Academic literature on the topic 'Non- technological discrimination'
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Journal articles on the topic "Non- technological discrimination"
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de Paor, Aisling. "Genetic Discrimination: A Case for a European Legislative Response?" European Journal of Health Law 24, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12453366.
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With rapid scientific and technological advances, a new genetic era is emerging. However, these advances raise ethical and legal issues, particularly genetic discrimination, that may threaten advancing science in the absence of appropriate regulation. There is currently no concrete legislative position in this area at eu level, but rather a patchwork of diverging legislative approaches amongst Member States. Genetic discrimination has been singled out as an area of reform in Europe as evidenced, for example in eu Charter of Fundamental Rights, Article 21.1 prohibiting discrimination based on ‘genetic features.’ The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also informs this debate and may spur legislative action. From a transatlantic perspective, the United States’ federal legislation (Genetic Information Non Discrimination Act) is noteworthy. Considering scientific and technological developments, the rights at stake and the various regulatory benchmarks, this paper explores the regulation of genetic information in the eu.
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Ireni-Saban, Liza. "Genomics Governance in the United States and the United Kingdom." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 1, no. 3 (July 13, 2014): 244–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-00103003.
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Technological innovation in the area of personalised genetic data poses novel regulatory concerns for state governance. Since personalised genetic data reveals highly sensitive and private information about a person’s susceptibility to illness, it may lead to stigmatisation, discrimination, and breach of privacy. Although legal arrangements for personal or medical data have always been governmental and legal concerns, the introduction of genetic technologies over the past two decades has breathed new life into the idea of privacy and non-discrimination protection for individuals and communities, leading to possible new types of social relationships that circulate in a global biomedical arena. Thus, our analysis of genetic information regulation is based on a comparative analysis of policy instruments by examining the appropriateness of various policy instrument choices made in the United States and in the United Kingdom for securing the rights for privacy, non-discrimination, and access to research benefits for individuals and communities.
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Weber, Rolf H. "Artificial Intelligence ante portas: Reactions of Law." J 4, no. 3 (September 6, 2021): 486–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/j4030037.
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Artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making causes new (technological) challenges for the normative environment around the globe. Fundamental legal principles (such as non-discrimination, human rights, transparency) need to be strengthened by regulatory interventions. The contribution pleads for a combination of regulatory models (hard law and soft law); based on this assessment, the recent European legislative initiatives are analyzed.
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Nazzini, Renato. "Level Discrimination and FRAND Commitments Under EU Competition Law." World Competition 40, Issue 2 (June 1, 2017): 213–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2017015.
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Standards are of fundamental importance in our economy and competition law has an important role to play in ensuring that standard setting procedures are not distorted so as to result in negative effects on technological progress and social welfare. This article examines the practice of level discrimination, which occurs when the holder of a standard essential patent (SEP), having made a commitment to license the SEP on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms, decides to license only undertakings at a given level of the supply chain, typically, the end-product manufacturers, rather than the component manufacturers. Level discrimination is significant in practice and raises novel questions in the interpretation and application of Article 102. This article examines the economic and policy arguments for and against level discrimination and discusses whether the practice may amount to an abuse of a dominant position under Article 102 TFEU, distinguishing the position of practising and non-practising entities.
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Glaziev, S. Yu. "Noonomy as the forming linchpin for the new technological and world economic order." Noonomy and Noosociety. Almanac of Scientific Works of the S.Y. Witte INID 1, no. 1 (2022): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37930/2782-618x-2022-1-1-43-64-eng.
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The author has repeatedly addressed international military and political tensions in his works and linked them to changes in technological and world economic patterns. The author used his own methodological apparatus to analyse the new technological, managerial and social structures, including the author’s terms of such as technological and world economic structures. Considering the global crisis as a process of change in technological and world economic structures, the author concludes that a new cycle of capital accumulation has emerged in the Asian century. The new world economic order, according to the author, is based on the principles of non-discrimination, which enables developing countries to establish equitable and mutually beneficial relations with other states. In identifying three scenarios for the transition to Noonomy, the author assumes that the option of forming a world government is the least likely to occur.
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Glaziev, S. Yu. "Noonomy as the forming linchpin for the new technological and world economic order." Noonomy and Noosociety. Almanac of Scientific Works of the S.Y. Witte INID 1, no. 1 (2022): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37930/2782-618x-2022-1-1-43-64-eng.
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The author has repeatedly addressed international military and political tensions in his works and linked them to changes in technological and world economic patterns. The author used his own methodological apparatus to analyse the new technological, managerial and social structures, including the author’s terms of such as technological and world economic structures. Considering the global crisis as a process of change in technological and world economic structures, the author concludes that a new cycle of capital accumulation has emerged in the Asian century. The new world economic order, according to the author, is based on the principles of non-discrimination, which enables developing countries to establish equitable and mutually beneficial relations with other states. In identifying three scenarios for the transition to Noonomy, the author assumes that the option of forming a world government is the least likely to occur.
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Glaziev, S. Yu. "Noonomy as the forming linchpin for the new technological and world economic order." Noonomy and Noosociety. Almanac of Scientific Works of the S.Y. Witte INID 1, no. 1 (2022): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37930/2782-618x-2022-1-1-43-64.
Full textAbstract:
The author has repeatedly addressed international military and political tensions in his works and linked them to changes in technological and world economic patterns. The author used his own methodological apparatus to analyse the new technological, managerial and social structures, including the author’s terms of such as technological and world economic structures. Considering the global crisis as a process of change in technological and world economic structures, the author concludes that a new cycle of capital accumulation has emerged in the Asian century. The new world economic order, according to the author, is based on the principles of non-discrimination, which enables developing countries to establish equitable and mutually beneficial relations with other states. In identifying three scenarios for the transition to Noonomy, the author assumes that the option of forming a world government is the least likely to occur.
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Beduschi, Ana. "Digital identity: Contemporary challenges for data protection, privacy and non-discrimination rights." Big Data & Society 6, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 205395171985509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053951719855091.
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The World Bank estimates that over one billion people currently lack official identity documents. To tackle this crucial issue, the United Nations included the aim to provide legal identity for all by 2030 among the Sustainable Development Goals. Technology can be a powerful tool to reach this target. In the digital age, new technologies increasingly mediate identity verification and identification of individuals. Currently, State-led and public–private initiatives use technology to provide official identification, to control and secure external borders, and to distribute humanitarian aid to populations in need. All of these initiatives have profound implications for the protection of human rights of those affected by them. Digital identity technologies may render individuals without legal documentation more visible and therefore less vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. However, they also present risks for the protection of individuals' human rights. As they build on personal data for identification and identity verification, data protection and privacy rights are most clearly affected. The prohibition of discrimination in the digital space is also of concern as these technological advances' societal impact is not yet fully understood. Accordingly, the article argues that emerging digital identity platforms will only contribute to the protection of human rights if the providers adequately mitigate any risks of potential discrimination and promote high standards of privacy and data protection.
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Iglesias M., Juan Pablo. "Is It Possible to Use State-Owned Enterprises to Promote Industrial and Technological Development Under Article 17.4 of the CPTPP?" Legal Issues of Economic Integration 48, Issue 3 (September 1, 2021): 309–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2021021.
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The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) establishes, in its Chapter 17, the most extensive ‘behind the border’ regulation of stateowned enterprises (SOEs) among the bilateral and multilateral treaties. Prima facie, its rationality can be explained by the original purpose of the United States (former drafter of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP)) to discipline the state capitalism policies employed by some Asian signatories. Considering this context, this article examines the meaning of the key normative concepts contained in Article 17.4 of the treaty (i.e., ‘commercial activities’, ‘non-discrimination’ and especially ‘commercial considerations’) and discusses to what extent such concepts recognize or restrict the freedom of the Parties to create and manage SOEs committed to promote national industrial and technological development, using as benchmark for this assessment Article XVII of the GATT and the interpretations made by the WTO adjudicators. It concludes that the wording of Article 17.4 is compatible both with an interpretation that allows the existence of such types of entities and with an interpretation that does not. State-owned enterprises, non-discrimination, commercial considerations, differential treatment, industrial development, competition, trade, mission
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Shurupova, K. V., A. S. Abdel Fatah, and T. Yu Sklema. "Age discriminations in the workplace: impact differentiators." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 67 (January 16, 2022): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.67.28.
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This article contains an analysis of international, national and labor legislation, respectively, in the field of discrimination on the grounds of age. Recommendations for improving legal regulation and application of practical innovations in this area are analyzed and introduced. Given these trends, the prevalence of discrimination in employment and not only on the basis of age, but also on many other factors, such as gender, social status or mental skills, which for many people this provision seems to some extent natural and correct, has allowed and has become a motivating factor in order to carefully study and pay attention to the factors that have increased the effectiveness of this fight against discrimination, the creation of a separate law enforcement act or regulation that will separately regulate discrimination in employment, as well as the development of certain thematic programs to form ideas and attitudes of people in the working team for different age groups, where additional attention will be paid to youth employment. The study also examines international experience in the attitude and methods of solving problems in the field of age discrimination, not only in the field of labor, but in general. The complexity and prevalence of the phenomenon has caused different views on the issue from both scientists and ours, so the paper defines the general concept of discrimination in the field of labor, assigned personal characteristics and separated by special characteristics from related legal categories, clarified methodological inequalities and imperfections that cause a cause-and-effect relationship with a negative indicator of combating this issue. A comparative research method on discrimination in employment on the basis of age, based on the experience of predecessors, namely the comparison of the then society in the modern technological society, where the problem of technological processes and new information resources is absent. In order to achieve a qualitative analysis of the issue, as the purpose of the work as a whole, special attention was paid to criticism and analysis of innovations in international standards of methodological prohibitions and rules to combat the above topic. The classification of types of non-discrimination in the field of labor, the analysis of the legal regulation of the mechanism of improvement of this problem, the special attention was paid to the detection and prevention of discriminatory manifestations in the field of labor in general.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non- technological discrimination"
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Lière, Sophie. "L'innovation technologique dans les contrats publics d'affaires." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020005.
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Sous l’impulsion du droit de l’Union européenne, les contrats publics d’affaires ont vocation à promouvoir l’innovation technologique. Les objectifs multiples qui leur sont assignés, particulièrement l’ouverture à la concurrence, les empêche néanmoins d’être des vecteurs efficaces d’innovation, au stade de leur formation. Il appartient en revanche aux parties de construire leur relation contractuelle en tenant compte des caractéristiques de l’innovation, telles que l’évolutivité et la performance. C’est donc le contrat, comme instrument de prévision, qui représente un moyen efficace d’encouragement à innoverUnder the influence of European Union law, the « business public contracts » (i.e. contracts known as public procurement and concession contracts in EU law) are supposed to be a means of fostering technological innovation. However, the multiplicity of objectives assigned to these contracts, in particular the obligation of maintaining an open competition in awarding them, does not allow them to be an efficient tool for promoting innovation at their formation stage. It is the responsibility of the parties to take into account the main charasteristics of innovation, such as evolutivity and performance, to define their contractual relationships. The contract, taken as a means of anticipation, thus represents an efficient tool for promoting innovation
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Coindreau, Jonathan. "Analyse comparée de l’équivalence des supports papier et électronique au regard de l’évolution du droit civil de la preuve par écrit en France et au Québec." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROD001.
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Avec l’arrivée des technologies de l’information, l’ère de la dématérialisation s’est étendue à tous les niveaux de la société. Le droit a dû s’adapter et encadrer ces nouvelles pratiques afin de mettre en place un climat de confiance. Dans ce contexte, la présente étude analyse l’influence de la dématérialisation sur le droit de la preuve civile français et québécois. Ces deux ordres juridiques ont rapidement pris des mesures de nature à encadrer la preuve sous forme électronique. S’il s’avère que les choix législatifs français et québécois ont sensiblement pu différer, tant sur le fond que sur la forme, dans l’ensemble, une finalité similaire apparaît, celle de l’équivalence fonctionnelle entre les supports matériels et immatériels. Dans les deux cas, il s’agit de parvenir à une égalité des supports, non pas basée sur la forme du moyen de preuve, traditionnel ou électronique, mais sur sa fonction, telle que l’intégrité, l’intelligibilité, l’identification, la durabilité, etc. À cette fin, les droits français et québécois sont parvenus à reconnaître une force probante équivalente entre les supports, à condition que les critères fonctionnels aient dûment été satisfaits et que cela soit possible de le démontrer. En effet, il apparaît que l’accomplissement des critères fonctionnels ne relève pas d’un même degré de diligence entre les supports. Dès lors, si une même fonction diverge d’un support à un autre, la recevabilité d’un moyen de preuve électronique devient tributaire d’un plus grand aléa juridique que le moyen de preuve traditionnel.Se pourrait-il alors que le droit ne soit finalement pas parvenu à assurer une équivalence des supports ? À travers une comparaison théorique des droits français et québécois, la présente analyse permet de constater que la confiance dans l’outil numérique ne relève pas inéluctablement de la rigueur de son encadrement, mais au contraire, d’un subtil équilibre entre une fiabilité juridique suffisante et une commodité d’usage nécessaireWith the emergence of information technology, the era of dematerialization has spread to all areas of society. The legal framework was forced to evolve and to regulate these new practices in order to establish a climate of trust. In this context, this study analyzes the influence of dematerialization on French and Quebec civil evidence law. These two legal systems have rapidly taken measures in order to regulate evidence in electronic form. As it turns out, the French and Quebec legislative choices differ noticeably, both in substance and in form, in fact, a similar purpose appears, that of functional equivalence between tangible and intangible media. In both cases, it is a question of achieving equality of media, not based on the form of the means of media, traditional or electronic, but on its function, such as integrity, intelligibility, identification, durability etc. To this end, the French and Quebec laws have succeeded to recognize an equivalent probative force, provided that the functional criteria have been duly fulfilled and it is possible to demonstrate it. Indeed, it appears that the fulfillment of the functional criteria does not have the same level of diligence between the medium. Therefore, if the same function differs from one medium to another, the admissibility of the electronic evidence becomes dependent on greater legal risk than the traditional means of evidence. Could it be the case that the law did not succeed in ensuring the equivalence between the mediums ? Through a theoretical comparison between French and Quebec law, this analysis shows that trust in digital tools does not inevitably depend on the rigor of its framework, but to the contrary, on a subtle balance between sufficient legal reliability and necessary practical use
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Muriithi, Paul Mutuanyingi. "A case for memory enhancement : ethical, social, legal, and policy implications for enhancing the memory." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-case-for-memory-enhancement-ethical-social-legal-and-policy-implications-for-enhancing-the-memory(bf11d09d-6326-49d2-8ef3-a40340471acf).html.
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The desire to enhance and make ourselves better is not a new one and it has continued to intrigue throughout the ages. Individuals have continued to seek ways to improve and enhance their well-being for example through nutrition, physical exercise, education and so on. Crucial to this improvement of their well-being is improving their ability to remember. Hence, people interested in improving their well-being, are often interested in memory as well. The rationale being that memory is crucial to our well-being. The desire to improve one’s memory then is almost certainly as old as the desire to improve one’s well-being. Traditionally, people have used different means in an attempt to enhance their memories: for example in learning through storytelling, studying, and apprenticeship. In remembering through practices like mnemonics, repetition, singing, and drumming. In retaining, storing and consolidating memories through nutrition and stimulants like coffee to help keep awake; and by external aids like notepads and computers. In forgetting through rituals and rites. Recent scientific advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and information technologies, present a wide variety of technologies to enhance many different aspects of human functioning. Thus, some commentators have identified human enhancement as central and one of the most fascinating subject in bioethics in the last two decades. Within, this period, most of the commentators have addressed the Ethical, Social, Legal and Policy (ESLP) issues in human enhancements as a whole as opposed to specific enhancements. However, this is problematic and recently various commentators have found this to be deficient and called for a contextualized case-by-case analysis to human enhancements for example genetic enhancement, moral enhancement, and in my case memory enhancement (ME). The rationale being that the reasons for accepting/rejecting a particular enhancement vary depending on the enhancement itself. Given this enormous variation, moral and legal generalizations about all enhancement processes and technologies are unwise and they should instead be evaluated individually. Taking this as a point of departure, this research will focus specifically on making a case for ME and in doing so assessing the ESLP implications arising from ME. My analysis will draw on the already existing literature for and against enhancement, especially in part two of this thesis; but it will be novel in providing a much more in-depth analysis of ME. From this perspective, I will contribute to the ME debate through two reviews that address the question how we enhance the memory, and through four original papers discussed in part three of this thesis, where I examine and evaluate critically specific ESLP issues that arise with the use of ME. In the conclusion, I will amalgamate all my contribution to the ME debate and suggest the future direction for the ME debate.
Books on the topic "Non- technological discrimination"
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Cottier, Thomas. Technology and the Law of International Trade Regulation. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.63.
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With regards to global trade, where new technologies impact both on what is traded and how, this chapter sketches the current regulatory landscape and projects the implications of emerging technologies for future regulatory approaches. While the regulation of technology mainly rests with domestic law, it is international trade law that addresses problems of regulatory diversity, overcomes unnecessary barriers to international trade and investment, and articulates common standards. Apart from general principles of non-discrimination and transparency, technology is particularly addressed by rules of intellectual property protection and by technical regulations and standards for industrial and nutritional products. For international trade law to respond to the challenges of legitimacy and democratic accountability, there need to be new approaches to regulatory cooperation and coherence, operating within a proper framework of multi-level governance that harnesses the process of globalization which is much driven by technological advances.
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Elkins, Evan. Locked Out. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479830572.001.0001.
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“This content is not available in your country.” Media consumers around the world regularly run into this reminder of geography’s imprint on digital culture. Despite utopian hopes of a borderless digital society in an era of globalization, DVDs, video games, and streaming platforms include digital rights management mechanisms like region codes and IP address detection systems that block media access within certain territories. Although propped up by national and transnational intellectual property regulation, these technologies of “regional lockout” are designed primarily to keep the entertainment industries’ global markets distinct. Beyond this, they frustrate consumers around the world and place certain territories on a hierarchy of global media access. Drawing on extensive research of media-industry strategies, consumer and retailer practices, and media regulation, Locked Out explores regional lockout in DVDs, console video games, and streaming video and music platforms. The book argues that regional lockout has shaped global media culture over the past few decades in three interrelated ways: as technological regulation, media distribution, and geocultural discrimination. As a form of digital rights management, regional lockout builds in limitations on the affordances of digital software and hardware. As distribution, it seeks to ensure that digital technologies accommodate media industries’ traditional segmentation of markets. Finally, as a cultural system, regional lockout shapes and reflects long-standing global hierarchies of power and discrimination.
Book chapters on the topic "Non- technological discrimination"
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"Reinvigorating Commonality." In A Guide to Civil Procedure, edited by Brooke Coleman, Suzette Malveaux, Portia Pedro, and Elizabeth Porter, 340–48. NYU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479805938.003.0038.
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This chapter examines the symbiotic relationship between the modern class action rule (Rule 23 (b)(2) specifically), U.S. feminism, and Title VII sex discrimination doctrine for more than half a century. Over the course of four waves of feminism, women’s use of the class action device has impacted their ability to seek collective redress for employment discrimination. The first feminist wave of the late 1800s to mid-1900s—which focused primarily on securing fundamental legal rights for more privileged women—did not have the benefit of Title VII or the modern class action rule. The second feminist wave of the 1960s and 1970s—which radically altered the legal and cultural landscape for a more diverse group of women—benefited from the heyday of Title VII class actions that challenged explicit systemic employment discrimination and provided broad relief for many working women. This zenith, however, came to an end with the ascension of President Ronald Reagan in the 1990s. With this resurgence of conservative politics, a third fractured feminist wave characterized by individualism emerged. Class action jurisprudence was mixed during this stage. Finally, the fourth and current feminist wave—characterized by intersectionality and inclusiveness and born in a time of rampant technological advances and social media—faces the Supreme Court’s regressive Wal-Mart v. Dukes class action decision in 1991. A heightened commonality class action requirement is challenging the commonality among women today.
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Nucera, Sebastiano, and Francesco Paolo Campione. "Reflections in a “Black Mirror”." In Present and Future Paradigms of Cyberculture in the 21st Century, 96–108. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8024-9.ch006.
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The focus of this work is to analyse two episodes of the lucky TV series Black Mirror in an attempt to examine the descriptive trajectory of an increasingly technology-driven society. It has to be noted that the two chosen episodes describe a society seemingly working as a technological grammar which breaks down and rebuilds ubiquitous experiences and life stories more and more beyond the limit. This is not a criminalization of technology but, rather, a condemnation of lifestyles which lose their identity and become aspatial. Thus, conserving memories of the past or creating reputation become hybridized and twisted behavioural realities, which concur to structure a strongly ‘oligotrophic' nature: that of the post-human versions, that of technological mediations and organic dominions which meet the inorganic and meld with it. The authors analyse these aspects through a diachronic perspective that minimizes dialectic polarizations in order to examine the exegeses of the post-human concept within a medial representation that intensifies the discriminating and causative factors.
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Riccò, Rossella. "Utilizing a New Human Relations Framework to Leverage Workforce Diversity." In Handbook of Research on Workforce Diversity in a Global Society, 440–62. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1812-1.ch026.
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In a global society, leveraging people’s diversities is one of the major challenges faced by organizations of any size in developed countries. Factors such as demographic changes, international and national anti-discrimination measures, globalization, service-economy shifts, stakeholder pressures on organizational commitment to corporate social responsibility, and technological advances are heightening the international attention paid to the increase in people’s diversities, thereby fostering discussion on their management in organizations. Since the end of the 1980s, professionals and academics have been debating how to devise efficient, effective, and equitable ways to manage workforce diversity in organizations; however, they have produced neither a shared definition of diversity management nor a general accepted assessment on the outcomes that diversity management can deliver for organizations and persons. The aim of this chapter is to expand the understanding of diversity management by systematizing it on the basis of McGregor’s new human relations framework.
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Carson, Matter. "“We Win a Place in Industry”." In A Matter of Moral Justice, 11–23. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043901.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 explores the technological and social factors that contributed to the birth of the power laundry industry at the turn of the twentieth century, highlighting why the industry flourished in the urban industrial North but not in the South, where Black women continued to wash clothes by hand. Using census data and Women’s Bureau reports, the chapter demonstrates that by 1930 the power laundry had become the leading industrial employer of Black women in the United States, surpassing both the garment and tobacco trades. In New York, Chicago, and other leading centers of the industry and of the Great Migration, power laundries served as vehicles of proletarianization, enabling African American women to leave the much-despised field of domestic service and take their place, albeit on the lowest rungs of the industrial ladder. Chapter 1 highlights the complex ways in which race, gender, and migration shape urban labor markets and illuminates how Black wage-earning women balanced their income-earning needs with their desire for autonomy and dignity within a labor market narrowly circumscribed by race and gender discrimination.
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Keogh, Claire, Angela Tattersall, and Helen Richardson. "Directing Equal Pay in the UK ICT Labour Market." In Information Communication Technologies, 3150–57. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-949-6.ch223.
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The UK labour market is dramatically changing, with rapid technological innovations alongside globalisation where organisations are required to place a premium on human and intellectual capital. The demand for labour is outstripping supply, and businesses are increasingly dependent on their ability to attract, invest in and develop their workforce (Kingsmill, 2003). However, a recent comparative report of the information technology (IT) workforce in Holland, Germany and the UK indicates that women are haemorrhaging out of the IT sector (Platman & Taylor, 2004). Given that presently there is an IT specialist’s skills shortage of 18.4% (IER/IFF, 2003), and female IT managers represent a mere 15% of ICT managers, 30% of IT operations technicians and 11% of IT strategy planning professionals (EOC, 2004a), this suggests that the ICT industry is not equipped for equality and diversity at work. Despite many years of egalitarian rhetoric and 3 decades after the UK Equal Pay Act (1970) was introduced, women still receive on average 18% less than that of their male counterparts working full-time and 41% less than men when working part-time hours. The ESF-funded DEPICT project seeks to identify pay discrimination experienced by women in ICT at a national level throughout England. An important aim is to highlight the impact of pay and reward discrimination has on the underrepresentation of women in the ICT labour market. From this study, we hope to more clearly understand the reasons for the gender pay gap, particularly in the ICT sector; and the impact this has on women’s entry and retention to occupations where they are already severely underrepresented. Equal pay is an issue for all; it’s unjust, unlawful and impacts on social justice, equality and economic performance (EOC, 2001b). Pay is a major factor affecting relationships at work; distribution and levels of pay and benefits affect efficiency of organisations, workforce morale and productivity. It is vital for organisations to develop pay systems that reward workers fairly for the work they perform (ACAS, 2005).
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Spence, Charles. "Sensory Substitution: Unfulfilled Promises and Fundamental Limitations." In Sensory Substitution and Augmentation, edited by Fiona Macpherson, 251–66. British Academy, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266441.003.0015.
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Many of the most attention-grabbing claims concerning the uptake of sensory substitution devices in the last 50 years have, noticeably, not come to pass. I highlight a number of the fundamental limitations (some acknowledged, others not) that may have prevented the development and uptake of these devices amongst individuals suffering from sensory loss. First and foremost, it may simply be impossible to fully substitute for the loss of vision (the sense most substituted for) given the imbalance in neural cortical resources given to processing information in the various senses. Second, the inability to substitute for the hedonic attributes of a given modality constitutes an important, if currently under-acknowledged, problem. Most researchers tend to focus their efforts on the substitution of the sensory-discriminative (primarily spatial) aspects of stimulation instead. Third, I highlight the technological limitations associated with providing useful substitution devices for those who have lost their sense of taste or smell, senses which, theoretically, should be far easier to substitute for. Another factor that may have limited the uptake of these devices—aesthetic concerns about the appearance of users wearing them—is, I believe, likely to disappear, as a range of other augmented-perception technologies become more widely accepted.
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Singer, Donald, and W. David Menzie. "Economic Analysis." In Quantitative Mineral Resource Assessments. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195399592.003.0008.
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Estimated undiscovered mineral resources are based on grade-and-tonnage models made up of deposits of varying economic viability (chapter 6). Many deposits used in grade-and-tonnage models have not been developed because they cannot yet be mined economically. Although technological advances act over time to lower mining costs and environmental impacts, thereby allowing formerly uneconomic deposits to become operating mines, some deposits in these models might “never” be mined for one or more of a variety of reasons, including relatively low tonnages and grades, deep burial, or occurrence in or near environmentally sensitive areas. Few nonacademic problems related to mineral resources are resolved by knowing the amount of metal that exists in some piece of land. Mineral policy issues and problems typically revolve around the effects of minerals that might be economically extracted. This is true if the problem concerns exploring or developing minerals, values of alternative uses of the land, or environmental consequences of minerals development. In resource assessments of undiscovered mineral deposits and in the early stages of exploration, including planning, a need for prefeasibility cost models exists. In exploration, these models separate economic from uneconomic deposits to help focus on targets that can benefit the exploration enterprise. In resource assessment, these cost models can be used to eliminate deposits that would probably be uneconomic even if discovered and allow estimation of the social value of the resources. Data used in grade-and-tonnage models do not necessarily represent economic deposits. Many of the deposits used in the models were found not to be economic and were not mined, whereas other deposits were mined long ago under economic conditions that no longer exist. In this chapter we briefly explore some alternative measures of value used in assessments and then develop the basis for simplified economic filters to separate the clearly economic from the clearly uneconomic deposits. The equations used are not difficult, but they require care in their application because many of the apparently small cost factors can have large effects on the final economic discrimination.
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Freeland, Richard M. "The World Transformed: A Golden Age for American Universities, 1945–1970." In Academia's Golden Age. Oxford University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195054644.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
In the years following World War II, academic leaders in Massachusetts participated in a national debate about the social role of higher education in the era that lay ahead. They also experienced the beginnings of a period of expansion for universities that would continue, more or less uninterrupted, for twenty-five years. Change in this postwar golden age involved an ongoing interaction between ideas and opportunities: the first concerning the public purposes of higher education; the second promising glory for institutions and advancement for academic interest groups. For most of the period, the dominant view—inside and outside of higher education—was that expansion was improving the academy as well as the country, but the turmoil of the late 1960s raised fundamental doubts about the character of postwar change. Although World War II entailed difficulties for universities, their extensive involvement in the military effort stirred a new awareness of the social importance of academic work. This habit of thought extended into the postwar period, as educators, exhilarated by wartime patriotism, looked for new ways to contribute to social problem solving. As they did so, they exhibited a further effect of their recent experience: a tendency to focus on national concerns—as distinct from regional or local ones—far more intensively than they had done before 1940. The country's agenda was long. The human costs of the war, and the even more-frightening possibility of atomic conflict, made the importance of maintaining peace evident. Europe had precipitated two wars in a generation and now lay in ruins. The United States, suddenly the preeminent power of the globe, would have to pioneer in shaping a stable world order. In some, the nation's new international prominence aroused a sense of urgency about discrimination and inequality at home. More broadly, world leadership implied a need to maintain military and economic power and the technological vitality on which they depended. Many educators believed they had important roles to play in all these contexts—through training leaders, forming attitudes, and advancing knowledge. As one college president put it: “Events... have shaken the complacency of many university communities and compelled educators to... make [their] maximum contribution to a decent, well-ordered, free and peaceful society.”
Conference papers on the topic "Non- technological discrimination"
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Sander Pires, Alex, Carla Dolezel Trindade, and Simão Aznar Filho. "Be Free to Communicate on Social Media, but Respect the Values of Education!" In 6th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2022 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2022.171.
Full textAbstract:
The technological revolution and the search for the “new post-pandemic normality” require a re-reading of the freedoms of communication (freedom of expression and freedom of information), in order to conceive, in the face of the change of the paradigm of digital actors to three elements (individual, state and company), a new system that brings together the public and the particular which can be called collective and private, capable of forming awareness for peace in the face of the guarantee of the right to non-discrimination, centered on the balance between the legal and the civic possible through the binomial instruction-respect, that is, the individual recognition of respect for human dignity as guided by human rights in the perspective of fundamental freedoms in the posting and sharing of information on social networks, as oriented by the education values.
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Majstorović, Marija, Lazar Cvijić, and Milan Radosavljević. "Real Estate Business is Ruled by Women - Myth or Truth." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.39.
Full textAbstract:
The 21st century represents a century in which the world has flourished through technological progress, transforming many businesses in line with digitalization, social networks, and the tendencies brought by the internet generations. In sociological terms, many problems have remained the same despite progress. In this sense, women continue to fight for one of the fundamental human rights - gender equality and non - discrimination against male - female in the social, business and political environment. However, there are many positive examples of women leaders today, presidents of governments and large companies, successful women entrepreneurs, and they dominate in certain branches of the economy. Although care, pharmacy, education, and the like have so far been considered "typically female" professions, the business of intermediation in the sale and lease of real estate is attracting more and more attention of female gender. Whether women dominate such a significant branch of the economy, and why, the author will try to answer by looking at the results and statistics of one of the most developed real estate markets in the world - the real estate market in the United States. Whether women are naturally gifted in the field of mediation in buying or selling real estate or have managed to dominate the market with their professionalism and motivation, are questions that occupy the scientific public, but it is gratifying to see examples of so many successful women in the real estate with amazing careers and results. It can be concluded that it would be commendable if this trend spread over to other branches of the economy, as well as to other countries in the world.
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Buicabelciu, Oana. "BLENDED LEARNING USING MULTITOUCH AND SENSORY RESPONSIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN KINDERGARTEN: THE FUNLAB PROJECT, BUCHAREST, 2014." In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-106.
Full textAbstract:
E-learning has been spreading more and more in the Romanian schools in order to support the traditional teaching process. Computer-assisted instruction has many advantages, such as active learning strategies, students' involvement in learning, and development of more complex technical skills in tune with greater demands for social and societal insertion. However, there are still many controversies related to the phenomenon of human alienation, reduction of basic interpersonal relations, therefore having negative effects upon the emotional-affective dimension of personal and interpersonal relationships. Referring to persons with disabilities, it is commonly agreed that technology is not just their ally, but often the only chance to compensate their natural induced impairments. People with disabilities use technology to communicate, move, fulfill their basic needs, and self-care, overcoming the 'assisted-person' status and gaining more independence and greater control upon the quality of their lives. Still, questions remain: can or will technology ever help them decisively to overcome social barriers, those last challenges to social progress and the emergence of societies showing an inclusive frame of mind? Those 'walls of discrimination' created between ignorance and tolerance can actually be torn down, at some point, so that disability may be addressed as a sample of human diversity and not as a disadvantage? How can we use technology to get a positive answer to this issue sooner? Using these questions for starters, a project dedicated to the training of inclusive mindsets through play and teamwork from the early age has begun in Bucharest at the Special Kindergarten for the Hard of Hearing no. 65 in March 2014. Fun Lab is a project that combines latest learning technologies through sensory stimulation using cutting-edge equipment with problem-solving strategy based on mutual interaction and support in order to solve amusing tasks, which brings persons with sensory disabilities and regular people of all ages together. We wish to reform the way of looking at disability within the community, to prevent indifference or intolerance, discrimination (even the positive one). We wish to reform the way of thinking of persons with disabilities, both with or without sensory impairments, but having "ignoring or indifference disabilities", in the way of a common effort to real equal opportunities and rights to life and education of all those involved. And because communication between these dramatically different communities is often difficult or impossible, we chose a universal way, so to speak, to communicate, at local, international or even intergalactic level... what else could unite us more tightly and make us interact to each other than technology? We bet on technology, this gigantic destroyer of humanity, as it was often described, to reverse it against its long standing meaning, that is to maim and extinct human relationships and human in generally in the favor of the machine. We plan to reverse the poles and use technological systems to close different communities, to make them interact and know each other, to accept each other and to support each other, completing to one each other in order to achieve a common goal - progress. Project Goal Our goal is a kind of "domino" relationship between the progress of approach and education strategies for rehabilitation of preschoolers with sensory and associated multi-sensory disabilities and the social progress of the community within they will find their place. Non-acceptance and indifference come from ignorance and lack of relationship; by offering a common "toy", we hope to improve not only the life of persons with deficiencies, but the personal progress desire of those from the greater community, referring to attitude toward deficiency in general, toward impairment and limits, even physical ones, toward knowledge or relationship. Activities and results What we plan for ourselves through this project is offering work techniques and abilities for teachers, students and parents, as education partners, by organizing of interactive workshops "Sensory-lab"-like, in which we blend fun, relaxation and out of daily routines with a subtle and positive learning process through play and fun. We use multi-touch technologies and sensory responsive equipments, such as: multi-touch 27" monitor computer charged with hundreds of apps and games from the mains AppStores (sensory training, speech therapy apps, deaf signs apps, sport and motric coordination games, music, team play games, memory and attention games, cognitive and communication development games using virtual realities), 3D archive library and also sound, light and movement responsive equipments. Through participation at "sensory-lab" workshops, the life of the school community will improve and the mutual interactions between the two categories of persons: those who can hear and those who cannot, even if we talk about preschoolers or their parents. As a result of "sensory-lab" activities we expect an increase of the interest in common events and an increased involvement in education and extra-curricular activities of parents and local community.