Relevant bibliographies by topics / Non-speech

Academic literature on the topic 'Non-speech'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Non-speech"

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Yuldasheva, Dr Dilorom N. "BASIC NON-VERBAL COMPONENTS OF SPEECH." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 03, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-03-01-04.

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We all know that verbal communication differs from the simple implementation of linguistic possibilities in a certain material form. Verbal communication is situational, so its forms and expressiveness are multifaceted. Nov, in Uzbek linguistics, cognitive linguistics is a new direction of research that determines the cognitive characteristics of linguistic units. In connection with the common language and national thinking, the main task of this direction is to study the cognitive, expressive, accumulative aspects of each linguistic phenomenon. Indeed, in the Uzbek environment, this period requires an analysis of the language with its owner in the presence of such factors as social environment, culture, nationality. In this article, verbal (synonymy, gradonymy, antonymy, paraphrase, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony, phraseology, euphemism, etc.) and non-verbal (tone, silent unit) language serve to reveal medical euphemistic meanings as a means of realizing linguopragmatics.
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Bürki-Cohen, Judith, Joanne L. Miller, and Peter D. Eimas. "Perceiving Non-Native Speech." Language and Speech 44, no. 2 (June 2001): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00238309010440020201.

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Mohamed, Osama Abdo. "Non Parametric Speech Modeling." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 7 (July 1, 2016): 4588–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.5324.

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Hardy, Carolyn, William E. Buys, and James M. Copeland. "Non-Competitive Speech Activities." English Journal 75, no. 1 (January 1986): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/816559.

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Lepistö, Tuulia, Rita Èeponienë, Kiyoshi Yaguchi, Raija Vanhala, Anna Shestakova, and Risto Näätänen. "Speech vs. Non-Speech Processing in Infantile Autism." International Journal of Circumpolar Health 60, sup1 (April 1, 2001): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2001.12113142.

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Omidvar, Shaghayegh, Saeid Mahmoudian, Mehdi Khabazkhoob, Mohsen Ahadi, and Zahra Jafari. "Tinnitus Impacts on Speech and Non-speech Stimuli." Otology & Neurotology 39, no. 10 (December 2018): e921-e928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000002002.

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Jacewicz, Ewa. "Spectral integration in speech and non‐speech sounds." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 4 (April 2005): 2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4786482.

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Rosen, Stuart, and Paul Iverson. "Constructing adequate non-speech analogues: whatisspecial about speech anyway?" Developmental Science 10, no. 2 (March 2007): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00550.x.

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Pazukhin, Rostislav. "On processing speech and non‐speech signals in acoustics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.425347.

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Samuel, Arthur G., and Saioa Larraza. "Does listening to non-native speech impair speech perception?" Journal of Memory and Language 81 (May 2015): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2015.01.003.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-speech"

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Howard, John Graham. "Temporal aspects of auditory-visual speech and non-speech perception." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553127.

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This thesis concentrates on the temporal aspects of the auditory-visual integratory perceptual experience described above. It is organized in two parts, a literature review, followed by an experimentation section. After a brief introduction (Chapter One), Chapter Two begins by considering the evolution of the earliest biological structures to exploit information in the acoustic and optic environments. The second part of the chapter proposes that the auditory-visual integratory experience might be a by-product of the earliest emergence of spoken language. Chapter Three focuses on human auditory and visual neural structures. It traces the auditory and visual systems of the modem human brain through the complex neuroanatomical forms that construct their pathways, through to where they finally integrate into the high-level multi-sensory association areas. Chapter Four identifies two distinct investigative schools that have each reported on the auditory-visual integratory experience. We consider their different experimental methodologies and a number of architectural and information processing models that have sought to emulate human sensory, cognitive and perceptual processing, and ask how far they can accommodate a bi-sensory integratory processing. Chapter Five draws upon empirical data to support the importance of the temporal dimension of sensory forms in information processing, especially bimodal processing. It considers the implications of different modalities processing differently discontinuous afferent information within different time-frames. It concludes with a discussion of a number of models of biological clocks that have been proposed as essential temporal regulators of human sensory experience. In Part Two, the experiments are presented. Chapter Six provides the general methodology, and in the following Chapters a series of four experiments is reported upon. The experiments follow a logical sequence, each being built upon information either revealed or confirmed in results previously reported. Experiments One, Three, and Four required a radical reinterpretation of the 'fast-detection' paradigm developed for use in signal detection theory. This enables the work of two discrete investigative schools in auditory-visual processing to be brought together. The use of this modified paradigm within an appropriately designed methodology produces experimental results that speak directly to both the 'speech versus non-speech' debate and also to gender studies.
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Stevens, D. A. "Non-linear prediction for speech processing." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639110.

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For over 20 years linear prediction has been one of the most widely used methods for analysing speech signals. Linear predictors have been used to model the vocal tract in all areas of speech processing from speech recognition to speech synthesis. However, Teager showed as early as 1980 by measuring the flow within the vocal tract during the pronunciation of a vowel sound, that the vocal tract is a non-linear system. As such the standard linear predictors are unable to model all the vocal tract information available in the speech signal. This work looks at replacing or complementing the standard linear models with non-linear ones in order to improve the modelling of the vocal tract. Several different methods of both generating and implementing non-linear models of the vocal tract are assessed to see how much improvement in prediction can be achieved by using non-linear models, either in place of, or complementing, the standard linear models. Two basic approaches to non-linear prediction have been used. The first of these is to configure a multi-layered perceptron (MLP) as a non-linear predictor and then to train the MLP to predict the speech signal. The second method is known as a split function approach as it effectively splits the overall predictor function into smaller sub-functions each of which requires a less complex predictor function than the whole. This second method uses a classification stage to determine what type of speech is present and then uses a separate predictor for each of the classifications. Initial results using a single MLP predictor proved ineffective, returning gains of 0.1 to 0.3 dB in excess of the standard LPC. This is thought to be due to an inability of the networks used to model the full dynamic complexity of the speech signal. However with the split function predictors it is shown that relatively high prediction gains can be achieved using a few simple sub-functions. With four linear sub-functions gains of 2.1 dB have been achieved over the standard LPC.
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Livescu, Karen 1975. "Analysis and modeling of non-native speech for automatic speech recognition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80204.

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Payne, Nicole, and Saravanan Elangovan. "Musical Training Influences Temporal Processing of Speech and Non-Speech Contrasts." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1565.

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Makashay, Matthew Joel. "Individual Differences in Speech and Non-Speech Perception of Frequency and Duration." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1047489733.

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Mesgarani, Nima. "Discrimination of speech from non-speech based on multiscale spectro-temporal modulations." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3044.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Payne, N., Saravanan Elangovan, and Jacek Smurzynski. "Auditory Temporal Processing of Speech and Non-speech Contrasts in Specialized Listeners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2216.

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Schmitz, Judith 1984. "On the relationship between native and non-native speech perception and speech production." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456304.

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Models of speech perception differ in the nature of the relationship between speech perception and production. Whether speech perception and production processes are based on a common representations ̶ the articulatory gesture ̶ or speech perception fundamentally operates on the acoustic code is highly debated. In three experimental studies, we investigated the nature of the relationship between speech perception and production. In the first study we found an active role of the speech production system in speech perception, even when listening to unfamiliar phonemes. In the second study we found no influence of a somatosensory manipulation applied to an articulator in passive speech perception. In the third study we showed that speech perception and production abilities are tightly related across phonological processes (sub-lexical and lexical) and participants’ languages (native ̶ L1 ̶and second language ̶ L2 ̶). The results suggest that speech perception and production are intimately linked.
Los modelos de la percepción del habla difieren sobre la naturaleza de la relación entre la percepción y la producción del habla. El debate se centra en si ambos procesos comparten como representación básica los gestos articulatorios o bien si la percepción del habla se basa en el código auditivo. Investigamos la naturaleza de la relación entre la percepción y producción del habla en tres estudios experimentales. El primer estudio mostró que el sistema de producción del habla participa activamente en la percepción. El segundo estudio no reveló influencias en la percepción pasiva del habla de una manipulación somatosensorial aplicada en un articulador. El tercer estudio mostró una fuerte relación entre las habilidades de la percepción y producción del habla en varios procesos fonológicos (sub-léxicos y léxicos) y lenguas conocidas por los participantes (primera y segunda lenguas). Los resultados sugieren que la percepción y producción del habla están íntimamente relacionadas.
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Cahillane, Marie Ann. "Contrasting effects of irrelevant speech and non-speech sounds on short-term memory." Thesis, Bath Spa University, 2008. http://researchspace.bathspa.ac.uk/1473/.

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The characteristics of speech that determine its greater disruption of serial recall relative to non-speech (the irrelevant sound effect) are investigated (c.f. Tremblay et al., 2000). Degraded non-words disrupted serial recall less than clear non-words. Tasks show that both vowels and consonants of degraded non-words were misperceived, with initial consonants misperceived to a greater degree. Measures that followed showed that clear sequences of non-words, with changing vowels were more disruptive than sequences with changing consonants. Degrading vowel only changing sequences reduced disruption of serial recall to a level observed with clear consonant only changing sequences, whereas degradation had no effect on disruption by consonant only changing sequences. In further experiments the acoustic complexity of speech was reduced while maintaining its intelligibility by removing fundamental frequency information. Whispered speech disrupted serial recall to the same degree as voiced speech. Alternating voiced and whispered speech sounds within a sequence did not reduce serial recall performance relative to a sequence of voiced-only speech sounds. Results indicate the formant structure of speech sounds and not fundamental frequency information is the important carrier of acoustic change. Reversing the fine structure of whispered speech damaged its intelligibility whilst preserving acoustic complexity and these sounds were as disruptive of serial recall as normal whispered speech. This indicates that vocal tract resonances (formants) of speech and not its intelligibility determine its disruptive power. The relative disruptiveness of speech and non-speech sounds was then examined. Sounds were matched for acoustic complexity, but their 'speech-likeness' was destroyed. Speech disrupted serial recall more than did non-speech. Results indicate that the biological nature of speech renders it more disruptive than non-speech. The findings refute the 'changingstate- hypothesis' which is derived from the object-oriented episodic record model. This hypothesis argues that it is the degree of acoustic variation within an irrelevant stream and not the nature of its component sounds which determines its disruption of serial memory. Biological sounds may disrupt serial memory to a greater degree since they are of behavioural relevance and provide information about the environment that may need to be attended to. The addition of an attentional mechanism to the object-oriented episodic record model that regulates the reallocation of cognitive processing resources is proposed.
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Maiste, Anita. "Human auditory event-related potentials to frequency changes in speech and non-speech sounds." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5899.

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This thesis presents two approaches investigating how the human auditory system processes the brief frequency changes that occur in speech sounds. Section 1 of the thesis consists of a critical review of the literature on human auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) and speech perception. Section 2 consists of three experiments evaluating ERPs to non-speech frequency changes. The experiments evaluated steady state and transient auditory evoked potentials (EPs) to tones that were sinusoidally modulated in frequency and to tones that alternated between two frequencies with a linear ramp. The tones were presented at modulation rates typical of average syllable production. The steady state responses to sinusoidal FM were small and difficult to record at both the first and second harmonics. Ramp FM evoked larger and more consistent second harmonic steady state responses than the sinusoidal FM. Only the ramp FM stimuli elicited transient EPs and these only at low modulation rates. These responses were larger to upward ramps than to downward ramps. The response to two simultaneously presented ramp FM tones differed from the sum of responses to the individual tones indicating some interaction in the processing of the two stimuli. Since the first study found that steady state responses were not as reliable as ERPs to discrete frequency changes, the second study used speech sounds containing discrete frequency changes. In Section 3 of the thesis computer-modified speech sounds from the /ba/ to /da/ continuum were presented to reading subjects as a train of standard speech sounds interspersed with two types of infrequent deviant speech sounds. One deviant stimulus lay within the same category as the standard and the other lay across the categorical boundary from the standard, but both were acoustically equidistant from the standard in terms of the second formant transition. When the standard stimulus was drawn from the /ba/ end of the continuum, the across-category deviants elicited a clear mismatch negativity (MMN) in the auditory event-related potential whereas the within-category deviants did not. This MMN began at about 60-120 ms after stimulus onset and was present for several hundred ms. These results suggest that categorical processing of speech sounds occurs independently of attention at an early echoic memory stage. When the standard stimulus was drawn from the /da/ end of the continuum, the MMN to across-category deviants was not larger than the MMN to within-category deviants. Grand mean waveforms suggested that both deviant stimuli elicited small MMNs. Although this may indicate processing along an acoustic continuum, the results of the psychophysical tests suggest that the standard stimulus in this condition was too close to the category boundary for the deviants to evoke a consistent categorical mismatch.
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Books on the topic "Non-speech"

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Buys, William E. Non-competitive speech activities. Lincolnwood, Ill., U.S.A: National Textbook Co., 1985.

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Allwood, Jens. Speech management-on the non-written life of speech. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1990.

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DiGiano, Christopher J. Visualizing program behaviour using non-speech audio. Toronto: University of Toronto, Dept. of Computer Science, 1992.

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DiGiano, Christopher J. Visualizing program behavior using non-speech audio. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.

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Holambe, Raghunath S. Advances in Non-Linear Modeling for Speech Processing. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012.

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Holambe, Raghunath S., and Mangesh S. Deshpande. Advances in Non-Linear Modeling for Speech Processing. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1505-3.

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Gruhn, Rainer E., Wolfgang Minker, and Satoshi Nakamura. Statistical Pronunciation Modeling for Non-Native Speech Processing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19586-0.

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Gruhn, Rainer E. Statistical Pronunciation Modeling for Non-Native Speech Processing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

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Pinard, Minola A. Speech and language learning: Non-linguistic versus linguistic processes. Québec: International Center for Research on Language Planning, 1990.

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Pinard, Minola. Speech and language learning : non-linguistic versus linguistic processes. Québec: Centre international de recherche en aménagement linguistique, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Non-speech"

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Capone, Alessandro. "Reporting Non-serious Speech." In Perspectives in Pragmatics, Philosophy & Psychology, 121–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41078-4_6.

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Gruhn, Rainer E., Wolfgang Minker, and Satoshi Nakamura. "Non-native Speech Database." In Signals and Communication Technology, 31–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19586-0_5.

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Gruhn, Rainer E., Wolfgang Minker, and Satoshi Nakamura. "Handling Non-native Speech." In Signals and Communication Technology, 47–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19586-0_6.

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Kopparapu, Sunil Kumar. "Non-linguistic Speech Processing." In Non-Linguistic Analysis of Call Center Conversations, 35–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00897-4_4.

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Gruhn, Rainer E., Wolfgang Minker, and Satoshi Nakamura. "Properties of Non-native Speech." In Signals and Communication Technology, 19–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19586-0_3.

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Heck, Michael, Christian Mohr, Sebastian Stüker, Markus Müller, Kevin Kilgour, Jonas Gehring, Quoc Bao Nguyen, Van Huy Nguyen, and Alex Waibel. "Segmentation of Telephone Speech Based on Speech and Non-speech Models." In Speech and Computer, 286–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01931-4_38.

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Culebras, R., J. Ramírez, J. M. Górriz, and J. C. Segura. "Fuzzy Logic Speech/Non-speech Discrimination for Noise Robust Speech Processing." In Computational Science – ICCS 2006, 395–402. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11758501_55.

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D’Autilia, Roberto. "Non Linear Models for Speech Melody." In Human and Machine Perception 2, 205–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4809-6_19.

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Fortescue, Michael. "The non-linearity of speech production." In Structural-Functional Studies in English Grammar, 337–51. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.83.18for.

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Prcín, Michal, and Luděk Müller. "Heuristic and Statistical Methods for Speech/Non-speech Detector Design." In Text, Speech and Dialogue, 309–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46154-x_42.

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Conference papers on the topic "Non-speech"

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Izzad, M., Nursuriati Jamil, and Zainab Abu Bakar. "Speech/non-speech detection in Malay language spontaneous speech." In 2013 International Conference on Computing, Management and Telecommunications (ComManTel). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/commantel.2013.6482394.

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Raab, Martin, Rainer Gruhn, and Elmar Noeth. "Non-native speech databases." In 2007 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition & Understanding (ASRU). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asru.2007.4430148.

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Katharina Fuchs, Anna, Clemens Amon, and Martin Hagmüller. "Speech/Non-Speech Detection for Electro-Larynx Speech Using EMG." In International Conference on Bio-inspired Systems and Signal Processing. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005181401380144.

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Mauuary, L., and J. Monne. "Speech/non-speech detection for voice response systems." In 3rd European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1993). ISCA: ISCA, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1993-271.

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Redelinghuys, Herman, and Zenghui Wang. "Evaluating audio features for speech/non-speech discrimination." In 2022 First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Trends and Pattern Recognition (ICAITPR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaitpr51569.2022.9844226.

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Portelo, Jose, Miguel Bugalho, Isabel Trancoso, Joao Neto, Alberto Abad, and Antonio Serralheiro. "Non-speech audio event detection." In ICASSP 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2009.4959998.

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Reinhard, K. "Non-linear speech transition visualization." In Fifth International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks. IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19970736.

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Lamel, Lori F., and Jean-Luc Gauvain. "Identifying non-linguistic speech features." In 3rd European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1993). ISCA: ISCA, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1993-3.

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Li, Sheng, Jian Qi Wang, Ming Niu, and Xi Jing Jing. "Enhancement of Non-Air Conduct Speech Auditory Masking: Enhancement of Non-Air Conduct Speech." In 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2008.861.

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Jian-bin, Li, Yan Ji-kun, Zheng Hui, and Niu Zhong-xia. "Two-Stage Speech/Non-Speech Classification of Telephone Signals." In 2006 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccas.2006.284683.

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Reports on the topic "Non-speech"

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Samuel, Arthur G. Levels of Processing of Speech and Non-Speech. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada237796.

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Olson, Marcia. Speech Recognition with Linear and Non-linear Amplification in the Presence of Industrial Noise. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7043.

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Idris, Iffat. Preventing Atrocities in Conflict and Non-conflict Settings. Institute of Development Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.137.

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Atrocity prevention refers to activities to prevent atrocity crimes against civilians. These include genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing, and can take place in both conflict and non-conflict settings. This points to the need to prioritise and implement atrocity prevention specifically, and not just as part of conflict prevention efforts. Atrocity prevention interventions are broadly of two types: operational (short-term responses) and structural (addressing underlying causes/drivers). These encompass a wide range of approaches including: acting locally (with local actors taking the lead in prevention activities); tackling hate speech, and promoting an independent and strong media; documenting human rights violations, and prosecuting and punishing those responsible (establishing rule of law). The international community should prioritise atrocity prevention, but work in a united manner, take a comprehensive approach, and give the lead to local actors. Atrocity crimes generally develop in a process over time, and risk factors can be identified; these traits make atrocity prevention possible. This rapid review looks at the concept of atrocity prevention, how it is distinct from conflict prevention, the different approaches taken to atrocity prevention, and the lessons learned from these. The review draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, in particular reports produced by international development organisations such as the United Nations (UN) and USAID. The literature was largely gender-blind (with the exception of conflict-related sexual violence) and disability-blind.
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Kapelyushnyi, Anatolyi. TRANSFORMATION OF FORMS OF DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES IN LIVE TELEVISION BROADCASTING. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11105.

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The article analyzes transformation of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives in live television broadcasting. Particular attention is paid to the specific properties of different forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives. To analyze the peculiarities of their use for errors in speech of television journalists, associated with non-compliance with linguistic norms on ways to avoid these errors, to make appropriate recommendations to television journalists. The main method we use is to observe the speech of live TV journalist, we used during the study methods of comparative analysis of comparison of theoretical positions from the work of individual linguists and journalism sat down as well as texts that sounded in the speech of journalists. Our objective is to trace these transformations and develop a certain attitude towards them in our researches of the language of the media and practicing journalists to support positive trends in the development of the broadcasting on TV and give recommendations for overcoming certain negative trends. Improving the live broadcasting of television journalists, in particular the work on deepening the language skills will contribute to the modernization of some trends in the reasonable expediency of the transformation of certain phenomena, moder­nization of some tendencies concerning the reasonable expedient transformation of separate grammatical phenomena and categories and at braking and in general stopping of processes of transformation of negative unreasonable not expedient. This fully applies primarily to attempts to transform the forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives and this explains importance of the results achieved in these study.
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5

Гарлицька, Т. С. Substandard Vocabulary in the System of Urban Communication. Криворізький державний педагогічний університет, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3912.

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Abstract:
The article is devoted to substandard elements which are considered as one of the components in the system of urban forms of communication. The Object of our research is substandard vocabulary, the Subject is structural characteristics of the modern city language, the Purpose of the study is to define the main types of substandard vocabulary and their role in the system of urban communication. The theoretical base of our research includes the scientific works of native and foreign linguists, which are devoted to urban linguistics (B. Larin, M. Makovskyi, V. Labov, T. Yerofeieva, L. Pederson, R. McDavid, O. Horbach, L. Stavytska, Y. Stepanov, S. Martos). Different lexical and phraseological units, taken from the Ukrainian, Russian and American Dictionaries of slang and jargon, serve as the material of our research. The main components of the city language include literary language, territorial dialects, different intermediate transitional types, which are used in the colloquial everyday communication but do not have territorial limited character, and social dialects. The structural characteristics, proposed in the article, demonstrate the variety and correlation of different subsystems of the city language. Today peripheral elements play the main role in the city communication. They are also called substandard, non-codified, marginal, non-literary elements or the jargon styles of communication. Among substandard elements of the city language the most important are social dialects, which include such subsystems as argot, jargon and slang. The origin, functioning and characteristics of each subsystem are studied on the material of linguistic literature of different countries. It is also ascertained that argot is the oldest form of sociolects, jargon divides into corporative and professional ones, in the structure of slangy words there are common and special slang. Besides, we can speak about sociolectosentrism of the native linguistics and linguemosentrism of the English tradition of slang nomination. Except social dialects, the important structural elements of the city language are also intermediate transitional types, which include koine, colloquialisms, interdialect, surzhyk, pidgin and creole. Surzhyk can be attributed to the same type of language formations as pidgin and creole because these types of oral speech were created mostly by means of the units mixing of the obtruded language of the parent state with the elements of the native languages.
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