Academic literature on the topic 'Non-targeted effect in radiotherapy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Non-targeted effect in radiotherapy"
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Sjostedt, Svetlana, and Eva Bezak. "Non-targeted effects of ionising radiation and radiotherapy." Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine 33, no. 3 (September 2010): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13246-010-0030-8.
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Rita, Ghosh, and Hansda Surajit. "Targeted and non-targeted effects of radiation in mammalian cells: An overview." Archives of Biotechnology and Biomedicine 5, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.abb.1001023.
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Radiation of different wavelengths can kill living organisms, although, the mechanism of interactions differs depending on their energies. Understanding the interaction of radiation with living cells is important to assess their harmful effects and also to identify their therapeutic potential. Temporally, this interaction can be broadly divided in three stages – physical, chemical and biological. While radiation can affect all the important macromolecules of the cells, particularly important is the damage to its genetic material, the DNA. The consequences of irradiation include- DNA damage, mutation, cross-linkages with other molecules, chromosomal aberrations and DNA repair leading to altered gene expression and/or cell death. Mutations in DNA can lead to heritable changes and is important for the induction of cancer. While some of these effects are through direct interaction of radiation with the target, radiation can interact with the surrounding environment to result in its indirect actions. The effects of radiation depend not only on the total dose but also on the dose rate, LET etc. and also on the cell types. However, action of radiation on organisms is not restricted to interactions with irradiated cells, i.e. target cells alone; it also exerts non-targeted effects on neighboring unexposed cells to produce productive responses; this is known as bystander effect. The bystander effects of ionizing radiations are well documented and contribute largely to the relapse of cancer and secondary tumors after radiotherapy. Irradiation of cells with non-ionizing Ultra-Violet light also exhibits bystander responses, but such responses are very distinct from that produced by ionizing radiations.
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Fernandez-Palomo, Cristian, Zacharenia Nikitaki, Valentin Djonov, Alexandros G. Georgakilas, and Olga A. Martin. "Non-Targeted Effects of Synchrotron Radiation: Lessons from Experiments at the Australian and European Synchrotrons." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042079.
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Studies have been conducted at synchrotron facilities in Europe and Australia to explore a variety of applications of synchrotron X-rays in medicine and biology. We discuss the major technical aspects of the synchrotron irradiation setups, paying specific attention to the Australian Synchrotron (AS) and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) as those best configured for a wide range of biomedical research involving animals and future cancer patients. Due to ultra-high dose rates, treatment doses can be delivered within milliseconds, abiding by FLASH radiotherapy principles. In addition, a homogeneous radiation field can be spatially fractionated into a geometric pattern called microbeam radiotherapy (MRT); a coplanar array of thin beams of microscopic dimensions. Both are clinically promising radiotherapy modalities because they trigger a cascade of biological effects that improve tumor control, while increasing normal tissue tolerance compared to conventional radiation. Synchrotrons can deliver high doses to a very small volume with low beam divergence, thus facilitating the study of non-targeted effects of these novel radiation modalities in both in-vitro and in-vivo models. Non-targeted radiation effects studied at the AS and ESRF include monitoring cell–cell communication after partial irradiation of a cell population (radiation-induced bystander effect, RIBE), the response of tissues outside the irradiated field (radiation-induced abscopal effect, RIAE), and the influence of irradiated animals on non-irradiated ones in close proximity (inter-animal RIBE). Here we provide a summary of these experiments and perspectives on their implications for non-targeted effects in biomedical fields.
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Mairs, Robert J., Natasha E. Fullerton, Michael R. Zalutsky, and Marie Boyd. "Targeted Radiotherapy: Microgray Doses and the Bystander Effect." Dose-Response 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): dose—response.0. http://dx.doi.org/10.2203/dose-response.07-002.mairs.
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Indirect effects may contribute to the efficacy of radiotherapy by sterilizing malignant cells that are not directly irradiated. However, little is known of the influence of indirect effects in targeted radionuclide treatment. We compared γ-radiation-induced bystander effects with those resulting from exposure to three radiohaloanalogues of meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG): [131I]MIBG (low linear energy transfer (LET) β-emitter), [123I]MIBG (high LET Auger electron emitter), and meta-[211At]astatobenzylguanidine ([211At]MABG) (high LET α-emitter). Cells exposed to media from γ-irradiated cells exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in survival fraction at low dosage and a plateau in cell kill at > 2 Gy. Cells treated with media from [131I]MIBG demonstrated a dose-response relationship with respect to clonogenic cell death and no annihilation of this effect at high radiopharmaceutical dosage. In contrast, cells receiving media from cultures treated with [211At]MABG or [123I]MIBG exhibited dose-dependent toxicity at low dose but elimination of cytotoxicity with increasing radiation dose (i.e. U-shaped survival curves). Therefore radionuclides emitting high LET radiation may elicit toxic or protective effects on neighboring untargeted cells at low and high dose respectively. We conclude that radiopharmaceutical-induced bystander effects may depend on LET and be distinct from those elicited by conventional radiotherapy.
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Jokar, Safura, Inês A. Marques, Saeedeh Khazaei, Tania Martins-Marques, Henrique Girao, Mafalda Laranjo, and Maria Filomena Botelho. "The Footprint of Exosomes in the Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects." Bioengineering 9, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9060243.
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Radiation therapy is widely used as the primary treatment option for several cancer types. However, radiation therapy is a nonspecific method and associated with significant challenges such as radioresistance and non-targeted effects. The radiation-induced non-targeted effects on nonirradiated cells nearby are known as bystander effects, while effects far from the ionising radiation-exposed cells are known as abscopal effects. These effects are presented as a consequence of intercellular communications. Therefore, a better understanding of the involved intercellular signals may bring promising new strategies for radiation risk assessment and potential targets for developing novel radiotherapy strategies. Recent studies indicate that radiation-derived extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, play a vital role in intercellular communications and may result in radioresistance and non-targeted effects. This review describes exosome biology, intercellular interactions, and response to different environmental stressors and diseases, and focuses on their role as functional mediators in inducing radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE).
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Trott, Klaus-Rüdiger. "Non-Targeted Radiation Effects in Radiotherapy &Roles of Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability and of the Bystander Effect in Cancer Cure by Radiotherapy." Acta Oncologica 40, no. 8 (January 2001): 976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841860152708260.
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Dams, Ritchell van, Ye Yuan, Clifford G. Robinson, and Percy Lee. "Immunotherapy and Radiation Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer—A Stimulating Partnership." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 41, no. 03 (May 25, 2020): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3399578.
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AbstractNon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common subtype of lung cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death. Although durable local control rates are high after surgical resection or definitive radiotherapy for early-stage disease, a substantial proportion of these patients eventually experience regional and/or distant failure and succumb to their metastatic disease. The discovery of immunotherapeutics and targeted biologics has revolutionized the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic disease, improving progression-free and overall survival when incorporated with the current standards of care. Notably, post-hoc analyses and early clinical trials provide a growing body of evidence to support a synergistic effect between radiation and immunotherapy for the treatment of NSCLC from early-stage to metastatic disease. Radiotherapy appears to be capable of not only potentiating the effect of immunotherapy in targeted lesions, but also eliciting an antitumor response in distant lesions without any direct exposure to radiation. This review explores the biologic basis of immunotherapy, targeted biologics, and radiotherapy as well as the preclinical and clinical data that support the combined use of radioimmunotherapy for early-stage, locally advanced, and metastatic NSCLC.
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Mohd Zainudin, Nur Hamizah, Noor Nabilah Talik Sisin, Khairunisak Ab Razak, Reduan Abdullah, and Wan Nordiana Rahman. "Evaluation of Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles (BiONPs) as a Safe Radiobiological Enhancer for Breast Cancer Radiotherapy." Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine 6, S1 (November 4, 2022): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/ajmb.2022.6.s1.522.
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Cancer incidence has been increasing over the years and it is the second leading cause of death globally [1]. The therapeutic strategies in killing the cancerous tissue while keeping the normal healthy tissue uninterrupted can be further improved by introducing nanoparticles (NPs) as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy. In pre-clinical research, a few nanoparticle elements had shown the potential to be radiosensitizers, such as gold, superparamagnetic iron oxide, platinum, and bismuth nanoparticles. Bismuth oxide nanoparticles (BiONPs) have been investigated as a potential radiosensitizer in radiotherapy due to their least toxic and biocompatibility properties. In addition, due to the presence of metallic nanoparticles in cells and their environment, more DNA damage will be introduced and thus enhance the radiation treatment efficacy.
This research project was conducted to evaluate the potential of BiONPs to increase the radiation treatment in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and their side effects on the non-targeted breast cancer cells. BiONPs were synthesized through the hydrothermal method, as established in the previous study [2]. The treated and control cells in flasks were irradiated with radiation doses between 0 to 12 Gy at a constant dose rate of 300 cGy/minutes in the beam field size of 10 cm x 10 cm for a 6 MV photon beam, delivered with linear accelerator Primus model (Siemen Healthcare, USA). The irradiated cell-conditioned medium (ICCM) was collected from the targeted cells and transferred into the non-targeted cells. The cell viability assay was employed to evaluate the effect of BiONPs on directly irradiated and non-irradiated cells.
In our prior work, the BiONPs had shown to boost radiosensitisation effects in treated cells compared to control cells, with a sensitisation enhancement ratio (SER) of 1.38 [3], as shown in Figure 1. The increased radiosensitisation effects might be attributed to the characteristics of BiONPs with a high effective atomic number (Z=83), which promotes radiation interaction, mainly radiation absorption and scattering. Meanwhile, the present study demonstrated that the non-irradiated MCF-7 cells could maintain their cell viability for more than 80% after 48 h incubation with ICCM treated with BiONPs at 2, 6, and 12 Gy. Furthermore, a comparable trend in cell viability was observed in non-irradiated MCF-7 cells for treated and control groups (p<0.05), as illustrated in Figure 2. This finding indicated that BiONPs are not harmful and do not contribute to side effects in non-targeted cells.
The present works have provided evidence that using BiONPs as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy is safe and does not significantly introduce side effects in the non-targeted cells. These data proved the impacts of BiONPs as a potential tool for a safe radiobiological enhancer that will benefit future radiation therapy strategies in cancer management.
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Arslan, Nazmiye Deniz, Sedef Dağ, Ayşe Kutluhan Doğan, Nesrin Gürçay, Hüseyin Özkurt, and Burçak Yılmaz. "Regression of Hypermetabolic Splenic Granulomata Mimicking Metastases Following Non-targeted Effect of Radiotherapy for Uterine Cervical Carcinoma." Cam and Sakura Medical Journal 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/csmedj.galenos.2021.2021-8-6.
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Xing, Daniel Tao, Richard Khor, Hui Gan, Morikatsu Wada, Tai Ermongkonchai, and Sweet Ping Ng. "Recent Research on Combination of Radiotherapy with Targeted Therapy or Immunotherapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review for Radiation Oncologists." Cancers 13, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 5716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225716.
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Radiotherapy plays an important role of managing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Concurrent radiotherapy with radiosensitizing cisplastin chemotherapy is the standard of care (SOC) for non-operable locally advanced HNSCC. Cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody of epidermal growth factor receptor, was the most extensively studied targeted therapy as a chemo-sparing agent that was used concurrently with radiotherapy. Immunotherapy is used in the treatment of metastatic HNSCC. There is evidence to support the synergistic effect when combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy to potentiate anti-tumor immune response. There has been increasing interest to incorporate immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) with radiotherapy in the curative setting for HNSCC. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence that supports concurrent radiotherapy with cisplatin which remains the SOC for locally advanced HNSCC (LA-HNSCC). Cetuximab is suitable for patients who are not fit for cisplatin. We then summarize the clinical trials that incorporate ICI with radiotherapy for LA-HNSCC in concurrent, neoadjuvant, and adjuvant settings. We also discuss the potential of combining immunotherapy with radiotherapy as a treatment de-escalating strategy in HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma. Finally, the pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the abscopal effect when combining stereotactic body radiotherapy with ICIs is presented.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-targeted effect in radiotherapy"
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Ball, David L. "Clinical studies of the effect of radiotherapy dose and fractionation on survival in patients with limited non-small cell lung cancer /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MD/09MDB187.pdf.
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Fullerton, Natasha Eileen. "Gene therapy and targeted radiotherapy applied to bladder and prostate cancer : examination of radiation-induced bystander effects in targeted radiotherapy." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438687.
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Ospina, Arango Juan David. "Predictive models for side effects following radiotherapy for prostate cancer." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S046/document.
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La radiothérapie externe (EBRT en anglais pour External Beam Radiotherapy) est l'un des traitements référence du cancer de prostate. Les objectifs de la radiothérapie sont, premièrement, de délivrer une haute dose de radiations dans la cible tumorale (prostate et vésicules séminales) afin d'assurer un contrôle local de la maladie et, deuxièmement, d'épargner les organes à risque voisins (principalement le rectum et la vessie) afin de limiter les effets secondaires. Des modèles de probabilité de complication des tissus sains (NTCP en anglais pour Normal Tissue Complication Probability) sont nécessaires pour estimer sur les risques de présenter des effets secondaires au traitement. Dans le contexte de la radiothérapie externe, les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d'identifier des paramètres prédictifs de complications rectales et vésicales secondaires au traitement; de développer de nouveaux modèles NTCP permettant l'intégration de paramètres dosimétriques et de paramètres propres aux patients; de comparer les capacités prédictives de ces nouveaux modèles à celles des modèles classiques et de développer de nouvelles méthodologies d'identification de motifs de dose corrélés à l'apparition de complications. Une importante base de données de patients traités par radiothérapie conformationnelle, construite à partir de plusieurs études cliniques prospectives françaises, a été utilisée pour ces travaux. Dans un premier temps, la fréquence des symptômes gastro-Intestinaux et génito-Urinaires a été décrite par une estimation non paramétrique de Kaplan-Meier. Des prédicteurs de complications gastro-Intestinales et génito-Urinaires ont été identifiés via une autre approche classique : la régression logistique. Les modèles de régression logistique ont ensuite été utilisés dans la construction de nomogrammes, outils graphiques permettant aux cliniciens d'évaluer rapidement le risque de complication associé à un traitement et d'informer les patients. Nous avons proposé l'utilisation de la méthode d'apprentissage de machine des forêts aléatoires (RF en anglais pour Random Forests) pour estimer le risque de complications. Les performances de ce modèle incluant des paramètres cliniques et patients, surpassent celles des modèle NTCP de Lyman-Kutcher-Burman (LKB) et de la régression logistique. Enfin, la dose 3D a été étudiée. Une méthode de décomposition en valeurs populationnelles (PVD en anglais pour Population Value Decomposition) en 2D a été généralisée au cas tensoriel et appliquée à l'analyse d'image 3D. L'application de cette méthode à une analyse de population a été menée afin d'extraire un motif de dose corrélée à l'apparition de complication après EBRT. Nous avons également développé un modèle non paramétrique d'effets mixtes spatio-Temporels pour l'analyse de population d'images tridimensionnelles afin d'identifier une région anatomique dans laquelle la dose pourrait être corrélée à l'apparition d'effets secondairesExternal beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is one of the cornerstones of prostate cancer treatment. The objectives of radiotherapy are, firstly, to deliver a high dose of radiation to the tumor (prostate and seminal vesicles) in order to achieve a maximal local control and, secondly, to spare the neighboring organs (mainly the rectum and the bladder) to avoid normal tissue complications. Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models are then needed to assess the feasibility of the treatment and inform the patient about the risk of side effects, to derive dose-Volume constraints and to compare different treatments. In the context of EBRT, the objectives of this thesis were to find predictors of bladder and rectal complications following treatment; to develop new NTCP models that allow for the integration of both dosimetric and patient parameters; to compare the predictive capabilities of these new models to the classic NTCP models and to develop new methodologies to identify dose patterns correlated to normal complications following EBRT for prostate cancer treatment. A large cohort of patient treated by conformal EBRT for prostate caner under several prospective French clinical trials was used for the study. In a first step, the incidence of the main genitourinary and gastrointestinal symptoms have been described. With another classical approach, namely logistic regression, some predictors of genitourinary and gastrointestinal complications were identified. The logistic regression models were then graphically represented to obtain nomograms, a graphical tool that enables clinicians to rapidly assess the complication risks associated with a treatment and to inform patients. This information can be used by patients and clinicians to select a treatment among several options (e.g. EBRT or radical prostatectomy). In a second step, we proposed the use of random forest, a machine-Learning technique, to predict the risk of complications following EBRT for prostate cancer. The superiority of the random forest NTCP, assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiving operative characteristic (ROC) curve, was established. In a third step, the 3D dose distribution was studied. A 2D population value decomposition (PVD) technique was extended to a tensorial framework to be applied on 3D volume image analysis. Using this tensorial PVD, a population analysis was carried out to find a pattern of dose possibly correlated to a normal tissue complication following EBRT. Also in the context of 3D image population analysis, a spatio-Temporal nonparametric mixed-Effects model was developed. This model was applied to find an anatomical region where the dose could be correlated to a normal tissue complication following EBRT
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Ilnytskyy, Yaroslav, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation in vivo : epigenetic aspects / Yaroslav Ilinytskyy." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biomolecular Sciences, [c2010], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2630.
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The classical paradigm of radiation biology is based on the notion that ionizing particle has to traverse a nucleus of a living cell in order to damage genetic material either directly or via production of short living free radicals. After DNA damage is introduced it can be either safely repaired and the cell can continue divisions unaltered; or it can result in a failure to repair and cells death; or finally, upon misrepair, the cell would be carrying genetic alteration that could result in cancer or developmental abnormality. Therefore modern risk estimations are based on the notion that nucleus is the true target of radiation effects and those are essentially stochastic with linear dependence on the dose.
During the last two decades or so, a different idea was developed based on the observation that irradiated cells can communicate radiation induced stress signals to their unaffected neighbors and themselves become reprogrammed to maintained abnormal radiation-induced phenotype across multiple cellular divisions. Even more astonishingly this phenotype maybe transmitted by irradiated germ cells to unexposed progeny. Here we suggest that these non-targeted effects are maintained by epigenetic mechanisms and examine epigenetic underpinnings of bystander and transgenerational effects in vivo.xi, 190 leaves ; 28 cm
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Sjostedt, Svetlana. "An in vitro investigation of the impact of radiation induced bystander effect on the therapeutic irradiation of a prostate cancer cell line." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/81550.
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Introduction. The aim of radiotherapy, in general, is to deliver a high enough radiation dose to tumour cells to control (and stop) their growth without causing severe complications to surrounding healthy tissues. As a result, it is very important to define a precise irradiation target for radiotherapy treatment. For many years only DNA has been seen as the main target for radiation to cause cellular death in living tissues. In the last decade the fundamental dogma of radiobiology, known as the ‘target theory’, has been reviewed. The extensive experimental evidence demonstrates that not only cell nucleus but also cellular cytoplasm, membrane, and even neighbouring cells, located outside the radiation field, should be viewed as possible targets for therapeutic ionising radiation. Methodology. The research described in this thesis aims to investigate the impact of the non-targeted effects of 6MV x-rays during the radiotherapy. This thesis intends to analyse the published mathematical models which predict occurrence and magnitude of radiation induced bystander effects (RIBEs), with experimental validation of one of these models. The methodology undertaken involved: • Literature review and development of comprehensive understanding of general concepts of radiation induced bystander effects; • Establishment of a suitable experimental methodology to investigate these phenomena, in particular radiation induced additional killing, in the application to radiotherapy to PC3 human prostate epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line, including: • evaluation of biological characteristics such as population doubling time and plating efficiency; • evaluation of radiobiological characteristics such as the dose which kills half of clonogenes (D₅₀), which will be used subsequently as the prescribed dose in the dose cold spot experiment; (in the experiment investigating cell survival in the under-dosed region) • determination of suitable biological end-points (such as apoptotic cell death, reduced proliferation rate, clonogenic cell death) following radiation treatment; • design of a dose-cold spot experiment to investigate RIBE in a reduced dose region (ie receiving ~80% of the prescribed dose) in freely communicating cells and non-communicating cells; • Investigation of the extent of non-targeted effects on cell killing in a dose cold spot in human prostate PC3 cancer cell line; • Analysis of RIBE related models; • Validation of the published stochastic model that relates absorbed dose to the emission and processing of cell death signals by non-irradiated cells which included: • determination of magnitude of medium-borne signals (affecting non-targeted cells) dependence on the radiation doses received by donor cells • investigation of donor cell concentration impact on the emission of death signals predicted by the model. All cell irradiations were performed at the Royal Adelaide Hospital, Radiation Oncology Department using a 6 MV x-ray beam produced by a Varian linear accelerator (Varian, Palo Alto, CA,USA). A clinically applied nominal dose rate of 3 Gy/min was used. Each radiation treatment was performed at 100 cm from the beam focal spot with 20 x 20 cm² radiation field size. The culture dishes were placed on the top of 1.5 cm thick solid water build up sheets. To avoid irradiation through air gaps cells were treated posteriorly with gantry positioned at 180°. Custom made wax phantoms (for different flask sizes) were used in conjunction with 5 cm thick solid water slab to cover the flask to ensure full scatter conditions. Machine radiation output was routinely checked with Daily QA 3™ device (Sun Nuclear, USA) before each radiation treatment. The primary research objectives were investigated through a series of research papers. Results. The findings and results of the experiments designed and performed in the current work include: I. Biological characteristics of PC3 cell line such as plating efficiency and population doubling time were found to be 0.60, 48 hours respectively. II. The fraction of cells surviving the standard clinical daily dose of 2 Gy (SF2) typical of curative radiation protocols was found to be 0.586 (± 0.0279), while the dose that killed half of the clonogen population (D₅₀) was found to be 2.037Gy. III. Radiosensitivity of PC3 cells differs widely among laboratories - the maximum difference found was 131.58%. This cell line appeared to be very sensitive to the methods used therefore it was important to evaluate D₅₀ independently rather than relying on published data. IV. Apoptotic assay revealed no significant dose dependant early cell deaths until 96 hours after radiation exposure. Following this time the first sizable colonies can be detected by the clonogenic survival assessment. Hence cellular damage in a dose cold spot was assessed by long term survival data which includes all types of radiation induced damages. V. Cells exposed to a dose cold spot that are freely communicating versus non-communicating cells revealed significant decrease (16.2%) in cells survival presumably due to intercellular communication. Validation of the stochastic model predicting emission and processing of cell death signals in non-irradiated cells revealed significant decreases in cell survival (P<0.001) exposed to irradiated cell condition media (ICCM) derived from donor cells of various concentrations and irradiated with different doses. Dependency of the toxicity of ICCM on the cellular concentration of donor cells was fond to be significant (p<0.5) as well. Conclusion. For the given cell line under existing growing and treatment conditions the cell survival in the dose cold spot region was significantly lower when under-irradiated cells were in contact with the cells receiving 100% of the prescribed dose compared to the cellular survival obtained from the under-dosed cells, by the same amount of radiation, which were treated separately. Presumably these variations were mainly due to intercellular communication. Significant reduction in PC3 cell survival after receiving ICCM was observed. Data fitting revealed an exponential decrease in recipient cell survival with the dose received by the ICCM. However the current experiment was not able to identify the associated dose threshold for the reduction in survival from ICCM due to the saturation of the effect at the doses investigated. This can be attributed to either saturation in signal generation due to limited signal potency or saturation in recipient cell responses. It appeared that death signal emission may increase with increasing numbers of radiation hits to a certain target and with increasing number of targets able to emit death signals. However, the effect saturates when it reaches a specific value in a number of hits or in an amount of critical targets. The mechanisms behind radiation induced additional killing are not clear yet. Little is known about the types of DNA damage affecting bystander cells. The impact of RIBEs in application to novel radiotherapy treatment techniques, such as intensity modulated radiation therapy and tomotherapy, needs further investigation as they deliver highly conformal doses to tumours, but cover bigger volumes with the low doses where bystander responses are more pronounced. Incorporation of RIBEs into the research that underpins clinical radiotherapy will result in a shift beyond simple mechanistic models currently used towards a more systems-based approach. It is a difficult task to design a coherent research strategy to investigate the clinical impact of bystander phenomena, given the complex protean nature of it. Any consideration of bystander effects will challenge clinicians' preconceptions concerning the effects of radiation on tumours and normal tissues and therefore disease management.Thesis (M.Sc.(Med.Phy.)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, 2013
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"The effect of guided imagery and relaxation on patients receiving treatment for non-metastatic cancer." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1426.
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D. Litt et Phil.It is well known that high levels of anxiety and/or depression often accompany the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Literature from various sources, but in particular from the fairly new field of research, Psychoneuroimmunology, also provides ample evidence that excessive anxiety and/or depression can be immunosuppressive. It makes sense, therefore, that any intervention restoring balance to the immuno-regulatory system, thereby allowing the body’s innate healing processes to focus on eliminating cancer, is highly desirable. In line with current thinking based on the mind-body connection as well as cognitive behavioural techniques utilised in many therapeutic settings, various psychological interventions have been found to help the patient gain a better sense of control over distressing symptoms and side-effects of cancer. Some of these include: basic cognitive restructuring, hypnotherapy, relaxation-meditation techniques, art and music therapy, and guided imagery. Substantial international research illustrates the beneficial effect that relaxation and/or guided imagery provides in such diverse settings including work, sport and health. In this regard, it was decided to run a pilot study to ascertain whether a customised tape recording with a relaxation and guided imagery dialogue aimed at helping patients manage and cope with negative symptoms of cancer, could significantly reduce anxiety levels in patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy. To operationalise the above, 30 men and women, aged between 20 and 80, with Stages 1, 2 or 3 breast, prostrate, gynaecological cancers, and head and neck cancers, who were about to commence radical (minimum 25 fractions) radiotherapy, were randomly selected to an experimental and a control group. A consecutive sample, pre-test post-test experimental design was applied to this study in which the experimental and control groups were subjected to pre- and post radiotherapy Hospital Anxiety & Depression (HAD) Scale, Institute for Personality Assessment and Training (IPAT) Anxiety Scale and blood pressure measurements during their 1st, 3rd, 6th week cycle of treatments, as well as a final measurement 12 weeks after commencement of therapy. The main hypothesis of this pilot study was that there would be statistically significant decreases in levels of anxiety as a result of the intervention of guided imagery tape recording in patients with non-metastatic cancer undergoing curative radiotherapy. For the intervention, each experimental participant was taught a relaxation technique and then following an interview a customised guided imagery dialogue developed for the participant’s sole use. The participant was requested to listen to this tape at least once a day. The control group had the same pre- and post tests as the experimental group, but did not receive any intervention. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the experimental group showed a tendency towards decreased blood pressure and anxiety over the course of radiotherapy. The most significant change, however, was noted in terms of diastolic blood pressure, suggesting that the intervention corresponded to a physiological decrease in anxiety. There was not a statistically significant difference in terms of the measured psychological variables. A general conclusion to this pilot study suggests that whilst guided imagery may contribute to a lowering of anxiety, additional cognitive intervention would probably affect a more substantial and sustained change in the patient. Although this pilot study revealed some methodological weaknesses the results are sufficiently encouraging to warrant further in-depth research regarding the use of guided imagery as a cost-effective, easy method for individuals to learn and utilise as part of their integrative cancer treatment programme.
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Ball, David L. (David Lee). "Clinical studies of the effect of radiotherapy dose and fractionation on survival in patients with limited non-small cell lung cancer." 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MD/09MDB187.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 180-204. A thesis which examines the proposition that higher doses of radiotherapy might be associated with longer survival in patients with non-metastatic non-small cell lung cancer by analysing the survival outcomes for patients treated with a variety of radiotherapy doses according to a standardised policy, and using modern treatment planning and delivery techniques.
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Ball, David Lee. "Clinical studies of the effect of radiotherapy dose and fractionation on survival in patients with limited non-small cell lung cancer / by David L. Ball." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/38238.
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Bibliography: leaves 180-204A thesis which examines the proposition that higher doses of radiotherapy might be associated with longer survival in patients with non-metastatic non-small cell lung cancer by analysing the survival outcomes for patients treated with a variety of radiotherapy doses according to a standardised policy, and using modern treatment planning and delivery techniques.
Thesis (M.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Medicine, 2001
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Grossi, Anthony (Antonio) John. "The effect of reference pricing of nitrates on targeted and non-targeted beneficiaries' expenditures on angina medications." 2007. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=452910&T=F.
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Miranda, Silvana Ferreira da Silva. "The role of mitochondria in the non-targeted effect of ionizing radiation." Master's thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/108289.
Full textBooks on the topic "Non-targeted effect in radiotherapy"
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Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Principles of chemotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0005.
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Principles of radiation oncology outlines the physical and biological effects of ionising radiation, and its use in clinical oncology. Radiobiology, examining the response of tissue to ionising radiation, is described with regards to normal and malignant tissues. The effect of fractionation, the delivery of radiotherapy in a series of repeated exposures, is examined. The damaging effects on normal tissues are considered, particularly nonreversible late effects including carcinogenesis. Therapeutic exposure to ionising radiation is contrasted between radical and palliative radiotherapy. The physical properties of ionising radiation beams are described for superficial x-rays, megavoltage x-rays, and electrons. The process of treatment planning is summarised through beam dosimetry, target and critical organ outlining, dose planning, treatment verification, prescription and delivery. Computerised tomography is used for outlining and for verification, using cone beam CT. 0ther methods for image guided radiotherapy include fiducial markers. Increasingly intensity modulated radiotherapy is proving beneficial in reducing normal tissue damage during radical treatment. Stereotactic radiotherapy is used in the radical treatment of small unresectable malignancies. The clinical use of electron therapy, brachytherapy and intraoperative radiotherapy is described. Nuclear medicine uses unsealed radionuclides in imaging primary malignancies and their metastases, and in targeted radiotherapy. Examples include PET scanning, bone scanning, and radio iodine therapy. Whole body irradiation is used to improve outcomes after high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell or bone marrow transplantation.
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Grossi, Anthony (Antonio) John. The effect of reference pricing of nitrates on targeted and non-targeted beneficiaries' expenditures on angina medications. 2007.
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Jordan, Nerissa. Non-metastatic neurological manifestations of malignancy. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0238.
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Neurological complications of systemic malignancy are frequent. They may reflect direct local effects of the tumour; CNS infection; side effects of chemotherapy or radiotherapy; nutritional or metabolic derangements; or a paraneoplastic syndrome. The paraneoplastic neurological syndromes are a group of disorders associated with a malignancy outside the nervous system. The pathophysiology is immune-mediated, with the tumour’s expression of neuronal proteins invoking antibody formation, which in turn results in neurological symptoms. This chapter will mainly focus on these syndromes.
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Grant, Robert. Tumours of the brain and skull. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0624.
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Over the last 10 years, there have been several important advances in cell biology, molecular genetics, and targeted therapies in neuro-oncology. Improved neurosurgical techniques such as frameless stereotaxy, awake craniotomy, and intra-operative MRI, safer methods of directing radiotherapy, new chemotherapy approaches, and novel modalities of therapy provide optimism that there will eventually be some improvements in treatment-related morbidity and survival. There has also been an increasing change from individual clinician decision making to decision making by multidisciplinary teams of neurosurgeons, neurologists, clinical oncologists, neuropathologists, neuroradiologists, and specialist nurses with the aim of improving decision making, management planning across specialties, communication, and enrolment in suitable clinical trials. In addition, Good Clinical Practice guidelines, an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting trials, increases the onus and responsibilities on clinical investigators to perform trials to the highest standard and to have the trials externally monitored, and the trial conduct and results audited. While these obligatory and statutory responsibilities are labour intensive and time consuming, they should improve the quality of trials by limiting the possibility of unintentional bias or fraud. Improving the recording of serious adverse event reporting through trial quality assurance and quality control procedures will help ensure that a balanced view of the effects of a drug or procedure is identified earlier than in the past. It will be interesting to see how research develops over the next decade.
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Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Madhumita Bhattacharyya. Breast cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0014_update_001.
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Thoracic cancer examines the epidemiology, aetiology, and role of screening and prevention in the reduction of deaths from lung cancer, the majority caused by cigarette smoking. The pathology and genetics of lung cancer, with particular note of the driver mutations, are followed by the symptoms and signs of the disease. Appropriate investigations are described to stage the tumour. The optimum treatment for localised non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is surgical resection, followed in some cases by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, most cases present with disease too advanced for surgery, and for these chemotherapy and radiotherapy are appropriate. Metastatic NSCLC can be treated with platinum based doublet chemotherapy with modest palliative benefits. Metastatic NSCLC with specific driver mutations are amenable to control by targeted therapy. Locally advanced NSCLC is often treated with similar chemotherapy and radiotherapy, ideally administered concurrently, to achieve symptom relief but also improved survival rates. Short course simple radiotherapy offers symptom relief in patients not fit for chemotherapy. Patients with localised NSCLC who are not fit for surgery, may benefit from radical radiotherapy, particularly stereotactic radiotherapy. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterised by almost universal systemic spread, so that surgery is rarely appropriate. Staging is similar to NSCLC, and chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, usually cisplatin or carboplatin combined with etoposide. When possible, this is combined with concurrent thoracic irradiation covering all radiological sites of disease. Prophylactic cranial irradiation reduces the risk of CNS disease. Malignant pleural mesothelioma is caused by occupational asbestos exposure. Symptoms and signs, investigation and staging, and management are discussed. Thymic tumours, their pathology, presenting symptoms including paraneoplastic syndromes, investigation, staging and treatment are reviewed.
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Healey, John H., and David McKeown. Orthopaedic surgery in the palliation of cancer. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0125.
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Metastatic spread of cancer to bone is frequent and causes pain, disability, and functional limitation. New understanding of the homing method of cancer cells to bone and the mechanism of cancer production of pain raise possible new treatment strategies. Non-surgical treatments such as chemotherapy and hormone therapy are effective in early disease. Bisphosphonates and inhibition of osteoprotegerin prevent progression of bone lesions and avoid pain, radiation, and surgery. Radiotherapy arrests disease and relieves pain in many cases. Surgery is needed when the bone is weak or fractured. It effectively relieves pain and preserves function. It usually requires replacing or bypassing the deficient bone with site-specific reconstructive surgery. Surgery should be selected based on projections of patient survival. New tools to make these projections have been validated and are now available. New targeted drug therapies appear to be changing metastatic bone disease into a more chronic condition. This will alter the management of local disease in many histological subtypes of metastatic cancers.
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Andrzej, Wojcik, and Colin J. Martin. Biological effects of ionizing radiation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0003.
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Biological effects of radiation have been interpreted based on the assumption that DNA is the primary target, but recent research has shown that non-targeted mechanisms may affect cells that are not directly exposed. The most important effect in humans from low doses of radiation is the induction of cancer, but risks of other effects such as cataract and cardiac or circulatory disease are becoming apparent. Epidemiological studies of Japanese survivors of atomic bombs demonstrate a clear linear relationship between solid cancer incidence and organ dose. This is supported by other epidemiological data. This has become the gold standard for prediction of malignancy based on a linear no-threshold ‘LNT’ extrapolation, which links risk directly to radiation dose. However, the risk calculations involve many assumptions and approximations. They are designed to provide guidance on which a workable protection framework can be based. It is important that practitioners are aware of their limitations.
Book chapters on the topic "Non-targeted effect in radiotherapy"
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Mothersill, Carmel, and Colin Seymour. "The Bystander Effect in Targeted Radiotherapy." In Monoclonal Antibody and Peptide-Targeted Radiotherapy of Cancer, 507–25. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470613214.ch14.
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Duan, Qiwen, Wen Chen, Junhua Liu, Yingchun Duan, Jianhua Ren, and Minghua Yu. "Perfusion Computed Tomography: A Non-invasive Technique to Early Evaluating the Therapeutic Effect of Radiotherapy for Primary Hepatic Cancer." In IFMBE Proceedings, 1847–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29305-4_486.
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Witzig, Thomas E. "Radioimmunotherapy for B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma." In Monoclonal Antibody and Peptide-Targeted Radiotherapy of Cancer, 169–218. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470613214.ch6.
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Trott, Klaus-Rüdiger, and Friedrich-Hugo Kamprad. "Side Effects and Long-Term Risks from Radiotherapy of Non-malignant Diseases." In Radiotherapy for Non-Malignant Disorders, 29–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68943-0_2.
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Brüningk, Sarah C., and Gibin G. Powathil. "Modelling Direct and Indirect Effects of Radiation: Experimental, Clinical and Environmental Implications." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology, 69–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2101-9_5.
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AbstractRadiotherapy is a commonly used treatment for cancer and is usually given in varying doses. Mathematical modelling of radiation effects traditionally means the modelling or estimation of cell-kill due to its direct exposure to irradiation and sometimes ignoring other multiple direct/indirect effects. However, advances in molecular biology have expanded this classical view and it is now realized that in addition to cell-death, signals produced by irradiated cells can further influence the behavior of non-irradiated cells or organisms in several ways. Consequently, it has now wider implications in multiple areas making it relevant for further exploration, both experimentally and mathematically. Here, we provide a brief overview of a hybrid multiscale mathematical model to study the direct and indirect effects of radiation and its implications in clinical radiotherapy, experimental settings and radiation protection.
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Szturz, Petr, and Jan B. Vermorken. "High-Dose Three-Weekly or Low-Dose Weekly Cisplatin during Radiation, What to Prefer?" In Critical Issues in Head and Neck Oncology, 139–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63234-2_10.
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AbstractIn locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, adding three cycles of high-dose (100 mg/m2) cisplatin every three weeks to definitive or adjuvant radiotherapy can significantly improve locoregional control and survival. One of the major drawbacks is severe acute toxicity with about 40% of patients developing mucositis, up to one fourth suffering from dysphagia, and at least 20% having bone marrow suppression. Late toxicity has been under- and sometimes mis-reported and may even be responsible for an increase in non-cancer-related deaths in long-term survivors. Moreover, efficacy outcomes are still not satisfactory with 5-year overall survival rates ranging between 40% and 50%, excluding the growing minority of human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer cases with a markedly better prognosis. Consequently, alternative regimens have gained attention with the aim to reduce toxicity, improve adherence, and maintain adequate anti-tumour activity. Low-dose (usually 40 mg/m2) cisplatin given in weekly intervals emerged as the preferred alternative to the standard, high-dose regimen. But do we have enough evidence to support this approach and which patients might become suitable candidates? While the use of high-dose cisplatin is supported by the results of four large trials randomizing altogether 1539 patients between conventionally fractionated chemoradiation and radiotherapy alone, there are only three small, similarly designed but possibly biased studies favouring a weekly regimen. In addition, two other trials randomly assigning patients to receive either high-dose or low-dose cisplatin, provided evidence against routine administration of the latter schedule. Therefore, although weekly cisplatin may enhance short-term tolerance in terms of gastro-intestinal, hepatic, hearing, renal, and haematological side effects, it cannot be excluded that this improvement comes at the price of compromised survival with no benefit in late adverse events. We acknowledge that certain clinical scenarios, particularly in the presence of relative contraindications to high-dose cisplatin, may favour a less toxic cisplatin dose and/or administration schedule, among which the low-dose weekly regimen. In this respect, the ever-growing population of elderly patients is in particular benefitting from a careful decision, taking into account the pros and cons of such regimens.
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Callejón-Leblic, M. A., and Pedro C. Miranda. "A Computational Parcellated Brain Model for Electric Field Analysis in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation." In Brain and Human Body Modeling 2020, 81–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45623-8_5.
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AbstractRecent years have seen the use of increasingly realistic electric field (EF) models to further our knowledge of the bioelectric basis of noninvasive brain techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Such models predict a poor spatial resolution of tDCS, showing a non-focal EF distribution with similar or even higher magnitude values far from the presumed targeted regions, thus bringing into doubt the classical criteria for electrode positioning. In addition to magnitude, the orientation of the EF over selected neural targets is thought to play a key role in the neuromodulation response. This chapter offers a summary of recent works which have studied the effect of simulated EF magnitude and orientation in tDCS, as well as providing new results derived from an anatomically representative parcellated brain model based on finite element method (FEM). The results include estimates of mean and peak tangential and normal EF values over different cortical regions and for various electrode montages typically used in clinical applications.
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Dubrovska, Anna, Mechthild Krause, and Michael Baumann. "Biological effect of radiotherapy on cancer cells." In Oxford Textbook of Cancer Biology, edited by Francesco Pezzella, Mahvash Tavassoli, and David J. Kerr, 438–49. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779452.003.0030.
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Radiation therapy is a mainstay for curative treatment of many types of tumours. The cure rate of radiation therapy depends on its ability to induce non-repairable DNA damage leading to cellular death or loss of proliferative capacity. In addition to clinical factors, efficacy of radiation therapy has been explained by the radiobiological concept of 4R parameters summarized by Rodney Withers in 1975, which include Repair of DNA damage, Repopulation, Redistribution of tumour cells in the cell cycle, and Reoxygenation. This chapter reviews the direct and indirect effects of irradiation on cancer cells, mechanisms of DNA repair and radiation-induced cell death, and also discusses implementation of the cancer stem cell model for the radiobiological concept of tumour radioresistance.
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Butler, Gary, and Jeremy Kirk. "Endocrine effects of other diseases and treatments." In Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, 121–34. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786337.003.0004.
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• Survival rates for childhood cancer have doubled over the last 50 years. • With improved numbers of survivors of childhood cancer (currently 1 in 715 young adults), late effects (including endocrine) of therapy are increasingly recognized. • Endocrine late effects are found in 20–50% of patients (multiple in up to 20%) dependent on underlying malignancy, age, sex, and time elapsed since therapy. • In addition to the tumour itself, the three main treatment modalities—surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy—all cause late effects. ◦ Radiotherapy can be used either on its own, or following chemotherapy and/or surgery. It produces late effects via action on the: ■ pituitary/hypothalamus ■ endocrine gland itself ■ end organ such as bone. ■ Effects are dependent on site, total dose, and also regimen, e.g. single dose vs fractionated. They are also progressive and irreversible. ◦ Chemotherapy: ■ generally produces gonadal toxicity; with little effect on other endocrine glands (including pituitary/hypothalamus). Osteopenia/osteoporosis and dyslipidaemia are also described ■ damage dependent on type and dose, plus age at administration ■ effects may be reversible. • Poor growth following cancer therapy is multifactorial: ◦ non-hormonal: poor nutrition, steroid therapy, direct bone/soft tissue damage ◦ hormonal: GH deficiency, delayed/premature puberty, hypothyroidism
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Dikomey, Ekkehard, Kerstin Borgmann, Malte Kriegs, Wael Y. Mansour, Cordula Petersen, and Thorsten Rieckmann. "DNA repair after oncological therapy (radiotherapy and chemotherapy)." In Oxford Textbook of Oncology, 82–85. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656103.003.0009.
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The lethal effect of ionizing irradiation on tumour cells is mostly determined by the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Cells are able to repair most of the DSBs, but 1% to 3 % are either non- or mis-repaired, which will then give rise to lethal chromosomal aberrations. Cells have evolved complex DSB repair mechanisms with a stringent hierarchy to guarantee the genomic stability. However, in tumour cells both mechanisms as well as hierarchy are often disturbed. This knowledge is important for an understanding of the radiation response of tumours, but—most of all—for the establishment of new and specific targets for therapy.
Conference papers on the topic "Non-targeted effect in radiotherapy"
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Kun Song, Peng Xu, Yongde Meng, Jie Chen, Xiaoyan Yang, Wilson Roa, Beihua Kong, and James Xing. "Systematic study of enhanced cytotoxicity effects of gold-based nanoparticles in targeted cancer radiotherapy." In 2009 IEEE/NIH Life Science Systems and Applications Workshop (LiSSA) Formerly known as LSSA and. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lissa.2009.4906702.
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Wirtz, Tristan, Catherine Lee, Tao Xie, Lisa Manzuk, Manfred Kraus, Christopher Dillon, Timothy Affolter, and Anand Giddabasappa. "Abstract P065: Effects of targeted radiotherapy on tumor immune landscape in diverse murine tumor models." In Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; October 5-6, 2021. American Association for Cancer Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm21-p065.
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Vieira, Natália Barros Salgado, Sarah Joanny da Silva Pereira, and Ana Flávia Silva Castro. "Neurocognitive Implications in Children Undergoing Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.499.
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Background: Radiotherapy and chemotherapy drugs were essential for increasing the survival rates of pediatric cancer patients, but dysfunctions associated with treatment, mainly neurological and cognitive, are recorded and should be considered in deciding the therapeutic plan. Objectives: Analyze the current literature on the neurocognitive effects in children undergoing chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in the MEDLINE / Pubmed and LILACS databases, using the terms “cognitive effects”, “chemotherapy”, “radiotherapy” and “child”, in Portuguese and in English. 79 articles were found and 6 followed for complete analysis. Articles published more than 5 years ago and that did not address the proposed subject were not used. Results: Radiotherapy, especially cranial (CRT), is associated with serious effects, such as induction of vasculopathy, stroke, cerebrovascular malformations, in addition to an increased risk for subsequent malignant CNS tumors. Despite being a standard treatment for several neoplasms, radiotherapy has been replaced, when possible, by higher doses of chemotherapy, which has a considerable level of neurotoxicity, capable of causing coagulopathy, encephalopathy, seizures and neuropathies, both sensory and motor. However, deficits in children’s attentional capacity in both treatment categories stood out, sometimes implying educational difficulties and decline in non-verbal skills. Conclusions: Although chemotherapy and radiation therapy represent impressive advances, their consequences remain a concern. Future studies should seek strategies for prevention, early recognition and management of neurotoxicity, in order to promote better life quality for patients.
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Dan, Peng, Wu Xiaobo, Lu Jin, Hao Qian, Hong Jingyan, and Li Yiguo. "Physics Design of Epi-Thermal Neutron Beam for BNCT Based on C-MNSR." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67384.
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Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a kind of the targeted therapy with two element. It can kill the cancer cells while the effect on normal cells is very small, and it is suitable for the treatment of the various stage cancer so it will be the ideal radiotherapy for cancer treatment in the future. And Commercial Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (C-MNSR) was designed and constructed by CIAE, which is used for Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), Training and teaching. The reactor with thermal power 27kW is an under-moderated reactor with pool-tank type, U-AL alloy with High Enriched Uranium (HEU) as fuel, light water as coolant and moderator, and metal beryllium as reflector. The fission heat produced by the reactor is removed by the natural circulation. Design C-MNSR with a epi-thermal neutron beam for BNCT is studied while the conversion from HEU to LEU (Low Enrichment Uranium) (235U percent≤20%) is carried on. As it has the advantages of MNSR safety, economy, easy operation and its application, and it can improve the epi-thermal neutron flux density and meet the requirements of BNCT. The fuel cage of C-MNSR with size of φ230×248mm in the reactor core, there are ton rows of 355lattices are concentrically arranged, the central lattice is reserved for central control rod, and four tie rods are uniformly arranged at the eighth row which link the upper and lower grid plates, the rest 350 fuel lattices are for fuel pins or dummies. The diameter of the fuel meat is 4.3mm, the height is 230mm, with Uranium enrichment is 17%; the diameter of the fuel element is 5.5mm, the height is 248mm. The frame design of the epithermal neutron beam is: Fluental material used as neutron moderation layer with its thickness is 50cm and its density is 2.85g/cm3; Cd with thickness of 0.1cm used as thermal neutron absorption layer, Lead with thickness of 10cm used as gamma ray shielding layer. And the neutron collimator parts is a composition of graphite, Cd and polythene with boron. The total length of the beam is 114.5cm, and the distance from the exit of the beam to the core is 130cm. The results show that the epithermal neutron flux density at the exit is 1.58 × 109n·cm-2·s-1 at full power of 27kW. and the fast neutron density at the exit is 5.45 × 107n · cm-2 · s-1 at full power. Fast neutron dose contamination (Df/ φepi) is 2.88 × 10−11Gy · cm2 · n−1 and gamma dose contamination (Dγ/φepi) 2.18× 10−14 Gy·cm2·n−1.
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González-Domínguez, Raúl, Ana Sayago, and Ángeles Fernández-Recamales. "Application of targeted and non-targeted approaches to investigate the effect of genotype and growing conditions on the strawberry metabolome." In 3rd International Electronic Conference on Metabolomics. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecm-3-05838.
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Mok, Greta S. P., Edwin C. I. Ao, Na Song, and Eric C. Frey. "The effect of non-rigid misregistration in sequential quantitative SPECT for targeted radionuclide therapy— a simulation study." In 2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2012 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2012.6551671.
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Markovic, Maja, Vesna Panic, Julijana Tadic, and Rada Pjanovic. "EFFECT OF CROSSLINKER AMOUNT ON HYBRID HYDROGELS SWELLING AND DRUG RELEASE." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.125m.
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Targeted drug delivery is powerful tool which researchers use to achieve safer and more efficient therapy of many diseases, including various types of cancer. Many chemotherapeutics are poorly water- soluble, so their encapsulation and targeted delivery remain quite challenge. Hydrogels based on poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) are widely investigated for targeted drug delivery due to their pH sensitivity, non-toxicity and biocompatibility. Still, due to the PMAA highly hydrophilic nature, PMAA can only be used for encapsulation and targeted delivery of water-soluble drugs. Our previous research was directed towards overcoming this limitation: PMAA was modified with amphiphilic protein – casein and poorly-water soluble model drug – caffeine – was encapsulated (PMAC). Present study is focused on investigation how variation of amount of one of the most important hydrogels network parameter such as crosslinker affect PMAC swelling properties and caffeine release. The group of hybrid hydrogels – PMAC – was synthesized with various amount of crosslinker: 0.4mol%, 0.8mol%, 1.6mol% and 3.2mol% with respect to methacrylic acid. Swelling behavior of hybrid hydrogels and caffeine release was investigated in two environments which simulated human stomach and intestines. Obtained results showed that targeted delivery of poorly water-soluble model drug was achieved and that its release can be prolonged up to 24h. Also, kinetic of poorly water-soluble drug release can be easily modified only by changing crosslinker amount. PMAC hybrid hydrogels have huge potential for targeted delivery of poorly water-soluble active substances.
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Baty, Florent, and Martin Brutsche. "Exploring the 24h-effect of targeted therapies in non-small cell lung cancer from exon array blood profiling using dually constrained correspondence analysis." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa4239.
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Taylor, C., C. Correa, S. Anderson, F. Duane, M. Ewertz, R. Jagsi, L. Pierce, et al. "Abstract S5-08: Late side-effects of breast cancer radiotherapy: Second cancer incidence and non-breast-cancer mortality among 40,000 women in 75 trials." In Abstracts: Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 8-12, 2015; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs15-s5-08.
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Rashal, Tami, Dilara McCauley, Maya Ilouze, Nir Raphael, Inessa Solomonik, Yaccov Lawrence, Ronen Shavit, Sharon Shacham, Michael Kauffman, and Nir Peled. "Abstract 2075: Combination tTerapy KPT-SINE (selective inhibitors of nuclear export) with radiotherapy have additive effects in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cellsin vitroandin vivo." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-2075.
Full textReports on the topic "Non-targeted effect in radiotherapy"
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Lenhardt, Amanda. Private Sector Development Finance to Support the ‘Missing Middle’. Institute of Development Studies, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.106.
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Evidence indicates that business support to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in lower middle-income countries (LMICs) can improve firms’ performance, create jobs, and have a positive effect on labour productivity (Piza et al., 2016). The impacts of some approaches to private sector finance such as traditional loans, grants and technical assistance have been studied empirically, but there is limited evidence of the impacts of non-traditional and innovative financing instruments (Mallen & Bungey, 2019; Piza et al., 2016). Studies of financial instruments to support SMEs in LICs and LMICs tend to focus on particular markets or adaptations to traditional funding models rather than targeted outcomes such as sustainable employment creation (Mallen & Bungey, 2019). This report explores evidence on the effectiveness of financing options available to bilateral donors to promote private sector development (PSD) in LIMCs, however the evidence base for most financing instruments is extremely limited and much of the evidence is more than 5 years old. The report seeks to provide a (non-comprehensive) list of available Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) eligible options and a more detailed examination of those options for which evidence was identified for this review. An open search for evidence on PSD interventions to support SMEs in LMICs and LICs was carried out, followed by a targeted search of interventions seeking to support medium-sized enterprises (the ‘missing middle’) in Zambia specifically. The report begins with a brief overview of the ‘missing middle’ challenge in Zambia. Section 3 explores recent trends in bilateral finance for PSD. The remaining sections of the report explore available evidence on the effectiveness of specific interventions: credit guarantees, matching grants, equity investment and permanent capital vehicles, mezzanine finance, and funds of funds.
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Tzfira, Tzvi, Michael Elbaum, and Sharon Wolf. DNA transfer by Agrobacterium: a cooperative interaction of ssDNA, virulence proteins, and plant host factors. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695881.bard.
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Agrobacteriumtumefaciensmediates genetic transformation of plants. The possibility of exchanging the natural genes for other DNA has led to Agrobacterium’s emergence as the primary vector for genetic modification of plants. The similarity among eukaryotic mechanisms of nuclear import also suggests use of its active elements as media for non-viral genetic therapy in animals. These considerations motivate the present study of the process that carries DNA of bacterial origin into the host nucleus. The infective pathway of Agrobacterium involves excision of a single-stranded DNA molecule (T-strand) from the bacterial tumor-inducing plasmid. This transferred DNA (T-DNA) travels to the host cell cytoplasm along with two virulence proteins, VirD2 and VirE2, through a specific bacteriumplant channel(s). Little is known about the precise structure and composition of the resulting complex within the host cell and even less is known about the mechanism of its nuclear import and integration into the host cell genome. In the present proposal we combined the expertise of the US and Israeli labs and revealed many of the biophysical and biological properties of the genetic transformation process, thus enhancing our understanding of the processes leading to nuclear import and integration of the Agrobacterium T-DNA. Specifically, we sought to: I. Elucidate the interaction of the T-strand with its chaperones. II. Analyzing the three-dimensional structure of the T-complex and its chaperones in vitro. III. Analyze kinetics of T-complex formation and T-complex nuclear import. During the past three years we accomplished our goals and made the following major discoveries: (1) Resolved the VirE2-ssDNA three-dimensional structure. (2) Characterized VirE2-ssDNA assembly and aggregation, along with regulation by VirE1. (3) Studied VirE2-ssDNA nuclear import by electron tomography. (4) Showed that T-DNA integrates via double-stranded (ds) intermediates. (5) Identified that Arabidopsis Ku80 interacts with dsT-DNA intermediates and is essential for T-DNA integration. (6) Found a role of targeted proteolysis in T-DNA uncoating. Our research provide significant physical, molecular, and structural insights into the Tcomplex structure and composition, the effect of host receptors on its nuclear import, the mechanism of T-DNA nuclear import, proteolysis and integration in host cells. Understanding the mechanical and molecular basis for T-DNA nuclear import and integration is an essential key for the development of new strategies for genetic transformation of recalcitrant plant species. Thus, the knowledge gained in this study can potentially be applied to enhance the transformation process by interfering with key steps of the transformation process (i.e. nuclear import, proteolysis and integration). Finally, in addition to the study of Agrobacterium-host interaction, our research also revealed some fundamental insights into basic cellular mechanisms of nuclear import, targeted proteolysis, protein-DNA interactions and DNA repair.
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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.