Academic literature on the topic 'Non-spatial conflicts'
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Journal articles on the topic "Non-spatial conflicts"
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Chen, Ziyu, Xiufeng Chen, Ruicong Wang, and Mengyuan Gao. "Characterization of Pedestrian Crossing Spatial Violations and Safety Impact Analysis in Advance Right-Turn Lane." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 9134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159134.
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In view of the pedestrian space violation in an advance right-turn lane, the pedestrian crossing paths are divided by collecting the temporal and spatial information of pedestrians and motor vehicles, and the characteristics of different pedestrian crossing behaviors are studied. Combined with the time and speed indicators of conflict severity, the K-means method is used to divide the level of conflict severity. A multivariate ordered logistic regression model of the severity of pedestrian–vehicle conflict was constructed to quantify the effects of different factors on the severity of the pedestrian–vehicle conflict. The study of 1388 pedestrians and the resulting pedestrian–vehicle conflicts found that the type of spatial violation has a significant impact on pedestrian crossing behavior and safety. The average crossing speed and acceleration variation values of spatially violated pedestrians were significantly higher than those of other pedestrians; there is a significant increase in the severity of pedestrian–vehicle conflicts in areas close to the oncoming traffic; the average percentage of pedestrian–vehicle conflicts due to spatial violations increased by 12%, and the percentage of serious conflicts due to each type of spatial violation increased from 18% to 87%, 74%, 30%, and 63%, respectively, compared with those of non-violated pedestrians. In addition, the decrease in the number of lanes and the increase in speed and vehicle reach all lead to an increase in the severity of pedestrian–vehicle conflicts. The results of the study will help traffic authorities to take measures to ensure pedestrian crossing safety.
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Akabua, Kojo M., Wiktor L. Adamowicz, and Peter C. Boxall. "Spatial non-timber valuation decision support systems." Forestry Chronicle 76, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc76319-2.
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Decision support systems (DSS) can be useful tools for facilitating the application of complex economic models. Two examples of DSSs are used to illustrate the application of non-market valuation models that have been developed to estimate the economic value, as well as the level of participation, of recreational moose hunting in Newfoundland and Alberta. DSSs may be useful tools for foresters, biologists, tourist boards and economic development agencies to understand conflicts between industrial operations and other forest uses. Key words: non-timber valuation, decision support system, recreationists, databases.
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Ioannou, Byron, Lora Nicolaou, Konstantinos Serraos, and Georgia Spiliopoulou. "Large Urban Developments as Non-Planning Products: Conflicts and Threats for Spatial Planning." Urban Planning 4, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v4i4.2266.
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The article approaches different concepts of Large Urban Developments (LUDs) as products of the notion of a “spatial fix” (Harvey, 2001), which explains why built or natural environments can be deployed in the process of creating opportunities for new investments. Greece and Cyprus are two countries in the south of the European Union that underwent delayed urbanisation and significant land fragmentation in the form of small size private ownerships and with limited experience in comprehensive development. Greece has adopted a well-structured but complex spatial planning system, bureaucratic with limited effectiveness, adaptability or flexibility of delivery processes. On the other hand, Cyprus has a flexible but centralized system, effective in processing change but problematic in regulating quality in the built environment. Both countries recently experienced major financial crises. In the early 2010s, both governments promoted, as part of an economic recovery policy, extensive real estate development on public or privately-owned land with emphasis on LUDs as ways of addressing economic shortfalls. Inappropriately, LUDs have been primarily “conceived” as opportunities to attract foreign investments rather than a means of tackling crucial current deficiencies. New spatial planning frameworks merely add greater “flexibility” to the system in order to accelerate large private real estate investment. The article attempts to reveal, through case studies’ reviews, the impact of LUDs in countries with no infrastructure or experience in accommodating large-scale investment. It explores how the experience in Greece and Cyprus differs in terms of the relevant legislation adopted, the effectiveness in fulfilling its primary objective in attracting investment, and what are the possible social and environmental consequences on the planning acquis.
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Cidrás, Diego, Rubén-Camilo Lois-González, and Valerià Paül. "Rural Governance against Eucalyptus Expansion in Galicia (NW Iberian Peninsula)." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 3396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103396.
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Researchers, planners, and decision makers admit the need to take into account the social conflicts inherent to invasive species management in order to minimize controversy. These conflicts are mainly based on differences in values systems, thus causing antithetical policies in environmental management. On the topic of Eucalyptus plantations, this paper studies two cases in Galicia, a region under an emerging social fight between advocates and opponents: firstly, we analyze a local community that is progressively eradicating Eucalyptus through the principles of ecological restoration; and secondly, a planning initiative led by a local government with. In order to set the spatial and social dimensions of the conflict, the methodological approach is based on the components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perception theory. The results are discussed with the purpose of examining to what extent the case studies imply a new model of rural governance, and in this respect, are transferrable to other situations. We conclude that institutional non-interference in Eucalyptus management facilitates the emergence of diverse new governance practices in the local scale but endures the conflict in its regional dimension.
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Yusuf, M., Faizah Bafadhal, and Maratun Saadah. "Tourism And Conflict : The Empirical Study Of Sipin Lake Development, Jambi City." Jurnal Pamator : Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Trunojoyo 16, no. 1 (April 6, 2023): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/pamator.v16i1.19603.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the causes of conflict and propose alternative conflict resolution in tourism development. Although this sector experienced a significant growth and was able to encourage economic growth at various levels, its management faces governance challenges for instance conflicts of interest that occur in the Sipin lake area. This area constructed in 2017 which is designated as a tourist area based on regional regulations spatial plan of Jambi city. The data is obtained from various field information through in-depth interviews, observations and various sources which then it is systematically coded to find the meaning behind the phenomena that occur. This paper reveals that conflict in development of tourism objects is triggered by the planning and implementing non-participatory regional development and differences in orientation among the actors involved. The management of an area of ± 161 ha is not maximum managed, and this can be seen from the management of the area that is not well-organized and untidy. This paper underlines that tourism conflicts can occur due to various things that result in poor tourism management so that the potential to reduce the number of visitors.
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Harris, Elizabeth J. "Utilizing the Theology of Religions and Human Geography to Understand the Spatial Dimension of Religion and Conflict." Religions 13, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13060496.
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This paper argues for an interdisciplinary approach within the study of religion and conflict. Using a religious studies framework, it demonstrates that tools from human geography, peace studies, and the theology of religions can be used to shed light on the intractability of conflicts where religion is not “innocent”. Within human geography, the spatial dimension of individual and communal identity, most particularly the concept of “mythical space”, can illuminate the non-empirical, affective factors that condition attitudes to religious and ethnic others. Similarly, within the theology of religions, the typology of exclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism can aid understanding of tendencies within all human communities, religious and non-religious, when faced with perceived threats from significant others. Two case studies, Sri Lanka and Israel/Palestine, are examined through this interdisciplinary approach, using illustrative “moments” within each conflict. Both highlight the affective power of primal imaginaries that are informed by narratives about religion, land, and identity. Without dismissing the importance of political and economic factors in the arising of conflict, this paper argues that it is not enough to analyse these factors alone. Other disciplines are necessary and this paper argues for two important examples: human geography and the theology of religions.
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Kronenburg García, Angela. "Territorial Conflicts, Agency and the Strategic Appropriation of Interventions in Kenya’s Southern Drylands." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 4156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114156.
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A number of scholars have noted that interventions, such as development programmes and climate change adaptation projects, that simplify complex social realities and thus lose sight of the relational dynamics beyond the target or beneficiary group, risk contributing to conflict. This article examines how a series of interventions in a particular dryland area in southern Kenya became embroiled in a long-running territorial conflict between the Loita Maasai (the beneficiary community) and their neighbours, the non-beneficiary Purko Maasai. Based on ethnographic research and by taking a historical perspective, it shows how Loita Maasai leaders systematically appropriated these outside interventions, used and reworked them with the strategic aim of stopping land loss to ongoing Purko encroachment. The analysis reveals two ways in which Loita leaders realized this: (a) by using interventions to stake out spatial claims to land; and (b) by capitalizing on the tendency of interventions to simplify local contexts. This article contributes to the debate on the linkages between intervention and conflict by highlighting the agency of intervention beneficiaries and showing that, through their actions, interventions may unwittingly reproduce and even aggravate existing conflicts.
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Neswati, Risma, Sumbangan Baja, Samsu Arif, and Hasni Hasni. "Dryland land-use conflicts in humid tropics: an analysis using geographic information systems and land capability evaluations." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 17, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v17i1.37824.
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<p>This study analyses land-use conflicts in specific dryland agricultural areas in relatively dry humid tropics based on the Regional Spatial Land Use Planning Regulations and land-capability evaluation. This research was conducted in the Regency of Jeneponto, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The observation site was chosen based on several maps overlapping to produce 30 land units spread across 14 land systems in Jeneponto. This study integrates ground surveys and geographic information systems technology. The land capability analysis used a simple approach factor, according to United States Department of Agriculture definitions. The results indicate that land capability was dominated by Class IV, which covered 35,133 ha or 63.1%. Class VI covered 12,581 ha or 22.6%, Class III covered up to 4,378 ha or 7.9%, and Class VIII covered 3,130 ha or 5.6%. Class VII covered only 486 hectares, or 0.9%, the smallest area. These results indicate that the dryland area which had become a land-use conflict was delineated by Regional Spatial Land Use Planning Regulations. The drylands found in Jeneponto cover 22,214 ha or 39.9%, which has been divided into two: an area where non-dryland agriculture was converted into dryland farming (16,503 hectares, or 29.6%), and an area where dryland-farming was converted into non-agricultural dryland area (5,711 hectares, or 10.3%). Interviews with 50 farmers in the study location revealed factors that had changed agricultural dryland use into non-agricultural dryland use; lower incomes due to decreased soil fertility was a crucial factor.</p>
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Shamsuddoha, Mohammad, and M. Abdul Aziz. "Human-Elephant interactions and associated damage in the northern transboundary areas of Bangladesh." Our Nature 19, no. 1 (December 14, 2021): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v19i1.41213.
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We have studied human-elephant interactions in the northern transboundary of Bangladesh and estimated the scale of associated damage due to the negative interaction by visiting conflict area, performing focus group discussions key informant interviews and using secondary data sources. Around 70-80 non-resident elephants regularly intruded to the study area through the international border fence using several trespassing points and engaged in conflicts with frontier villagers. We discussed the nature and scale of conflict and the financial losses due to the conflict. Besides severe casualties in both ends, the enumerated economic loss was USD 1,171, 665 in 2013 and 2014 due to the damage to cropland, houses and properties, trees and orchards. We have identified major human-elephant conflict (HEC) zones adjacent to the border fence through spatial analysis with different level of intensity. Appropriate human-elephant conflict mitigation measures such as habitat improvement and management, monitoring of elephant population, alternative income generation, awareness programs for the local people and working together with India regarding this issue is a timely and urgent need for Bangladesh
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Zhukova, Ekatherina. "Foreign aid and identity after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster: How Belarus shapes relations with Germany, Europe, Russia, and Japan." Cooperation and Conflict 52, no. 4 (May 26, 2017): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836717710529.
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This article looks at how Belarus, the most affected state by the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, discursively constructs cooperation with foreign countries that provide help in combating the consequences of the tragedy. It shows that different representations of foreign actors handling the prolonged consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster contribute to developing new friendships (with Japan), questioning existing cooperation (with Russia), and softening old (with Germany) and current (with Europe) conflicts in Belarus. The article makes a contribution to three debates in identity literature in constructivist International Relations: (a) identity and foreign policy; (b) the ‘voice’ and agency of the ‘Rest’; and (c) identity and difference. It is argued that when small non-Western states (help receivers) construct an ethical identity of bigger Western and non-Western states (help providers), they challenge the existing temporal and spatial identities of old strangers, enemies, and friends and create a new platform for conflict and cooperation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-spatial conflicts"
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Singh, Arun Kumar. "Modelling spatial and non-spatial conflicts across multiple design domains." Thesis, 2022. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5862.
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This thesis aims to detect spatial and non-spatial conflicts in product design arising out of requirements in different design domains. Handling such conflicts requires modelling the non-geometric knowledge outside the computer-aided-design (CAD) model and associating it with product geometry in the CAD model.
Product knowledge needs to be identified and structured to help detect spatial and non-spatial conflicts. System modelling Language (SysML) is used to model the product knowledge, specifically product structure, unoccupied or empty space blocks, product life-cycle states, and design domains. SysML Requirements diagram is used to model the design requirements. Block definition diagrams (BDD) model the product structure with empty space blocks. The relationship between Product life-cycle states and design domains is established through product structure and empty space blocks. The unused space blocks are allocated to design requirements from different domains based on the relationship modelled. These blocks are used to capture and represent knowledge inside CAD tools.
Identification and decomposition of empty spaces inside CAD have been discussed, and an algorithm has been developed for automating the decomposition task for empty space blocks. A method of modelling intended empty spaces using parametric primitive shapes has also been described.
An algorithm has been developed to capture the relationship between the empty space blocks and the associated design domains, product life-cycle states, and design requirements. An algorithm has been developed to identify and represent associativity between these blocks and features in the CAD model. Two case studies involving heat sink assembly and coupled-cavity slow-wave structure have been discussed to demonstrate and validate the framework for empty space modelling.
Spatial conflict detection using graph-based and matrix-based approaches like DSM, DMM, and MDM, have been discussed and implemented. Two different methods were developed for spatial conflict detection and evaluated for ease of implementation and visualization. Two case studies of Coupled-cavity travelling wave tube (CCTWT) Slow-wave structure (SWS) design and high-power RF window design are used to showcase the detection of spatial conflicts under multiple design domains.
Next, the thesis proposes using an octree model to represent the spatial conflicts across multiple design domains. This approach has the advantage of independence from the CAD system for computations and visualization. It also enables the resolution of dynamic spatial conflicts. A framework has been developed to create an octree model linked with intended empty spaces in the product. The model is also connected with design requirements, product life-cycle states, and functional design domains.
Two case studies of coupled-cavity travelling wave tube (CCTWT) slow-wave structure (SWS) design and high-power RF window design demonstrate the use of octree to visualize spatial conflicts outside of a CAD environment.
An octree-based voxel model gives us spaces free from conflicts, which designers can recommend for locating new parts in the assembly and carrying out layout planning. Spatial conflict detection for moving parts is also implemented where conflicts are detected for dynamic cases.
The octree-based voxel model is discussed and implemented to represent and compute non-spatial conflicts across multiple design domains. A framework has been developed to create an octree-based voxel model linked with physics-based non-spatial constraints. A case study of a travelling-wave tube (TWT) collector design has been taken to showcase the framework's capabilities for non-spatial conflict detection. It enables visualization of the octree model outside the CAD platform, along with spatial and non-spatial conflicts detected by associativity established between the part, physics-based constraints, and the product information available in the SysML model.
The thesis concludes by summarizing the contributions made and identifying areas for further research.
Books on the topic "Non-spatial conflicts"
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Billon, Philippe Le. The Geography of Resource Wars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.331.
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“Resource wars” refer to the linkages between armed conflict and access to natural resources.Geographically, these wars are frequently represented through world maps of “strategic resources,” combining the physical scarcity and non-substitutability of resources with their uneven spatial distribution and relative geopolitical location to pinpoint “hot-spots.” Yet perspectives on the links between war and resources are much broader than the continuation of resource policies through the use of military force. Similarly, the geographical dimensions of, and geographical perspectives on, these links are more diverse than maps of “strategic” materials. Classical geopolitical perspectives have most frequently linked the concept of resource war to interstate conflicts over the supply of strategic resources, giving way to a narrow and militaristic notion of “resource security.” To explain potential relations between resources and wars, political economy perspectives have articulated three main arguments about resources: an institutional weakening effect increasing vulnerability to conflict, a motivational effect increasing the risk of armed conflict, and an opportunity effect associated with resources financing belligerents. The other set of perspectives originates from political science and development economics studies, and is based on the assumption that the significance of resources in wars is largely rooted in questions of resource scarcity, abundance, or dependence.
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Koinova, Maria. Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848622.001.0001.
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Why do conflict-generated diasporas mobilize in contentious and non-contentious ways or use mixed strategies of contention? Why do they channel their homeland-oriented goals through host-states, transnational networks, and international organizations? This book develops a theory of socio-spatial positionality and its implications for the individual agency of diaspora entrepreneurs, moving beyond essentialized notions of diasporas as groups. Individual diaspora entrepreneurs operate in transnational social fields affecting their mobilizations beyond dynamics confined to host-states and original home-states. There are four types of diaspora entrepreneurs—Broker, Local, Distant, and Reserved—depending on the relative strength of their socio-spatial linkages to host-land, on the one hand, and original homeland and other global locations, on the other. A two-level typological theory captures nine causal pathways, unravelling how the socio-spatial linkages of these diaspora entrepreneurs interact with external factors: host-land foreign policies, homeland governments, parties, non-state actors, and critical events or limited global influences. Such pathways produce mobilization trajectories with varying levels of contention and methods of channelling homeland-oriented goals. Non-contentious pathways often occur when host-state foreign policies are convergent with the diaspora entrepreneurs’ goals, and when diaspora entrepreneurs can act autonomously. Dual-pronged contention pathways occur quite often, under the influence of homeland governments, non-state actors, and political parties. The most contentious pathway occurs in response to violent critical events in the homeland or adjacent to it fragile states. This book is informed by 300 interviews and a dataset of 146 interviews with diaspora entrepreneurs among the Albanian, Armenian, and Palestinian diasporas in the UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as Kosovo and Armenia in the European neighbourhood.
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Jobani, Yuval, and Nahshon Perez. Governing the Sacred. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190932381.001.0001.
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Contested sacred sites pose a difficult challenge in the field of toleration. Holy sites are often at the center of intense contestation between different groups regarding a wide variety of issues, including ownership, access, usage rights, permissible religious conduct, and many other aspects. As such, they are often the source of immense levels of violence, and intractable, long-standing conflicts. Governing the Sacred profiles five central contested sacred sites which exemplify the immense difficulties associated with such sites: Devils Tower National Monument (Wyoming, U.S.), Babri Masjid/Ram Janmabhoomi (Uttar-Pradesh, India), the Western Wall (Jerusalem), the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem), and the Temple Mount/Haram esh-Sharif (Jerusalem). The in-depth, contextual and casuistic study of these sites, which differ in spatial, cultural, and religious settings, enables the construction of a novel, critical typology of five corresponding models or ways of governing the sacred. By telling the fascinating stories of five high-profile contested sacred sites, Governing the Sacred develops and critically explores five different models of governing contested sacred sites: “non-interference,” “separation and division,” “preference,” “status quo,” and “closure.” Each model, in turn, relies on different sets of considerations, central among them trade-offs between religious liberty and social order. Beyond its scholarly contribution, the novel typology developed in Governing the Sacred aims to assist democratic governments in their attempt to secure public order and mutual toleration among opposed groups in contested sacred sites.
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Singha, Radhika. The Coolie's Great War. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197525586.001.0001.
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Though largely invisible in histories of World War one, over 550,000 men in the ranks of the Indian Army were followers or non-combatants. From porters and construction workers in the ‘Coolie Corps’, to ‘menial’ servants and those who maintained supply lines and removed the wounded from the battlefield, Radhika Singha draws upon their story to give the sub-continent an integral rather than ‘external’ place in this world –wide conflict. The labor regimes built on the backs of these 'coolies' had long sustained imperial militarism. This was particularly visible in the border infrastructures put in place by combinations of waged work, corvee, and, tributary labor.These work regimes, and the political arrangements which sustained them, would be bent to the demands of global war. This amplified trans-border ambitions and anxieties and pulled war zones closer home. Manpower hunger unsettled the institutional divide between Indian combatants and non-combatants. The ‘higher’ followers benefitted, less so the ‘menial’ followers, whose position recalled the dependency of domestic service and who included in their ranks the ‘untouchables’ consigned to stigmatised work. The book explores the experiences of the Indian Labor Corps in Mesopotamia and France and concludes with an exploration of the prolonged, complicated nature of the ‘end of the war’ for the sub-continent. The Coolie's Great War views the conflict unfolding over the world through the lens of Indian labor, bringing new social, spatial, temporal and sensory dimensions to the narrative.
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Chilton, Paul, and David Cram. Hoc est corpus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0016.
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This chapter, which has both a historical and an analytic dimension, concerns the ritual of the ‘Eucharist’ or ‘mass’, best known in the Catholic variant of Christianity. The first part of the paper outlines the part of the ritual’s complex history that is concerned with various theological attempts to explain or justify particular interpretations of the ritual that have been the subject of conflict. In particular, it outlines the intellectual history of efforts to apply sophisticated theories of language developed in the medieval period and the early modern period. These approaches already involved a theory of deixis that foreshadows modern theories in linguistics that are entirely non-theological. It is a recent linguistic theory, Deictic Space Theory, that is outlined and applied in second part of the paper. This is a cognitive approach to core aspects of linguistic meaning that are grounded in spatial cognition. The overall aim is to investigate, in context, the possible cognitive and emotional effects that may be brought about by the interaction among linguistic formulae and other features of the ritual. Close linguistic and multimodal analysis of the crucial and most controversial moment of the Eucharist is speculatively linked with known psychological, cognitive, and neural processes.
Book chapters on the topic "Non-spatial conflicts"
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Deafalla, Taisser H. H., Elmar Csaplovics, Mustafa M. El Abbas, and Mohamad H. H. Deifalla. "Spatial Distribution and Geosimulation of Non-timber Forest Products for Food Security in Conflict Area." In The Climate-Conflict-Displacement Nexus from a Human Security Perspective, 225–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94144-4_11.
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Shaban, Abdul, and Zinat Aboli. "Socio-spatial Segregation and Exclusion in Mumbai." In The Urban Book Series, 153–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_8.
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AbstractIndian society is characterised by significant horizontal (religious, regional, linguistic) and vertical (income, occupation, caste) divisions. These socio-economic fragmentations significantly shape the production of space in cities. In fact, all major cities in the country are pervaded by socio-spatial divides, which often become sources of conflict, violence, exclusion and, also, solidarity. Mumbai is the industrial, commercial and financial capital of the country. Bollywood has, over the years, helped in carving out a distinct (pan) Indian identity for itself and the city, both within and outside India, and is a major rallying and unifying aspect for India. Among all its glitter, the city is also infamous for its underworld (originating from its excluded and marginalised neighbourhoods), slums and poor residential areas. The city is pervaded by socio-spatial fragmentation and is a divided city. This chapter shows that the highest level of segregation in Mumbai is based on religion (Muslims and Non-Muslims), followed by class, caste and tribe.
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Emily, Crawford. "3 The Temporal and Geographic Reach of International Humanitarian Law." In The Oxford Guide to International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198855309.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses the geographical and temporal scope of international humanitarian law (IHL). Knowing where and when the provisions of IHL start and cease to apply is vital to ensuring that the rules are respected, and to identifying where other rules of international and domestic law are pertinent or more relevant. As a general rule, IHL applies from the commencement of hostilities, whether such hostilities are international or non-international in character. In international armed conflicts (IACs), situations of belligerent occupation also trigger the applicability of IHL, even if there are no active hostilities. However, there are different thresholds applicable in international and non-international armed conflicts (NIACs). As a general rule, in both IACs and NIACs, IHL will cease to apply when there is a ‘general close of military operations’. Meanwhile, the geographical or spatial scope of IHL depends on what kind of armed conflict is taking place, with different issues arising for both NIACs and IAC.
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Ayub, Muhammad Ashar, Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Wajid Umar, Muhammad Nadeem, Tasawar Ali, Hina Fatima, Zahoor Ahmad, and Muhammad Naveed Arshad. "Google Earth Engine-Based Visual/Qualitative Investigation on Urbanization." In Examining International Land Use Policies, Changes, and Conflicts, 125–38. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4372-6.ch007.
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An increase in the global population has led to a net shift of the global community to move towards cities from per-urban and village areas due to various reasons. This population pressure has made a net expansion of cities over time making urban-periurban fringe quite non-distinguishable in past decades. Especially in developing countries, these cities' expansion is often done on agricultural lands resulting in fast depletion of the most important natural resource responsible for feeding the globe. Google Earth Engine is an open access multi-functional remote sensing platform that can be effectively used to monitor urban sprawls. In this chapter, after a brief introduction of urbanization, google earth engine-based investigation is presented to visualize urban sprawl patterns in Beijing China. Visual presentation and high spatial resolution of google earth engine have proven to be very beneficial in this regard and the author strongly recommends using it for quick multi temporal urbanization study.
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Levy-Rubin, Milka. "The Coming of Islam." In The Oxford History of the Holy Land, 169–96. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192886866.003.0008.
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Abstract This chapter describes the changes which took place following the rapid conquest of the Holy Land, ruled previously for over 300 years by the Christian Byzantine Empire, by the followers of Muhammad’s newly founded religion (634‒640). It discusses the nature of the conquest (peaceful vs. violent), the establishment of Umayyad rule, and the construction of immediate symbols of Muslim power represented by monumental building projects such as the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa mosque, the renovated road network, and the caliphal palaces. It then continues to survey the upheavals in the following centuries with the rise of the Abbasids, the Tulunids, and other dynasties, as well as the effects of the relationships of the Muslim rulers with the Byzantine Empire. The chapter reviews the significant impact the conquest had on various aspects of the lives of the local population. These include the creation of a special status of Ahl al-Dhimma (the protected people) or Ahl al-Kitab (people of the book) for the non-Muslim inhabitants, as well as various processes such as emigration, the rise of Arabic language and culture, conversion to Islam, and spatial Islamization of the Holy Land, and the impact these had on the life and culture of Christians, Jews, and Samaritans. All of these processes were greatly affected throughout the early Muslim period by various political conflicts both within the Muslim caliphate, as well as outside it.
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Smallman-Raynor, Matthew, and Andrew Cliff. "Europe: Camp Epidemics." In War Epidemics. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233640.003.0019.
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One recurring theme of the previous chapter was the role of military assembly and training camps as sites for explosive outbreaks of infectious diseases during periods of wartime mobilization. Historically, however, the general problem of camp epidemics has extended beyond the initial massing of unseasoned recruits in barrack and tent camps on home soil to include the field camps, siege camps, and bivouacs of deployed armies, as well as temporary and makeshift military settlements such as prisoner of war (POW) and concentration camps. In this chapter, we examine the broader issue of camp epidemics (Theme 2 in Table III.A) with reference to sample wars in the European theatre. The social, physical, and environmental conditions that fuelled the spread of diseases in the military encampments of past wars, and which remain a potent threat in modern conflicts, are well known (Prinzing, 1916; Major, 1940; Bayne-Jones, 1968; Cantlie, 1974; Shepherd, 1991). As illustrated in Chapter 7 by the mobilization camps of the United States, military encampments of all kinds—often hastily erected and densely populated—provide a setting for intense population mixing, thereby increasing the likelihood of the transmission of infectious diseases. The epidemiological hazard is exacerbated by the injudicious selection of campsites and by the deleterious consequences of overcrowding, inadequate or non-existent drainage and sewerage systems, poor or contaminated water supplies, and by the failure to institute or to maintain rigid sanitary precautions. As for the occupants, they may be drawn from a variety of epidemiological backgrounds, they may possess different patterns of disease immunity, and their resistance to infection may be compromised by fatigue, trauma, mental and physical stress, exposure to the elements, and poor or inadequate diets. That there is often a high degree of spatial mobility between the constituent units of a camp system adds a powerful geographical component to the spread of camp epidemics. Against this background, the case studies presented in this chapter have been selected to illustrate different aspects of the geographical spread of camp epidemics.
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Kikon, Dolly, and Duncan McDuie-Ra. "Introduction." In Ceasefire City, 1–44. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190129736.003.0001.
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Dimapur has a limited public history, rarely features in popular culture, and has failed to capture the information of scholars. This chapter addresses the question ‘why Dimapur’ and offers six answers that serve as the book’s argument. First, Dimapur is the largest city in a tribal majority state. Second, Dimapur gives us the opportunity to frame frontier urbanism as a research agenda in India/South Asia. Third, more than just a city, Dimapur is a spatial experiment, a zone between the hills and plains, between tribal and non-tribal space. Fourth, Dimapur is a city governed under extraordinary laws with a substantial military presence and two camps of surrendered militants on its outskirts. Fifth, Dimapur has been both a city of conflict and a city of refuge. Finally, Dimapur allows the opportunity to begin an account of the Northeast, and Nagaland in particular, with urban modernity.
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Gooptu, Nandini. "The Political Construction of Slums in India." In The Oxford Handbook of the Modern Slum, 313—C17P77. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190879457.013.24.
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Abstract The slum in India is a relational concept, brought into being through actions of the state and non-state actors, who create specific forms of knowledge about the slum, imbuing it with multiple meanings and attributes. The colonial construction of slums as insanitary sites of disease contagion and as spatial aberrations consisting of debased humanity were further elaborated in postcolonial India, with the changing dynamics of nationalism, development, and democratic politics as well as class conflict over rights to the city. Slum populations have been variously portrayed as criminal, illegal interlopers in the city who undermine democratic politics, as multitudinous consumers of scarce urban resources, as reckless polluters who degrade urban life and thwart both urban and national development, yet worthy of benevolent ministrations of the state and elites. The idea of the slum has been at the heart of struggles over the nation and the city, spatially, ideologically, and politically.
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Koinova, Maria. "Introduction." In Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States, 1–31. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848622.003.0001.
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The Introduction lays out the book’s theoretical and empirical foundations, based on large-scale research conducted among the Albanian, Armenian, and Palestinian diasporas in the UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. Two questions are of core interest: (1) why do conflict-generated diasporas mobilize in more or less contentious ways; and (2) why do they pursue their mobilizations through host-state, transnational, and supranational channels? Diaspora entrepreneurs are studied with their linkages to contested states experiencing challenges to their sovereignty, specifically de facto states with limited international recognition, Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Palestine, respectively. The chapter presents a novel typology of four types of diaspora entrepreneurs based on configurations of their socio-spatial linkages to different global contexts: the Broker, Local, Distant, and Reserved. A two-level typological theory features interactions between diaspora entrepreneurs and homeland governments, parties, non-state actors, and critical events or limited global influences. This chapter presents other intellectual contributions of this book: going beyond analysis of diasporas as groups but focusing on individual agency; considering the socio-spatial positionality of diaspora entrepreneurs to different global contexts, not simply to host-states and home-states; shedding light comparatively on little explored diaspora lobbying in Europe, and integrating scholarship on migrant integration into the study of contested statehood. Scope conditions, methodology, coding, and dataset based on 146 interviews with diaspora entrepreneurs are presented next. The Introduction finishes by laying out the content of the individual chapters.
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Koinova, Maria. "The Microfoundations." In Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States, 61–94. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848622.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 is the second theoretical chapter focusing on the individual-level perspective on diaspora mobilizations and the two-level typological theory. How do the four types of diaspora entrepreneurs—Broker, Local, Distant, and Reserved—interact with exogenous factors? How do these interactions lead to different modes of contention and channelling of interest through host-states, transnational networks, and supranational organizations? The two-level typological theory is unpacked through each of its constitutive elements: (1) diaspora entrepreneurs, (2) exogenous factors affecting them, and (3) contentiousness and channelling of their mobilizations, through their conjunctural variations. The chapter first conceptualizes diaspora entrepreneurs’ socio-spatial linkages and the typology developed through novel relational coding. Building on earlier work in International Relations, the Politically Relevant Environment (PRE) is discussed next. It is useful to theoretically narrow down the numerous factors affecting diaspora entrepreneurs in a particular context, namely when they are socio-spatially contiguous and affecting existing grievances related to conflict-generated identities of diaspora entrepreneurs. The chapter further theorizes about causal mechanisms and the nine causal pathways emerging through interactions between diaspora entrepreneurs and PRE factors such as host-land foreign policies, homeland governments, parties, non-state actors, critical events, and limited global influences. Four non-contentious pathways, four characterized by a dual-pronged approach, and one more contentious are presented.
Conference papers on the topic "Non-spatial conflicts"
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KONIECZNA, Jadwiga, and Dariusz KONIECZNY. "CAUSES OF SPATIAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN RURAL AREAS IN POLAND." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.127.
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Rural areas, defined as land outside towns, except industrial areas, account for over 93% of the area of Poland. They are attractive as a places of work, residence, leisure, as well as places where agricultural and non-agricultural business activities can be conducted. Agriculture is naturally associated with rural areas. Currently, apart from the agricultural function and (depending on the socioeconomic, natural or historical conditions) rural areas are also places of leisure, recreation, residence or industrial activities. This is a consequence of implementation of the concept of multi-functional development of rural areas, in which conditions are created for diverse business activities, while respecting environmental constraints. Such a multifunctional approach must take into account the interests of all parties to avoid spatial conflicts. Therefore, actions aimed at the development of rural areas should be based on an in-depth analysis of the value of the area under consideration, they should take into account natural conditions (soil, climate, terrain) of the land for conducting agricultural activities, but also take into account environmental, social and economic aspects. Objective and historical conditions affecting agriculture in Poland and the experience gained so far indicate that there is a need to change the spatial arrangement of agricultural areas. This is because of the characteristic features of agriculture in Poland, which include a disadvantageous structure of farms in terms of their area, small size of farms, insufficient technical infrastructure in villages and difficult soil conditions. Rural areas in Poland, including agriculture, are undergoing deep structural changes in regard to agricultural production, but also to farm size and layout, demographic and spatial structures as well as technical and social infrastructure. The changes taking place in rural areas in Poland are greatly affected by the Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union. As a member of the EU, Poland has been receiving aid since 2004 and has been implementing actions within Rural Development Programmes. The aim of this paper is to analyse the transformations that have been taking place in rural areas in Poland and to present selected factors and causes of the changes in rural spaces.
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Ortiz, Veronica, and Natalia Villamizar. "RECONFIGURACIÓN DE ENTORNOS PEATONALES Una propuesta de diseño aplicada a corredores del centro tradicional de Medellín." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Bogotá: Universidad Piloto de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.10083.
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The rise of vehicular mobility during the 20th century led to a progressive decline of pedestrian mobility and one of the primary activities of human beings: walking. However, conflicts generated by urban growth and environmental deterioration have raised questions about how we think and intervene in our cities, giving rise to a gradual shift in mobility paradigms. Today, pedestrian, and non-motorized mobility have reemerged as central topics for both public agendas and the intervention on urban space. This shift has brought into the debate a variety of reflections about spatial design and quality and the human experience of space. To demonstrate the importance of pedestrian environments as a key space for sustainable mobility practices and based on a methodological proposal developed as part of a master's work, this paper presents a design proposal applied to Bolívar corridor, between Calle 44 San Juan and Calle, in the center of Medellín.
Keywords: Pedestrian environments, walkability, urban design, Medellín
Topic: 3. Public space and urban project in the contemporary metropolis. El auge de la movilidad vehicular durante el siglo XX significó el reemplazo progresivo de la movilidad peatonal y de una acción primaria del individuo: el caminar. Sin embargo, los conflictos generados por el crecimiento urbano y el deterioro ambiental han traído cuestionamientos acerca de las formas de pensar e intervenir nuestras ciudades dando lugar a una transformación gradual de paradigmas de movilidad. Hoy, la movilidad peatonal y la movilidad no motorizada se han vuelto temas recurrentes, tanto en agendas públicas como en la construcción del espacio urbano, visibilizando una importante variedad de reflexiones sobre el diseño, la calidad y la experiencia espacial. Para evidenciar la importancia de los entornos peatonales como espacio clave de las practicas cotidianas de movilidad sostenible y partir de una propuesta metodológica desarrollada como parte de un trabajo de maestría, esta ponencia presenta una propuesta de diseño aplicada al corredor Bolívar, entre calle 44 San Juan y Calle, en el centro de Medellín.
Palabras clave: Entornos peatonales, caminabilidad, diseño urbano, Medellín.
Bloque temático: 3. Espacio público y proyecto urbano en la metrópolis contemporánea.
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Papamichail, Theodora, and Ana Peric. "Informal planning: a tool towards adaptive urban governance." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/mcur1568.
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Formal planning instruments and procedures have often been unpopular and ineffective for solving complex spatial issues, such as urban sprawl or transport congestion. As a result, such conflicts turn into complex planning tasks that usually exceed the provisioned time and funding, especially when faced with adversarial interests of actors from different organisations, sectors or social groups. Hence, informal planning, as a non-binding supplement to official planning instruments, is often considered highly effective. In its broadest sense, informal planning includes the principles of collaborative dialogue, diverse networks, trustful relationships and tailor-made processes among interested parties. Consequently, informal planning processes foster sound decision-making delivering a spectrum of problem-oriented solutions and increasing public consensus, while enacting experimentation, learning, change, and the creation of shared meanings among stakeholders. However, informal planning cannot be taken for granted – it is strongly interwoven with the planning culture influenced by the historical and political background, and the current socio-economic conditions. This paper revolves around several pillars. After an introductory section, a brief historical overview firstly identifies the place of informal planning in various planning models that have appeared since the 1960s. More specifically, informal planning is analysed against the theoretical concept of collaborative rationality. Finally, the paper focuses on a specific informal planning procedure called the ‘test planning method’, being analysed against the previously elaborated theoretical background. As this instrument links both formal and informal planning, its comparison and interrelation with the theoretical background of collaborative rationality contributes to elucidating the following attributes of adaptive (collaborative) urban governance: 1) flexible and agile institutional arrangements supportive to various kinds of urban planning mechanisms (not only official tools), 2) proactive and imaginative planners ready to accept solutions created outside the technical domain of instrumental rationality, and 3) inclusion of numerous stakeholders to exchange various information and different types of knowledge, i.e. expert and experiential knowledge. Observed through the example of the test planning method, the article finally highlights the successful aspects of informal planning, however, pointing also to its shortcomings, which could be expected in the societies with a lack of key democratic elements
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Hornung, Severin, and Thomas Höge. "THE DARKSIDE OF IDIOSYNCRATIC DEALS: HUMANISTIC VERSUS NEOLIBERAL TRENDS AND APPLICATIONS." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact097.
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"Theory-building on workplace flexibility is extended, based on a critical Human Resource (HR) systems framework and paradox (conflict) perspective on employee-oriented vs. capacity-oriented flexibility. Differentiated are variabilities in HR practices by: a) content (functional, temporal, spatial, numerical, financial); b) control (employer, employee); and c) creation (top-down, bottom-up). Hybrid types of bottom-up initiated and top-down authorized flexibility, idiosyncratic deals (i-deals), describe mutually beneficial, negotiated agreements on non-standard working conditions between employees and employer. If their real-world manifestations reflect idealized assumptions, however, remains obscure. Integrating institutional logics, HR systems embody values of humanistic ideals vs. neoliberal ideology: (1) individuation vs. individualism; (2) solidarity vs. competition; (3) emancipation vs. instrumentality. Reflecting these antipodes, construed ideal-type and anti-type i-deals facilitate: (a) self-actualization vs. self-reliance (needs vs. interests); (b) common good vs. tournament situations (triple-win vs. winner-take-all); (c) social transformation vs. economic rationalization (development vs. performance). In humanistic management theory, i-deals increase employee-oriented flexibility, but, in reality, risk being co-opted for economic rationalization and divisive labor-political power strategies. Antagonistic applications involve: humanization vs. rationalization goals; egalitarian vs. elitist distribution; relational vs. transactional resources; need-based vs. contribution-based authorization; procedural vs. distributive justice; supplementing vs. substituting collective HR practices. Instrumental adoption in high-performance work environments likely facilitates harmful internalizations as subjectification and self-exploitation."