and air conditioning systems in apartment buildings." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 042037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/4/042037.
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Abstract Experimental studies of this article are aimed at solving the problem of reforming the housing and communal services of Russia through rational integration of non-traditional energy sources and secondary energy resources into the energy balance of buildings and structures. An important component of the work was the creation and development of industrial production of reliable competitive heat pump systems of a new generation, cogenerating heat energy and cold in an autonomous mode and providing energy savings of at least 50% due to the combined use of low-potential thermal energy of the soil, the atmospheric air and the exhaust air of ventilation systems for hot water supply and air conditioning systems of apartment buildings.
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Momchev, Plamen, Petar Ciganović, Mario Jug, Eva Marguí, Jasna Jablan, and Marijana Zovko Končić. "Comparison of Maceration and Ultrasonication for Green Extraction of Phenolic Acids from Echinacea purpurea Aerial Parts." Molecules 25, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 5142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215142.
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Echinacea purpurea is used in herbal medicinal products for the prevention and treatment of the common cold, as well as for skin disorders and minor wounds. In this study, the efficiency of traditional maceration using water and ethanol was compared with the maceration using mixtures of water and glycerol, a non-toxic, biodegradable solvent from renewable sources. It was found that the glycerol–water mixtures were as effective as ethanol/water mixtures for the extraction of caffeic acid derivatives. All the prepared extracts demonstrated notable antiradical properties. Furthermore, an efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction using glycerol–water mixtures was developed using six independent variables. Their levels needed for the maximum extraction of caffeic acid derivatives were as follows: glycerol 90% (m/m), temperature 70 °C, ultrasound power 72 W, time 40 min, and ascorbic acid 0 mg/mL. Under the optimized conditions, ultrasound-assisted extraction was superior to maceration. It achieved significantly higher yields of phenolic acids in shorter extraction time. The presence of zinc in plant material may contribute to the beneficial effects of E. purpurea preparations. Since glycerol is a non-toxic solvent with humectant properties, the prepared extracts can be directly used for the preparation of cosmetics or oral pharmaceutical formulations without the need for solvent removal.
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Hassanisaadi, Mohadeseh, Gholam Hosein Shahidi Bonjar, Abbas Rahdar, Sadanand Pandey, Akbar Hosseinipour, and Roohollah Abdolshahi. "Environmentally Safe Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Plant Water Extracts." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082033.
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Due to their simplicity of synthesis, stability, and functionalization, low toxicity, and ease of detection, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a natural choice for biomedical applications. AuNPs’ unique optoelectronic features have subsequently been investigated and used in high-tech applications such as organic photovoltaics, sensory probes, therapeutic agents, the administration of drugs in biological and medical applications, electronic devices, catalysis, etc. Researchers have demonstrated the biosynthesis of AuNPs using plants. The present study evaluates 109 plant species used in the traditional medicine of Middle East countries as new sources of AuNPs in a wide variety of laboratory environments. In this study, dried samples of bark, bulb, flower, fruit, gum, leaf, petiole, rhizome, root, seed, stamen, and above-ground parts were evaluated in water extracts. About 117 plant parts were screened from 109 species in 54 plant families, with 102 extracts demonstrating a bioreduction of Au3+ to Au0, revealing 37 new plant species in this regard. The color change of biosynthesized AuNPs to gray, violet, or red was confirmed by UV-Visible spectroscopy, TEM, FSEM, DLS, and EDAX of six plants. In this study, AuNPs of various sizes were measured from 27 to 107 nm. This study also includes an evaluation of the potency of traditional East Asian medicinal plants used in this biosynthesis of AuNPs. An environmentally safe procedure such as this could act as a foundation for cosmetic industries whose quality assessment systems give a high priority to non-chemically synthesized products. It is crucial that future optimizations are adequately documented to scale up the described process.
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Champ, D. R., and J. Schroeter. "Bacterial Transport in Fractured Rock – A Field-Scale Tracer Test at the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1988): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0269.
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The potential for transport of bacteria by groundwater in fractured crystalline rock was assessed in a series of field-scale tracer tests. The breakthrough curves for injected Escherichla coll and “non-reactive” particle tracers were compared with those for conservative inorganic and radioactive tracers. Rapid transport, relative to the conservative tracers, of both bacteria and non-reactive particles was observed. The first appearance of both was with, or slightly before, the conservative tracers for water movement. Removal of the bacteria and particles by filtration processes occurred and was quantified through the calculation of filter factors. The filtration process in this fracture system is similar to that found in a gravel aquifer. From the results we can conclude that particulate contaminants can be very rapidly transported in fracture systems and that continuing sources of contamination could lead to relatively high local concentrations of particulate contaminants compared with the average at any given distance from the source. It was also concluded that the use of traditional conservative tracers, for water movement, to assess the potential for movement of particulate contaminants could lead to significant underestimates of exposure to particulate contaminants due to consumption of water from water recovery wells located in fractured media.
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Zheng, Yuexin, Qianyang Wang, Xuan Zhang, Jingshan Yu, Chong Li, Liwen Chen, and Yuan Liu. "Nitrogen and Phosphorus Retention Risk Assessment in a Drinking Water Source Area under Anthropogenic Activities." Remote Sensing 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14092070.
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Excessive nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) input resulting from anthropogenic activities seriously threatens the supply security of drinking water sources. Assessing nutrient input and export as well as retention risks is critical to ensuring the quality and safety of drinking water sources. Conventional balance methods for nutrient estimation rely on statistical data and a huge number of estimation coefficients, which introduces uncertainty into the model results. This study aimed to propose a convenient, reliable, and accurate nutrient prediction model to evaluate the potential nutrient retention risks of drinking water sources and reduce the uncertainty inherent in the traditional balance model. The spatial distribution of pollutants was characterized using time-series satellite images. By embedding human activity indicators, machine learning models, such as Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), were constructed to estimate the input and export of nutrients. We demonstrated the proposed model’s potential using a case study in the Yanghe Reservoir Basin in the North China Plain. The results indicate that the area information concerning pollution source types was effectively established based on a multi-temporal fusion method and the RF classification algorithm, and the overall classification low-end accuracy was 92%. The SVM model was found to be the best in terms of predicting nutrient input and export. The determination coefficient (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of N input, P input, N export, and P export were 0.95, 0.94, 0.91, and 0.93, respectively, and 32.75, 5.18, 1.45, and 0.18, respectively. The low export ratios (2.8–3.0% and 1.1–2.2%) of N and P, the ratio of export to input, further confirmed that more than 97% and 98% of N and P, respectively, were retained in the watershed, which poses a pollution risk to the soil and the quality of drinking water sources. This nutrient prediction model is able to improve the accuracy of non-point source pollution risk assessment and provide useful information for water environment management in drinking water source regions.
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Salahuddin, Md, Tahmina Siddiqua, Md Najmul Hasan, Md Shohel Rana, and Md Abul Kalam Azad. "Status of housing profile and feeding management of Black Bengal Goats in northern districts of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 1 (April 14, 2017): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i1.32037.
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The survey was carried out to get present status of farmers, housing profile and feeding management of Black Bengal Goats. The study was performed in four districts of northern region of Bangladesh, namely Bogra, Sirajganj, Gaibandha and Rangpur. Middle aged people were more interested in rearing goat both traditional (53.75%) and commercial (60%) farming system. Males (100%) were dominant in commercial system and females (63.75%) in traditional farming system. Most of the traditional farming farmers houses were earthen wall (76.25%) and non paved floor (71.25%). Brick wall (50%) and slatted floor (66.67%) were practiced more in commercial farming. Hundred percent farmers of commercial farming system constructed their farm away from own residence and (77.25%) traditional farming farmers house were attached with their own house without maintaining proper direction and ventilation system. 85% farmers of traditional approaches provided roadside and fallow land grasses by tethering feeding system and all commercial farming farmers cultivated fodder and fed by cut and carry feeding system after processing. Most of the traditional farming farmers (85%) did not provide any kind of concentrate mixture to their goats. In commercial farming approaches all goats were fed concentrate feed through homemade or purchased readymade feed from market. Drinking water sources of tube well (48%) and pond (49.25%) were interchangeable in traditional farming and tube well water was the main source in commercial farming approaches. In conclusion, both traditional and commercial farming approaches are practiced for goat production in northern districts of Bangladesh. This housing and feeding management for goat production are absolutely unclear. So, this study will support researchers and extension workers to develop proper strategic policies and help to take correct steps for future betterment of the Black Bengal Goats raising farmers.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 61-65
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Kobelev, N. S., V. N. Kobelev, W. I. Senzenkow, S. A. Poliwanowa, and N. A. Satalova. "ENERGY-SAVING ENVIRONMENTAL AUTOMATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR A CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-6-60-67.
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The energy saving ecological water supply system is proposed. The system can be implemented both in heat power engineering, in particular in circulating water supply systems for industrial enterprises, and in construction industry where there are heat evolutions produced by equipment and due to technological processes. According to the forecasts of Russia's energy strategy, the production of thermal energy will increase by 22-34 % in 2020. At the same time, it is planned to increase the real heat consumption by 1.4-1.5 times due to reduction of losses in the conditions of high energy saving potential in all energy sectors beginning with production to transportation and rational use of energy sources. The system of housing and utilities is extremely energy intensive, since utility infrastructure is worn out up to 80-90 %. The practical lack of biosphere-compatible technologies for engineering systems design and operation in Russia does not allow providing resource-saving at all stages of full life cycle of a building or a structure. Known studies and proposals based on the research and development decisions of RAASN Research Institute of Building Physics mainly relate to the thermal protection of the shell of a building and are not represented by engineering interconnected systems. Therefore, the development and implementation of measures for the integrated development of utility infrastructure becomes topical. The solution of this problem is related to complex of engineering and technical activities, including thermal protection by increasing thermal resistance of enclosing structures of buildings, upgrading heat and water supply systems, using non-traditional energy sources.
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Pagliero, Marcello, Marina Alloisio, Camilla Costa, Raffaella Firpo, Ermias Ararsa Mideksa, and Antonio Comite. "Carbon Black/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanocomposite Membranes for Direct Solar Distillation." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030740.
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Water reclamation is becoming a growing need, in particular in developing countries where harvesting the required energy can be a challenging problem. In this context, exploiting solar energy in a specifically tailored membrane distillation (MD) process can be a viable solution. Traditional MD guarantees a complete retention of non-volatile compounds and does not require high feed water temperatures. In this work, a suitable amount of carbon black (CB) was incorporated into the whole matrix of a polymeric porous membrane in order to absorb light and directly heat the feed. The mixed matrix membranes were prepared forming a uniform CB dispersion in the PVDF dope solution and then using a non-solvent induced phase separation process, which is a well-established technique for membrane manufacturing. CB addition was found to be beneficial on both the membrane structure, as it increased the pore size and porosity, and on the photothermal properties of the matrix. In fact, temperatures as high as 60 °C were reached on the irradiated membrane surface. These improvements led to satisfactory distillate flux (up to 2.3 L/m2h) during the direct solar membrane distillation tests performed with artificial light sources and make this membrane type a promising candidate for practical applications in the field of water purification.
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Saleh, Rabi Ibrahim, Mirae Kim, and Chaenyung Cha. "Comprehensive Enhancement of Mechanical, Water-Repellent and Antimicrobial Properties of Regenerated Seaweed and Plant-Based Paper with Chitosan Coating." Coatings 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111384.
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Regenerated papers made from discarded natural sources, such as seaweeds or non-wood plants, are viewed as promising eco-friendly alternatives relative to conventional wood-based paper. However, due to its limited mechanical strength and higher water absorption than compared to traditional wood paper, it often results in premature structural disintegration. In order to overcome this limitation, this research introduces an efficient and comprehensive strategy of coating seaweed and plant papers with varying concentrations and molecular weights of chitosan. Increased concentration and molecular weight resulted in a greater amount of chitosan deposition, while the highest molecular weight also shows increased dissolution of soluble components of the paper. Since plants and seaweeds contain high anionic polysaccharide contents, the cationic chitosan shows high binding affinity towards paper. The resulting chitosan-coated papers demonstrate significant enhancements in water repellency and mechanical properties. In addition, the chitosan-coated papers also show significant bacterial inhibition effects due to the natural anti-microbial activity of chitosan.
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Bognár, Szabolcs, Predrag Putnik, and Daniela Šojić Merkulov. "Sustainable Green Nanotechnologies for Innovative Purifications of Water: Synthesis of the Nanoparticles from Renewable Sources." Nanomaterials 12, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12020263.
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Polluting the natural water resources is a serious global issue, which is confirmed by the fact that today at least 2 billion people consume water from contaminated sources. The conventional wastewater treatment methods cannot effectively remove the persistent pollutants (e.g., drugs, organic dyes, pesticides) from the aqueous environment. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising and sustainable alternative for water remediation. It is based on the interaction between light irradiation and the semiconductors (e.g., TiO2, ZnO) as photocatalysts, but these compounds, unfortunately, have some disadvantages. Hence, great attention has been paid to the nanotechnology as a possible way of improvement. Nanomaterials have extraordinary properties; however, their conventional synthesis is often difficult and requires a significant amount of dangerous chemicals. This concise topical review gives recent updates and trends in development of sustainable and green pathways in the synthesis of nanomaterials, as well as in their application for water remediation. In our review we put emphasis on the eco-friendly, mostly plant extract-based materials. The importance of this topic, including this study as well, is proved by the growing number of publications since 2018. Due to the current serious environmental issues (e.g., global warming, shortage of pure and quality water), it is necessary for the traditional TiO2 and ZnO semiconductors to be replaced with the harmless, non-toxic, and more powerful nanocomposites as photocatalysts. Not only because of their higher efficiency as compared to the bulk semiconductors, but also because of the presence of biomolecules that can add up to the pollutant removal efficiency, which has been already confirmed in many researches. However, despite the fact that the application of heterogeneous photocatalysis together with green nanotechnology is absolutely the future in water purification, there are some challenges which have to be overcome. The exact effects of the biomolecules obtained from plants in the synthesis of nanoparticles, as well as in the photocatalytic processes, are not exactly known and require further investigation. Furthermore, heterogeneous photocatalysis is a well-known and commonly examined process; however, its practical use outside the laboratory is expensive and difficult. Thus, it has to be simplified and improved in order to be available for everyone. The aim of our review is to suggest and prove that using these bio-inspired compounds it is possible to reduce human footprint in the nature.
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Maliki, Intan Mariana, Mailin Misson, Peik Lin Teoh, Kenneth Francis Rodrigues, and Wilson Thau Lym Yong. "Production of Lectins from Marine Algae: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities for Non-Destructive Extraction." Marine Drugs 20, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20020102.
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Marine algae are an excellent source of novel lectins. The isolation of lectins from marine algae expands the diversity in structure and carbohydrate specificities of lectins isolated from other sources. Marine algal lectins have been reported to have antiviral, antitumor, and antibacterial activity. Lectins are typically isolated from marine algae by grinding the algal tissue with liquid nitrogen and extracting with buffer and alcohol. While this method produces higher yields, it may not be sustainable for large-scale production, because a large amount of biomass is required to produce a minute amount of compound, and a significant amount of waste is generated during the extraction process. Therefore, non-destructive extraction using algal culture water could be used to ensure a continuous supply of lectins without exclusively disrupting the marine algae. This review discusses the traditional and recent advancements in algal lectin extraction methods over the last decade, as well as the steps required for large-scale production. The challenges and prospects of various extraction methods (destructive and non-destructive) are also discussed.
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Lopez-Jimenez, Jorge, Alain Vande Wouwer, and Nicanor Quijano. "Dynamic Modeling of Crop–Soil Systems to Design Monitoring and Automatic Irrigation Processes: A Review with Worked Examples." Water 14, no. 6 (March 12, 2022): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060889.
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The smart use of water is a key factor in increasing food production. Over the years, irrigation has relied on historical data and traditional management policies. Control techniques have been exploited to build automatic irrigation systems based on climatic records and weather forecasts. However, climate change and new sources of information motivate better irrigation strategies that might take advantage of the new sources of information in the spectrum of systems and control methodologies in a more systematic way. In this connection, two open questions deserve interest: (i) How can one deal with the space–time variability of soil conditions? (ii) How can one provide robustness to an irrigation system under unexpected environmental change? In this review, the different elements of an automatic control system are described, including the mathematical modeling of the crop–soil systems, instrumentation and actuation, model identification and validation from experimental data, estimation of non-measured variables and sensor fusion, and predictive control based on crop–soil and weather models. An overview of the literature is given, and several specific examples are worked out for illustration purposes.
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Nnane, Daniel Ekane, James Ebdon, and Huw Taylor. "The dynamics of faecal indicator organisms in a temperate river during storm conditions." Journal of Water and Climate Change 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2012.145.
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Greater incidence of storm events, which can lead to greater contamination of surface waters by human and animal faeces, are a predicted feature of climate change in parts of Europe and elsewhere. The aim of this study was to combine the use of a novel quantitative microbial source tracking (QMST) method with established water quality monitoring procedures during an intense summer storm event in a rural UK river catchment, to establish dominant sources of faecal pollution. One-litre grab samples of river water were collected every 12 h for a period of seven days from three sampling sites on the Bevern Stream (a tributary of the Sussex Ouse). All samples were tested for a range of chemophysical and bacteriological parameters, and also for phage-lysis of a human specific strain of Bacteroides spp. GB-124. Presumptive levels of Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci were statistically significantly (p-value < 0.05) higher during the storm event, compared with dry weather conditions. Low recorded levels of phages of Bacteroides GB-124 during the storm event, compared with dry weather conditions, support the hypothesis that the predominant sources of faecal material in the river during the storm event were non-human. Using traditional faecal indicator bacteria and a QMST marker during storm events may improve human health protection protocols.
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Краснова, Тамара, and Tamara Krasnova. "Water treatment in food industry." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 48, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2018-1-15-30.
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The author considered the contemporary state of the issue of water treatment in food and beverages production. The article presents regulated water quality parameters for drinking and bottled water, for dairy industry, beer and soft drinks production, as well as for production of vodka, vodka for export, and baby food. The article shows that water from central utility and drinking water supply needs additional treatment to produce food and beverages. It should be cleaned from hardness salts, iron, manganese, mineral salts, organic compounds and microbial contamination. Besides, many companies use groundwater sources (from wells). That makes water treatment procedure even more complicated. The author considered such treatment methods as ion exchange, magnetic water treatment, catalyzed oxidation, deferrization using sorption-filtering materials from mineral raw materials, aeration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, activated carbon adsorption. The author shows the treatment mechanisms, their advantages and disadvantages. The article indicates which materials and equipment can be used to apply these methods in water treatment practice. It describes new techniques for effective water treatment such as radiolysis, cavitation and advanced oxidation treatment techniques. It gives flow diagram of bottled water production depending on its origin and content of impurities which is used by the companies working in Gelendzhiksky district, Lipetsk and Kemerovo. The author analyzed the contemporary state of the issue of water treatment in food and beverages production companies based on the available information and assessed the technical level of water treatment systems. The article reveals that only companies which produce alcoholic drinks such as vodka, liquors, and beer use a number of water treatment procedures which meet modern requirements. In general, food production companies face water treatment issue. Labor intensive, expensive and non-environmentally friendly water treatment methods are used everywhere. But they do not always guarantee required water quality. For that reason water treatment schemes in food industry should be revised. The author gives recommendations to replace traditional technologies with modern ones.
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Lototska-Dudyk, U. B., l. B. Lototska, and O. M. Stanko. "Medical and hygienic assessment of influence of nitrates from decentralized water sources on cardiovascular and circulation systems morbidity." Acta Medica Leopoliensia 26, no. 2-3 (2020): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25040/aml2020.02-03.061.
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Aim. To analyze the levels of nitrate pollution of decentralized water supply sources in the settlements of Lviv region, and to investigate their influence on the formation of morbidity of the cardiovascular and circulation system among the adult population of the region. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted according to the results of monitoring the nitrate content (mg / dm3) in the decentralized water supply sources for the period of 2012-2018 and the morbidity of the cardiovascular and circulation system of the adult population of 20 districts of Lviv region during 2012-2016. The assessment of health hazards for the adult population of Lviv region from consumption of nitrate-contaminated drinking water was carried out in accordance with the risk assessment methodology based on the calculated hazard coefficients (HQ). The results were processed by traditional methods of variation statistics using licensed computer programs Microsoft Excel and Statistica 10.0. Results and Discussion. The laboratory survey covered 2212 (2012) - 2468 (2018) sources of decentralized water supply in Lviv region. There is a clear tendency of increase in the level of nitrate contamination of the drinking water. Excessive nitrate content was found in 18.6-21.7% of individual sources, 9.9-10.5% of public wells and 12.6-13.3% of public captures. The highest concentrations and the highest percentage of excesses were registered in Mykolaiv, Zhovkva, Zolochiv, and Pustomyty districts, and the smallest of excess nitrates was recorded in Turka, Sambir and Staro-Sambir districts. The average excess nitrate content in the most polluted areas was in the range of 3.3-8.0 MAC, which corresponds to concentrations at 165-400 mg/dm3. The highest rates of cardiovascular morbidity and circulatory system were registered in areas where the population uses mainly decentralized water sources and cases were recorded of significant excess of nitrates in drinking water. The statistical analysis found positive correlation connections between the development of ischemia (moderate, r=0.49, p<0.05), angina pectoris (average, r=0.77, p<0.05), and hypertension (severe, r=0.99, p <0.05) and nitrate content in the drinking water. The determination coefficients were 23.08%, 59.58% and 98.01%, respectively. According to the results of the regression analysis, an adequate mathematical model was constructed to predict the probable development of this pathology among the adult population of the region. An assessment of the health hazard for adults consuming drinking water contaminated with nitrates indicates a threat of increased non-infection morbidity, including that of cardiovascular and circulation system, namely an increase in the average (HQ 1-5) risk of nitrates at 1.8-5.0 MAC to high (HQ 5-10) - at their concentration of 5.9-8.0 MAC. Conclusions. The solution to the problem of reducing nitrate pollution of drinking water should be included amongthe most important issues not only in the field of environmental protection, but also the protection of public health. Improving the environment will help reduce the load on the healthcare system in terms of preventing and treating cardiovascular disease. Keywords: nitrates, drinking water, cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the circulatory system
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Gibbs, Matthew S., David McInerney, Greer Humphrey, Mark A. Thyer, Holger R. Maier, Graeme C. Dandy, and Dmitri Kavetski. "State updating and calibration period selection to improve dynamic monthly streamflow forecasts for an environmental flow management application." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 871–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-871-2018.
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Abstract. Monthly to seasonal streamflow forecasts provide useful information for a range of water resource management and planning applications. This work focuses on improving such forecasts by considering the following two aspects: (1) state updating to force the models to match observations from the start of the forecast period, and (2) selection of a shorter calibration period that is more representative of the forecast period, compared to a longer calibration period traditionally used. The analysis is undertaken in the context of using streamflow forecasts for environmental flow water management of an open channel drainage network in southern Australia. Forecasts of monthly streamflow are obtained using a conceptual rainfall–runoff model combined with a post-processor error model for uncertainty analysis. This model set-up is applied to two catchments, one with stronger evidence of non-stationarity than the other. A range of metrics are used to assess different aspects of predictive performance, including reliability, sharpness, bias and accuracy. The results indicate that, for most scenarios and metrics, state updating improves predictive performance for both observed rainfall and forecast rainfall sources. Using the shorter calibration period also improves predictive performance, particularly for the catchment with stronger evidence of non-stationarity. The results highlight that a traditional approach of using a long calibration period can degrade predictive performance when there is evidence of non-stationarity. The techniques presented can form the basis for operational monthly streamflow forecasting systems and provide support for environmental decision-making.
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Baljon, Mohammed, and Lian Zhao. "Resource Allocation for Wireless Networks with Energy Harvesting Constraints Over Fading Channels." Journal of Science and Technology: Issue on Information and Communications Technology 2, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31130/jst.2016.20.
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This research work considers the utilize of energy harvesters, instead of conventional time-invariant energy sources, in wireless communication. For the purpose of exposition, we study the traditional two-hop communication system for delay limited (DL) and delay tolerant (DT) relaying networks over fading channels, in which the source node transmits with power drawn from energy harvesting (EH) sources and the relay transmits with conventional non-EH sources. We address the throughput maximization problem for the proposed system model for DL and DT cases. We find that the optimal power allocation algorithm for the single-hop communication system with EH constraints, namely, recursive geometric water-filling(RGWF), can be utilized as a guideline for the design of the two-hop system. We first introduce RGWF algorithm and we show the advantages of the geometric approach in eliminating the complexity of the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) condition as well as providing a closed-form and exact solutions to the proposed problem. Based on the RGWF algorithm, we propose offline joint power allocation and transmission time scheduling schemes for DL relaying network and DT relaying network. We also propose efficient online resource allocation schemes for both relays’ cases. The performance of the proposed schemes is evaluated via simulation and the results demonstrate that a network with delay tolerant ability provides better performance in term of throughput.
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Blumer-Schuette, Sara E. "Insights into Thermophilic Plant Biomass Hydrolysis from Caldicellulosiruptor Systems Biology." Microorganisms 8, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030385.
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Plant polysaccharides continue to serve as a promising feedstock for bioproduct fermentation. However, the recalcitrant nature of plant biomass requires certain key enzymes, including cellobiohydrolases, for efficient solubilization of polysaccharides. Thermostable carbohydrate-active enzymes are sought for their stability and tolerance to other process parameters. Plant biomass degrading microbes found in biotopes like geothermally heated water sources, compost piles, and thermophilic digesters are a common source of thermostable enzymes. While traditional thermophilic enzyme discovery first focused on microbe isolation followed by functional characterization, metagenomic sequences are negating the initial need for species isolation. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the extremely thermophilic genus Caldicellulosiruptor, including genomic and metagenomic analyses in addition to recent breakthroughs in enzymology and genetic manipulation of the genus. Ten years after completing the first Caldicellulosiruptor genome sequence, the tools required for systems biology of this non-model environmental microorganism are in place.