Journal articles: 'Non-structural element'

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Demidem, Mustapha, Remdane Boutemeur, Abderrahim Bali, and El-Hadi Benyoussef. "Analysis of Structural and Non-Structural Problems by Coupling of Finite and Infinite Elements." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.445.

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The main idea of this paper is to present a smart numerical technique to solve structural and non-structural problems in which the domain of interest extends to large distance in one or more directions. The concerned typical problems may be the underground excavation (tunneling or mining operations) and some heat transfer problems (energy flow rate for construction panels). The proposed numerical technique is based on the coupling between the finite element method (M.E.F.) and the infinite element method (I.E.M.) in an attractive manner taking into consideration the advantages that both methods offer with respect to the near field and the far field (good accuracy and sensible reduction of equations to be solved). In this work, it should be noticed that the using of this numerical coupling technique, based on the infinite element ascent formulation, has introduced a more realistic and economic way to solve unbounded problems for which modeling and efficiency have been elegantly improved. The types of the iso-parametric finite elements used are respectively the eight-nodes (Q8) and the four-nodes (Q4) for the near field. However, for the far field the iso-parametric infinite elements used are the eight-nodes (Q8I) and the six-nodes (Q6I).

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Kumar, Mr Santosh, and Mr Nand Kumar Sharma. "Non Structural Element its Behaviour during an Earthquake." International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 07, no. 07 (July 2017): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/9622-0707072629.

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Zieliński, A. P., and F. Frey. "On linearization in non-linear structural finite element analysis." Computers & Structures 79, no. 8 (March 2001): 825–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7949(00)00193-0.

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Quintana-Rodríguez, J. A., J. F. Doyle, F. J. Carrión-Viramontes, Didier Samayoa-Ochoa, and J. Alfredo López-López. "Material Characterization for Dynamic Simulation of Non-Homogeneous Structural Members." Key Engineering Materials 449 (September 2010): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.449.46.

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Generally, simulation of non-homogeneous materials requires a homogeneous representation with equivalent properties different from the constitutive elements. Determination of the equivalent properties for dynamic simulation is not always a direct and straightforward calculation, as they have to represent, not only the static reactions, but also the dynamic behavior, which depends on a more complex relation of the geometrical (area, inertia moment), mechanical (elastic modulus) and physical (density) properties. In this context, the Direct Sensitivity Method (DSM) is developed to calibrate structural parameters of a finite element model using a priori information with an inverse parameter identification scheme, where parameters are optimized through an error sensitivity function using experimental data with the dynamic responses of the model. Results demonstrate that parameters of materials can be calibrated efficiently from the DSM and that key aspects for this calibration are noise, sensitivity (structural and sensor), and the finite element model representation.

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HASANOV, Sh H. "CRACKING IN SHEET STRUCTURAL ELEMENT UNDER NON-UNIFORM STRESS FIELD." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings, no. 4 (August 2017): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2017-4-19-28.

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Vershinin, A. V., V. A. Levin, A. V. Kukushkin, and D. A. Konovalov. "Structural analysis of assemblies using non-conformal spectral element method." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 747 (March 17, 2020): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/747/1/012033.

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Boisse, P., J. L. Daniel, and J. C. Gelin. "AC0 three-node shell element for non-linear structural analysis." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 37, no. 14 (July 30, 1994): 2339–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620371402.

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Shahba, Ahmad, Reza Attarnejad, and Mehran Eslaminia. "Derivation of an Efficient Non-Prismatic Thin Curved Beam Element Using Basic Displacement Functions." Shock and Vibration 19, no. 2 (2012): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/786191.

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The efficiency and accuracy of the elements proposed by the Finite Element Method (FEM) considerably depend on the interpolating functions, namely shape functions, used to formulate the displacement field within an element. In this paper, a new insight is proposed for derivation of elements from a mechanical point of view. Special functions namely Basic Displacement Functions (BDFs) are introduced which hold pure structural foundations. Following basic principles of structural mechanics, it is shown that exact shape functions for non-prismatic thin curved beams could be derived in terms of BDFs. Performing a limiting study, it is observed that the new curved beam element successfully becomes the straight Euler-Bernoulli beam element. Carrying out numerical examples, it is shown that the element provides exact static deformations. Finally efficiency of the method in free vibration analysis is verified through several examples. The results are in good agreement with those in the literature.

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GARCÍA, MANUEL J., MIGUEL A. HENAO, and OSCAR E. RUIZ. "FIXED GRID FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR 3D STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS." International Journal of Computational Methods 02, no. 04 (December 2005): 569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876205000582.

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Fixed Grid (FG) methodology was first introduced by García and Steven as an engine for numerical estimation of two-dimensional elasticity problems. The advantages of using FG are simplicity and speed at a permissible level of accuracy. Two-dimensional FG has been proved effective in approximating the strain and stress field with low requirements of time and computational resources. Moreover, FG has been used as the analytical kernel for different structural optimization methods as Evolutionary Structural Optimization, Genetic Algorithms (GA), and Evolutionary Strategies. FG consists of dividing the bounding box of the topology of an object into a set of equally sized cubic elements. Elements are assessed to be inside (I), outside (O) or neither inside nor outside (NIO) of the object. Different material properties assigned to the inside and outside medium transform the problem into a multi-material elasticity problem. As a result of the subdivision NIO elements have non-continuous properties. They can be approximated in different ways which range from simple setting of NIO elements as O to complex non-continuous domain integration. If homogeneously averaged material properties are used to approximate the NIO element, the element stiffness matrix can be computed as a factor of a standard stiffness matrix thus reducing the computational cost of creating the global stiffness matrix. An additional advantage of FG is found when accomplishing re-analysis, since there is no need to recompute the whole stiffness matrix when the geometry changes. This article presents CAD to FG conversion and the stiffness matrix computation based on non-continuous elements. In addition inclusion/exclusion of O elements in the global stiffness matrix is studied. Preliminary results shown that non-continuous NIO elements improve the accuracy of the results with considerable savings in time. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the possibilities of the method.

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Demarie, Giacomo V., Donato Sabia, and Rosario Ceravolo. "Non-Linear Identification of a RC Element Using Time-Frequency Instantaneous Estimators." Key Engineering Materials 413-414 (June 2009): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.413-414.531.

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The identification of non-linear systems is an important topic in structural health monitoring of structures undergoing non-stationary behavior. In general, a non-linear or hysteretic response is typical for buildings, bridges, dampers and structural elements not only as a consequence of strong excitations (i. e. earthquake), but also for low to medium loading levels, due to the constitutive behavior of structural elements or joints. This paper focuses on the non-linear identification of a RC beam-column joint, modeled as a SDoF system, subjected to non-stationary loading: the technique used entails the definition of proper instantaneous estimators of the system dynamic properties by using a linear time-varying approximation of the actual system dynamics and representing the structural response in the joint time-frequency domain.

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Urbina, Angel, and Thomas Paez. "Probabilistic Numerical Analysis of Large, Complex, Structural Dynamic System Models." Journal of the IEST 46, no. 1 (September 14, 2003): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.46.1.p3k33743858u56hx.

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In recent years, great progress has been made in the construction and solution of large finite element models of complex structural dynamic systems. For example, structural models with millions of degrees of freedom are being built and used to approximate responses of structural systems. Further, great progress is being made in stochastic system analysis. Techniques for the construction of stochastic system models have been developed and solution techniques proposed. However, the two areas have not been combined, on a large scale, because stochastic finite element approaches appear very intrusive in their pure form. That is, substantial modifications of deterministic finite element codes are required to accommodate stochastic analysis. In view of this, a technique that uses the techniques of stochastic finite elements in a non-intrusive manner is required. This research provides one such approach. Specifically, the problem is divided into three parts: (1) model structural dynamic excitations using traditional approaches, and model physical system randomness using techniques of stochastic finite elements, namely, the Karhunen-Loeve expansion and polynomial chaos; (2) generate stochastic structural realizations and realizations of the random excitation using a Monte Carlo approach, and analyze structural responses with parallel computation in a suitable, large-scale finite element code; and (3) analyze structural dynamic responses using the techniques of stochastic finite elements, namely, the Karhunen-Loeve expansion and polynomial chaos. This paper supplies the details of the analytical approach. A numerical example is presented.

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MIYAMOTO, Mitsuhiro, Takeshi MORII, Haruki TAKAHASHI, and Yasuhiro HAYASHI. "EFFECT OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENT ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF WOODEN FRAME STRUCTURE." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 16, no. 33 (2010): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.16.505.

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Kim, Jong Hoon, and Yong Hyup Kim. "A three-node C0 ANS element for geometrically non-linear structural analysis." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 191, no. 37-38 (August 2002): 4035–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7825(02)00338-9.

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Devin, A., and P. J. Fanning. "The Evolving Dynamic Response of a Four Storey Reinforced Concrete Structure during Construction." Shock and Vibration 19, no. 5 (2012): 1051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/260926.

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Structures include elements designated as load bearing and non-load bearing. While non-load bearing elements, such as facades and internal partitions, are acknowledged to add mass to the system, the structural stiffness and strength is generally attributed to load bearing elements only. This paper investigates the contribution of non-load bearing elements to the dynamic response of a new structure, the Charles Institute, in the grounds of University College Dublin (UCD) Ireland. The vertical vibration response of the first floor and the lateral response at each floor level were recorded at different construction stages. The evolution of the structural response as well as the generation of a finite element (FE) model is discussed. It was found that the addition of the non-load bearing facades increased the first floor natural frequency from 10.7 Hz to 11.4?Hz, a change of approximately +6.5%. Similarly these external facades resulted in the first sway mode having its frequency increased by 6%. The subsequent addition of internal partitions, mechanical services and furnishings resulted in the floor natural frequency reducing to 9.2 Hz. It is concluded that external facades have the net effect of adding stiffness and the effect of internal partitions and furnishings is to add mass. In the context of finite element modelling of structures there is a significant challenge to represent these non-structural elements correctly so as to enable the generation of truly predictive FE models.

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Mandala Sheshu Kumar and Palakurthi Manoj Kumar, Gomasa Ramesh. "Introduction to Finite Element Methods in Engineering." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 06, no. 09 (November 25, 2020): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst060926.

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Finite Element Method is very useful powerful technique. FEM is espescially used in civil and structural engineering disciplines, and other branch disciplines and applied sciences are also used. The main aim of FEM is reducing the time for large problem calculations. It is a numerical method, so easy to solve with sufficient time and accurately. By using FEM analyse the structural behaviour of structures and it is also useful for non-structural members also. It is one of the important numerical technique. It is used to solve problems in engineering disciplines in a mathematical way. It is used for structural analysis, fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer problems etc. there are number of softwares are available for FEM. In this some important are Ansys, Cosmos, Nisa, Nastran, Sap etc. there are most important principles are there. Which are really useful. In this paper, we discuss about introduction to FEM, dicretization, element and node, types of elements in FEM, some important equations.

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Clark, S. H., A. J. Hilliker, and A. Chovnick. "Genetic analysis of the right (3′) end of the rosy locus in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetical Research 47, no. 2 (April 1986): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667230002293x.

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SUMMARYPrior reports from this laboratory have described the experimental basis for our understanding of the rosy locus (ry: 3–52·0) of Drosophila melanogaster as a bipartite genetic entity consisting of a structural element that codes for the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) peptide and a contiguous cis-acting control element immediately to the left of the structural element. Although the left end (5′) of the structural element has been well defined, the right boundary (3′) has been given only casual treatment in our prior reports. In our recent studies of rosy locus expression we have been concerned with the production and identification of mutations in the non-structural regions immediately flanking the structural element. An improved definition of the right end of the structural element is essential to this analysis. In addition to producing a better definition of the right boundary of the structural element, this study produced several phenotypically novel mutations. These mutations were classified initially ascontrol element mutations, but upon analysis were found to map within the rosy structural element. No evidence was obtained for the existence of a control element contiguous with the right end of the structural element.

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Genctav, Asli, and Sibel Tari. "A Non-Structural Representation Scheme for Articulated Shapes." Journal of Imaging 4, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging4100115.

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Articulated shapes are successfully represented by structural representations which are organized in the form of graphs of shape components. We present an alternative representation scheme which is equally powerful but does not require explicit modeling or discovery of structural relations. The key element in our scheme is a novel multi scale pixel-based distinctness measure which implicitly quantifies how rare a particular pixel is in terms of its geometry with respect to all pixels of the shape. The spatial distribution of the distinctness yields a partitioning of the shape into a set of regions. The proposed representation is a collection of size normalized probability distribution of the distinctness over regions over shape dependent scales. We test the proposed representation on a clustering task.

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Seitmuratov, A. Zh, G. M. Yensebayeva, A. B. Khusainova, and A. A. Rsayeva. "THE PROBLEM OF OSCILLATIONS OF A PLATE APPLIED TO THE EXTERNAL SURFACE OF A DEFORMABLE MEDIUM." Bulletin of the Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University 62-2 (2022): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/bkaku.2022.v62.i3.107.

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In the article solves particular problems of the impact of non-stationary external loads on plane structural elements interacting with a deformable medium.The oscillation frequencies and their influence on the dynamic behavior of a plane element under normal load are investigated, as well as the effect of a moving load on the values of transverse displacement. When solving applied problems of oscillations of rectangular plane elements interacting with the environment, a wide class of boundary value problems of oscillations associated with various boundary conditions at the edges of a plane element arises. When taking into account non-stationary external influences, the main of the main parameters is the frequency of natural oscillations of the plane element, taking into account the deformable base, temperature, pre-tension, anisotropy and other factors.

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Zhang, Xiaohu, and Qin Sun. "Study on Parallel Numerical Calculation of Structural Domain Decomposition with Non-Matching Meshes." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 37, no. 4 (August 2019): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20193740650.

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For the parallel solution of structural finite element problem with non-matching multi-domains, a nonmatched finite element tearing and interconnectiong (FETI) parallel algorithm is proposed based on L-FETI method by introducing the frame node force and modifying the frame displacement compatibility condition and the load balance condition. Based on the radial basis functions (RBF) interpolation technique, the data transfer of internal force and displacement between the neighboring subdomains has a unified matrix format and is easy to program by introducing a local coordinate system into the non-matching interfaces. Taking the finite element model for plate bending problem with four subdomains as an example, two kinds of multi-domains models, matching and non-matching meshes, are constructed respectively. The numerical results show that the out-of-plane deflection of the same nodes on the domain decomposition frame is in a good agreement, which shows that the present method is reasonable and effective for solving the parallel non-matching multi-domains model.

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Anischenko, Galyna, and Denys Lavinskyi. "Non-stationary phenomena in technological systems of electromagnetic processing of materials." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Dynamics and Strength of Machines, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-9130.2022.2.270863.

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A large number of technical and technological facilities work under the action of electromagnetic fields. In electroconductive bodies have significant largest electromagnetic forces that can cause movement or deformation of structural elements. The creation of effective methods of analysis of the distribution of the electromagnetic field and coupled nonstationary deformation of structural elements is topical at present time. The article contains a mathematical formulation of the problem of nonstationary deformation of structural elements under the action of electromagnetic fields. Coupling of electromagnetic field and mechanical field is carried out with the help of local electromagnetic forces. Further made the transition to a variational formulation on the basis of the task of finding the minimum of the total energy of the system, which includes the energy of the electromagnetic field. For the numerical solution the finite element method is used. Nodal unknowns in this case are the magnetic vector potential and displacements. The proposed method is applied to non-stationary deformation of the "inductor-billet" technological operation of magnetic-pulse processing of metals. Some results of the deformation are presented. A large number of technical and technological facilities work under the action of electromagnetic fields. In electroconductive bodies have significant largest electromagnetic forces that can cause movement or deformation of structural elements. The creation of effective methods of analysis of the distribution of the electromagnetic field and coupled nonstationary deformation of structural elements is topical at present time. The article contains a mathematical formulation of the problem of nonstationary deformation of structural elements under the action of electromagnetic fields. Coupling of electromagnetic field and mechanical field is carried out with the help of local electromagnetic forces. Further made the transition to a variational formulation on the basis of the task of finding the minimum of the total energy of the system, which includes the energy of the electromagnetic field. For the numerical solution the finite element method is used. Nodal unknowns in this case are the magnetic vector potential and displacements. The proposed method is applied to non-stationary deformation of the "inductor-billet" technological operation of magnetic-pulse processing of metals. Some results of the deformation are presented. A large number of technical and technological facilities work under the action of electromagnetic fields. In electroconductive bodies have significant largest electromagnetic forces that can cause movement or deformation of structural elements. The creation of effective methods of analysis of the distribution of the electromagnetic field and coupled nonstationary deformation of structural elements is topical at present time. The article contains a mathematical formulation of the problem of nonstationary deformation of structural elements under the action of electromagnetic fields. Coupling of electromagnetic field and mechanical field is carried out with the help of local electromagnetic forces. Further made the transition to a variational formulation on the basis of the task of finding the minimum of the total energy of the system, which includes the energy of the electromagnetic field. For the numerical solution the finite element method is used. Nodal unknowns in this case are the magnetic vector potential and displacements. The proposed method is applied to non-stationary deformation of the "inductor-billet" technological operation of magnetic-pulse processing of metals. Some results of the deformation are presented.

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Corina, Moldovan. "Geometric Non-Linear Approach to Stiffness State of Semi–Rigid Structures." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 6, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jaes-2016-0009.

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Abstract Present contribution intends to emphasize the contribution of geometric non-linearity to the stiffness state of semi-rigid multi–storey steel structures. Though semi-rigidity of beam – column connections involves a nonlinearity at constitutive bending momentrelative rotation level, the geometric nonlinearity associated to deformed conFigure uration at element level is less referred to. The main objective of the study is to express the stiffness state of geometric non-linear elements semi-rigidly connected at its ends. Stiffness state is, in its term, expressed by element level stiffness matrix considering the six degrees of freedom of the planar element. Regarding the reference system, both local and global systems are employed allowing a simple and direct transition from element level vectorial relations to their structural level forms. The three fundamental vectorial relations (static equilibrium, kinematic compatibility, material constitutivity) emphasize that the principle of virtual work holds in the case of semi-rigidly connected skeletal structures as well.

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Cho, Joo Yong, and Usik Lee. "Experimental Determination of Non-Ideal Structural Boundary Conditions Based on Spectral Element Model." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1625.

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In this paper, experiments are conducted to determine the non-ideal boundary conditions (BCs) of example beam structures. The spectral element (SE)-model is used for the beam structures, and the non-ideal BCs are represented by the frequency-dependent effective boundary springs. The boundary spring constants are then determined from the measured FRF-data. It is shown that the vibration responses analytically predicted by using experimentally identified BCs are very close to the measurements.

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Hernández, A., J. Albizuri, R. Avilés, and E. Amezua. "An adaptive procedure for the finite element computation of non‐linear structural problems." Engineering Computations 16, no. 4 (June 1999): 443–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409910271885.

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Kim, Hong-Won, and Dong-Gi Kwag. "Study on the Stability of Non-Structural Element Using Active Tuned Mass Damper." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 3224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9165.

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Currently, the frequency of earthquakes is increasing in Korea, but due to the lack of appropriate seismic equipment, significant damage is expected. In order to solve this problem, active tuned mass damper will be developed to reduce earthquake damage in response to seismic waves, which are combined from low frequency to high frequency. In this paper, various control methods are introduced to reduce the amplitude ratio occurring at the 1st and 2nd natural frequencies for 3 DOF nonstructural elements. Through mathematical modeling, we confirm how each control method is applied and present the problems of the existing passive tuned mass damper and suggest the active tuned mass damper. To induce an active copper reducer, the response according to the control method can be predicted with a focus on the energy change rate. The active controller receives feedback from the relative displacement and relative velocity of the structure and uses it as a variable to set the control method. The passive control method and the active control method are compared through the simulation, and excellent control performance can be confirmed in the high frequency region as well as the second natural frequency. Vibration reduction performance was confirmed by each control method and the most ideal control method was selected. The optimum vibration reduction performance can be confirmed by using the signal function to always generate 180° of phase difference with respect to the speed of the structure. Not only earthquake but also mechanical vibration, wind load, etc., it can be used in all fields where damage is caused by excitation force inherent in various complex frequencies.

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Lee, Dongkyu, Sungsoo Park, and Soomi Shin. "Non-stochastic interval arithmetic-based finite element analysis for structural uncertainty response estimate." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 29, no. 5 (July 30, 2008): 469–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2008.29.5.469.

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SOLOVYEV, S. A. "STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY ANALYSIS BASED ON P-BOXES." Building and reconstruction 92, no. 6 (2020): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2020-92-6-51-58.

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The article describes a method for reliability (probability of non-failure) analysis of structural elements based on p-boxes. An algorithm for constructing two p-blocks is shown. First p-box is used in the absence of information about the probability distribution shape of a random variable. Second p-box is used for a certain probability distribution function but with inaccurate (interval) function parameters. The algorithm for reliability analysis is presented on a numerical example of the reliability analysis for a flexural wooden beam by wood strength criterion. The result of the reliability analysis is an interval of the non-failure probability boundaries. Recommendations are given for narrowing the reliability boundaries which can reduce epistemic uncertainty. On the basis of the proposed approach, particular methods for reliability analysis for any structural elements can be developed. Design equations are given for a comprehensive assessment of the structural element reliability as a system taking into account all the criteria of limit states.

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Tofrowaih, K. A., S. N. Sulaiman, M. S. Abdul Samad, K. A. Azlan, M. S. Ab Razak, M. H. Abdul Rahman, A. M. H. Syah Lubis, and A. L. Achmad Joehary. "Evaluation of SUV Roof Crush Analysis using Alternative Non-Linear Structural Analysis Solver." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 5, no. 2 (September 28, 2021): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v5i2.162.

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Accidents involving rollover in countries although low in numbers, recorded the highest Killed & Severed Injury (KSI) index and highest fatality index. The roof Crush Resistance test has been found to be one of the relevant tests to anticipate the impact of rollover incidents. However, a very limited number of research has been done on roof crush analysis using non-linear RADIOSS solver. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop an FE model for roof crush analysis using RADIOSS and to validate and compare the RADIOSS model to LS-DYNA. An SUV is selected, and its finite element (FE) model obtained from CCSA is converted from LS-DYNA to RADIOSS with equivalent element type, element properties, material, and damage modelling adjustment. The analysis is performed according to FMVSS 216 standard and the result of deformation and SWR plot is compared to the NHTSA report. From the result, it has been shown that RADIOSS is a good alternative to run highly non-linear analysis such as roof crush analysis.

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Arruda, Mário Rui Tiago, Bruno Lopes, Mário Ferreira, and Tadas Zingaila. "Influence of shear flexibility in structural shear walls on pushover analysis." Mechanics 26, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.26.2.23359.

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The aim of this work is to show the main differences which exist, taking in to account the influence of the type of finite element used, when performing pushover analysis of reinforced concrete structures. The non-linear analysis was performed using FE software SAP2000, and the results were extracted from models including Frame and Shell elements, respectively. Several reinforced concrete structures were modelled with Frame elements and Shell elements, which will be further presented. Therefore, it was possible to validate the results obtained from the analysis, also to identify certain restrictions according to the type of finite element used in the modelling of the resistant walls. In the first phase, three isolated structural walls were modelled with distinct geometries. The first one presents a rectangular shape, the second – “L” shape and the third one “U” shape. The application of pushover analysis through the different examples presented in this document, intends to validate the results obtained for the Shell elements. Subsequently, the same kind of analysis was performed on a building. These examples intend to show that the performance of ductility is strongly dependent from the type of element, which is not taken into account in the pushover analysis nowadays. N2 method was applied to all examples, in order to understand the differences in the structures seismic design, according to the type of element used in the modelling. The results are compared, and the differences are identified. As well as, the limitations of applicability of Shell elements in the modelling of structural walls were determined.

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Volkmann, Janeke F., Richard S. Walls, and Nico de Koker. "Implementation of the fire beam element method into OpenSees for the analysis of structures in fire." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 15 (June 24, 2020): 3239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220933451.

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The fire beam element method is a tool for structural fire analyses that simplifies a structure into a skeletal frame consisting of only beam and column elements. It considers a shifting neutral axis of each beam element, which is updated throughout an analysis. This method was implemented in the OpenSees software environment by adding two subclasses: one for the fire beam element added to the element class, and one for the member section, in which the neutral axis is iteratively adjusted for non-uniform temperature profiles. To validate the implemented model, three benchmark case studies were sourced from literature: (1) a heated cantilever beam with an analytical solution, (2) a steel beam in a furnace with high axial and bending forces and (3) a two-dimensional steel frame in a fire with complex behaviour such as non-linear heating, restraint and buckling. For (1) the fire beam element predicts deformations identical to an analytical solution. For (2) the fire beam element method simulates deformations with good accuracy across the entire time domain relative to experimental data, and simulations in the literature using Vulcan, although with experimental deflections typically being underestimated. For (3) fire beam element predictions are compared to experimental data and models developed in CEFICOSS, ABAQUS, SAFIR and LS-DYNA. Trends are typically accurately captured, with percentage differences varying. Runaway failure is predicted with 2 min of experimental data. A sensitivity analysis of the fire beam element model on mesh size of elements and fibres showed the runtime to be more sensitive to the number of elements than the number of fibres per element.

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Rajanna, T., Sauvik Banerjee, Yogesh M. Desai, and D. L. Prabhakara. "Effect of Reinforced Cutouts and Ply-Orientations on Buckling Behavior of Composite Panels Subjected to Non-Uniform Edge Loads." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 04 (March 28, 2018): 1850058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021945541850058x.

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Buckling loads of laminated panels calculated by analytical approaches are usually based on the assumptions that the panels are subjected to uniform in-plane edge loads without cutouts, despite of the fact that real structural components are subjected to various kinds of non-uniform in-plane edge loads along with different sized cutouts. The main objective of this paper is to study the effects of reinforced/unreinforced circular cutouts and non-uniform in-plane edge loads on the buckling behavior of composite panels with different ply-orientations by the finite element technique. Furthermore, it addresses the effects of different boundary conditions and thickness of panels. To carry out the analyses, a nine-noded heterosis plate element and a compatible three-noded beam element are developed, including the effect of shear deformation and rotary inertia for both the plate and the stiffeners. In structural modeling, the plate and the stiffener elements are treated separately, with their displacement compatibility maintained using transformation matrices. It has been illustrated in this study that presence of larger-sized reinforced cutouts predominantly increases the buckling strength of the panel as compared to those with smaller sized cutouts.

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Setiawan, Angga Fajar, Akhmad Aminullah, K. T. N. Gherry Gherry, Y. A. Adhitama, and M. Fauzi Darmawan. "DESIGN PHASE OF A CYLINDRICAL LONG-SPAN COAL SHED WITH STEEL ARCH SPACE-TRUSS STRUCTURE." Jurnal Riset Rekayasa Sipil 5, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jrrs.v5i2.56329.

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<p class="Text">This paper discusses the structural design phase of a long-span coal shed structure in a 2x50 MW steam power plant. This study aims to share knowledge on how to design a long-span coal shed structure safely based on the design standards. The main structural system of the coal shed roof is a steel arch space-truss with 120 m of span and 31 m of height above supporting 12.5 m height of reinforced concrete columns. The superstructure contains a roof system and reinforced concrete system. The substructure system consists of a tie beam, pile cap, and bore pile. In the numerical model, all structural members were idealized as frame elements, except the pile cap that to be idealized as shell elements. Then, the soil springs were assigned to the bore pile element nodals with a 1 m interval to simulate the soil-structure interaction. The gravity loads due to dead loads, additional dead loads, live loads, rain loads, and lateral loads due to wind action and earthquakes to be considered. Furthermore, the structural analysis was conducted with non-linear geometric to simulate the large displacement effects and tension only element of the wind bracing. In addition, a simplified method to estimate the structural stability under lateral load was conducted. Based on the structural analysis and structural design, the coal shed structure could fulfill the safety criteria in terms of ultimate and serviceability limit based on the design code criteria. Furthermore, the non-linear geometry and stability issue should be considered with an appropriate structural analysis method.</p>

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GONZALEZ VIDOSA, F., F. G. VIDOSA, M. D. KOTSOVOS, and M. N. PAVLOVIC. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL NON-LINEAR FINITE-ELEMENT MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE. PART 2: GENERALITY STUDY." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 91, no. 3 (September 1991): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1991.15629.

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Lunde, Bradley M., Maximilian Hörner, and Anton Meinhart. "Structural insights into cis element recognition of non-polyadenylated RNAs by the Nab3-RRM." Nucleic Acids Research 39, no. 1 (August 30, 2010): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq751.

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Pyskunov, S. O., Yu V. Maksimyk, and V. V. Valer. "Finite Element Analysis of Influence of Non-homogenous Temperature Field on Designed Lifetime of Spatial Structural Elements under Creep Conditions." Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 1, no. 1 (April 22, 2016): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21042/amns.2016.1.00020.

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AbstractThe techniques of modeling of continual fracture process for spatial bodies under long-term static force loading condition in non-homogenous temperature field are presented. The scalar damage parameter is used to describe the material continual fracture process. A stress-strain problem solution made with semianalytic finite element method (SFEM). Results of lifetime determination of responsible parts are presented.

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Manohar, C. S., and R. A. Ibrahim. "Progress in Structural Dynamics With Stochastic Parameter Variations: 1987-1998." Applied Mechanics Reviews 52, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 177–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3098933.

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This article is an update of an earlier paper by Ibrahim (1987) and is aimed at reviewing the work published during the last decade in the area of vibration of structures with parameter uncertainties. Different types of uncertainty modeling are described in terms of material and geometric properties. These models are considered in terms of Gaussian or non-Gaussian distributions. Computational stochastic algorithms including stochastic finite element methods and Monte Carlo simulation are dominating a major part of current activities. Recent analytical developments of the random eigenvalue problem are reviewed with reference to typical structural elements. These developments include the implementation of statistical energy analysis, stochastic boundary element methods, and interval algebra. Other topics include forced vibration of single- and multi-degree-of-freedom systems including nonlinear systems, localization in disordered periodic structures, and experimental results. Computational stochastic mechanics has found several industrial applications including aerospace, automotive and composite structural elements. The review also covers developments in the areas of statistical modeling of high frequency vibrations. There are 183 references.

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Valente, Isabel, Luís F. Ramos, Kevin Vasquez, Paulo Guimarães, and Paulo B. Lourenço. "Non-Destructive Tests for the Structural Assessment of a Historical Bridge over the Tua River." Key Engineering Materials 569-570 (July 2013): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.569-570.390.

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Paradela Bridge is a metallic bridge located along the bank of the Tua River in northern Portugal. While the bridge is not currently in service, its structure is representative of many metallic truss structures built across the continent between the XIX and the XX century. Tua Line belongs to the Douro area that UNESCO recently declared as world heritage. This study acquires its importance since it might serve as an insight for the study of many other similar structures all over the country. This paper comprises a historic investigation of archived documents, an on-site survey to evaluate its present conditions, a dynamic testing and the construction and calibration of numerical models in finite element analysis (FEA) software, structural assessment and capacity rating estimation. The purpose of constructing numerical models was to evaluate the suitability of the bridge under the original loading and in accordance to modern design standards. The historical research revealed that the truss bridge was designed as a simply supported element and that a series of hand calculations were carried out on individual structural elements (e.g. main trusses, stringers and floor beams). Furthermore, a dynamic test was conducted in order to identify the global dynamic properties of the structure and to calibrate numerical models that ensure reliability and representativeness. FE models served through the structural assessment of the bridge in accordance with modern design codes and to estimate the safety of the bridge. Likewise, a nonlinear failure analysis was also conducted in order to estimate the capacity rate of the bridge and the likely failure modes.

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Ji, Gang, Qi Dou Zhou, and Chun Wen Huang. "Element Grouping Method for the Calculation of Dynamic Response and Acoustic Radiation from an Underwater Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.189.

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A modification of traditional FEM/BEM called element grouping method (EGM) is proposed to calculate the elastic vibration and acoustic field radiated from an underwater structure. Instead of rebuilding the structure using coarse FEs to save the computational time and data storage, the structural FEs on the coupled surface are grouped into clusters of BEs to reduce the number of fluid DOF. With the grouped elements (GEs) used as BEs, the problem of non-matching between fluid DOFs and structural DOFs is solved. The approach is illustrated and validated using known analytic solutions for submerged spherical shells subjected to uniformly applied incident pressure. Acoustic radiated from a ribbed cylindrical shell driven by a force is predicted by using different element grouping styles. Comparison between numerical and experimental results shows that fine grouped elements give a high computation efficiency and more efficient data storage saving.

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Halahla, Abdulsamee M. "Identification of Crack in Reinforced Concrete Beam Subjected to Static Load Using Non-linear Finite Element Analysis." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 7 (July 21, 2019): 1631–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091359.

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Experimental testing was used widely as a means to investigate the behavior of these individual elements and the effects of concrete strength under different loading types. While this method represents real life responses, it is very time consuming and the use of materials can be quite costly. Recently, the use of finite element analysis (FEA) has increased due to advances in knowledge and the capabilities of computer hardware and software. The utilization of computer software to model the structural elements has become much faster and extremely cost-effective. The finite element software ANSYS 11.0 is used for modeling and analysis by conducting non-linear static analysis. This research work used nonlinear finite element analysis for a reinforced concrete beam in order to show the potential of the FEA for studying the behavior of reinforced concrete elements, and to understand their load-deflection response along with the crack evolution. For concrete a solid 65 element was used, while for the reinforcement steel bar link 8 elements were used. For the material constitutive model linear and multi-linear behavior for concrete were considered, while linear and bilinear behavior were considered for the reinforcement bar. A reinforced concrete beam model is studied and compared with experimental data from the literature. The characteristic points on the load-deflection response curve predicted using finite element analysis, were compared to the theoretical limit (hand-calculated) results. Conclusions were then drawn as to the accuracy of using finite element modeling for the analysis of reinforced concrete elements. The results showed a good match to experimental and hand calculations.

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Deshkar, Sudatta Walmik, Mr H. N. Sayankar, and Dr Vinod S. Gorantiwar. "Finite Element Analysis of Butterfly Valve." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. V (May 31, 2022): 3310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42456.

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The main objective of this project is shape optimization and structural stability of the butterfly valve for metallic and non-metallic materials butterfly valve is mostly used in the engine carburettors need to make structural stability and shape optimization plays the main role for this component, design modifications and material comparative analysis done in ANSYS Structural modules and find the optimized shape through stress, strain and deformation results. Valves for hydro power projects are installed for safety, maintenance, and shut-off, as well as for flow and pressure regulation. A Butterfly valve is a type of flow control device, which is widely used to regulate a fluid flowing through a section of pipe. This type of valve is mainly used as safety valve, turbine inlet valve, and pump valve for low to medium design pressures. They are operated by oil hydraulic systems for opening and closing or by closing weight and hydraulic pressure for opening. For turbine inlet valves, oil pressure can also be taken from the governor hydraulic oil system. The sealing system is of flexible, adjustable rubber/metal type to reduce leakage to a minimum. Water flow through the valve is possible in both directions. The main objective of this thesis work is to analyses the option of fabricated variant for door & body in place of casted, reduction in the material of valve body & door by structural design & FEM analysis & optimization in the material of valve component. The 3D modelling to be performs for butterfly valve by using CAD software. Further the stress & displacement FEM analysis of the butterfly valve to be performed by using ANSYS tool to evaluate the optimized result.

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Lubos, Daniel, and Mariusz Żółtowski. "Measures of the vibration function pass in the wall element diagnostic test." MATEC Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818202018.

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Building constructions as well as their constituent structural elements must meet the strength requirements, which will not jeopardize the safety of their use. As part of the research experiment, the focus was on the issue related to strength testing properties of masonry elements using a non-invasive test method involving the measurement of vibrations. 40 samples of bricks. Half of them were deliberately damaged so that it would be possible to assess the suitability of the measurement method used and its variability resulting from damage to the masonry element.

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Nguyen, Viet Anh, Manfred Zehn, and Dragan Marinković. "AN EFFICIENT CO-ROTATIONAL FEM FORMULATION USING A PROJECTOR MATRIX." Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 2 (August 2, 2016): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fume1602227n.

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Co-rotational finite element (FE) formulations can be seen as a very efficient approach to resolving geometrically nonlinear problems in the field of structural mechanics. A number of co-rotational FE formulations have been well documented for shell and beam structures in the available literature. The purpose of this paper is to present a co-rotational FEM formulation for fast and highly efficient computation of large three-dimensional elastic deformations. On the one hand, the approach aims at a simple way of separating the element rigid-body rotation and the elastic deformational part by means of the polar decomposition of deformation gradient. On the other hand, a consistent linearization is introduced to derive the internal force vector and the tangent stiffness matrix based on the total Lagrangian formulation. It results in a non-linear projector matrix. In this way, it ensures the force equilibrium of each element and enables a relatively straightforward upgrade of the finite elements for linear analysis to the finite elements for geometrically non-linear analysis. In this work, a simple 4-node tetrahedral element is used. To demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed formulation, nonlinear results from ABAQUS are used as a reference.

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Long, Yuqiu, Zhifei Long, and Yin Xu. "The Generalized Conforming Element (GCE) — Theory and Applications." Advances in Structural Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 1997): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136943329700100107.

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The concept of generalized conforming elements and their applications to membrane, plate and shell problems are introduced in this paper. The generalized conforming element method proposed by the first author in 1987 provides a simple and efficient means to deal with structural problems, especially the C1 continuous problems. In the first part of this paper, the theoretical basis of GCE is presented. GCE is a limiting-conforming element which is non-conforming in coarse meshes but tends to be conforming in the limiting case of refined meshes. It is formulated based on the modified potential energy principle and the concept of generalized compatibility conditions. It is a new way to construct the finite elements — combined application of the energy method and the weighted residual method. In the second part of this paper, various models of GCE are illustrated. A series of generalized conforming elements with excellent performance have been constructed, that is, thin and thick plate bending GCE, membrane GCE with drilling freedoms and thin shell GCE.

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Bocko, Jozef, Patrik Pleško, Ingrid Delyová, and Peter Sivák. "Comparison of Structural Analysis of Thin-Walled Structures Accomplished by Isogeometric Analysis and the Finite Element Method." Materials 15, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 6516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196516.

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Isogeometric analysis (IGA) represents a relatively new method of problem-solving in engineering practice. A huge advantage of this method over the finite element method (FEM), is the reduction of the simulation execution time. Non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) allow the use of higher-order basis functions, thus increasing the accuracy of the solution. This paper deals with the comparison of structural analysis of thin-walled structural elements using isogeometric analysis and the finite element method. The investigated objects are modelled using a single patch in MATLAB. The basic functions are created from NURBS, which were previously used in the creation of an accurate geometric model. The paper contains a comparison of the results obtained by the above-mentioned methods. All computations are performed in the elastic domain.

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Scriven, Joshua, P. Laporte-Weywada, and J. Cruz. "Introducing non-rigid body structural dynamics to WEC-Sim." International Marine Energy Journal 3, no. 2 (September 10, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36688/imej.3.55-63.

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This paper describes the development of a structural dynamics add-on to WEC-Sim, an open-source code dedicated to the dynamic analysis of Wave Energy Converters (WECs). When calculating the dynamic response of a body, WEC-Sim by default uses a rigid body dynamics approach. Such an approach ignores the potential effects of structural deformation on the WEC, which can in turn affect e.g. the distributed loads across the WEC and / or the individual (point) load sources that depend on the dynamic response of the WEC. Following a similar approach to tools used in the offshore wind industry, a structural dynamic add-on was developed using Code_Aster as the Finite Element (FE) solver to enable coupled hydro-elastic, time-domain analysis. The add-on was developed and tested using an example Oscillating Wave Surge Converter (OWSC) WEC model, currently being developed as part of the H2020 MegaRoller project. In the examples studied, the inclusion of structural dynamics is shown to affect the estimated peak Power Take-Off (PTO) loads, with variations in PTO force of over 10% being observed when structural dynamics are considered in the analysis.

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Rodríguez Calderón, Wilson, and Myriam Rocío Pallares Muñoz. "Using optimisation for calibrating finite element models for adobe walls." Ingeniería e Investigación 29, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v29n2.15155.

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This paper presents a proposal for applying optimisation schemes to calibrating 3D linear and non-linear finite element models for analysing structural walls made out of adobe. The calibration was based on laboratory data and that from previous research. Simulation and calibration involves a deep study of the conceptual model of adobe’s structural behaviour, mathematical and numerical models and the interrelationship with optimisation schemes arising from minimising an objective function. This is defined in terms of design variables and is restricted by the values of state variables. Both were obtained from the finite element model developed at ANSYS. The optimisation scheme with which the model was automatically calibrated required a macro to be programmed using an APDL language package. This research was aimed at implementing nonlinear computational models for the structural analysis of walls based on experimental data; this provided a tool for assessing the behaviour of adobe walls with greater security so that decisions can be made to make structural rehabilitation feasible and efficient.

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Patlashenko, Igor, and Dan Givoli. "Non-Reflecting Finite Element Schemes for Three-Dimensional Acoustic Waves." Journal of Computational Acoustics 05, no. 01 (March 1997): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x97000071.

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The finite element solution of problems involving three-dimensional acoustic waves in an infinite wave guide, and in the infinite medium around a structure is considered. Such problems are typical in structural acoustics, and this paper concentrates on the efficient numerical treatment of the infinite acoustic medium away from the structure. The unbounded domain is truncated by means of an artificial boundary ℬ. On ℬ, non-reflecting boundary conditions are used; these are either nonlocal Dirichlet-to-Neumann conditions, or their localized counterparts. For the high-order localized conditions, special three-dimensional finite elements are constructed for use in the layer adjacent to ℬ. The performance of the nonlocal and localized boundary conditions is compared via numerical experiments involving a three-dimensional wave guide.

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Vernezi, N. L., and V. A. Rusakov. "On the Control of Metal Strength of Structural Elements of Floating Cranes." Safety of Technogenic and Natural System, no. 3 (August 17, 2022): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2541-9129-2022-3-48-53.

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Introduction. The article is devoted to the issues of non-destructive testing of mechanical characteristics of metal structural elements of cranes. The reliability of cranes largely determines their safety. The main manifestations of operational failures of floating cranes are analyzed on the example of the UMK-2 crane. It is noted that 27% of failures occur due to the loss of metal strength of their structural elements. Determination of the causes of such failures is possible by conducting non-destructive testing of the mechanical characteristics of the failing structural elements metal. The paper provides the principle of one of the methods of non-destructive strength control based on the impact insertion of a conical indenter into the metal under study with the subsequent analysis of the intermediate parameters of this insertion. The results of measurements of the mechanical characteristics of the metal deformed during the operation of the boom strut of a floating crane are given. The current measured values of the mechanical characteristics of the metal obtained at various points of the strut are processed for compliance with the three-parameter Weibull law to obtain the minimum values of these characteristics. As a result of such processing, it is stated that the minimum values of yield strength, strength and elongation are lower than those claimed by the design documentation for the crane. This may be one of the reasons for the deformation of the structural element during operation.Problem Statement. The application of the method of non-destructive testing of the metal of the boom strut is considered in order to assess the mechanical characteristics and establish possible causes of its deformation when analyzing the operational reliability of the crane.Theoretical Part. When identifying possible causes of deformation or destruction of steel elements of crane structures, it is proposed to apply a method of non-destructive testing of mechanical characteristics based on the impact insertion of a conical indenter into the test surface. Further, it is proposed to process the obtained sample of values of the measured characteristic for compliance with the three-parameter Weibull law to estimate the shift parameter or the minimum value of this characteristic.Conclusions. The minimum values of the tensile strength, yield strength and relative elongation of the metal of the deformed boom strut of the UMK-2 crane were obtained on the basis of the application of the method of non-destructive testing with subsequent approximation of statistical information by the Weibull distribution law. A conclusion was made about the reduced strength characteristics of the metal relative to those stated in the technical documentation, which could cause deformation of the crane boom element.

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Jeffers, Ann E., and Elisa D. Sotelino. "An efficient fiber element approach for the thermo-structural simulation of non-uniformly heated frames." Fire Safety Journal 51 (July 2012): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.02.002.

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Escudero, Cuauhtemoc, Sergio Oller, Xavier Martinez, and Alex H. Barbat. "A laminated structural finite element for the behavior of large non-linear reinforced concrete structures." Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 119 (October 2016): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2016.06.001.

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Kosov, Mikhail, Svetlana Lukina, and Maria Ametova. "Automation of assessment of the strain state of metal cutting machine mechanism elements on the basis of response function application." MATEC Web of Conferences 298 (2019): 00135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929800135.

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The article dwells upon the assessment of the strain state of metal-cutting machines with the help of the numerical method of finite elements in the form of displacements. A metal-cutting machine is considered as a system consisting of a set of structural elements taking a set position in space in relation to each other, and a part of them may execute relative motions (displacements). The paper suggests a modification of the finite element method on the basis of combining a set of finite elements into a group with the use of the response function. The author provides an analytical calculation method to resolve the problem of assessing the strain state of the machine mechanism elements in linear and non-linear settings. The developed algorithm allows analyzing geometrical, physical and contact non-linearity of metal working. The research provides a practical implementation of the developed method by the examples of assessing the strain state of a rod element modeling the roughness of the contact surface of the machine mechanism elements under temperature and tensile loads.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-structural element'

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