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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-stoichiometric oxide'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Mani, A. "?Non-stoichiometric? tin oxide deposits." Journal of Materials Science Letters 10, no. 16 (1991): 953–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00722144.

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2

Ramanavicius, Simonas, and Arunas Ramanavicius. "Insights in the Application of Stoichiometric and Non-Stoichiometric Titanium Oxides for the Design of Sensors for the Determination of Gases and VOCs (TiO2−x and TinO2n−1 vs. TiO2)." Sensors 20, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 6833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236833.

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In this review article, attention is paid towards the formation of various nanostructured stoichiometric titanium dioxide (TiO2), non-stoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2−x) and Magnéli phase (TinO2n−1)-based layers, which are suitable for the application in gas and volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors. Some aspects related to variation of sensitivity and selectivity of titanium oxide-based sensors are critically overviewed and discussed. The most promising titanium oxide-based hetero- and nano-structures are outlined. Recent research and many recently available reviews on TiO2-based sensors and some TiO2 synthesis methods are discussed. Some promising directions for the development of TiO2-based sensors, especially those that are capable to operate at relatively low temperatures, are outlined. The applicability of non-stoichiometric titanium oxides in the development of gas and VOC sensors is foreseen and transitions between various titanium oxide states are discussed. The presence of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide and Magnéli phase (TinO2n−1)-based layers in ‘self-heating’ sensors is predicted, and the advantages and limitations of ‘self-heating’ gas and VOC sensors, based on TiO2 and TiO2−x/TiO2 heterostructures, are discussed.
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3

Swallow, Jessica G., Mostafa Youssef, and Krystyn J. Van Vliet. "Defect-Mediated Mechanics in Non-Stoichiometric Oxide Films." MRS Advances 3, no. 10 (2018): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.9.

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ABSTRACTChemomechanical coupling is a hallmark of the functional oxides that are used widely for energy conversion and storage applications including solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). These oxides rely on the presence of oxygen vacancies to enable important properties including ionic conductivity and gas exchange reactivity. However, such defects can also facilitate chemical expansion, or coupling between material volume and defect content. Such chemomechanical coupling is particularly relevant with the recent interest in thin film SOFCs which have the potential to decrease operating temperatures and enable portable applications. Thin films present a particular challenge for modelling, as experimental results indicate that film defect chemistry can differ significantly from bulk counterparts under the same experimental conditions. In this study, we explore the influence of point defects, including oxygen vacancies and cation dopants, on the elastic properties of a model material, PrxCe1-xO2-δ (PCO), using density functional theory (DFT + U) simulations. Previously, we showed that PCO films exhibit a decrease in Young’s elastic modulus E due to chemical expansion, but that this decrease can be larger than predicted based on bulk defect models. Here, we apply DFT + U to show that the biaxial elastic modulus of PCO decreases with increased oxygen vacancy content in both bulk and membrane forms. We consider the relative influences of oxygen vacancies and cation dopants on this trend, and highlight local structural changes in the presence of such defects. By relating our computational and experimental results, we evaluate the relative importance of increased oxygen vacancy content and finite thickness on the mechanical properties of oxides that are subject to chemical expansion under operando conditions. This work informs the design of μ-SOFCs, emphasizing the need to characterize thin films separately from bulk counterparts and demonstrating how functional defect content can influence development of stress and strain in devices by changing both material volume and elastic properties.
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4

Zhang, Sushu, Li Zhang, Shun Fang, Jie Zhou, Jiajie Fan, and Kangle Lv. "Plasmonic semiconductor photocatalyst: Non-stoichiometric tungsten oxide." Environmental Research 199 (August 2021): 111259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111259.

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5

Grzesik, Z., M. Migdalska, and S. Mrowec. "Chemical diffusion in non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 69, no. 4 (April 2008): 928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2007.10.014.

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6

Raja, Shilpa N., Jessica G. Swallow, Sean R. Bishop, Yen-Ting Chi, Ting Chen, Nicola H. Perry, Harry L. Tuller, and Krystyn J. Van Vliet. "Analysis of Electrochemomechanical Coupling in Non-Stoichiometric Oxide Thin Films." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 32 (April 13, 2018): 1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/32/1933.

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Non-stoichiometric oxides are used in a wide variety of applications including solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), lithium ion batteries (LIBs), gas sensors, and catalysis. Through the capacity of such materials to support large point defect concentrations, these functional oxides can readily store, transport, and exchange ions. An important consequence of this non-stoichiometry is a tendency toward chemomechanical coupling, particularly in the form of chemical expansion, or the coupling between material volume and defect concentration. Thin films of non-stoichiometric oxides are of particular interest in such device designs, given the potential for strain engineering. For example, it has been shown for several materials that tensile strain can increase the ionic conductivity or gas exchange reactivity for oxygen by up to an order of magnitude, potentially enabling enhanced device efficiency or decreased operating temperatures1. In electrochemical devices, chemical expansion can generate stress or strain that can lead to mechanical failure, and/or changes in mechanical properties including elastic moduli. Given the extreme environments and range of non-stoichiometric oxides in which chemical expansion can be expected, robust device design requires accurate, flexible, and rapid characterization of environmental conditions and materials that maximize (or minimize) chemical expansion in situ. However, methods used at present for characterizing chemomechanical expansion, such as dilatometry, synchrotron techniques, reflectometry, and others, are not amenable to thin films or are difficult to implement in standard laboratory settings. Recently, Swallow et al. described an approach for characterizing thin film non-stoichiometric oxide chemical expansion at high temperatures by way of electrochemically induced actuation that addresses the above needs2. That work characterized volume change within a fluorite film of PrxCe1-xO2-δ (PCO) and structural deflection of the PCO/YSZ (yttria-stablized zirconia) bilayer during electrochemical pumping of oxygen ions into the PCO film. It also demonstrated a positive attribute of such chemical expansion in the form of high temperature oxide actuators, which harness electrochemically generated chemical strain to produce measurable, nanoscale device deflections. The actuation produced ranged between 5-15 nm of displacement amplitude depending on the experimental conditions2. Here, we provide an extended and graphically rich analysis of electrical and mechanical response data from such experiments. We model the current and mechanical response of PCO to an electrochemical driving force using previously established defect equilibria and kinetic relationships for that oxide, demonstrating the contributions that material properties and sample geometries make to device deflection and electrochemical pumping. We also extend the measurement approach to an additional material system, the perovskite-structured oxide SrTi0.65Fe0,35O3-δ (STF) used as part of magnetic memory devices, gas transport membranes, and fuel cells. This case study demonstrates the broad applicability of this measurement method, as well as means to leverage chemical expansion effects at elevated temperatures for diverse actuating and functional devices. Yildiz, B. ‘Stretching’ the energy landscape of oxides—Effects on electrocatalysis and diffusion. MRS Bull. 39, 147–156 (2014). Swallow, J. G. et al. Dynamic chemical expansion of thin-film non-stoichiometric oxides at extreme temperatures. Nat Mater (2017). doi:10.1038/nmat4898
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7

Ji, Chunlin, Chuanmeng Cui, Sulan Liu, Kuihan Wang, Zhanguo Fan, and Guofan Zhang. "DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN NON-STOLCHIOMETRIC FRACTION, δ, IN SINGLE-PHASE SUPERCONDUCTING YBa2Cu3Om+δ." International Journal of Modern Physics B 01, no. 02 (June 1987): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979287000347.

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The hydrogen/carbon mono-oxide reduction method, based on the difference in thermodynamic stability of yttrium oxide, barium oxide and copper oxide, has been used to determine the oxygen non-stoichiometric fraction, the δ value, in single-phase superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.5+δ . The δ value was found to +0.27 for samples produced by directed reaction process under the given conditions. The present authors regard YBa2Cu3O6.77 as a copper-deficient non-stoichiometric compound.
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8

MORIWAKE, Hiroki, Takuoki HATA, Masaaki KATSUMATA, Masayuki TAKAHASHI, and Isao SHIMONO. "Electric Conductivity of Non-Stoichiometric Oxide MgCr2-xO4." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 107, no. 1243 (1999): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.107.258.

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9

Schweika, W. "The defect structure of non-stoichiometric ferrous oxide." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 52, a1 (August 8, 1996): C408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s010876739608316x.

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10

Brett, M. J., and R. R. Parsons. "Structural properties of non-stoichiometric zinc oxide films." Journal of Materials Science 22, no. 10 (October 1987): 3611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01161468.

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11

Ivanova, N. D., S. A. Kirillov, and A. B. Mishchenko. "Electrochemical behaviour of non-stoichiometric manganese oxide—hydroxide." Electrochimica Acta 38, no. 15 (October 1993): 2305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(93)80113-e.

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12

Bennett, R. A., J. S. Mulley, M. Basham, M. Nolan, S. D. Elliott, and P. A. Mulheran. "Non-stoichiometric oxide and metal interfaces and reactions." Applied Physics A 96, no. 3 (January 17, 2009): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-5066-1.

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13

Plyasova, L. M., L. P. Solovyeva, G. N. Kryukova, S. V. Tsybulya, and T. V. Andrushkevich. "Non-stoichiometric V-Mo oxide compounds with V2O5structure type." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 49, s1 (August 21, 1993): c256—c257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767378092880.

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14

Puche, R. Sáez, J. L. Rodriguez, and F. Fernández. "Non-stoichiometric aspects and physical properties of La2NiO4 oxide." Inorganica Chimica Acta 140 (December 1987): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1693(00)81073-7.

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15

Fishman, Anatoly Yakovlevich, and Nickolai Tkachev. "Jahn-Teller Phase Transitions in Non-Stoichiometric Oxides with Perovskite Structure: Effect of Mechanical Activation." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.353.

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Structure phase transitions in nonstoichiometry oxides with perovskite structure were considered. The microscopic description of cooperative Jahn-Teller transition was suggested and the effects caused by mechanical activation of oxide systems (their conversion into nanostructural state, acceleration of oxidation-renewal reactions and immiscibility) were analized. The correspondence of the theoretical results to the data of experiment on phase states of mechanically activated oxide NdMnO3is shown.
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16

Khlyustova, Anna, Nikolay Sirotkin, Anton Kraev, Valeriy Titov, and Alexander Agafonov. "Plasma–liquid synthesis of MoOx and WO3 as potential photocatalysts." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 19 (2020): 6270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt00834f.

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17

Chithambararaj, A., Pardhasaradhi Nandigana, M. Kaleesh Kumar, A. S. Prakash, and Subhendu K. Panda. "Enhanced electrochromism from non-stoichiometric electrodeposited tungsten oxide thin films." Applied Surface Science 582 (April 2022): 152424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.152424.

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18

Udovichenko, S. Y., A. N. Bobylev, D. A. Belotserkovtseva, and D. D. Shpindyuk. "Obtaining of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide using reactive magnetron sputtering." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 387 (July 2018): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/387/1/012080.

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19

Dubey, Paras, and Netram Kaurav. "Synthesis and thermogravimetric analysis of non-stoichiometric nickel oxide compounds." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 836 (May 31, 2017): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/836/1/012040.

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20

Czapla, A., and E. Kusior. "Gradient-index optical filter from non-stoichiometric aluminium oxide films." Thin Solid Films 214, no. 1 (June 1992): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(92)90447-j.

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21

Mrowec, S., and A. Podg�recka. "Defect structure and transport properties of non-stoichiometric ferrous oxide." Journal of Materials Science 22, no. 12 (December 1987): 4181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01132007.

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22

IVANOVA, N. D., S. A. KIRILLOV, and A. B. MISHCHENKO. "ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Behavior of Non-Stoichiometric Manganese Oxide- Hydroxide." ChemInform 24, no. 50 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199350020.

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23

Metikoš-Huković, M., and M. Ceraj-Cerić. "Anodic oxidation of titanium: Mechanism of non-stoichiometric oxide formation." Surface Technology 24, no. 3 (March 1985): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-4583(85)90077-9.

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24

van Dorp, Dennis H., Sophia Arnauts, Mikko Laitinen, Timo Sajavaara, Johan Meersschaut, Thierry Conard, Frank Holsteyns, and John Kelly. "Nanoscale Etching of GaAs and InP in Acidic H2O2 Solution: A Striking Contrast in Kinetics and Surface Chemistry." Solid State Phenomena 282 (August 2018): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.282.48.

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In this study of nanoscale etching for state-of-the-art device technology the importance of the nature of the surface oxide, is demonstrated for two III-V materials. Etching kinetics for GaAs and InP in acidic solutions of hydrogen peroxide are strikingly different. GaAs etches much faster, while the dependence of the etch rate on the H+ concentration differs markedly for the two semiconductors. Surface analysis techniques provided information on the surface composition after etching: strongly non-stoichiometric porous (hydr)oxides on GaAs and a thin stoichiometric oxide that forms a blocking layer on InP. Reaction schemes are provided that allow one to understand the results, in particular the important difference in etch rate and the contrasting role of chloride in the dissolution of the two semiconductors.
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25

Fasquelle, D., N. Verbrugghe, and S. Deputier. "Study of non-stoichiometric BaSrTiFeO3 oxide dedicated to semiconductor gas sensors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 776 (November 2016): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/776/1/012038.

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26

Ying, Jackie Y., and Andreas Tschöpe. "Synthesis and characteristics of non-stoichiometric nanocrystalline cerium oxide-based catalysts." Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal 64, no. 2 (November 1996): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0923-0467(96)03142-9.

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27

Chan, C. J., W. M. Kriven, and J. F. Young. "Microstructure characterization of non-stoichiometric dicalcium silicates doped with aluminum oxide." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100143833.

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Dicalcium silicate is a major component of portland cement. The high temperature polymorph (eg. the β form) is more reactive than the low temperature (γ) form. There are reports that the high temperature polymorphs can be stabilized by varying the stoichiometry (CaO/SiO2 ratio) or by addition of dopants. Excess lime in solid solution is claimed to improve the reactivity of stabilized β-Ca2SiO2. In our study we re-examine the stabilizing effect of CaO/SiO2 non-stoichiometry and Al2O3 doping.
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28

da Silva Zambom, Luı́s, Daniela Garrote Lantin, Edyr Onoda, and Patrick Verdonck. "Non-stoichiometric silicon oxide deposited at low gaseous N2O/SiH4 ratios." Thin Solid Films 459, no. 1-2 (July 2004): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2003.12.087.

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29

Decker, F., S. Passerini, R. Pileggi, and B. Scrosati. "The electrochromic process in non-stoichiometric nickel oxide thin film electrodes." Electrochimica Acta 37, no. 6 (May 1992): 1033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(92)85220-f.

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30

Bennett, R. A., and N. D. McCavish. "Non-Stoichiometric Oxide Surfaces and Ultra-thin Films: Characterisation of TiO2." Topics in Catalysis 36, no. 1-4 (August 2005): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-005-7858-2.

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31

Uchida, Teppei, Tatsumi Arima, Kazuya Idemitsu, and Yaohiro Inagaki. "Thermal conductivity of non-stoichiometric americium oxide: A molecular dynamics study." Journal of Nuclear Materials 400, no. 1 (May 2010): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.02.001.

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32

Huang, Yi-Lin, Chistopher Pellegrinelli, and Eric D. Wachsman. "Direct Observation of Oxygen Dissociation on Non-Stoichiometric Metal Oxide Catalysts." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55, no. 49 (November 9, 2016): 15268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201607700.

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33

Huang, Yi-Lin, Chistopher Pellegrinelli, and Eric D. Wachsman. "Direct Observation of Oxygen Dissociation on Non-Stoichiometric Metal Oxide Catalysts." Angewandte Chemie 128, no. 49 (November 9, 2016): 15494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201607700.

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34

Czekaj, D., A. Lisińska-Czekaj, K. Osińska, and K. Biernacki. "Effect of Bi2O3 Excess on Morphology and Structure of BiNbO4 Ceramics." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0166.

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Abstract Goal of the present research was to fabricate BiNbO4 ceramics from the mixture of powders by the solid state reaction route and pressureless sintering at various temperatures (TS =8700C and TS =9100C) and study microstructure, phase composition and crystalline structure of BiNbO4 ceramics. Four batches were fabricated and examined, namely the one fabricated from the stoichiometric mixture of reagent - grade oxide powders, viz. Bi2O3 and Nb2O5 as well as the ones with an excess of 3%, 5% and 10% by mole of Bi2O3. It was found that apart from the main orthorhombic -BiNbO4 phase additional phases, namely tetragonal Bi5Nb3O15, and cubic Bi3NbO7 are possible to form from the mixture of bismuth oxide and niobium oxide. It was found that -BiNbO4 ceramics exhibited the orthorhombic symmetry identified as Pnna (52). However, small differences in elementary cell parameters were found for the samples sintered from stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric mixture of initial powders.
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35

Vogt, Ulrich F., Josef Sfeir, Joerg Richter, Christian Soltmann, and Peter Holtappels. "B-site substituted lanthanum strontium ferrites as electrode materials for electrochemical applications." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 11 (January 1, 2008): 2543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880112543.

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For electrochemical systems such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) or solid oxide electrolyzer cells (SOECs), perovskites are widely used as cathode material for the reduction of molecular oxygen. At present, strontium-substituted lanthanum manganite, La1-xSrxMnO3-δ (LSM), is used as standard SOFC cathode material for operation at high temperatures, whereas strontium-substituted lanthanum ferrite (LSF) is alternatively explored for medium-temperature SOFCs. Moreover, LSF is considered to be a potential candidate for oxygen separation membranes as the material reported interesting electrical properties. The design of new perovskite-type La transition-metal oxides is of significant technological importance in order to reduce the operating temperature to 600-800 °C and thus to reduce the SOFC system cost. For investigations on a new material class, (La1-xSrx)yFe1-z(Ni,Cu)zO3-δ was synthesized by a spray-pyrolysis process and modified on the A-site in both stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric configurations and on the B-site by substituting Fe with Ni and Cu.
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36

Swallow, J. G., J. J. Kim, D. Chen, S. R. Bishop, J. F. Smith, H. L. Tuller, and K. J. Van Vliet. "Quantifying Chemical Expansion of Non-Stoichiometric Oxide Thin Films: Challenges and Opportunities." ECS Transactions 68, no. 1 (July 17, 2015): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06801.0599ecst.

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37

Tschöpe, Andreas, Jackie Y. Ying, and Harry L. Tuller. "Catalytic redox activity and electrical conductivity of nanocrystalline non-stoichiometric cerium oxide." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 31, no. 1-2 (February 1996): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(96)80025-6.

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38

Espinoza-González, Rodrigo, Edgar Mosquera, Ítalo Moglia, Roberto Villarroel, and Víctor M. Fuenzalida. "Hydrothermal growth and characterization of zirconia nanostructures on non-stoichiometric zirconium oxide." Ceramics International 40, no. 10 (December 2014): 15577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.07.034.

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39

Czapla, A., E. Kusior, and M. Bucko. "Optical properties of non-stoichiometric tin oxide films obtained by reactive sputtering." Thin Solid Films 182, no. 1-2 (December 1989): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(89)90239-3.

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40

Dai, L. R., J. Zhou, X. F. Gao, J. B. Li, B. Y. Feng, Y. Z. Yao, Y. M. Wang, W. W. Cui, and X. J. Li. "Study on the photodynamic performance of non-stoichiometric nano-tungsten oxide probe." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 17, no. 4 (October 25, 2022): 1125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2022.174.1125.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective and new method for tumor therapy but limited by the poor penetration depth of tissue of ultraviolet or visible light as irradiation source. Herein a near-infrared light-responsive W18O49 nanoprobe was synthesized by the solvothermal method for PDT. The structure, morphology, infrared absorption property and the photodynamic performance were analyzed. The results showed that the samples had high crystallinity, uniform and dispersed spindle morphology and an obvious absorption of NIR light. Under the irradiation of 808 nm near-infrared light, 1,3- diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) was used as a capture agent for singlet oxygen, and the samples showed excellent photodynamic performance. Then in vitro cell experiments further indicated that the samples good biocompatibility and an evident inhibition effect on tumor cell growth under near-infrared irradiation. The nanoprobe will have a wide application prospect in photodynamic cancer therapy.
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41

Enterría, M., A. G. Gonçalves, M. F. R. Pereira, J. I. Martins, and J. L. Figueiredo. "Electrochemical storage mechanisms in non-stoichiometric cerium oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites." Electrochimica Acta 209 (August 2016): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.05.036.

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42

Ramanavicius, Simonas, Arunas Jagminas, and Arunas Ramanavicius. "Gas Sensors Based on Titanium Oxides (Review)." Coatings 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050699.

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Nanostructured titanium compounds have recently been applied in the design of gas sensors. Among titanium compounds, titanium oxides (TiO2) are the most frequently used in gas sensing devices. Therefore, in this review, we are paying significant attention to the variety of allotropic modifications of titanium oxides, which include anatase, rutile, brukite. Very recently, the applicability of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2−x)-based layers for the design of gas sensors was demonstrated. For this reason, in this review, we are addressing some research related to the formation of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2−x) and Magnéli phase (TinO2n−1)-based layers suitable for sensor design. The most promising titanium compounds and hetero- and nano-structures based on these compounds are discussed. It is also outlined that during the past decade, many new strategies for the synthesis of TiO2 and conducting polymer-based composite materials were developed, which have found some specific application areas. Therefore, in this review, we are highlighting how specific formation methods, which can be used for the formation of TiO2 and conducting polymer composites, can be applied to tune composite characteristics that are leading towards advanced applications in these specific technological fields. The possibility to tune the sensitivity and selectivity of titanium compound-based sensing layers is addressed. In this review, some other recent reviews related to the development of sensors based on titanium oxides are overviewed. Some designs of titanium-based nanomaterials used for the development of sensors are outlined.
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43

Islamov, Damir R., Vladimir N. Kruchinin, Vladimir Sh Aliev, Timofey V. Perevalov, Vladimir A. Gritsenko, Igor P. Prosvirin, Oleg M. Orlov, and Albert Chin. "Potential Fluctuation in RRAM Based on Non-Stoichiometric Hafnium Sub-Oxides." Advances in Science and Technology 99 (October 2016): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.99.69.

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We study the structure of nonstoichiometric HfOx films with variable composition using methods of XPS, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and ab initio calculations. According to XPS and optical absorption experiment data HfOx consists of metal Hf and ~10-15% of nonstoichiometric hafnium sub-oxide HfOy (y<2). HfOy can be placed between HfO2 and Hf, inside HfO2, inside Hf. According to this model space fluctuations of chemical composition cause space fluctuations of bandgap in HfOx. We found that transport in such electronic systems is described by percolation theory. This approach can be applied to explain LRS transport of HfOx-based RRAM.
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44

Dubey, P., Netram Kaurav, Rupesh S. Devan, G. S. Okram, and Y. K. Kuo. "The effect of stoichiometry on the structural, thermal and electronic properties of thermally decomposed nickel oxide." RSC Advances 8, no. 11 (2018): 5882–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra00157j.

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A thermal decomposition route with different sintering temperatures was employed to prepare non-stoichiometric nickel oxide (Ni1−δO) from Ni(NO3)2·6H2O as a precursor.
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45

Xu, Lan Xin, Yong Xiang Leng, Hong Fang Zhou, Y. W. Liu, and Nan Huang. "Structure and Hemocompatibility of Titanium Oxide Films Synthesized by Continuous or Pulsed DC Magnetron Sputtering." Key Engineering Materials 288-289 (June 2005): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.288-289.299.

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Titanium oxide films were prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering using continuous or pulsed DC sputtering power. The results of the structure and vitro hemocompatibility analyses indicated that non-stoichiometric titanium oxide films possess better hemocompatibility than LTIC and that the hemocompatibility of the titanium oxide films are evidently improved with the increase of rutile phase. This can result from the lower interface tension between titanium oxide films and biological substances and lower ratio of dispersive and polar component of the surface energy.
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46

Perea, Geraldine Nancy Rodriguez, Mariana Bianchini Silva, Bruno Xavier Freitas, Ésoly Madeleine Bento dos Santos, Luiz Carlos Rolim Lopes, Letícia Vitorazi, and Claudinei dos Santos. "Synthesis and characterization of non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using unmodified and modified starches." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): e30791210996. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.10996.

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Non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAp) presents an additional phase in its structure due to calcium or phosphorus excess, which can influence the material’s mechanical properties, as well as its bioactivity and biodegradability. While stoichiometric HAp, with calcium to phosphorus ratio (Ca/P) of 1.67, has been widely investigated, only a few studies have reported the synthesis of HAp with higher Ca/P ratio. In this work, non-stoichiometric HAp nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical precipitation method followed by a calcination protocol. In order to achieve better process control with chemical precipitation, starch, a natural additive, was applied. Three types of starch were selected for comparison: nonionic starch (NS), soluble starch (SS), and cationic starch (CS). Infrared spectroscopy and chemical analysis results confirmed the non-stoichiometric profile of the synthesized HAp, with a 1.98 Ca/P ratio. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that HAp and calcium oxide (CaO) crystalline phases were obtained and no residual starch was detected. Rietveld refinements confirmed that, for all three types of starch, the content of crystalline HAp was greater than 96.5% and the unit cell volume was not affected. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed agglomeration of particles. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) results demonstrated that the use of SS produced the smallest particles (approximately 60nm).
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47

Kohyama, Masanori, Shingo Tanaka, Kazuyuki Okazaki, Rui Yang, and Yoshitada Morikawa. "First-Principles Calculations of Metal/Oxide Interfaces: Effects of Interface Stoichiometry." Materials Science Forum 502 (December 2005): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.502.27.

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Ab initio pseudopotential calculations of Cu/Al2O3 and Au/TiO2 interfaces have revealed strong effects of interface stoichiometry. About the Cu/Al2O3 system used for coatings and electronic devices, the interfacial bond of the O-terminated (O-rich) Cu/Al2O3(0001) interface is very strong with ionic and covalent Cu-O interactions, although that of the Al-terminated (stoichiometric) one is rather weak with electrostatic and Cu-Al hybridization interactions. About the Au/TiO2 system with unique catalytic activity, the adhesive energy between non-stoichiometric (Ti-rich or O-rich) TiO2(110) surface and a Au layer is very large, and there occur substantial charge transfer and orbital hybridization, which should have close relations to the catalytic activity.
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48

Sablina, Tatyana, and Irina Sevostyanova. "Low energy mechanical treatment of non-stoichiometric titanium carbide powder." Metal Working and Material Science 23, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2021-23.3-112-123.

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Introduction. The practical significance of non-stoichiometric titanium carbides TiCх in various fields of technology and in medicine is expanding. In this regard, it is important to investigate both methods of obtaining titanium carbide powder and its properties in a wide range of stoichiometry. One of the effective ways to influence the physical and mechanical properties of powder systems is its mechanical treatment. Under shock-shear action, which is realized during processing in a ball mill, mechanical energy is transferred to the powder system, as a result of which it is ground, centers with increased activity on newly formed surfaces are formed; phase transformations, crystal lattice deformation, amorphization, formation of defects, etc. are possible. The aim of this work is to study the effect of low-energy mechanical treatment in a ball mill on the structure, phase composition and parameters of the fine crystal structure of non-stoichiometric titanium carbide powder obtained by reduction of titanium oxide with carbon and calcium. Materials and methods. Powder of titanium carbide TiC, obtained by calcium carbonization of titanium oxide was investigated. The powder was treated in a drum type ball mill. The structure of the powders before and after treatment was studied using the Philips SEM 515 scanning electron microscope. The specific surface area was determined by the BET method. The phase composition and parameters of the fine crystal structure of powder materials were investigated by X-ray analyzes. Results and discussion. It was established that an increase of the time of mechanical treatment in a ball mill of a non-stoichiometric titanium carbide powder TiC0.7 leads to an increase in the specific surface area of the powder from 0.6 to 3.4 m2 / g, and the average particle size calculated from it decreases from 2 μm to 360 nm. It is shown that in the process of treatment of the non-stoichiometric titanium carbide TiC0.7 powder, its structural phase state changes. Powder particles consist of two structural components with different atomic ratio of carbon to titanium: TiC0.65 and TiC0.48. Mechanical treatment of titanium carbide powder leads to a decrease in the microstresses of the TiCx crystal lattice and the size of coherently diffracting domains (CDD) from 55 to 30 nm for the TiC0.48 phase. For the TiC0.65 phase, with an increase in the duration of mechanical treatment, as well as for TiC0.48, the size of CDD decreases, and the level of microdistortions of the crystal lattice increases. This indicates that in the process of mechanical treatment, not only the grinding of powder particles occurs, but also an increase in its defects.
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49

Matsuo, Ippei, Shuhei Inoue, and Yukihiko Matsumura. "Characterization of non-stoichiometric nickel oxide thin films as a hole transport layer." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2021 (2021): 0133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2021.0133.

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50

Pichorim, A., D. S. Costa, I. T. Neckel, and D. H. Mosca. "Non-stoichiometric gallium oxide with cubic structure directly integrated to C-Cut sapphire." Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 139 (March 2022): 106349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2021.106349.

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