Journal articles: 'Non-tonal'

1

Gussenhoven, Carlos. "Commentary: Tonal complexity in non-tonal languages." Journal of Language Evolution 1, no. 1 (January 2016): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jole/lzv016.

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Percival, Maida, and Kaz Bamba. "Segmental intonation in tonal and non-tonal languages." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (May 2017): 3701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4988075.

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Lee, Hyunjung, and Allard Jongman. "Perception of initial stops in tonal and non-tonal Korean." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130, no. 4 (October 2011): 2572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3655308.

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Chen, Si, Yunjuan He, Ratree Wayland, Yike Yang, Bei Li, and Chun Wah Yuen. "Mechanisms of tone sandhi rule application by tonal and non-tonal non-native speakers." Speech Communication 115 (December 2019): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2019.10.008.

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Ciocca, Valter, Alexander L. Francis, and Yanhong Zhang. "Learning of non‐native tonal contrasts with or without tonal context." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 5 (November 2006): 3175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4787948.

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Popovic, Linda. "Liszt's Harmonic Polymorphism: Tonal and Non-Tonal Aspects in 'Heroide Funebre'." Music Analysis 15, no. 1 (March 1996): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/854169.

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7

Dean, Roger Thornton, and Marcus Thomas Pearce. "Algorithmically-generated Corpora that use Serial Compositional Principles Can Contribute to the Modeling of Sequential Pitch Structure in Non-tonal Music." Empirical Musicology Review 11, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/emr.v11i1.4900.

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We investigate whether pitch sequences in non-tonal music can be modeled by an information-theoretic approach using algorithmically-generated melodic sequences, made according to 12-tone serial principles, as the training corpus. This is potentially useful, because symbolic corpora of non-tonal music are not readily available. A non-tonal corpus of serially-composed melodies was constructed algorithmically using classic principles of 12-tone music, including prime, inversion, retrograde and retrograde inversion transforms. A similar algorithm generated a tonal melodic corpus of tonal transformations, in each case based on a novel tonal melody and expressed in alternating major keys. A cognitive model of auditory expectation (IDyOM) was used first to analyze the sequential pitch structure of the corpora, in some cases with pre-training on established tonal folk-song corpora (Essen, Schaffrath, 1995). The two algorithmic corpora can be distinguished in terms of their information content, and they were quite different from random corpora and from the folk-song corpus. We then demonstrate that the algorithmic serial corpora can assist modeling of canonical non-tonal compositions by Webern and Schoenberg, and also non-tonal segments of improvisations by skilled musicians. Separately, we developed the process of algorithmic melody composition into a software system (the Serial Collaborator) capable of generating multi-stranded serial keyboard music. Corpora of such keyboard compositions based either on the non-tonal or the tonal melodic corpora were generated and assessed for their information-theoretic modeling properties.

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Lin, Hui-shan. "Tonal (non-)transfer in Kunming Reduplication." Journal of East Asian Linguistics 28, no. 1 (February 2019): 55–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10831-019-09190-8.

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Li, Yang-wenyi, Xiaoting Cheng, Chenru Ding, John J. Galvin, Bing Chen, and Qian-Jie Fu. "Benefits of long-term music training for segregation of competing speech by tonal language speakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019032.

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Extended experience with meaningful pitch information has been shown to benefit music perception as well as speech perception where pitch cues are important, such as segregation of competing speech and tonal language perception. Interestingly, pitch perception has been shown to be similar between non-musicians who speak a tonal language and musicians who speak a non-tonal language, both of which outperform non-musicians who speak a non-tonal language. However, it is unknown whether extensive music training can further benefit pitch perception in tonal language speakers. In this study, melodic contour identification, spectro-temporal pattern perception, and masked speech recognition was measured in 16 adult normal-hearing musicians and 16 non-musicians; all were Chinese native speakers of Mandarin. Melodic contour identification, spectro-temporal pattern perception, and masked speech recognition all were significantly better for musicians than for non-musicians. Compared to non-musicians, musicians better utilized talker sex cues to segregate competing speech; utilization of talker sex cues by musicians was associated with the onset and extent of music training. Across all participants, spectro-temporal pattern perception was associated with better masked speech understanding. The data suggest that early and extensive music training may further benefit tonal language speakers’ perception and utilization of pitch cues.

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Thompson, Avery. "Tonal language speakers experience less vocal impairment from alcohol." Scilight 2022, no. 33 (August 12, 2022): 331102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0013392.

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Järvikivi, Juhani, Martti Vainio, and Daniel Aalto. "Real-Time Correlates of Phonological Quantity Reveal Unity of Tonal and Non-Tonal Languages." PLoS ONE 5, no. 9 (September 8, 2010): e12603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012603.

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Hao, Yen-Chen. "Second language acquisition of Mandarin Chinese tones by tonal and non-tonal language speakers." Journal of Phonetics 40, no. 2 (March 2012): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2011.11.001.

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Chen, Si, Caicai Zhang, Adam G. McCollum, and Ratree Wayland. "Statistical modelling of phonetic and phonologised perturbation effects in tonal and non-tonal languages." Speech Communication 88 (April 2017): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2017.01.006.

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Choi, Tae-Hwan, Gyung-Ho Kim, and Jeong-Im Han. "Perception and production of English stops by tonal and non-tonal Korean dialect speakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 6 (December 2013): EL541—EL546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4829059.

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15

Chien, Pei‐Ju, Angela D. Friederici, Gesa Hartwigsen, and Daniela Sammler. "Neural correlates of intonation and lexical tone in tonal and non‐tonal language speakers." Human Brain Mapping 41, no. 7 (January 20, 2020): 1842–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24916.

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Matsunaga, Rie, Pitoyo Hartono, Koichi Yokosawa, and Jun-ichi Abe. "The Development of Sensitivity to Tonality Structure of Music." Music Perception 37, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.37.3.225.

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Tonal schemata are shaped by culture-specific music exposure. The acquisition process of tonal schemata has been delineated in Western mono-musical children, but cross-cultural variations have not been explored. We examined how Japanese children acquire tonal schemata in a bi-musical culture characterized by the simultaneous, and unbalanced, appearances of Western (dominant) music along with traditional Japanese (non-dominant) music. Progress of this acquisition was indexed by gauging children’s sensitivities to musical scale membership (differentiating scale-tones from non-scale-tones) and differences in tonal stability among scale tones (differentiating the tonic from another scale tone). Children (7-, 9-, 11-, 13-, and 14-year-olds) and adults judged how well two types of target tones (scale tone vs. non-scale tone; tonic vs. non-tonic) fit a preceding Western or traditional Japanese tonal context. Results showed that even 7-year-olds showed sensitivity to Western scale membership while sensitivity to Japanese scale membership did not appear until age nine. Also, sensitivity to the tonic emerged at age 13 for both types of melodies. These results suggest that even though they are exposed to both types of music simultaneously from birth, Japanese children begin by acquiring the tonal schema of the dominant Western music and this age of acquisition is not delayed relative to Western mono-musical peers.

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이옥주. "Global Pitch Characteristics of Tonal and Non-Tonal Language Speakers : Evidence from Mandarin-Korean Bilinguals." CHINESE LITERATURE 98, no. ll (February 2019): 267–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21192/scll.98..201902.013.

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18

Dean, Roger T. "The Serial Collaborator: A Meta-Pianist for Real-Time Tonal and Non-Tonal Music Generation." Leonardo 47, no. 3 (June 2014): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00769.

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Serial music, which is mainly non-tonal, superimposes compositional freedom onto an unusually rigorous process of pitch-sequence transformations based on ‘tone rows’: a row is usually a sequence of notes using each of the 12 chromatic pitches once. Compositional freedom comprises forming chords from the sequences, and in multi-strand music, also in simultaneously presenting different segments of pitch-sequences. The present project coded a real-time serial music composer for automatic or interactive music performance. This Serial Keyboardist Collaborator can perform keyboard music which is impossible for a human to realize. Surprisingly, it was also useful in making more tonal music based on the same rigorous pitch-sequence generation.

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Chen, Si, Yiqing Zhu, Ratree Wayland, and Yike Yang. "How musical experience affects tone perception efficiency by musicians of tonal and non-tonal speakers?" PLOS ONE 15, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): e0232514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232514.

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20

Wong, Yetta Kwailing, Vince SH Ngan, Leo YT Cheung, and Alan C.-N. Wong. "Absolute pitch learning in adults speaking non-tonal languages." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 11 (July 6, 2020): 1908–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820935776.

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Absolute pitch (AP) refers to labelling individual pitches in the absence of external reference. A widely endorsed theory regards AP as a privileged ability enjoyed by selected few with rare genetic makeup and musical training starting in early childhood. However, recent evidence showed that even adults can learn AP, and some can attain a performance level comparable to natural AP possessors. These training studies involved native tonal language speakers, whose acquisition of AP might be facilitated by tonal language exposure during early childhood. In this study, adults speaking non-tonal languages went through AP training that was 20-hr long, computerised and personalised. Performance on average improved, which was accompanied by enhanced working memory for tones, whereas relative pitch judgement and sensitivity to small pitch differences remained unchanged. Notably, two out of 13 learned to label all 12 pitches within an octave, with accuracy and response time comparable to natural AP possessors. Overall, the findings suggest that tonal language exposure is not a prerequisite for AP learning in adulthood. The understanding of the origin of AP would benefit from considering the role of lifelong learning instead of focusing only on early childhood experience.

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21

Lin, Hui-shan. "Indirect tone-prominence interaction in Kunming tone sandhi." Concentric. Studies in Linguistics 45, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 44–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/consl.00003.li.

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Abstract Kunming exhibits a special kind of interaction between tone and prominence whereby the prosodic headedness is shown to play an indirect role in tone sandhi. Due to higher-ranked tonal faithfulness constraints, lower tones, which are universally unfavored in the head position, do not change to higher tones, and higher tones, which are universally unfavored in the non-head position, do not change to lower tones. Nonetheless, though the unfavored tone-(non-)head correlation does not directly trigger tone sandhi, it indirectly decides whether tone sandhi will take place. Falling tones, inter-syllabic tone segment disagreement, and tonal combinations with identical contours are marked tonal structures in the language. But not all these structures result in tone sandhi. The penalization of these structures is tied to an unfavored tone-(non-)head correlation; only when an undesired tone-(non-)head correlation is involved are the marked tonal structures penalized. The indirect tone-(non-)head interaction observed in Kunming is special but not unique to the language as a similar correlation is found in the Chinese dialects of Dongshi Hakka and Beijing Mandarin.

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ORTEGA-LLEBARIA, MARTA, MARITZA NEMOGÁ, and NORA PRESSON. "Long-term experience with a tonal language shapes the perception of intonation in English words: How Chinese–English bilinguals perceive “Rose?” vs. “Rose”." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 2 (October 28, 2015): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000723.

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Long-term experience with a tonal language shapes pitch perception in specific ways, and consequently Chinese speakers may not process pitch in English words – e.g., “Rose?” spoken as a question versus “Rose” spoken as a statement – in the same way as native speakers of non-tonal languages do. If so, what are those pitch processing differences and how do they affect Chinese recognition of English words? We investigated these questions by administering a primed lexical-decision task in English to proficient Chinese–English bilinguals and two control groups, namely, Spanish–English and native English speakers. Prime-target pairs differed in one sound and/or in pitch. Results showed specific cross-language differences in pitch processing between the Chinese speakers and the control groups, confirming that experience with a tonal language shaped the perception of English words' intonation. Moreover, such experience helps to incorporate pitch into models of word-recognition for bilinguals of tonal and non-tonal languages.

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최영미. "Non-Syllabification and Tonal Change in Jeongseon Dialect." Korean Language Research ll, no. 33 (December 2013): 269–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.16876/klrc.2013..33.269.

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24

Rahn, Jay. ""Chinese Harmony" and Contemporary Non-Tonal Music Theory." Canadian University Music Review 19, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1014452ar.

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Twentieth-century Chinese theorists and composers have developed a distinctively indigenous approach to harmony, based in part on earlier pentatonic traditions. Mixed as it is with conventions of diatonic and chromatic harmony imported from Europe and North America, the resulting "Chinese harmony" poses music-theoretical problems of coordinating diatonic and pentatonic scales, and tertial and quartal chords. A survey of Chinese harmony as expounded by Kang Ou shows these difficulties to be theoretically intractable within solely Chinese or Euro-American frameworks, but soluble through recent formulations in atonal—or more appropriately, non-tonal-theory, as advanced by such writers as John Clough.

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Downing, Laura J. "Compounding and tonal non-transfer in Bantu languages." Phonology 20, no. 01 (May 2003): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675703004457.

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Braun, Bettina, Tobias Galts, and Barış Kabak. "Lexical encoding of L2 tones: The role of L1 stress, pitch accent and intonation." Second Language Research 30, no. 3 (June 3, 2014): 323–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658313510926.

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Native language prosodic structure is known to modulate the processing of non-native suprasegmental information. It has been shown that native speakers of French, a language without lexical stress, have difficulties storing non-native stress contrasts. We investigated whether the ability to store lexical tone (as in Mandarin Chinese) also depends on the first language (L1) prosodic structure and, if so, how. We tested participants from a stress language (German), a language without word stress (French), a language with restricted lexical tonal contrasts (Japanese), and Mandarin Chinese controls. Furthermore, German has a rich intonational structure, while French and Japanese dispose of fewer utterance-level pitch contrasts. The participants learnt associations between disyllabic non-words (4 tonal contrasts) and objects and indicated whether picture–word pairs matched with what they had learnt (complete match, segmental or tonal mismatch conditions). In the tonal mismatch condition, the Mandarin Chinese controls had the highest sensitivity, followed by the German participants. The French and Japanese participants showed no sensitivity towards these tonal contrasts. Utterance-level prosody is hence better able to predict success in second language (L2) tone learning than word prosody.

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Kim, Juwon. "On the Evolution of Korean Prosody －A Comprehensive Research on Tonal dialect and Non－tonal dialect-." Journal of Korean Linguistics 104 (December 31, 2022): 3–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15811/jkl.2022..104.001.

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Bao, Yan, Aneta Szymaszek, Xiaoying Wang, Anna Oron, Ernst Pöppel, and Elzbieta Szelag. "Temporal order perception of auditory stimuli is selectively modified by tonal and non-tonal language environments." Cognition 129, no. 3 (December 2013): 579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.019.

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LIU, LIQUAN, and RENÉ KAGER. "Perception of tones by bilingual infants learning non-tone languages." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 3 (February 23, 2016): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000183.

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This paper examines the ability of bilingual infants who were learning Dutch and another non-tone language to discriminate tonal contrasts. All infants from 5 to 18 months of age succeeded in discriminating a tonal contrast of Mandarin Chinese (Tone 1 versus Tone 4) and showed a U-shaped pattern when facing a less acoustically salient manipulated version (contracted) of the aforementioned contrast. Specifically, infants showed initial sensitivity to the contracted contrast during their early months, followed by a loss of sensitivity at the stage where tonal perceptual reorganization typically occurs, and a sensitivity rebound by the end of the first year after birth. Compared to a previous studying of ours testing monolingual Dutch infants (Liu & Kager, 2014), the discrimination patterns of bilingual infants revealed both similarities and differences. On one hand, as with monolinguals, non-tone-learning bilingual infants’ tonal perception presented plasticity influenced by contrast acoustic salience along the trajectory of perceptual reorganization; as well as a general U-shaped perceptual pattern when discriminating non-native tones. On the other hand, bilingual infants appeared to regain sensitivity to the contracted tonal contrast at an earlier age (11–12 months) in comparison with monolinguals infants (17–18 months). We provide several explanations, stemming from the simultaneous exposure to two languages, to account for the 6-month bilingual perceptual plasticity from linguistic and cognitive perspectives. The overall outcomes of the study offer insights into the infant perceptual reorganization and language development trajectory, expand on the differences between monolingual and bilingual language development, and broaden our understanding of the influence of bilingual exposure to the perception of non-native contrasts in infancy from linguistic and cognitive perspectives.

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Turnbull, Rory. "The phonetics and phonology of lexical prosody in San Jerónimo Acazulco Otomi." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47, no. 3 (October 18, 2016): 251–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100316000384.

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San Jerónimo Acazulco Otomi (SJAO) is an underdescribed and endangered Oto-Manguean language spoken in central Mexico. This paper provides an analysis of the phonology of tonal contrasts in SJAO and the phonetics of their realization based on pitch pattern data derived from audio recordings of citation forms of SJAO words. Each SJAO lexical word has one and only one tonal sequence – either /H/ or /HL/. This sequence is underlyingly associated with one syllable in the word. Other syllables are not specified for tone, and their phonetic realization is predictable depending on their position relative to the tonal syllable. A phonetic analysis revealed that underlyingly-tonal syllables are phonetically distinct from non-tonal syllables: those with /H/ are produced with greater vocal effort (measured by spectral tilt), and those with /HL/ are longer, louder, and bear a higher f0 (fundamental frequency), compared with non-tonal syllables. This analysis differs from previous accounts of lexical prosody in other Otomi varieties, which have either described a three-way system of high, low, and rising tones contrasting on every stem syllable, or a system where one syllable per word is assigned a stress-like ‘accent’. This difference from previous analyses suggests that there is a third possible characterization of lexical prosody for Otomi, which is appropriate for SJAO and potentially other understudied varieties.

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Hao, Yen-Chen. "The effect of second language experience on lexical encoding of segments and tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011266.

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While previous studies generally find that increasing second language (L2) experience contributes to more accurate phonetic perception of L2 sounds, whether it leads to more proficient lexical encoding remains an empirical question. The current study examines lexical encoding of Mandarin segments and tones by English speakers at different proficiency levels. Eleven English speakers naïve to Mandarin, fifteen intermediate and nine advanced L2 learners participated in a word-learning experiment. After learning 16 Mandarin disyllabic words, they judged the matching between sound and meaning pairs, with half of the pairs being complete matches while the other containing segmental or tonal mismatches. The results showed that all groups were more sensitive to segmental than to tonal mismatches. The two learner groups outperformed the Naïve group in detecting segmental mismatches, but the three groups were equally inaccurate in rejecting tonal mismatches. The reaction times revealed, however, that the learners but not the Naïve group attended to tonal variations. These findings suggest that L2 experience has a clearer benefit for L2 segmental encoding than for tonal encoding, probably due to learners’ non-tonal language background. Experience in a tonal L2 enhances learners’ attention to the tones, but does not necessarily improve their accuracy in tonal encoding.

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Gosselke Berthelsen, Sabine, Merle Horne, Yury Shtyrov, and Mikael Roll. "Phonological transfer effects in novice learners: A learner's brain detects grammar errors only if the language sounds familiar." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 656–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728921000134.

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AbstractMany aspects of a new language, including grammar rules, can be acquired and accessed within minutes. In the present study, we investigate how initial learners respond when the rules of a novel language are not adhered to. Through spoken word-picture association-learning, tonal and non-tonal speakers were taught artificial words. Along with lexicosemantic content expressed by consonants, the words contained grammatical properties embedded in vowels and tones. Pictures that were mismatched with any of the words’ phonological cues elicited an N400 in tonal learners. Non-tonal learners only produced an N400 when the mismatch was based on a word's vowel or consonants, not the tone. The emergence of the N400 might indicate that error processing in L2 learners (unlike canonical processing) does not initially differentiate between grammar and semantics. Importantly, only errors based on familiar phonological cues evoked a mismatch-related response, highlighting the importance of phonological transfer in initial second language acquisition.

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Jang Mi. "Production of English Voicing Contrast in Different Prosodic Conditions by Tonal and Non-tonal Korean Dialect Speakers." Journal of Studies in Language 31, no. 2 (August 2015): 479–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18627/jslg.31.2.201508.479.

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Kirby, James P. "Onset pitch perturbations and the cross-linguistic implementation of voicing: Evidence from tonal and non-tonal languages." Journal of Phonetics 71 (November 2018): 326–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.09.009.

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Lehman, Frank. "Schubert's SLIDEs: Tonal (Non-)Integration of a Paradoxical Transformation." Music Theory and Analysis (MTA) 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 61–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/mta.1.4.

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Yu, Kristine M. "Using voice quality to learn non‐native tonal categories." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 4 (April 2009): 2776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4784761.

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Ozerov, Pavel. "Tone assignment and grammatical tone in Anal (Tibeto-Burman)." Studies in Language 42, no. 3 (October 19, 2018): 708–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17030.oze.

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Abstract Complex phenomena of grammatical tone, well-described for many African languages, are increasingly attested also in the Tibeto-Burman family. This paper describes the tone assignment rule and two cases of tonal expression of grammatical categories in the Tibeto-Burman language Anal. The typologically unusual rule involves tone spreading, tonal polarity on a non-edge constituent and additional spreading, resulting in constant tonal patterns across grammatical suffixes. In two different cases the combination of the tonal pattern assigned by this rule with peculiar morpho-tonological processes results in a marking of a grammatical category (future and 1sg-person) by grammatical tone, by vowel-length, or only by the overall tonal pattern of the verbal form. Both cases are related to the omission of an explicit marking of the category, although the outcome cannot be explained only by the concept of a floating tone.

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Franich, Kathryn. "The influence of co-speech gesture presence on the timing of F0 peaks in a tonal language." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019214.

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The timing of co-speech gestures has been shown to correlate with the location of pitch peaks in speech in several non-tonal languages. While little research has examined this relationship in tonal languages, existing work suggests that pitch peak timing does not show the same synchronous alignment with manual gesture timing. In this paper, we examine whether the presence of a gesture can have an influence on timing of pitch peaks in Medʉmba, a tonal Grassfields Bantu language. Manual gesture data were analyzed from spontaneous interview speech of six Medʉmba speakers. In line with prior findings on tonal languages, manual gesture apexes and pitch peaks did not align, and gesture-accompanied vowels were not realized with higher or more dynamic pitch profiles (though they were realized with longer duration and greater intensity; ps < .01). The findings did indicate, however, that f0 peaks—particularly for high, falling, and low tone syllables—were realized earlier in gesture-accompanied vowels than non gesture-accompanied vowels (p < .05). We interpret these findings in the context of an integrated model of speech and manual gesture in which tonal gestures and manual gestures are both crucially timed to vowels, but timed to occur sequentially with one another.

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Leben, W. R. "Tonal feet and the adaptation of English borrowings into Hausa." Studies in African Linguistics 25, no. 2 (June 15, 1996): 129–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v25i2.107400.

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This paper investigates how Hausa places a tonal interpretation on stress in English borrowings. A key intermediary in this process is the tonal foot, which is maximally disyllabic. Tonal feet are of two kinds, in complementary distribution in the data. One is interpreted as HL, or falling-toned, the other as High-toned. The analysis represents a significant advance over the less highly structured view that a simple substitution algorithm replaces stresses with tones, e.g., High tone for-stressed syllables and Low tone for unstressed. This provides a boost for the status of the tonal foot as a prosodic constituent. The analysis also has implications for Hausa non-loan word phonology in that it suggests a natural reinterpretation of claims made by Newman and Jaggar [1989].

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Chen, Si, Bei Li, Yunjuan He, Shuwen Chen, Yike Yang, and Fang Zhou. "The effects of perceptual training on speech production of Mandarin sandhi tones by tonal and non-tonal speakers." Speech Communication 139 (April 2022): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2022.02.008.

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Chan, Ka Wing, and Janet H. Hsiao. "Hemispheric asymmetry in processing low- and high-pass filtered Cantonese speech in tonal and non-tonal language speakers." Language and Cognitive Processes 28, no. 8 (October 2013): 1224–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.702915.

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Zajdler, Ewa. "Between Sound and Voice: Teaching Chinese Tones To Non-Tonal Language Speakers." Roczniki Humanistyczne 69, no. 9 (December 3, 2021): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh21699-7.

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The production of highly intelligible syllables in Mandarin Chinese entails a successful production of tones, which poses a challenge for learners of Chinese as a foreign language. The aim of the current paper is to address this issue by identifying the key tonal features contributing to tone intelligibility in the lexemes produced by Polish learners of Mandarin Chinese as a foreign language. Samples of Polish female students’ tonal pronunciations at two stages of learning were selected and compared with productions made by a female native speaker of Mandarin Chinese from Taiwan. Four syllables produced by the students were selected from a corpus of read-out passages which had already been assessed for the intelligibility of monosyllabic lexemes by native judges. The students’ pronunciation samples (whose pronunciation improved from the A1 minus language level to A2) were analysed using pitch, fundamental frequency contour, and register span criteria, and then compared to the female native speaker’s pronunciations of the same syllables. Importantly, before the results of this analysis are presented, the simplified model of tones widely used in language instruction is compared and contrasted with the acoustic analysis of tonal productions made by the native speaker. This is done to show to what extent the simplified, widely used model reflects real-life tonal productions.

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YAO, Yuan, Chao SUN, Xionghou LIU, and Mingyang LI. "Waveguide invariant estimation based on correlation coefficient of tonal acoustic intensity interference fluctuation." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 41, no. 3 (June 2023): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20234130612.

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The waveguide invariant is usually not extracted from the striation pattern of broadband continuous spectrum in the low frequency analysis and recording spectrum at low signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper, the correlation coefficient of multi-tonal acoustic intensity interference fluctuation is utilized to estimate waveguide invariant. Since the proportional relationship between the reference intensity interference fluctuation and the scaled intensity interference fluctuation is dependent on waveguide invariant, the waveguide invariant estimation can be done. Firstly, the tonal intensity interference fluctuation has been resampled in the new time domain under the radial and non-radial motion models respectively. Then, the similarity degree between the resampling reference tonal intensity interference fluctuation and the scaling tonal intensity interference fluctuation can be described by correlation coefficient, and the peak of correlation coefficient is corresponding to the true value. Finally, the numerical results and the experimental results prove the proposed method's effectiveness.

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Morett, Laura M. "The Influence of Tonal and Atonal Bilingualism on Children’s Lexical and Non-Lexical Tone Perception." Language and Speech 63, no. 2 (March 12, 2019): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830919834679.

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This study examined how bilingualism in an atonal language, in addition to a tonal language, influences lexical and non-lexical tone perception and word learning during childhood. Forty children aged 5;3–7;2, bilingual either in English and Mandarin or English and another atonal language, were tested on Mandarin lexical tone discrimination, level-pitch sine-wave tone discrimination, and learning of novel words differing minimally in Mandarin lexical tone. Mandarin–English bilingual children discriminated between and learned novel words differing minimally in Mandarin lexical tone more accurately than their atonal–English bilingual peers. However, Mandarin–English and atonal–English bilingual children discriminated between level-pitch sine-wave tones with similar accuracy. Moreover, atonal–English bilingual children showed a tendency to perceive differing Mandarin lexical and level-pitch sine-wave tones as identical, whereas their Mandarin–English peers showed no such tendency. These results indicate that bilingualism in a tonal language in addition to an atonal language—but not bilingualism in two atonal languages—allows for continued sensitivity to lexical tone beyond infancy. Moreover, they suggest that although tonal–atonal bilingualism does not enhance sensitivity to differences in pitch between sine-wave tones beyond infancy any more effectively than atonal–atonal bilingualism, it protects against the development of biases to perceive differing lexical and non-lexical tones as identical. Together, the results indicate that, beyond infancy, tonal–atonal bilinguals process lexical tones using different cognitive mechanisms than atonal–atonal bilinguals, but that both groups process level-pitch non-lexical tone using the same cognitive mechanisms.

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Lee, Hyunjung, and Allard Jongman. "Effects of tone on the three-way laryngeal distinction in Korean: An acoustic and aerodynamic comparison of the Seoul and South Kyungsang dialects." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42, no. 2 (August 2012): 145–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100312000035.

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The three-way laryngeal distinction among voiceless Korean stops has been well documented for the Seoul dialect. The present study compares the acoustic and aerodynamic properties of this stop series between two dialects, non-tonal Seoul and tonal South Kyungsang Korean. Sixteen male Korean speakers (eight from Seoul and eight from Kyungsang) participated. Measures collected included VOT, f0 at vowel onset, H1-H2, and air pressure and airflow. The presence versus absence of lexical pitch accent affects both the acoustic and aerodynamic properties. First, Seoul speakers use a combination of f0 and VOT to distinguish the three-way contrast of Korean stops, while Kyungsang speakers mainly use VOT. Second, the presence of lexical pitch for Kyungsang speakers makes f0 an unreliable acoustic cue for the three Korean stops. Third, dialectal differences in VOT to mark the three-way distinction support the notion of a diachronic transition whereby VOT differences between the lenis and aspirated stops in Seoul Korean have been decreasing over the past 50 years. Finally, the aerodynamic results make it possible to postulate the articulatory state of the glottis, indicating a positive correlation with acoustic parameters. Based on the acoustic and aerodynamic results, phonological representations of Korean stops for the tonal and non-tonal dialects are suggested.

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Katz, William F., Cecilia L. Pak, and Sujin Shin. "Acoustics and emotion in tonal and non-tonal languages: Findings from individuals with typical hearing and with cochlear implants." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 3 (September 2018): 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5068108.

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Nguyen Van, Nhi, Son Luu Xuan, Iurii Lezhenin, Natalia Bogach, and Evgeny Pyshkin. "Adopting StudyIntonation CAPT Tools to Tonal Languages Through the Example of Vietnamese." SHS Web of Conferences 102 (2021): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110201007.

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In tonal languages, tones are associated with both and phonological and lexical domains. Accurate tone articulation is required in order to convey the correct meaning. Learning tones at both word and phrase levels is often challenging for L2 learners with non-tonal language background, because of possible subtle difference between the close tones. In this paper, we discuss an adoption of StudyIntonation CAPT tools to the case of Vietnamese language being a good example of register tonal language with a complex system of tones comprising such features as tone pitch, its length, contour melody, intensity and phonation. The particular focus of this contribution is to assess the adoption of StudyIntonation course toolkit and its pitch processing and visualization algorithms in order to evaluate how the combined use of audio and visual perception mechanisms supported by StudyIntonation may help learners to improve the accuracy of their pronunciation and intonation with respect to tonal languages.

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Forte, Allen. "New Approaches to the Linear Analysis of Music." Journal of the American Musicological Society 41, no. 2 (1988): 315–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/831436.

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A number of recent studies incorporate linear analysis of non-standard tonal music and non-tonal music. Although the author takes issue with the application of strict Schenkerian paradigms to such music he acknowledges the historical importance of the Schenkerian canon. Invoking new procedures, among them pitch-class set-analytical techniques, the author presents a series of analyses which reveal linear-motivic features held to be essential to the music under consideration over temporal spans of varying length. The study, which includes works by Stravinsky, Wagner, and Scriabin, ends by suggesting three guidelines for subsequent efforts in this new area of analytical research.

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Policht, Richard, and Vlastimil Hart. "Individual and Geographic Variation in Non-Harmonic Phases of Male Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) Song." Animals 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13040765.

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Individually distinct acoustic signals, produced mainly as tonal and harmonic sounds, have been recorded in many species; however, non-tonal ‘noisy’ signals have received little attention or have not been studied in detail. The capercaillies (Tetrao urogallus) produce complex courtship songs composed of non-tonal noisy signals in four discrete phases. We analyzed recordings from 24 captive male capercaillies in breeding centres in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Germany, and songs from wild males in Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Estonia to test whether a non-harmonic song can encode individual-specific information. We also analyzed the intra-population variation of the male song from three separate areas: Carpathian (Polish and Czech Beskid), Sumava, and Boreal (boreal range of species distribution). Temporal and frequency characteristics can reliably distinguish capercaillies at the individual level (91.7%). DFA model testing geographic variation assigned 91% of songs to the correct area (Carpathian, Sumava, Boreal). The cluster analysis revealed that males from the Boreal area formed a distinct cluster. Our analysis shows clear geographical patterns among our study males and may provide a valuable marker for identifying inter-population dynamics and could help to characterize the evolutionary histories of wood grouse. We discuss the potential use of this marker as a non-invasive monitoring tool for captive and free-roaming capercaillies.

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Viqueira-Moreira, Manuel, and Esteban Ferrer. "Insights into the Aeroacoustic Noise Generation for Vertical Axis Turbines in Close Proximity." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 4148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164148.

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We present Large Eddy Simulations and aeroacoustic spectra for three configurations of increasing flow complexity: an isolated NACA0012 airfoil, an isolated rotating vertical axis wind turbine composed of three rotating airfoils and a farm of four vertical axis turbines (with identical characteristics as the isolated turbine), which are located in close proximity. The aeroacoustic signatures of the simulated airfoil and the isolated turbine are validated using published numerical and experimental data. We provide theoretical estimates to predict tonal frequencies, which are used to identify the main physical mechanisms responsible for the tonal signature and for each configuration and enable the categorisation of the main tonal aeroacoustic sources of vertical axis turbines operating in close proximity. Namely, we identify wake, vortex, blade passing and boundary layer phenomena and provide estimates for the associated tonal frequencies, which are validated with simulations. In the farm, we observe non-linear interactions and enhanced mixing that decreases tonal frequencies in favour of larger broadband amplitudes at low frequencies. Comparing the spectrum with that of the isolated turbine, only the blade passing frequency and the boundary layer tones can be clearly identified. Variations in acoustic amplitudes, tonal frequencies and sound directivities suggest that a linear combination of sources from isolated turbines is not enough to characterise the aeroacoustic footprint of vertical axiswind turbines located in close proximity, and that farms need to be considered and studied as different entities.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-tonal'

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