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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-spatial conflicts'
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1
Chen, Ziyu, Xiufeng Chen, Ruicong Wang, and Mengyuan Gao. "Characterization of Pedestrian Crossing Spatial Violations and Safety Impact Analysis in Advance Right-Turn Lane." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 9134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159134.
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In view of the pedestrian space violation in an advance right-turn lane, the pedestrian crossing paths are divided by collecting the temporal and spatial information of pedestrians and motor vehicles, and the characteristics of different pedestrian crossing behaviors are studied. Combined with the time and speed indicators of conflict severity, the K-means method is used to divide the level of conflict severity. A multivariate ordered logistic regression model of the severity of pedestrian–vehicle conflict was constructed to quantify the effects of different factors on the severity of the pedestrian–vehicle conflict. The study of 1388 pedestrians and the resulting pedestrian–vehicle conflicts found that the type of spatial violation has a significant impact on pedestrian crossing behavior and safety. The average crossing speed and acceleration variation values of spatially violated pedestrians were significantly higher than those of other pedestrians; there is a significant increase in the severity of pedestrian–vehicle conflicts in areas close to the oncoming traffic; the average percentage of pedestrian–vehicle conflicts due to spatial violations increased by 12%, and the percentage of serious conflicts due to each type of spatial violation increased from 18% to 87%, 74%, 30%, and 63%, respectively, compared with those of non-violated pedestrians. In addition, the decrease in the number of lanes and the increase in speed and vehicle reach all lead to an increase in the severity of pedestrian–vehicle conflicts. The results of the study will help traffic authorities to take measures to ensure pedestrian crossing safety.
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Akabua, Kojo M., Wiktor L. Adamowicz, and Peter C. Boxall. "Spatial non-timber valuation decision support systems." Forestry Chronicle 76, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc76319-2.
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Decision support systems (DSS) can be useful tools for facilitating the application of complex economic models. Two examples of DSSs are used to illustrate the application of non-market valuation models that have been developed to estimate the economic value, as well as the level of participation, of recreational moose hunting in Newfoundland and Alberta. DSSs may be useful tools for foresters, biologists, tourist boards and economic development agencies to understand conflicts between industrial operations and other forest uses. Key words: non-timber valuation, decision support system, recreationists, databases.
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Ioannou, Byron, Lora Nicolaou, Konstantinos Serraos, and Georgia Spiliopoulou. "Large Urban Developments as Non-Planning Products: Conflicts and Threats for Spatial Planning." Urban Planning 4, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v4i4.2266.
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The article approaches different concepts of Large Urban Developments (LUDs) as products of the notion of a “spatial fix” (Harvey, 2001), which explains why built or natural environments can be deployed in the process of creating opportunities for new investments. Greece and Cyprus are two countries in the south of the European Union that underwent delayed urbanisation and significant land fragmentation in the form of small size private ownerships and with limited experience in comprehensive development. Greece has adopted a well-structured but complex spatial planning system, bureaucratic with limited effectiveness, adaptability or flexibility of delivery processes. On the other hand, Cyprus has a flexible but centralized system, effective in processing change but problematic in regulating quality in the built environment. Both countries recently experienced major financial crises. In the early 2010s, both governments promoted, as part of an economic recovery policy, extensive real estate development on public or privately-owned land with emphasis on LUDs as ways of addressing economic shortfalls. Inappropriately, LUDs have been primarily “conceived” as opportunities to attract foreign investments rather than a means of tackling crucial current deficiencies. New spatial planning frameworks merely add greater “flexibility” to the system in order to accelerate large private real estate investment. The article attempts to reveal, through case studies’ reviews, the impact of LUDs in countries with no infrastructure or experience in accommodating large-scale investment. It explores how the experience in Greece and Cyprus differs in terms of the relevant legislation adopted, the effectiveness in fulfilling its primary objective in attracting investment, and what are the possible social and environmental consequences on the planning acquis.
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Cidrás, Diego, Rubén-Camilo Lois-González, and Valerià Paül. "Rural Governance against Eucalyptus Expansion in Galicia (NW Iberian Peninsula)." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 3396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103396.
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Researchers, planners, and decision makers admit the need to take into account the social conflicts inherent to invasive species management in order to minimize controversy. These conflicts are mainly based on differences in values systems, thus causing antithetical policies in environmental management. On the topic of Eucalyptus plantations, this paper studies two cases in Galicia, a region under an emerging social fight between advocates and opponents: firstly, we analyze a local community that is progressively eradicating Eucalyptus through the principles of ecological restoration; and secondly, a planning initiative led by a local government with. In order to set the spatial and social dimensions of the conflict, the methodological approach is based on the components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perception theory. The results are discussed with the purpose of examining to what extent the case studies imply a new model of rural governance, and in this respect, are transferrable to other situations. We conclude that institutional non-interference in Eucalyptus management facilitates the emergence of diverse new governance practices in the local scale but endures the conflict in its regional dimension.
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Yusuf, M., Faizah Bafadhal, and Maratun Saadah. "Tourism And Conflict : The Empirical Study Of Sipin Lake Development, Jambi City." Jurnal Pamator : Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Trunojoyo 16, no. 1 (April 6, 2023): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/pamator.v16i1.19603.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the causes of conflict and propose alternative conflict resolution in tourism development. Although this sector experienced a significant growth and was able to encourage economic growth at various levels, its management faces governance challenges for instance conflicts of interest that occur in the Sipin lake area. This area constructed in 2017 which is designated as a tourist area based on regional regulations spatial plan of Jambi city. The data is obtained from various field information through in-depth interviews, observations and various sources which then it is systematically coded to find the meaning behind the phenomena that occur. This paper reveals that conflict in development of tourism objects is triggered by the planning and implementing non-participatory regional development and differences in orientation among the actors involved. The management of an area of ± 161 ha is not maximum managed, and this can be seen from the management of the area that is not well-organized and untidy. This paper underlines that tourism conflicts can occur due to various things that result in poor tourism management so that the potential to reduce the number of visitors.
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Harris, Elizabeth J. "Utilizing the Theology of Religions and Human Geography to Understand the Spatial Dimension of Religion and Conflict." Religions 13, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13060496.
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This paper argues for an interdisciplinary approach within the study of religion and conflict. Using a religious studies framework, it demonstrates that tools from human geography, peace studies, and the theology of religions can be used to shed light on the intractability of conflicts where religion is not “innocent”. Within human geography, the spatial dimension of individual and communal identity, most particularly the concept of “mythical space”, can illuminate the non-empirical, affective factors that condition attitudes to religious and ethnic others. Similarly, within the theology of religions, the typology of exclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism can aid understanding of tendencies within all human communities, religious and non-religious, when faced with perceived threats from significant others. Two case studies, Sri Lanka and Israel/Palestine, are examined through this interdisciplinary approach, using illustrative “moments” within each conflict. Both highlight the affective power of primal imaginaries that are informed by narratives about religion, land, and identity. Without dismissing the importance of political and economic factors in the arising of conflict, this paper argues that it is not enough to analyse these factors alone. Other disciplines are necessary and this paper argues for two important examples: human geography and the theology of religions.
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Kronenburg García, Angela. "Territorial Conflicts, Agency and the Strategic Appropriation of Interventions in Kenya’s Southern Drylands." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 4156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114156.
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A number of scholars have noted that interventions, such as development programmes and climate change adaptation projects, that simplify complex social realities and thus lose sight of the relational dynamics beyond the target or beneficiary group, risk contributing to conflict. This article examines how a series of interventions in a particular dryland area in southern Kenya became embroiled in a long-running territorial conflict between the Loita Maasai (the beneficiary community) and their neighbours, the non-beneficiary Purko Maasai. Based on ethnographic research and by taking a historical perspective, it shows how Loita Maasai leaders systematically appropriated these outside interventions, used and reworked them with the strategic aim of stopping land loss to ongoing Purko encroachment. The analysis reveals two ways in which Loita leaders realized this: (a) by using interventions to stake out spatial claims to land; and (b) by capitalizing on the tendency of interventions to simplify local contexts. This article contributes to the debate on the linkages between intervention and conflict by highlighting the agency of intervention beneficiaries and showing that, through their actions, interventions may unwittingly reproduce and even aggravate existing conflicts.
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Neswati, Risma, Sumbangan Baja, Samsu Arif, and Hasni Hasni. "Dryland land-use conflicts in humid tropics: an analysis using geographic information systems and land capability evaluations." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 17, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v17i1.37824.
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<p>This study analyses land-use conflicts in specific dryland agricultural areas in relatively dry humid tropics based on the Regional Spatial Land Use Planning Regulations and land-capability evaluation. This research was conducted in the Regency of Jeneponto, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The observation site was chosen based on several maps overlapping to produce 30 land units spread across 14 land systems in Jeneponto. This study integrates ground surveys and geographic information systems technology. The land capability analysis used a simple approach factor, according to United States Department of Agriculture definitions. The results indicate that land capability was dominated by Class IV, which covered 35,133 ha or 63.1%. Class VI covered 12,581 ha or 22.6%, Class III covered up to 4,378 ha or 7.9%, and Class VIII covered 3,130 ha or 5.6%. Class VII covered only 486 hectares, or 0.9%, the smallest area. These results indicate that the dryland area which had become a land-use conflict was delineated by Regional Spatial Land Use Planning Regulations. The drylands found in Jeneponto cover 22,214 ha or 39.9%, which has been divided into two: an area where non-dryland agriculture was converted into dryland farming (16,503 hectares, or 29.6%), and an area where dryland-farming was converted into non-agricultural dryland area (5,711 hectares, or 10.3%). Interviews with 50 farmers in the study location revealed factors that had changed agricultural dryland use into non-agricultural dryland use; lower incomes due to decreased soil fertility was a crucial factor.</p>
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Shamsuddoha, Mohammad, and M. Abdul Aziz. "Human-Elephant interactions and associated damage in the northern transboundary areas of Bangladesh." Our Nature 19, no. 1 (December 14, 2021): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v19i1.41213.
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We have studied human-elephant interactions in the northern transboundary of Bangladesh and estimated the scale of associated damage due to the negative interaction by visiting conflict area, performing focus group discussions key informant interviews and using secondary data sources. Around 70-80 non-resident elephants regularly intruded to the study area through the international border fence using several trespassing points and engaged in conflicts with frontier villagers. We discussed the nature and scale of conflict and the financial losses due to the conflict. Besides severe casualties in both ends, the enumerated economic loss was USD 1,171, 665 in 2013 and 2014 due to the damage to cropland, houses and properties, trees and orchards. We have identified major human-elephant conflict (HEC) zones adjacent to the border fence through spatial analysis with different level of intensity. Appropriate human-elephant conflict mitigation measures such as habitat improvement and management, monitoring of elephant population, alternative income generation, awareness programs for the local people and working together with India regarding this issue is a timely and urgent need for Bangladesh
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Zhukova, Ekatherina. "Foreign aid and identity after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster: How Belarus shapes relations with Germany, Europe, Russia, and Japan." Cooperation and Conflict 52, no. 4 (May 26, 2017): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836717710529.
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This article looks at how Belarus, the most affected state by the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, discursively constructs cooperation with foreign countries that provide help in combating the consequences of the tragedy. It shows that different representations of foreign actors handling the prolonged consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster contribute to developing new friendships (with Japan), questioning existing cooperation (with Russia), and softening old (with Germany) and current (with Europe) conflicts in Belarus. The article makes a contribution to three debates in identity literature in constructivist International Relations: (a) identity and foreign policy; (b) the ‘voice’ and agency of the ‘Rest’; and (c) identity and difference. It is argued that when small non-Western states (help receivers) construct an ethical identity of bigger Western and non-Western states (help providers), they challenge the existing temporal and spatial identities of old strangers, enemies, and friends and create a new platform for conflict and cooperation.
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Zarezadeh, M., K. Madani, and S. Morid. "Resolving conflicts over trans-boundary rivers using bankruptcy methods." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2013): 13855–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-13855-2013.
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Abstract. A bankruptcy approach is proposed for resolving trans-boundary rivers conflicts in which the total water demand or claim of the riparian parties is more than the available water. Bankruptcy solution methods can allocate the available water to the conflicting parties with respect to their claims. Four bankruptcy rules are used here to allocate the available water to the riparian parties. Given the non-uniform spatial and temporal distribution of water across river basins, bankruptcy optimization models are proposed to allocate water based on these rules with respect to time sensitivity of water deliveries during the planning horizon. Once allocation solutions are developed, their acceptability and stability must be evaluated. Thus, a new stability index method is developed for evaluating the acceptability of bankruptcy solutions. To show how the bankruptcy framework can be helpful in practice, the suggested methods are applied to a real-world tarns-boundary river system with eight riparians under various hydrologic regimes. Stability analysis based on the proposed stability index method suggests that the acceptability of allocation rules is sensitive to hydrologic conditions and demand values. This finding has an important policy implication suggesting that fixed allocation rules and trans-boundary treaties may not be reliable for securing cooperation over trans-boundary water resources as they are vulnerable to changing socio-economic and climatic conditions as well as hydrologic non-stationarity.
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Nurjanah, Firda, and Andika Saputra. "SRATEGI SPASIAL KALANGAN TIONGHOA DI KAUMAN SURAKARTA." NALARs 20, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/nalars.20.1.29-36.
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ABSTRAK. Indonesia terkenal dengan keragaman budaya yang disisi lain dapat memunculkan suatu perbedaan. Dari perbedaan tersebut, tidak jarang memunculkan sebuah konflik yang berujung pada kekerasan. Seperti halnya konflik antara Tionghoa dengan pribumi muslim yang sudah ada sejak kedatangan Belanda. Penelitian kali ini berada di Kauman, Surakarta dimana kampung ini tidak hanya dihuni oleh kaum muslim melainkan juga Tionghoa. Dengan adanya dua komunitas yang berbeda identitas dalam satu tempat serta sejarah konflik antara Tionghoa dengan muslim dimungkinkannya terjadi sebuah pergesekan dan perbedaan. Identitas yang dimaksud adalah Jawa Muslim dengan Tionghoa non-Muslim. Dari uraian tersebut, langkah pertama yang dilakukan yakni mengetahui strategi spasial kalangan Tionghoa dalam memasuki Kampung Kauman. Langkah pertama tersebut berfungsi untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut mengenai interaksi yang akan terjadi. Selain itu, penelitian ini dilakukan guna mencegah dampak terjadinya konflik sosial di kawasan Kauman kedepannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode induksi kualitatif dengan penekanan pada proses observasi, wawancara dan pemetaan. Hasil yang diperoleh yakni terdapat tiga strategi spasial yang dapat membentuk pola ruang. Kata kunci: Strategi Spasial, Kalangan Tionghoa, Kauman Surakarta ABSTRACT. Indonesia is famous for its cultural diversity, which, on the other hand, can make a difference. From these differences, it is not uncommon for a conflict to lead to violence. Such is the case with conflicts between Chinese and native Muslims that have existed since the Dutch's arrival. The research this time was in Kauman, Surakarta, where Muslims and Chinese inhabit this village. With the existence of two communities with different identities in one place and the history of conflict between Chinese and Muslims, it is possible to have friction and differences. The identity in question is Javanese Muslim and Chinese non-Muslim. From this description, the first step taken was to know the Chinese's spatial strategy in entering Kauman Village. This first step serves to find out more about the interactions that will occur. Also, this research was conducted to prevent future impacts of social conflict in the Kauman area. This study used a qualitative induction method with an emphasis on the process of observation, interview, and mapping. The results obtained are that three spatial strategies can form spatial patterns Keywords: Spatial Strategy, Chinese Circle, Kauman Surakarta
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Hizbaron, Dyah Rahmawati, Dina Ruslanjari, and Djati Mardiatno. "Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic: An Adaptive Disaster Governance in Yogyakarta, Indonesia." Social Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030092.
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Since Indonesia reported its first case of COVID-19 in the capital, Jakarta, in early March of 2020, the pandemic has affected 102,051,000 lives. In the second week of the month, the government mandated all sectors to take necessary actions to curb the spread. The research set out to evaluate how the disaster emergency response was carried out amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (SRY). The research employs qualitative observation of adaptive governance variables, i.e., infrastructure availability, information, conflict mechanism, regulation, and adaptation. The research analyzed primary data collected from focus group discussions with key persons at the Local Disaster Management Agency, Local Development Planning Agency, and Disaster Risk Reduction Platform responsible for the crisis and included an online survey to validate data. The research revealed that the SRY had exhibited adaptive governance to the COVID-19 pandemic, as apparent by, among others, open-access spatial and non-spatial data, extensive combined uses of both types of data, and prompt active engagement of communities in the enforcement of new rules and regulations mandated by national and provincial governments. Furthermore, during emergency responses to COVID-19, the stakeholders provided infrastructure and information, dealt with conflicts in multiple spatial units, encouraged adaptations, and formulated emergent rules and regulations. For further research, we encourage qualitative analysis to confront other types of natural disaster for the research area.
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Kayembe, Harry César Ntumba, Didier Bompangue, Catherine Linard, Jérémie Muwonga, Michel Moutschen, Hippolyte Situakibanza, and Pierre Ozer. "Modalities and preferred routes of geographic spread of cholera from endemic areas in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): e0263160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263160.
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Cholera is endemic along the Great Lakes Region, in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). From these endemic areas, also under perpetual conflicts, outbreaks spread to other areas. However, the main routes of propagation remain unclear. This research aimed to explore the modalities and likely main routes of geographic spread of cholera from endemic areas in eastern DRC. We used historical reconstruction of major outbreak expansions of cholera since its introduction in eastern DRC, maps of distribution and spatiotemporal cluster detection analyses of cholera data from passive surveillance (2000–2017) to describe the spread dynamics of cholera from eastern DRC. Four modalities of geographic spread and their likely main routes from the source areas of epidemics to other areas were identified: in endemic eastern provinces, and in non-endemic provinces of eastern, central and western DRC. Using non-parametric statistics, we found that the higher the number of conflict events reported in eastern DRC, the greater the geographic spread of cholera across the country. The present study revealed that the dynamics of the spread of cholera follow a fairly well-defined spatial logic and can therefore be predicted.
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Madani, K., M. Zarezadeh, and S. Morid. "A new framework for resolving conflicts over transboundary rivers using bankruptcy methods." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 8 (August 15, 2014): 3055–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3055-2014.
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Abstract. A novel bankruptcy approach is proposed for resolving transboundary river conflicts in which the total water demand or claim of the riparian parties is more than the available water. Bankruptcy solution methods can allocate the available water to the conflicting parties with respect to their claims. Four commonly used bankruptcy methods in the economic literature are used here to develop new river bankruptcy solution methods for allocating water to the riparian parties of river systems. Given the non-uniform spatial and temporal distribution of water across river basins, the proposed solution methods are formulated as non-linear network flow optimization models to allocate water with respect to time sensitivity of water deliveries at different locations in a river network during the planning horizon. Once allocation optimization solutions are developed, their acceptability and stability must be evaluated. Thus, a new bankruptcy allocation stability index (BASI) is developed for evaluating the acceptability of river bankruptcy solutions. To show how the proposed river bankruptcy framework can be helpful in practice, the suggested methods are applied to a real-world transboundary river system with eight riparians under various hydrologic regimes. Stability analysis based on the proposed stability evaluation method suggests that the acceptability of allocation rules is sensitive to hydrologic conditions and demand values. This finding has an important policy implication suggesting that fixed allocation rules and treaties may not be reliable for securing cooperation over transboundary water resources as they are vulnerable to changing socioeconomic and climatic conditions as well as hydrologic non-stationarity.
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Olson, Erik R., Adrian Treves, Adrian P. Wydeven, and Stephen J. Ventura. "Landscape predictors of wolf attacks on bear-hunting dogs in Wisconsin, USA." Wildlife Research 41, no. 7 (2014): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14043.
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Context In Europe and the United States, wolf–human conflict has increased as wolf populations have recovered and recolonised human-dominated ecosystems. These conflicts may lead to negative attitudes towards wolves and often complicate wolf management. Wolf attacks on bear-hunting hounds (hereafter, hounds) are the second-most common type of depredation on domestic animals in Wisconsin, USA, and, typically, the most costly in terms of compensation per individual animal. Understanding the geospatial patterns in which these depredations occur could promote alternative hunting practices or management strategies that could reduce the number of wolf–human conflicts. Aims We compared variables differentiating between wolf attacks on hounds and non-hounds (e.g., pets), we constructed a spatial, predictive model of wolf attacks on hounds, and we explored how the landscape of risk changed over time. Methods We characterised landscape features of hound depredations using logistic regression. We applied the spatial model to a geographic information system (GIS) to display spatial patterns and to predict areas of risk for wolf attack. Key results Our model correctly classified 84% of sites of past depredations, 1999–2008, and 78% of nearby random-unaffected sites. The model correctly predicted 82% of recent (2009–11) depredation sites not used in model construction, thereby validating its predictive power. Risk of wolf attack on hounds increased with percentage area of public-access land nearby, size of the nearest wolf pack, proximity of the nearest wolf pack, and decreased with percentage of human development. National and county forest lands had significantly (P < 0.001) more hound depredations than did other land-ownership types, whereas private lands had significantly fewer. Conclusions Risk of wolf attacks on hounds had distinctive temporal and spatial signatures, with peak risk occurring during the black bear hound training and hunting seasons and in areas closer to the centre of wolf pack territories, with larger wolf packs and more public access land and less developed land. Implications Our analysis can help bear hunters avoid high-risk areas, and help wildlife managers protect wildlife and recreational use of public lands, and reduce public costs of predator recovery. We present a risk-adjusted compensation equation. If wildlife managers choose, or are required, to provide compensation for hounds attacked by wolves, while hunting on public lands, we suggest that managers consider adjusting compensation payments on the basis of the relative landscape of risk.
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Massei, Giovanna, and Dave Cowan. "Fertility control to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts: a review." Wildlife Research 41, no. 1 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13141.
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As human populations grow, conflicts with wildlife increase. Concurrently, concerns about the welfare, safety and environmental impacts of conventional lethal methods of wildlife management restrict the options available for conflict mitigation. In parallel, there is increasing interest in using fertility control to manage wildlife. The present review aimed at analysing trends in research on fertility control for wildlife, illustrating developments in fertility-control technologies and delivery methods of fertility-control agents, summarising the conclusions of empirical and theoretical studies of fertility control applied at the population level and offering criteria to guide decisions regarding the suitability of fertility control to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts. The review highlighted a growing interest in fertility control for wildlife, underpinned by increasing numbers of scientific studies. Most current practical applications of fertility control for wild mammals use injectable single-dose immunocontraceptive vaccines mainly aimed at sterilising females, although many of these vaccines are not yet commercially available. One oral avian contraceptive, nicarbazin, is commercially available in some countries. Potential new methods of remote contraceptive delivery include bacterial ghosts, virus-like particles and genetically modified transmissible and non-transmissible organisms, although none of these have yet progressed to field testing. In parallel, new species-specific delivery systems have been developed. The results of population-level studies of fertility control indicated that this approach may increase survival and affect social and spatial behaviour of treated animals, although the effects are species- and context-specific. The present studies suggested that a substantial initial effort is generally required to reduce population growth if fertility control is the sole wildlife management method. However, several empirical and field studies have demonstrated that fertility control, particularly of isolated populations, can be successfully used to limit population growth and reduce human–wildlife conflicts. In parallel, there is growing recognition of the possible synergy between fertility control and disease vaccination to optimise the maintenance of herd immunity in the management of wildlife diseases. The review provides a decision tree that can be used to determine whether fertility control should be employed to resolve specific human–wildlife conflicts. These criteria encompass public consultation, considerations about animal welfare and feasibility, evaluation of population responses, costs and sustainability.
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Vogt, David. "Selected aspects of political-geographic study of the democratic civil society." Geografie 120, no. 3 (2015): 444–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2015120030444.
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The paper focuses on political-geographical aspects of civil society and on the issues of politically engaged non-governmental organisations and civic initiatives in the Czech geographical community. It outlines the complex nature of civil society and different attitudes of researchers towards civil society and its political practice. Spatial aspects of civil society are pointed out, including the concepts of social capital and democracy. The importance of (liberal parliamentary) democracy is stressed, as well as aspects of deliberative and participatory democracy with a “vibrant” civil society. Further research should focus on the geographic factors of conflicts among civil society, state and business.
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Li, Guoyi, and Jungrae Lee. "What Is Happening in the Squares of China? Exploring the Experience of Participating in Square Sports and Sustainability Factors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 15693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315693.
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This phenomenological study explored the experience of participation in square sports in China and the social mechanisms by which they can be sustained. Ten study participants were selected through a purposeful sampling method. The findings indicate that their physical and mental health were either maintained or improved as they engaged in square sports. They also experienced reduced feelings of loneliness and an increase in their sense of belonging through exchanges with other members of their teams. They enjoyed the freedom from cost and spatial restrictions in pursuing leisure activities. However, conflicts also arose with other groups, mainly related to securing space in the squares. Additionally, the study found that conflicts between participants and non-participants in square sports emerged as a social problem. The social mechanisms by which square sports can be sustained were identified as people-led voluntary participation, pride in square sports, and the reproduction of economic capital using human resources.
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Rustiadi, E., and T. O. Veriasa. "Towards Inclusive Indonesian Forestry: An Overview of a Spatial Planning and Agrarian Perspective." Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika (Journal of Tropical Forest Management) 28, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.28.1.60.
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Forest area is the largest and most important part of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia but still faces many challenges, including deforestation, forest fires, peat swamp degradation and poverty of local communities due to horizontal and vertical forestry conflicts. This paper focuses on the analysis of forestry development based on spatial planning and agrarian perspective by conveying various facts. A single and centralistic authority over forest areas does not provide an effective basis for sustainable resource governance. There is a dualism of spatial and agrarian planning system namely between forest areas and non-forest areas. It should be integrated by mainstreaming inclusive collaborative management. We recommend promoting forest areas' arrangement under the control of an integrated spatial planning system for the people's greatest possible prosperity, including forestry management principles and objectives. Rationalisation of forest allocation (spatial pattern plan), which the optimum forest allocation must be viewed from the perspective of the overall spatial balance (both forest and non-forest areas, and between protected and cultivated areas) to provide land for food production, social welfare and environmental functions. Forestry implementation needs to consider the principles of economies of scale and prioritise benefits for local communities living bordering forests areas, especially for food cultivation areas. The government should commit to allocating at least 15 million ha inclusively by prioritising landless farmers and smallholder farmers. Increasing community participation in forest area utilisation and functions is pursued through increasing forest access for the community (social forestry and other schemes) without neglecting conservation functions.
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Yakova, Tamara. "Mass Media and Conflicts: Media-Geographical Studies." Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 680–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2021.10(4).680-697.
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This article presents the results of media geographical studies of publications of American and European mass media covering conflicts and crises of different levels and scales (global, international, regional, and local). Through the prism of media-geographical views on the processes of media reality formation, the author examined mass media approaches of different countries on the topic of coverage. The research methodology included media metric analysis, rank analysis (rank distributions of the popularity of semantic categories for Internet audiences around the world), quantitative and qualitative content analysis of media texts and analysis of publications according to the criteria of the theory of peaceful journalism. The results of the rank analysis illustrated the possibilities of using this method to study the mental landscapes of different countries and regions. Special attention was paid to the interpretation of meanings and their transformation in space and time, as well as to the spatial analysis of big data (based on Google Trends statistics) with an emphasis on the dynamics of changes in media behavior and media consumption of Internet audiences in different time periods. The empirical basis for content analysis was made up of publications of online versions of 10 American and European mass media in English, German and French of 2020. The main result of the study: the majority of media texts — about 80 % — do not contribute to the search for ways of peaceful settlement of conflicts (they abound in emotionally colored vocabulary, negative markers, categorical assessments, journalists do not make attempts to deeply analyze the situation, synthesize different positions and search for creative non-violent ways to resolve contradictions). Mass media publications often become a source of increasing tension in society, the parties of conflicts are represented as antagonists in media texts, journalists fail to establish a connection between them and bridge the gap between their interests. The results of a comparative analysis of media texts according to the criteria of the theory of peaceful journalism allowed us to classify the main approaches for the mass media conflicts covering and develop a number of proposals and recommendations to use in journalistic practice.
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Widiawati, Harfiyah, Melani Budianta, and Manneke Budiman. "Reading Spatial Governmentality, Understanding Mentality of Violence in Lampuki, Puya ke Puya, and Dawuk." MOZAIK HUMANIORA 22, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mozaik.v22i1.34019.
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Post-Reform Indonesian novels such as Lampuki by Arafat Nur, Dari Puya ke Puya by Faisal Oddang, and Dawuk by Mahfud Ikhwan critically question the problem of governmentality, inviting us to ponder upon how works of literature formulate a social change in terms of state crisis, economic uncertainty, and other instabilities. The theme of spatial governmentality in the form of conflicts due to land appropriation/acquisition and land use, shows the dynamic of power, spread to various state and non-state actors with diverse interests. This paper analyzes how spatial governmentality embodies itself in the narrative structure of the three novels in order to eventually scrutinize how power implicates structural violence. The discourse on governmentality frequently uses benign jargon such as progress, development, modernity; while in fact it is a process full of structural violence, often involving the deprivation of marginalized people’s land and livelihood. The change in spatial form, followed by economic and social transformation, enables those in power to dominate the circle of production and deprive the right to live through the limitation/closing of access to modality, i.e. the land as source of livelihood.
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Vejdani, Farzin. "Illicit Acts and Sacred Space: Everyday Crime in the Shrine City of Mashhad, 1913-1914." Journal of Persianate Studies 7, no. 1 (May 12, 2014): 22–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18747167-12341263.
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Abstract This article explores the connection between individuals, spaces, and daily crime in the shrine city of Mashhad during 1913-4. It challenges the prevailing emphasis on the city’s sacred status by highlighting the frequency and nature of illicit activities often involving urban non-elites. Using the Mashhad police newspaper Ettelā‘āt-e Yawmiya, it reconstructs conflicts between masters and apprentices, soldiers and civilians, tribes and settled populations, artisans, and family members. The article pays attention to the spatial distribution of crime in public and private spaces throughout the city. Finally, it considers the spectrum of crimes falling within the purview of the police including theft, raids, violence, debauchery, drunkenness, public disorder, and gambling.
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Mesgar, Mahsa, and Diego Ramirez-Lovering. "Informal Land Rights and Infrastructure Retrofit: A Typology of Land Rights in Informal Settlements." Land 10, no. 3 (March 7, 2021): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030273.
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Informal settlements represent a challenging operational context for local government service providers due to precarious contextual conditions. Location choice and land procurement for public infrastructure raise the complicated question: who has the right to occupy, control, and use a piece of land in informal settlements? There is currently a dearth of intelligence on how to identify well-located land for public infrastructure, spatially and with careful consideration for safeguarding the claimed rights and preventing conflicts. Drawing on a case study of green infrastructure retrofit in seven informal settlements in Makassar, Indonesia, we classify the informal settlers’ land rights into four types: ownership, use, control, and management. This exploratory study uses a typological approach to investigate the spatial dimension of land rights in informal settlements. We introduce non-registrable land interests and the partial, dynamic, and informal land use rights that impact the land procurement for infrastructure retrofit. We also create a simple spatial matrix describing the control/power, responsibilities and land interests of different stakeholders involved in the location decision making for public infrastructure. We argue that without sufficient understanding of non-formal land rights, land procurement proposals for the public infrastructure upgrades can be frustrated by the individual or group claims on the land, making the service provision impossible in informal settlements.
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Kacprzak, Ewa, and Barbara Maćkiewicz. "FARMLAND CONVERSION AND CHANGES IN THE LAND- USE PATTERN IN THE POZNAŃ AGGLOMERATION OVER THE YEARS 2000–2009." Quaestiones Geographicae 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2013-0036.
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Abstract The pressure exerted by a large city determines non-agricultural forms of land use in areas situated in its neighbourhood. Among the most alarming consequences of urban sprawl onto the surrounding areas are a steady and irreversible shrinkage of farmland and conflicts resulting from a mix of functions performed by the areas. This article describes the dynamics, scale and spatial differences of the process of taking agricultural land out of production in the Poznań agglomeration in the 21st century in terms of changes in the land-use pattern. In characterising the converted land, it also presents chief directions of its transformation, the regulations in force, and the resultant lack of full information about factual, and not only partial, conversions.
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Griesberger, Paul, Florian Kunz, Friedrich Reimoser, Klaus Hackländer, and Leopold Obermair. "Spatial Distribution of Hunting and Its Potential Effect on Browsing Impact of Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) on Forest Vegetation." Diversity 15, no. 5 (April 30, 2023): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15050613.
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Increasing numbers of wild ungulates in human-dominated landscapes in Europe could lead to negative effects, such as damages to forests through browsing. To prevent those effects and, thus, mitigate wildlife-based conflicts while ensuring viable ungulate populations, sustainable management is required. Roe deer, as the most abundant cervid species in Europe, is primarily managed via hunting to decrease population densities through harvesting. Besides direct mortality, non-lethal effects of hunting activities further affect the spatial habitat selection for this species. Accordingly, the spatial distribution of hunting locations might influence game impact on forest vegetation. To examine these relationships in more detail, we linked the spatial distribution of hunting locations for roe deer with forest damage through browsing in 20 regions in Upper Austria. Consistent with our hypothesis, an avoidance of forests by hunters was found in regions with <20% forest cover and intolerable browsing impact. When hunters in certain regions, however, used forests according to their availability, game impact on forest vegetation was tolerable. Although forest damage by ungulates depends on numerous factors, we conclude that careful consideration of hunting locations might be an additional approach to reduce browsing intensity by roe deer, at least in regions with low forest cover.
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Sittenthaler, Marcia, Lucia Koskoff, Kurt Pinter, Ursula Nopp-Mayr, Rosemarie Parz-Gollner, and Klaus Hackländer. "Fish size selection and diet composition of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in salmonid streams: Picky gourmets rather than opportunists?" Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 420 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2019020.
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Knowledge on predator diet and drivers of prey selection is particularly of interest for an efficient management of predator and prey populations where predators potentially compete with humans for resources. Actual or perceived predation by Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) on fish stocks generates conflicts in many countries. Recently, conflicts are heating up in riverine habitats, where multiple stressors affect stream fish populations. We combined dietary analysis of otter faeces and prey fish availability in three Austrian streams to assess spatial and seasonal differences in diet composition, the extent of (salmonid) fish consumption and the selection for specific salmonid fish sizes relative to their availability. Otters in upper reaches of temperate salmonid streams occupied a narrow trophic niche. Overall, otters fed predominantly on fish with salmonids dominating diet, both in terms of frequency and ingested biomass measures. Within the category of salmonids, otters selected for specific size classes. Concurrently, otters also displayed an opportunistic feeding behaviour, and seasonally and locally non-fish prey and other fish species than salmonids became key resources. Diet composition and salmonid size selection varied significantly within and between streams, which we relate to spatio-temporal variations of prey community composition and stream-specific habitat characteristics affecting prey vulnerability.
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Sowers, Jeannie, and Erika Weinthal. "Humanitarian challenges and the targeting of civilian infrastructure in the Yemen war." International Affairs 97, no. 1 (January 2021): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa166.
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Abstract Many modern conflicts, from Iraq to Yemen, have emerged as brutal wars in which state and non-state actors directly and indirectly target a wide array of civilian infrastructures, including water, energy and food systems. Similar to many twentieth-century wars, a common feature of the wars in the Middle East and North Africa in the twenty-first century has been the ‘civilianization’ of war, as civilian casualties far outnumbered battlefield deaths. We explore the targeting of civilian infrastructures in the Yemeni war (2011–2019) to explicate the connections between conflict, hunger and disease. We draw upon interviews with UN and humanitarian organizations, an original database tracking civilian infrastructure destruction, and a variety of print sources to document the extent and spatial distribution of the targeting of water, energy, agricultural and health systems in Yemen. We elucidate how the conduct of the Yemeni war has undermined human security and livelihoods and has created ethical, logistical and organizational challenges for humanitarian organizations and for advancing peacebuilding efforts. We find that after the 2011 popular uprising, some non-state actors targeted the energy sector; however, the scope and intensity of wartime targeting of civilian objects, particularly those associated with agriculture, fisheries and health, increased significantly once the Saudi-led coalition entered the war in 2015. Loss of livelihoods, internal displacement, currency depreciation, and blockades and sieges further intensified the wartime spread of hunger and disease. The targeting of civilian infrastructures significantly hinders peacebuilding efforts to restore basic services, rebuild livelihoods and strengthen governance mechanisms.
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Khakimova, Elena M. "Non-standard graphic realizations in modern printed texts." Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie 29 (2022): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/29/9.
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The article deals with violations of the callitypical norms regulating the use of fonts and compositional-spatial signs in a printed text. Norms and deviations of this type are represented in the modern orthology field, despite fundamental technical and technological changes in the media sphere. The theoretical foundations of the work trace their origin to papers on the functional and aesthetic aspect of printed graphics (E. Adamov, V. Toots, E.V. Oleshko, J. Tschichold, R. Bringhurst) and to orthological studies of callitypical norms (J. Vachek, A.A. Reformatsky, B.S. Schwarzkopf). The empirical basis was publications in Argumenty i Fakty and Cosmopolitan Russia for 2019. The author has revealed the following types of nonstandard callitypical realizations using the method of a systemic-functional analysis: total font accentuation (20 units); graphic overprotection (2 units); incorrect use of graphic markers in the main part of the texts (7 units); graphic polysemy and homonymy (72 units); graphic synonymy (51 units); non-normative compositional-spatial variants (5 units). All of them are associated with violations of semiotic symmetry between the signifier and the signified, which is characteristic of rigid systems, including printed language. These non-standard uses differ in terms of motivation, representing creative techniques (total font accentuation, graphic overprotection, ideographic synonymy) or callitypical mistakes (other non-standard variants). Units of the first type, when used appropriately, increase the expressiveness of printed tests; units of the second type complicate the solution of communicative tasks and reduce the level of the speech culture. The author pays attention to the criteria of callitypical normativity and shows that here, as in other orthological areas, the systems principle is in complicated interactions with traditional prescriptions. The study of graphic deviations proves that the callitypical norm creates clear architectonics and provides functional navigation. Therefore, it is advisable to comply with these requirements both in the press and in other types of printing product. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
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Su, Yue, Chong Su, Yan Xie, Tan Li, Yongjun Li, and Yuanyuan Sun. "Controlling Non-Grain Production Based on Cultivated Land Multifunction Assessment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031027.
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The control of non-grain production (NGP) has become a great challenge for cultivated land protection in China in recent years. A control method for NGP that can coordinate the conflicts between cultivated land protection and farmers’ interest is urgently needed. Taking Tongxiang City as an example, this research proposed a solution for the control and management of NGP based on cultivated land multifunctional assessment. The GIS and AHP approach were used to assess production function via a comprehensive evaluation index. The InVEST and FMSPA models were applied to assess ecological function while, the Maxent model was applied to assess recreational function, then multifunctional comprehensive zoning was conducted through natural breakpoint method and spatial overlay analysis. Five development-oriented function zones were considered, including the core area of grain production plus areas for ecological agriculture, leisure agriculture, compound agriculture, and general farmland. Differentiated control measures for NGPs in each functional subarea are proposed considering the current NGP distribution of Tongxiang city. This research can provide a reference for subsequent improvement of land management policies and can aid the achievement of sustainable agricultural development and rural revitalization.
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Zhang, Haiping, Xingxing Zhou, and Yi Huang. "Analysis of Spatial Interaction between Different Food Cultures in South and North China: Practices from People’s Daily Life." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9020068.
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An important component of research in cultural geography involves the exploration and analysis of the laws of regional cultural differences. This topic has considerable significance in the discovery of distinctive cultures, protection of regional cultures, and in-depth understanding of cultural differences. In recent years, with the “spatial turn” of sociology, scholars have focused increasing attention to implicit spatial information in social media data, as well as the social phenomena and laws they reflect. Grasping sociocultural phenomena and their spatial distribution characteristics through texts is an important aspect. Using machine learning methods, such as the popular natural language processing (NLP) approach, this study extracts hotspot cultural elements from text data and accurately detects the spatial interaction patterns of specific cultures, as well as the characteristics of emotions toward non-native cultures. Through NLP, this study examines cultural differences among people from South and North China by analyzing 6128 answers to the question, “What are the differences between South and North China that you ever know?” posted on the Zhihu Q&A platform. Moreover, this study probes individuals’ emotions and cognition of cultural differences between South and North China in three aspects, namely, spatial interaction patterns of hotspot cultural elements, components of hotspot cultures, and emotional characteristics under the influence of cultural differences between the two regions. Results reveal that: (1) people from North and South China exhibit considerable differences in recognizing each other’s culture; (2) among numerous cultural differences, food culture is the most popular; and (3) people tend to have a negative attitude toward food cultures that differ from their own. These factors can shed light on regional cultural differences and help address cultural conflicts. In addition, this study provides effective solutions from a macro perspective, which has been challenging for new cultural geography.
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Setiawan, Eko N., Ahmad Maryudi, Ris H. Purwanto, and Gabriel Lele. "Konflik Tata Ruang Kehutanan Dengan Tata Ruang Wilayah (Studi Kasus Penggunaan Kawasan Hutan Tidak Prosedural Untuk Perkebunan Sawit Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah)." BHUMI: Jurnal Agraria dan Pertanahan 3, no. 1 (May 29, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31292/jb.v3i1.89.
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AbstractLaw No. 26 Year 2007 on Spatial Planning (UUPR) mandated that all levels of government administration, ranging from the national, provincial, district/ city are obligated to prepare Spatial Plan (RTR). Until 2012, Central Kalimantan is one of the provinces which have not completed its Spatial Plan; one of the reasons was the lack of spatial integration of forestry spatial planning and provincial spatial planning of Central Kalimantan.The absence of spatial integration of forestry and provincial spatial planning of Central Kalimantan has the implication in triggering conflicts of land use. Forest areas were converted into oil palm plantations without any official procedures. There are 282 units of oil palm companies, occupying 3.9 millions hectares of forest area, with non-procedural procedures to convert forest area into oil palm plantation.To resolve this problem, the Government has revised the regulation of forest conversion by issuing PP No. 60/2012, provides opportunities for oil palm plantations, which under the Law of Forestry located in forest area but based on RTRWP of Central Kalimantan lies on APL or cultivation area, given the opportunity to re-apply the permit/license. IntisariUndang- Undang No. 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang (UUPR) mengamanatkan bahwa semua tingkatan administrasi pemerintahan, mulai dari nasional, provinsi, kabupaten/kota diwajibkan menyusun Rencana Tata Ruang (RTR). Kalimantan Tengah sampai dengan tahun 2012 merupakan salah satu Provinsi yang belum menyelesaikan Tata Ruang, salah satu penyebabnya karena belum adanya padu serasi antara tata ruang kehutanan dengan tata ruang Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah.Implikasi dari tidak adanya padu serasi antara tata ruang kehutanan dengan tata ruang provinsi Kalimantan Tengah adalah terjadinya konflik dalam penggunaan ruang, dimana terjadi penggunaan kawasan hutan tidak prosedural untuk perkebunan sawit di dalam kawasan hutan di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah sebanyak 282 unit perusahaan sawit seluas 3,9 juta hektar.Upaya penyelesaian permasalahan penggunaan kawasan hutan untuk perkebunan sawit di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah diakukan dengan revisi kebijakan tentang alih fungsi hutan PP nomor 60 tahun 2012 yang memberikan kesempatan bagi perkebunan sawit yang berdasarkan Undang-Undang Kehutanan berada di dalam kawasan hutan namun berdasarkan RTRWP Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah berada di kawasan APL maupun budidaya, diberikan kesempatan untuk mengurus perijinannya.
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Melichová, Katarína, Ina Melišková, and Lucia Palšová. "Land Withdrawal Vs. Regional Development: Does Withdrawal of Agricultural Land Lead to Increase in Entrepreneurial Activity and Generate Positive Spatial Spillovers? (Slovak Republic)." European Countryside 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 590–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2018-0033.
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Abstract In an increasingly urbanized world, the scarcity of space is a growing problem along with land consumption and soil sealing. To achieve sustainable development and sustainable land use, society has to resolve conflicts between residential, industrial, transport, commercial and green areas while creating a balance between social, economic and ecological targets. However, coordination of sustainable land use is a challenge for policymakers. The paper examines whether the withdrawal of land from the agricultural land fund leads to development, measured both by the increase in domestic entrepreneurial activity, as well as by the increase in foreign direct investments. The results are based on the analysis of panel data on the amount of land withdrawal, newly established firms and inward flow of FDI covering 41 administrative districts of Slovak Republic over 9 years (6 years in case of the FDI, due to the availability of data). Additionally, the spatial Durbin panel model was used to examine, whether land withdrawal and its non-agricultural use generate positive spillover effects on surrounding regions in terms of increased entrepreneurial activity and flow of FDI.
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Chamizo-Nieto, Francisco José, Nuria Nebot-Gómez de Salazar, Carlos Rosa-Jiménez, and Sergio Reyes-Corredera. "Touristification and Conflicts of Interest in Cruise Destinations: The Case of Main Cultural Tourism Cities on the Spanish Mediterranean Coast." Sustainability 15, no. 8 (April 8, 2023): 6403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15086403.
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Tourist demands and the ensuing commodification of habitability in cities have led to the emergence of resistance movements. This study aims to define patterns in touristified cities by measuring the presence of citizen initiatives, together with tourism intensification and related socio-demographic variables. All the indicators have been tested in the Mediterranean port cities of Barcelona and Malaga as they lead the cultural offer. Both municipalities have been analysed at census-section level and show a common urban pattern: the Airbnb offer has spread out in the old town in direct competition with traditional accommodation and replacing long-term rentals. Statistical analysis reveals a significant correlation among citizen initiatives with tourism services, which are the driver mechanisms behind the movements. Cluster maps show a clear centre-periphery pattern according to the tourism intensification set with high coefficient values for tourist accommodation. Bivariate spatial autocorrelation indicates that protest movements emerge in tourism specialisation areas with a high concentration of tourist facilities. Monitoring the proposed indicator system over time may serve as a basis for local administrations to promote new urban policies dealing with overtourism. Future research may redefine and include new variables, test other tourist destinations and consider a smaller non-administrative territorial unit of analysis.
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Han, Xiao, Yining Chen, and Hehua Zhao. "Temporal–Spatial Evolution, Influencing Factors, and Driving Mechanisms of Environmental Regulation Performance Disparities: Evidence from China." Sustainability 15, no. 15 (July 25, 2023): 11519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151511519.
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Countries worldwide are facing ecological crises, and improving global ecological quality through environmental regulations is key to achieving sustainable development. As the largest developing country, China’s response to diverse ecological conflicts in different regions through environmental regulations considerably impacts global ecological conservation. Based on 2008–2020 panel data from 30 provinces, this study measures the spatial distribution patterns and time-series evolutionary trends in environmental regulation performance differences using the entropy weight method and the Theil index model. Quadratic assignment procedure and qualitative comparative analysis models were combined to explore the determinants and driving mechanisms of differences in environmental regulation performance. The results show that the prevalent uneven development of environmental regulations and disparities in regulation performance mainly originate from inter-regional differences. Political factors affecting performance differences include decision value and decision decentralization; administrative factors are command-based regulations; and rule-of-law factors include project, financial, and subject regulation. Furthermore, these three factor types can interact to form eight high environmental regulation performance paths and seven non-high environmental regulation paths, which together constitute the driving mechanism for performance differences. This study enriches the theoretical understanding of environmental regulation performance differences from the public management perspective, which can guide environmental regulation policy optimization and promote high-level, balanced environmental development.
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Hoh, Yun Kyeong, Jinhae Chae, and Hyunjung Lee. "An Analysis of Differences in Perceived Social Value of Community Gardens as Urban Green Spaces between Participating and Non-participating Residents." Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 25, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2022.25.1.77.
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Background and objective The purpose of this study is to determine the difference in the perceived social values of community gardens as urban green space between participating and non-participating residents. Methods From December to March 2021, a survey was conducted on community gardens that targeted both participating and non-participating residents. For data analysis, frequency analysis, independent samples T-test and regression analysis were performed using SPSS 21.0. Results First, there were differences between residents participating in GCG activities and non-participating residents in their perception of community gardens, as well as their perception of expected conflicts. To resolve expected conflicts, both groups responded that efforts through communication were necessary, but participating residents highlighted the need for trust with the administration; while non-participating residents suggested improving the physical environment. Second, both groups recognized the social values of the community garden as important, and generally evaluated the value of leisure and recreation to be high. However, there was a difference between the groups when it came to the importance of each category of social values; participating residents ranked the categories in the order of symbolic value, value of the commons, and ecological value, while for non-participating residents, the priority of social values was ranked in the order of ecological value> symbolic value = the value of the commons. From this difference, it can be noted that the focus on the perception of spatial values could change from the physical aspect to the cognitive aspect depending on whether residents participated or not. Third, both groups answered that it was necessary to expand opportunities for participation to promote social values. However, participating residents prioritized institutional support over expanding opportunities for participation, while non-participating residents recognized the diversification of programs as an equally important means of social value enhancement as the expansion of opportunities for participation, placing more importance on the physical conditions for their participation activities. The value of the commons was found to be a factor influencing the satisfaction with relevant projects. Conclusion In conclusion, both participating and non-participating residents recognized the community garden as important as a space for realizing social values. Therefore, to realize social values in community gardens and successfully promote relevant projects, specific practical measures and strategies are needed to expand the physical value of community gardens, reduce differences between groups in their perception of social values through transparent and open communication and active participation, and enhance cognitive value through institutional support.
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Mian Akram, Ayesha. "Navigating Triple Consciousness in the Diaspora: An Autoethnographic Account of an Ahmadi Muslim Woman in Canada." Religions 13, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13060493.
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In 1974, the Pakistani Constitution was amended to declare Ahmadi Muslims as “non-Muslim”, initiating a systematic and hegemonic structural attempt to restrict Ahmadi Muslims from professing and practicing the Islamic faith in Pakistan. This state-sanctioned exclusion led to the mass migration of Ahmadis out of Pakistan into diasporic contexts. Using autoethnography, this article examines how being an Ahmadi Muslim woman in Canada remains rooted in deeply divisive politico-religious conflicts that transcend temporal and spatial boundaries and result in multiple layers of marginalities in the diaspora. I am conscious that my self-formation is racialized, gendered, and classed across three primary intersections: as a Pakistani/South Asian; as an Ahmadi Muslim; and as a woman. This “triple consciousness”, a term coined by Black feminist scholars and Afro-Latinx scholars in the United States to extend W. E. B. Du Bois’ “double consciousness”, produces a liminal and contradictory space of belonging—one that requires further reflection and analysis in the Canadian context where the racial continues to dominate our social world and proximity to Whiteness is privileged and rewarded.
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Facchinelli, Francesco, Salvatore Eugenio Pappalardo, Giuseppe Della Fera, Edoardo Crescini, Daniele Codato, Alberto Diantini, Donald Rafael Moncayo Jimenez, Pablo Estenio Fajardo Mendoza, Elisa Bignante, and Massimo De Marchi. "Extreme citizens science for climate justice: linking pixel to people for mapping gas flaring in Amazon rainforest." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 024003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac40af.
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Abstract In the Ecuadorian Amazon—one of Earth’s last high-biodiversity wilderness areas and home to uncontacted indigenous populations—50 years of widespread oil development is jeopardizing biodiversity and feeding environmental conflicts. In 2019, a campaign to eliminate oil-related gas flaring, led by Amazonian communities impacted by fossil fuel production, resulted in an injunction against the Ecuadoran Ministry of Energy and Non-Renewable Natural Resources and the Ministry of Environment and Water. On 26 January 2021 the Court of Nueva Loja issued a historical order to ban gas flaring in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The present citizen science project played an important role in this process, enabling the production of independent spatial information through participatory mapping with indigenous and farmer communities. Globally, lack of independent information about oil activities has led to the monitoring of gas flaring by satellite imagery, achieving remarkable results. However, apart from institutional and remotely sensed data, reliable spatial information on gas flaring in the Ecuadorian Amazon is not available. Therefore, we adopted the community-based participatory action research approach to develop a participatory GIS process, aiming both to provide reliable data and to support social campaigns for environmental and climate justice. This work presents the first participatory mapping initiative of gas flaring at a regional scale, carried out completely through open source data and software. Having identified 295 previously unmapped gas flaring sites through participatory mapping, we highlight that the extent of gas flaring activities is well beyond the official data provided by the Ecuadorian Ministry of Environment and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Nightfire annual datasets, which map only 24% and 33% of the sites, respectively. Seventy five of the detected sites were in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve. Moreover, 39 of the identified sites were venting instead of flaring, a phenomenon never before documented in the Ecuadorian Amazon. This study demonstrates that, because official datasets and satellite imagery underestimate the extent of gas flaring in the Ecuadorian Amazon, community-based mapping offers a promising alternative for producing trusted, community-based scientific data. This community-produced data can support campaigns for legal recognition of human rights and environmental justice in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Finally, this study shows how local environmental conflicts can foster policy transformations that promote climate justice.
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Yin, Shouqiang, Jing Li, Jiaxin Liang, Kejing Jia, Zhen Yang, and Yuan Wang. "Optimization of the Weighted Linear Combination Method for Agricultural Land Suitability Evaluation Considering Current Land Use and Regional Differences." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 10134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310134.
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This study was aimed at optimizing the weighted linear combination method (WLC) for agricultural land suitability evaluation (ALSE) through indicator selection, weight determination, and classification of overall suitability scores in Handan, China. Handan is a representative research area with distinct agricultural advantages and regional differences in land use, where the expansion of construction land has led to a rapid decrease of agricultural land in recent years. Natural factors (topography, climate, soil conditions, and vegetation cover) and socioeconomic factors (land use and spatial accessibility) were selected to establish a more comprehensive evaluation system. The index weight was calculated by the mutual information between index suitability and current land use. The consistency index was used to identify the boundary value dividing the overall suitability score into a suitable category and unsuitable category in each sub-region. The results demonstrated that the optimized WLC-ALSE model outperformed the comparison models using conventional methods in terms of the consistency between the evaluation results and current land use. Owing to the increasing limitations of topography, soil conditions, spatial accessibility, and land use, the proportions of suitable land in Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3 were 77.4%, 67.5%, and 30.9%, respectively. The agricultural land unsuitable for agriculture (14.5%) was less than non-agricultural land suitable for agriculture (7.4%), indicating that agricultural land had low growth potential in Handan. Finally, specific recommendations were made to improve agricultural land suitability, alleviate land use conflicts, and further optimize the model. The results can provide effective guidance for WLC-ALSE and land use decision-making for sustainable agriculture.
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Mongey, Vanessa. "Protecting Foreigners: The Refugee Crisis on the Belize–Yucatán Border, 1847–71." Law and History Review 39, no. 1 (February 2021): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248020000322.
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AbstractTaking mid-nineteenth century Belize as a case study, this article considers the role of migration in forming political, legal, and spatial geographies in a region with weak state institutions and disputed borders. The Caste War—a series of conflicts starting in 1847 in the southeastern Mexican state of Yucatán— resulted in the movement of thousands of people into the neighboring British settlement of Belize. This population movement reshaped the interface between the metropole and the settlement. This was a colony-defining moment in the development of Belize, leading to an extension of imperial control that eventually culminated in the transition to Crown colony in 1871. The refugee crisis was tied to broader Atlantic questions around asylum, law and empire. The benevolent treatment of refugees became the gauge of a “civilized” colony until the refugee crisis turned into a race crisis. This article examines how local administrators used a humanitarian discourse to enshrine white settler colonialism in a territory suddenly inhabited by a foreign-born multi-ethnic majority. The refugee label became a way to secure British sovereignty over the territory and its inhabitants, including non-British subjects, while extracting resources from the newcomers.
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Hamler, Hamler, and Leonard C. Opara. "LAND LAW IN THE COMMUNAL RIGHTS OF THE COMMUNITY." PENA LAW: International Journal of Law 1, no. 1 (May 21, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.56107/penalaw.v1i1.6.
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Land has an important role to human livelihood and the economic need for land that is inversely proportional to the availability of the amount of land (tendrung is static) to be one factor triggering the spike in the number of disputes, conflicts and land affairs that occurred in Indonesia. Land use change can be a cause of disputes followed by the development of plantation development that continues to increase causing increased demand for land. Communal rights to customary community land should be given legal protection. These communal rights shall be regulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs / Spatial Planning and Head of BPN Number 10 of 2016, and in particular the provisions of Article 16 paragraph 1 h jo Section 53 of the BAL, In case of land rights disputes granted to legal subjects with communal rights of customary law community then the law must be enforced in its settlement to be resolved through the Court (litigation) of the institution having the authority to resolve the dispute and settlement of a non litigation dispute or alternative disputes resolution. Alternative dispute resolution in the form of win-win solusen that can provide mutual benefit.
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Park, Shin-Young, Peter Wolfram, John Manis, Hilary Beggs, Cesar Nombela-Arrieta, Gregory Pivarnik, and Leslie E. Silberstein. "FAK Regulates Progenitor B Cell Growth, Localization and Retention in Bone Marrow Microenvironments." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.1119.1119.
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Abstract Abstract 1119 Progenitor B cells are thought to reside in complex bone marrow microenvironments, e.g. niches, where they receive signals for growth and maturation. Here we have conditionally targeted in B cells the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), because of its function as an integrator of cell extrinsic signals including CXCL12 and VCAM-1. The number of progenitor (pro-, pre- and immature) B cells is reduced by 30–40% in CD19-Cre Fak fl/fl mice compared to wild type mice, and ex vivo cultured, Fak deleted pro-B cells exhibit impaired IL-7 ± CXCL12 mediated proliferation and survival. A novel quantitative laser scanning cytometry approach was used to demonstrate that Fak deletion also disrupts the non-random gradient distribution in femoral bone marrow of progenitor B cells, which normally are preferentially localized in endosteal regions of the metaphyses and to a lesser degree of the diaphysis. Increased numbers of pro-B cells are detected in the periphery of Fak deleted mice, and mobilization of pro-B cells induced by the inflammatory antigen NP-CGG-alum is increased 3-fold in Fak-deleted versus wild type mice. In addition, intravenously transferred Fak deleted pro-B cells have defective homing specifically to the extra-vascular compartment of the bone marrow. Collectively, these studies illustrate the importance of FAK in regulating progenitor B cell homeostasis and maintenance of their spatial distribution in bone marrow niches. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Anokhina, Yu Yu. "The «metaphysics» of emptiness in Boratynsky's poetry." Solov’evskie issledovaniya, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2076-9210.2019.4.154-166.
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The paper is devoted to the late lyrics of E. A. Boratynsky (1800-1844), namely his final book of verses Twilight (1842). The question of how the motif of emptiness functions in this work is considered. The study of this issue uses the philological method of motifs analysis, as well as the possibility of hermeneutic and structural-semantic methods of research. It is shown that one of the functions of the motif of emptiness is that it appears as a property of objects of the immaterial world: emptiness is understood as the absence of value and cognitive meanings. The author considers the question of how these types of values are interrelated. The article demonstrates that the motif of emptiness is involved in the structuring of the artistic space of Boratynsky's book, and analyzes the idea of emptiness as a property of spatial images embodied in the book. It is shown that the image of the desert is one of the most significant in the book, in the article it is considered in relation to the image of the desert. In addition, in "Twilight" the idea of emptiness is embodied as a property of time, emptiness appears as characteristic of the individual-personal being of the sub-ject in the book of poems by Boratynsky, the motif of emptiness is ontological, since emptiness is correlated with the category of non-existence. The author shows that the analysis of the motif of emptiness allows us to better understand the essence of the romantic conflicts reflected in the book: the opposition of the poet and society, and at the same time, the internal conflict of the lyrical hero of Twilight. As a result of the analysis, the author concludes that one of the foundations of the artistic philosophy reflected in the work is the search for ways to overcome the emptiness- meaninglessness of being.
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Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud. "Imperial Cartography and National Mapping in Afghanistan." International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, no. 2 (May 2022): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074382200040x.
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Afghanistan assumed its modern cartographic form in piecemeal fashion between the late 1860s and early 1890s in the context of British imperial boundary-making projects in South Asia and the Middle East. The bordering of Afghanistan was contextualized by the global British empire and multiple boundary conflicts and frontier anxieties involving the British and the French, German, Russian, and other imperial powers as well as local rulers. The fundamental point here is that the map of Afghanistan is a product of imperial and interimperial concerns, and it has not benefited the Afghan people. The map of Afghanistan may or may not have served the imperial purposes for which it was created, but more importantly, by uncritically accepting it and its imperial heritage, we Afghans have become victims of an imperial map of ourselves. Afghans and non-Afghans will benefit from directly confronting the coercive impact of imperial mapping agendas on the largely invisible people “on the map” of Afghanistan. This essay historicizes the production of maps of modern Afghanistan, exposing imperial and crypto-colonial influences upon our national cartography. In so doing, it critically reimagines our spatial politics and reconfigures our intellectual infrastructure. It is an exercise in historical recentering designed to instill Afghan humanity and agency onto the map of Afghanistan.
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Livingstone, Nicola, Nick Gallent, Iqbal Hamiduddin, Meri Juntti, and Phoebe Stirling. "Beyond Agriculture: Alternative Geographies of Rural Land Investment and Place Effects across the United Kingdom." Land 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111153.
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Global land ownership patterns have been shifting in recent decades, as institutional and non-traditional investors redirect capital into rural areas. Such investment is a stimulating alternative for innovative profit-driven land uses that move beyond agriculture. This paper explores how ‘new money’ economies have created place effects in three rural case studies across the United Kingdom, through concepts of built, natural, social, and economic capital. The case studies are informed by secondary research, site visits, and interviews, providing snapshots of investment impact. They represent diverse transformations in rural land use via new forms of direct investment, active investment, and processes of financing rather than financialisation, with distinct spatial and temporal characteristics. The case studies include new wine production in Kent, England; transforming the Menie Estate into Trump International Golf Links Scotland (TIGLS); and farm diversification in Northern Ireland. The conclusions tell three investment stories, where place effects reflect the dichotomies, contestation, and symbiosis between investors and local contexts. New land uses create place effects where economic potential often conflicts with natural capital impacts, although they foster knowledge creation and exchange. The underlying values of the investors and their navigation of local politics also have key roles to play in shaping the built, natural, social, and economic place effects.
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Souza da Silva, Gerald Norbert, and Márcia Maria Guedes Alcoforado de Moraes. "Decision Support for the (Inter-)Basin Management of Water Resources Using Integrated Hydro-Economic Modeling." Hydrology 8, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8010042.
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The development of adequate modeling at the basin level to establish public policies has an important role in managing water resources. Hydro-economic models can measure the economic effects of structural and non-structural measures, land and water management, ecosystem services and development needs. Motivated by the need of improving water allocation using economic criteria, in this study, a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) with a hydro-economic optimization model (HEAL system) was developed and used for the identification and analysis of an optimal economic allocation of water resources in a case study: the sub-middle basin of the São Francisco River in Brazil. The developed SDSS (HEAL system) made the economically optimum allocation available to analyze water allocation conflicts and trade-offs. With the aim of providing a tool for integrated economic-hydrological modeling, not only for researchers but also for decision-makers and stakeholders, the HEAL system can support decision-making on the design of regulatory and economic management instruments in practice. The case study results showed, for example, that the marginal benefit function obtained for inter-basin water transfer, can contribute for supporting the design of water pricing and water transfer decisions, during periods of water scarcity, for the well-being in both basins.
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Kryukova, Olga S. "The art space in Eugene Vodolazkin’s novel Brisbane: The imagological aspect." Imagologiya i komparativistika, no. 18 (2022): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/18/18.
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The article considers the spatial opposition in the novel Brisbane by Eugene Vodolazkin. The spatial opposition “Russia - other countries” for the character first appears in Leningrad, when he studies at university. This opposition is at first somewhat illusory in its nature. The “Russia - Germany” opposition is an invariant of the “Russia - other countries” spatial opposition and also appears in the story during Gleb’s studies at university. The so-called “German” for Gleb is primarily associated with Katarina, later Katya - the name she took out of respect for the Russian roots of Gleb, as well as with the echoes of World War II, which sound muted, sometimes conciliatory. The “German” in the novel is also embodied in cultural onomasticon. The spatial opposition “Russia - Italy” occupies a somewhat more modest place than the opposition “Russia - Germany” in the plot, but it is significant for the national and civil self-determination of the character. Contemporary Italy appears in the novel closer to its end and is associated with the second storyline - the plane of the present. The comparison of Russia and Italy takes place symbolically, on the border of eternity, in timeless space. The “Italian” in the novel is also associated with the world of music. Finally, another spatial opposition, “Russia - Ukraine,” plays an important role in both the plot and the description of the main character of the novel, and organically combines the two national identities, without separating them, as well as the cultural and historical space of Russia and Ukraine. The article also analyzes the oppositions “Kyiv -Petersburg” and “Kyiv - Moscow.” A detailed topography in the novel appears when describing a non-alien space. The motifs of topophobia and to-pophilia when mastering someone else’s space are distinguished. The art world of the novel also includes images of a liminal space. These are train stations and airports, a kind of a gate of the city (or country), the state border, the Berlin Wall. In Slavic mythology, there is another, invisible ontological boundary - between this-being and that-being, the visible symbols of which are the church and the cemetery, separating the world of the living from the kingdom of the dead. These loci are also presented in the novel. In a sense, Brisbane is also a liminal space, since Australia in ordinary consciousness is often perceived as the edge of the world. Brisbane is a metaphor for a little paradise, heaven on Earth, an unattainable dream desired by Arcadia. Brisbane is a metaspace characteristic of neomodernism, which connects all the plot nodes of the novel. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
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Jeftic, Marija, Slobodan Bajagic, Aleksandar Lucic, and Ljubinko Rakonjac. "Vulnerability of environmental systems of the functional urban region - detection by digital tool." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 15, no. 3 (2017): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace161101038j.
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Space, as a non-renewable category, is the most valuable resource of Istria including not only landscapes, sea, seabed and the accompanying wildlife but also very sensitive resources such as ground water, seashore and woodlands. The aim of the study was to determine whether it is possible to reduce the negative impact of development activities on space using Geography Information System digital tools (GIS). Digital GIS tools were used in the study of the pressures made by urban infrastructure and services on the environment of the given area to assess the impact of sectoral and other pressures on the selected natural and cultural systems of the coastal region of Istria County. The key concept of the research methodology includes analytical and objective identification of conflicts in the space and provides spatial models for their reduction or complete elimination. The Overlay Method is essentially a type of a spatial model which produces an overlap of different thematic contents, in this case one of the models of the environment content overlaps with a model of pressure of development activities on the selected space element. As a final result, the critical areas are designated and further guidelines and proposals for the redefinition or revision of solutions are offered. A combined digital model and an analytical approach to the study of the impact of development activities on the natural sea system proved to be suitable tools for the assessment of negative effects on the ecological systems of the study area. Ports and aquaculture areas exert the biggest negative impact on the coastal sea which is constantly under direct pressures brought about by activities occurring in the sea itself. In addition to the direct pressure in the sea, the coastline is potentially threatened by human-induced pressures from the mainland.
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Baltzinger, Marie, Anders Mårell, Marc Deconchat, and Rachel Barrier. "Open game fences and their socio-spatial effects: Placing red deer, placing humans, managing territories." TRACE ∴ Journal for Human-Animal Studies 4 (June 1, 2018): 28–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.23984/fjhas.67671.
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Big game populations have been rapidly increasing in temperate and boreal ecosystems worldwide, which has prompted the need to study the socio-ecological issues related to their management. In addition, the use of game-fencing has been spreading in certain rural areas, especially in French Sologne. These two parallel trends raise the issue of the new socio-spatial arrangements developing in rural areas. We set up an in-depth case-study combining stakeholder-interviews and ecological surveys (red deer trails, pellets and bed sites) to understand how game fences may affect both animal and human mobility, and why this may raise human conflicts. The study site was a 17.52 km² fenced landscape comprising a public forest bordered on the north and south by two privately owned fenced lots. Both the interviews and the ecological data indicated that the fences were crossable for red deer. We did not find any fencing effect on the location of red deer trails, though red deer pellet groups were significantly more frequent outside fenced lots. On the other hand, we recorded more bed sites within fenced lots, in accordance with the stakeholders’ statements that fenced lots had a high sheltering value for red deer. This implies that stakeholders have contrasting opportunities to encounter red deer because the fences deter non-owners from trespassing. Although any private owner has the legal right to fence his or her land under French law, our finding calls for more attention to how the fencing is designed, since its effects may impact the surrounding landscape. For instance, fences can allow a single owner to impose game management policies in the areas surrounding his or her estate.
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Chen, J., Y. Hu, Y. Yu, and S. Lü. "Ergodicity test of the eddy correlation method." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 12 (July 10, 2014): 18207–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-18207-2014.
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Abstract. The turbulent flux observation in the near-surface layer is a scientific issue which researchers in the fields of atmospheric science, ecology, geography science, etc. are commonly interested in. For eddy correlation measurement in the atmospheric surface layer, the ergodicity of turbulence is a basic assumption of the Monin–Obukhov (M–O) similarity theory, which is confined to steady turbulent flow and homogenous surface; this conflicts with turbulent flow under the conditions of complex terrain and unsteady, long observational period, which the study of modern turbulent flux tends to focus on. In this paper, two sets of data from the Nagqu Station of Plateau Climate and Environment (NaPlaCE) and the cooperative atmosphere–surface exchange study 1999 (CASE99) were used to analyze and verify the ergodicity of turbulence measured by the eddy covariance system. Through verification by observational data, the vortex of atmospheric turbulence, which is smaller than the scale of the atmospheric boundary layer (i.e., its spatial scale is less than 1000 m and temporal scale is shorter than 10 min) can effectively meet the conditions of the average ergodic theorem, and belong to a wide sense stationary random processes. Meanwhile, the vortex, of which the spatial scale is larger than the scale of the boundary layer, cannot meet the conditions of the average ergodic theorem, and thus it involves non-ergodic stationary random processes. Therefore, if the finite time average is used to substitute for the ensemble average to calculate the average random variable of the atmospheric turbulence, then the stationary random process of the vortex, of which spatial scale was less than 1000 m and thus below the scale of the boundary layer, was possibly captured. However, the non-ergodic random process of the vortex, of which the spatial scale was larger than that of the boundary layer, could not be completely captured. Consequently, when the finite time average was used to substitute for the ensemble average, a large rate of error would occur with use of the eddy correction method due to losing the low frequency component information of the larger vortex. When the multi-station observation was compared with the single-station observation, the wide sense of stationary random process originating from the multi-station observation expanded from a vortex which was about 1000 m smaller than a boundary layer scale to the turbulent vortex, which was larger than the boundary layer scale of 2000 m. Therefore, the calculation of the turbulence average or variance and turbulent flux could effectively meet the ergodic assumption, and the results would be approximate to the actual values. Regardless of vertical velocity and temperature, if the ergodic stationary random processes could be met, then the variance of the vortexes in the different temporal scales could follow M–O similarity theory; in the case of the non-ergodic random process, its vortex variance deviated from the M–O similarity relations. The exploration of ergodicity in the atmospheric turbulence measurements is doubtlessly helpful to understanding the issues in atmospheric turbulent flux observation, and provides a theoretical basis for overcoming related difficulties.