Academic literature on the topic 'Non-singular terms'

A characterisation is obtained of all the regularly solvable operators and their adjoints generated by general ordinary quasidifferential expressions inThe domains of these operators are described in terms of boundary conditions involving thesolutions ofM[u] =λwuand the adjoint equationat both singular end-pointsaandb.These results are an extension of those proved in [3], by Evans and Ibrahim, to the case of two singular end-points of the interval (a, b), and a generalisation of those in [10] and [13] concerning selfadjoint andJ-selfadjoint differential operators, whereJdenotes complex conjugation.

AbstractIn this paper, the existence of smooth positive solutions to a Robin boundary-value problem with non-homogeneous differential operator and reaction given by a nonlinear convection term plus a singular one is established. Proofs chiefly exploit sub-super-solution and truncation techniques, set-valued analysis, recursive methods, nonlinear regularity theory, as well as fixed point arguments. A uniqueness result is also presented.

In this paper I wish to defend a minimalist version of arithmetical Platonism — which I shall refer to as ‘minimal Platonism’ — from an objection which alleges that an advocate of this view is committed to an unduly capacious ontology. The objection, which I shall call the ‘Lightness of Being’ objection, runs as follows. The minimal Platonist is committed to the claim that arithmetical objects, such as numbers, exist provided that two conditions are met. The first is that terms for numerals are singular terms — where something's being a singular term is judged on the basis of purely syntactic criteria. The second is that some sentences in which these singular terms feature are non-trivially true. However, the names of fictional characters are also singular terms (when judged by the metaphysically lightweight criteria used by advocates of minimal Platonism).

Motions of finite Toda lattices are known to be associated with linear wave equations whose general solutions can be expressed in terms of progressing waves, and this association is known to generalize to finite non-Abelian Toda lattices of n x n matrices and systems of n coupled linear wave equations. We present a nontrivial family of non-Abelian Toda lattice motions that can be specialized to ones that are not finite, but not infinitely extendible either, as they contain nonvanishing but singular matrices of rank (n – s). In these cases we give a natural continuation of the lattice dynamics by means of nonsingular matrices of dimension (n – s) x (n – s), and describe how to find s progressing wave solutions of the associated system of n coupled linear wave equations.PACS No.: 5.45-a

In this paper, we introduce semi-symmetric metric Koszul forms and semi-symmetric non-metric Koszul forms on singular semi-Riemannian manifolds. Semi-symmetric metric Koszul forms and semi-symmetric non-metric Koszul forms and their curvature of semi-regular warped products are expressed in terms of those of the factor manifolds. We also introduce Koszul forms associated with the almost product structure on singular almost product semi-Riemannian manifolds. Koszul forms associated with the almost product structure and their curvature of semi-regular almost product warped products are expressed in terms of those of the factor manifolds. Furthermore, we generalize the results in [O. Stoica, The geometry of warped product singularities, Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 14(2) (2017) 1750024, arXiv:1105.3404.] to singular multiply warped products.

A one-dimensional model of clarifier-thickener units in engineering applications can be expressed as a conservation law with a flux that is discontinuous with respect to the spatial variable. This model also includes a singular feed source. In this paper, the clarifier-thickener model studied in a previous paper (Numer. Math.97 (2004) 25–65) is extended by a singular sink through which material is extracted from the unit. A difficulty is that in contrast to the singular source, the sink term cannot be incorporated into the flux function; rather, the sink is represented by a new non-conservative transport term. To focus on the new analytical difficulties arising due to this non-conservative term, a reduced problem is formulated, which contains the new sink term of the extended clarifier-thickener model, but not the source term and flux discontinuities. The paper is concerned with numerical methods for both models (extended and reduced) and with the well-posedness analysis for the reduced problem. For the reduced problem, a definition of entropy solutions, based on Kružkov-type entropy functions and fluxes, is provided. Jump conditions are derived and uniqueness of the entropy solution is shown. Existence of an entropy solution is shown by proving convergence of a monotone difference scheme. Two variants of the numerical scheme are introduced. Numerical examples illustrate that all three variants converge to the entropy solution, but introduce different amounts of numerical diffusion.

Les matériaux composites stratifiés à matrice organique sont utilisés dans le domaine de l'aéronautique pour alléger la masse des structures. Cependant, lors d'un impact sur ce type de matériaux, différents mécanismes d'endommagements peuvent apparaître comme le délaminage. C'est un processus de décohésion macroscopique du milieu interlaminaire qui peut être caractérisé par GIC (ou KIC). La littérature montre une grande disparité dans les mesures du fait d’un découplageincomplet des effets du confinement de la résine par les fibres, des non linéarités de comportement et/ou des effets de vitesse. Ce travail propose d’élaborer un protocole expérimental de caractérisation de résine pure via mesures de champs pour étudier méthodiquement ces couplages. L’objectif est d’élucider l’impact de la vitesse de propagation de fissure et des effets de structure sur le comportement en fissuration et ainsi étendre l’approche de Griffith aux stratifiés. Différentes géométries d’éprouvette sont utilisées pour reproduire certains effets de structure. Des vitesses de fissuration allant du quasi-statique à la dynamique sont étudiées et l’ensemble des essais sont interprétés au travers de la mécanique élastique linéaire de la rupture et de l’étude des facies. Ce travail propose finalement une modélisation décrivant l'évolution de KIC, pour la résine HexplyM21 utilisée dans l'aéronautique, à partir des termes non-singuliers du champ de contraintes, le Tstress,B-stress et aussi de la vitesse ȧ dans les gammes [0 - 15] MPa, [-200 - 10] MPa.m-0.5 et [10-6, 600] m.s-1 respectivement
Organic matrix laminated composites are increasingly used in the aeronautical field to reduce the weight of structures. However, during an impact on this type of material, various damage mechanism can occur, such as delamination. This is a process of macroscopic decohesion of the interlaminar environment, which can be characterised by GIC (or KIC ). The literature shows a wide disparity in measurements due to incomplete decoupling of the effects of resin confinement by fibers, nonlinearitiesbehaviour and/or velocity effects. This work proposes to develop an experimental protocol to characterise pure resin usingfullfields measurements to methodically study these couplings. The goal is to evaluate the impact of the crack propagation speed and the structural effects on the fracture behaviour and in particular to extend Griffith's theory to laminated composites. Different specimen geometries are used to reproduce structural effects. Crack propagation speeds ranging from quasi-static to dynamic are studied and all the tests are analysed using linear elastic fracture mechanics and the fracture surfaces. Finally, this work proposes a model to describe the evolution of KIC for the resin HexplyM21 used in aeronautics field, from the non-singularterms of the stress field T-stress, B-stress and also the speed ȧ in the ranges [0 - 15] MPa, [- 200 - 10] MPa.m-0.5 et [10-6, 600] m.s-1 respectively

碩士
國立中央大學
數學系
106
In this thesis, we consider the generalized Riemann solutions of scalar nonlinear balance laws with singular source terms. The source term is singular in the sense that it is a product of delta function and a discontinuous function, which is undefined in distribution. We demonstrate an example to show that the non-conservative product $a'g(u)$ is unstable in the sense that the integral of regularization $a_{\varepsilon}'g(u_{\varepsilon})$ for $a'g(u)$ may have multiple values due to the forms $a_\varepsilon$, $u_\varepsilon$ when $u$ consists of shocks.

This book defines and develops the program of Natural Logicism for the natural, rational, and real numbers. The central method is to formulate rules of natural deduction governing variable-binding number-abstraction operators and other logico-mathematical expressions such as zero and successor. The introduction and elimination rules for a number-abstraction operator @ allow one to infer to, and away from, identity statements in the canonical form ‘t=@xΦ‎(x)’. These enable ‘single-barreled’ abstraction, in contrast with the ‘double-barreled’ abstraction effected by principles such as Frege's Basic Law V, or Hume's Principle. The logical system used for the foundational reasoning is free Core Logic. It handles non-denoting singular terms and allows only constructive and relevant reasoning. Natural Logicism imposes upon its account of the numbers four conditions of adequacy. First, one must show how it is that the various kinds of number are applicable in our wider thought and talk about the world. One does this by deriving all instances of three respective schemas: Schema N for the naturals, Schema Q for the rationals, and Schema R for the reals. These provide truth-conditions for statements deploying terms referring to numbers of the kind in question. Second, one must show how it is that the naturals sit among the rationals as themselves again, and the rationals likewise among the reals. Third, one should reveal enough of the metaphysical nature of the numbers to be able to derive the mathematician's basic laws governing them. Fourth, one should be able to demonstrate that there are uncountably many reals.

Pascasius Justus Turcq was born in the Flemish town of Eeklo. As a young man, he travelled through Spain before devoting himself to the study of philosophy and medicine in Italy. On gaining his doctorate, he returned north and settled in Bergen-op-Zoom, where he worked as a physician and eventually became the city’s mayor. He attended to William the Silent as one of the physicians who worked to save the Prince’s life after the assassination attempt of 1582. Alongside tales of gambling princes and perceptive accounts of the mental suffering experienced by problem gamblers, Pascasius’ De alea is remarkable for its singular insights into 16th-century medical science. Basing himself on the authority of the ancient, late-antique and mediaeval traditions, Pascasius first fuses discrete theoretical systems into an innovative framework, allowing him to propose a novel description of compulsive gambling as a psychological disorder. Secondly, Pascasius articulates a series of pioneering cures. He describes this therapy in cognitive terms reminiscent of approaches to non-substance addiction in use today. On Gambling was routinely referenced in scholarship on gambling into the 18th century before disappearing almost entirely from view. Newly available here, with a critical Latin text and English translation, On Gambling epitomises the creative potential of 16th-century medical humanism.

Non se pode facer a historia do rosalianismo sen termos en conta, moi en conta, certos discursos de ingreso na Real Academia Galega. Uns céntranse na vida ou na obra de Rosalía e outros fan incursións nalgunha das súas facetas. Tres, polo menos, son capítulos fundamentais da crítica rosaliana: o de Otero Pedrayo (1929), modelo de interpretación conmovedora; o de Carballo Calero (1958), modelo de erudición esclarecedora, e o de Luz Pozo Garza (1996), un singular ensaio poético no que a autora se nos revela como unha gran rosalióloga, mellor aínda, como alguén que escribe sobre a vida e a poesía de Rosalía de Castro desde o seu mesmo "logos". Nesta ocasión limitámonos a ofrecer páxinas dos discursos de nove académicos lidos, de 1907 a 1996, nas correspondentes sesións de ingreso. Deste xeito, a Fundación Rosalía de Castro homenaxea á Real Academia Galega no ano do seu centenario.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

AbstractTwenty-first-century Caribbean women’s writing evidences an urge to start afresh, to transcend the lingering legacy of enslavement, coloniality, and patriarchy and reverse the damage of the extractive logic that rules an asymmetrical global order. This pan-Caribbean volume presents alternative conceptions of spacetime from across the region and its diaspora, what we call the “chronotropics.” Stemming from chronos (time) and tropos, “a turn,” this term does not merely designate a tropical chronotope, but points to a vocation for social justice and collective healing. The writers gathered here deconstruct the androcentric, western modern understanding of space as delimited, privatized, tamed, and exploitable and of time as quantified, linear, singular, and teleological. They propose instead a poetics and politics of the chronotropics that envisions the Caribbean landscape and temporality as anticolonial, gender inclusive, pluralistic, and non-anthropocentric. Their literary practices perform archival disruption, radical remapping, and epistemic marronnage.Chronotropics: Caribbean Women Writing Spacetime offers critical perspectives on Julia Alvarez, Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro, Vashti Bowlah, Dionne Brand, Erna Brodber, Maryse Condé, Nalo Hopkinson, Rita Indiana, Fabienne Kanor, Karen Lord, Kettly Mars, Pauline Melville, Mayra Montero, Shani Mootoo, Elizabeth Nunez, Ingrid Persaud, Gisèle Pineau, Krystal M. Ramroop, and Mayra Santos-Febres.

Abstract This chapter argues for an alternative to what I call the ‘standard view’ of communicative use of singular terms. On this view, communication using a singular term requires that speaker and hearer treat it as standing for the same object, and that their doing so be secured in an appropriately non-lucky way. The first part of the paper uses cases involving ‘felicitous non-specificity’, where communication using a singular term runs smoothly even though participants in the conversation do not have a specific object in mind, to raise an initial challenge to the standard view. The rest of the paper motivates an alternative account of what must go non-luckily right in communicative uses of singular terms, and shows how this account solves the initial puzzle. According to the alternative account, ordinary thinking about ordinary things involves sustaining relations of cognitive focus upon them, and communicative use of singular terms involves engagement in joint cognitive-focus-sustaining activity. But a focus relation has a degree of resolution. So cases of felicitous non-specificity are predicted by the proposal: they are cases where speaker and hearer are engaged in a joint focus-sustaining activity at a degree of resolution too coarse to distinguish one potential referent from another.

Abstract Manambu distinguishes singular and non-singular numbers expressed via agreement (outlined in §5.1) and also on the head noun. A non-singular number can be associative (that is, denoting the set by association with its central member: see Moravcsik 2003 for a typological perspective), or non-associative. Either of these can be dual or plural. See Chart 6.1. The singular number is the least formally marked. Associative non-singular is marked on the head noun which can only be a personal name. Non-associative non-singular is marked on some nouns, which include kinship terms and a few others. All of dual, plural, and singular are expressed through agreement.

This chapter undertakes to apply the previously developed theory of objective representational content to our thought and talk about apparently non-existent objects. It aims to show that we need not construe the referents of singular terms within fiction and within mathematics as possessing bona fide existence (or non-existence) while also providing a robust understanding of our singular representations when we think with such terms. The arguments depend on the trio of distinctions between merely objectual and fully objective linguistic and mental representations; non-veridical and veridical language games; and truth-similitude and literal truth. With these distinctions, the chapter exhibits the explanatory power of a theory on which empty singular terms are merely objectual yet are fundamental to our non-veridical language and thought games, possessing truth-similitude while falling short of literal truth.

This chapter distinguishes American exceptionalism from what the author terms a singular America. It argues that American exceptionalism depends on disciplining or taming the utopianism associated with the United States. The chapter defines a singular America as a politics, culture, and literature that draws on American exceptionalism only to overturn the latter’s investments in capitalism, settler colonialism, and the nation-state. It argues that American Studies needs to pay more attention to the excluded middle between American exceptionalism and its critique—a zone of politics and culture in which complicity and critique mutually constitute one another. The chapter also explains the connection between the critical discourse of biopolitics and utopianism, reading the work of Michel Foucault in terms of how it refocuses utopianism on the body and life, rather than geography or space. It elaborates a singular America in terms of a literary commons: a tradition of literature devoted to non-capitalist and non-sovereign social relations. Finally, the chapter explains the book’s literary historical trajectory—how it connects the American Renaissance (or mid-nineteenth century) to the contemporary period—in terms of the rise and decline of American hegemony in the capitalist world-system.

This paper develops a radical alternative to standard accounts of descriptive names. A ‘descriptive name’ is a singular term introduced by a stipulation of form ^┌Let α‎ refer to the Ψ‎ ^┐. It is shown that—contrary to standard views—the reference-fixing mechanism for a descriptive name is not satisfactional. §1 argues for a background view of reference-fixing for ordinary language singular terms. §2 shows how this view generates a non-satisfactional account of reference-fixing for descriptive names. §3 explores the implications of the discussion in §§1–2 for the possibility of descriptively mediated singular thought. §4 argues for a new account of what speaker and hearer are committed to when the speaker makes and the hearer accepts a ^┌Let α‎ refer to the Ψ‎ ^┐ stipulation.

How should we explain the temporal asymmetries in our evaluations of past or future possibilities? One recent approach characterizes these asymmetries in terms of empirical generalizations governing human psychology, and finds an evolutionary basis for them in terms of past/future asymmetries found in the behavior of non-human animals. This chapter argues that human temporal reasoning, and particularly, our conceptions of past and future, depend on human language, and has no ready counterpart in animals. It proposes that human temporal reasoning is required by humans’ status, unique among animals, as free, and explains this freedom as fundamentally a matter of human psychology being full of singular causal connections not grounded in causal generalizations. This in turn suggests that the temporal asymmetries should be thought of in terms of our having a sheaf of tensed temporal emotions that we can feel in connection with particular, one-off psychological connections.

Gentzen’s pioneering method of natural deduction had a considerable impact. There are important meaning-theoretic ideas underlying its design. Gentzen’s rules of natural deduction afforded a clear logical distinction between constructive and non-constructive reasoning. The rules of Core Logic and its classicized extension are explained. The Core systems capture the further logical property of relevance (between premises and conclusions of proofs) that is a basic feature of all mathematical reasoning. The details of free logic are laid out. It is vital for the proper handling of various singular terms in mathematics that fail to denote. Important examples of such terms are ones formed by variable-binding operators—definite descriptive terms, number-abstraction terms, and set-abstraction terms. Rules of natural deduction are formulated, governing the introduction and elimination of these abstraction operators in the context of canonical identity statements. These are the single-barreled rules on which this study lays great stress.

Non-singular transformation is developed to achieve approximate acoustic and elastic cloaking. In the literature, perfect cloaking is realized under the condition of mapping cloak inner boundary to a single point, which gives rise to the development of unconventional metamaterials. Such cloaks introduce serious challenges in terms of materials design and fabrication. This paper studies the transformation functions that map the inner boundary of a 2D acoustic or elastic cloak (in physical space) to a region with small but finite dimension (in mathematical space). The goal is to find an optimized transformation that considers the limitations on mass density anisotropy, and elastic anisotropy of realizable metamaterials. It should be noted that the proposed cloak is not perfect and scatters minimal portion of the incident wave. However, it provides a realistic path towards the design and fabrication of an acoustic cloak for pressure waves, and elastic cloak for general stress waves.

Abstract Multi-material wedges associated with free edges, matrix and interface cracks, adhesive joints, skin-stiffener attachments and other types of discontinuities in composite structures generally incur singular stress fields at the vertex of the wedge. Accurate elasticity solutions of the wedge under thermo-mechanical loads may be obtained by combining eigensolutions with appropriate coefficients and a particular solution associate with the loading. When the wedge is under a temperature load, or when the two exterior edges of the wedge are subjected to non-vanishing traction loads, the elasticity solution may differ significantly from the asymptotic solution as given by the dominant singular term. In such cases, a failure criterion in terms of the asymptotic solution or the stress intensity factors may not be appropriate.

Abstract A general analysis methodology is developed to obtain accurate elasticity solutions of the singular stress fields associated with free edges and interfaces in multilayered structures under thermo-mechanical loads. Approximate solutions based on finite element or variational methods are used to provide traction boundary conditions on a circular path encircling the singularity. The singular elasticity solution of the region interior to the path is then determined in terms of eigenfunction expansion and by using boundary collocation. Results for a bilayer beam under a temperature load demonstrate that the interfacial stresses may be significantly contributed by non-singular eigenfunctions. Hence full elasticity solutions of the present type, rather than asymptotic solutions, may be required to assess the criticality and mode ratio of the interfacial actions across critical regions of the interface.

Transverse-regularity is a point-wise manipulator property, ensuring that the singular set Σ is locally a smooth manifold. A generic manipulator is one which is transverse-regular in any configuration. The contribution of this paper is a necessary and sufficient condition for transverse-regularity. The condition is based on the manipulator’s joint screws and their screw products. An expression for the tangent space to Σ at transverse-regular singularities is derived. It is shown that a manipulator is non-generic if it can attain a pose where the rank of the manipulator’s screw system together with the screw products is not the maximal rank of the Jacobian. A necessary and sufficient criterion for degree-one singularities is given in terms of the mechanism’ joint screws. In particular, any non-redundant manipulator is transverse-regular in a degree-one singularity.

Abstract Failure initiation of laminated composites with discontinuous thickness has been studied in terms of typical structural load description (tension, shear force and bending moment) rather than in terms of micromechanics considerations. Four types of specimens of different stacking sequence were examined to determine failure initiation, analyzed subsequently via a finite element analysis (ABAQUS), divided into two groups that evoke cross-ply failure, on the one hand, and delamination type failure on the other. For unidirectional fiber orientation in the tension direction and across the interface, failure occurs through cracking and delamination. While the initiation strength for this failure mode is significantly higher than for cross-ply configurations, the residual strength after initiation increases only marginally (10%) beyond the initiation point. For cases involving cross-plies on either side of the interface, failure initiation occurs by matrix cracking. In these cases the residual load bearing capability was 20 to 30% higher than the corresponding failure initiation loads. The data are analyzed in terms of the Tsai-Hill criterion and in terms of an energy release criterion that has been discretized in a manner consistent with a non-singular treatment of the step “discontinuity”. Assuming that time dependent aspects of the failure process are not dominant, elevated temperatures did not change the general results of how bending and tension loads interact; however the magnitude at which the failures occur depends on the temperature, with increasing temperature leading to decreasing load tolerance.

The basis for any model-based control of dynamical systems is an efficient formulation of the motion equations. These are preferably expressed in terms of independent coordinates. In other words the coordinates of a constrained system are split into a set of dependent and independent ones. It is well-known that such coordinate partitioning is not globally valid. A remedy is to switch between different possible sets of minimal coordinates. This drastically increases the numerical complexity and implementation effort, however. In this paper a formulation of the motion equations in redundant coordinates is presented for general non-holonomic systems. This gives rise to a redundant system of differential equations. The formulation is valid in any regular configuration. Because of the singular mass matrix it is not directly applicable for solving the forward dynamics but is tailored for solving the inverse dynamics. An inverse dynamics solution is presented for general full-actuated systems.

Redundant actuation of parallel kinematics machines (PKM) is a way to eliminate input-singularities and so to enlarge the usable workspace. From a kinematic point of view the number m of actuator coordinates exceeds the DOF δ of a redundantly actuated PKM (RA-PKM). The dynamics model, being the basis for model-based control, is usually expressed in terms of δ independent actuator coordinates. This implies that the model exhibits the same singularities as the non-redundant PKM, even though the RA-PKM is not singular. Consequently the admissible range of motion of the RA-PKM model is limited to that of the non-redundant PKM. In this paper an alternative formulation of the dynamics model in terms of the full set of m actuator coordinates is presented. It leads to a redundant system of m motion equations that is valid in the entire range of motion. This formulation gives rise to an inverse dynamics formulation tailored for real-time implementation. In contrast to the standard formulation in independent coordinates, the proposed inverse dynamics formulation does not involve control forces in the null space of the control matrix, i.e. it does not allow for the generation of internal prestresses, however. This is not problematic as the latter is usually not exploited. The proposed method is compared to the recently proposed adaptive coordinate switching method. Experimental results are reported if the inverse dynamics solution is introduced in model-based computed torque control scheme of a planar 2DOF RA-PKM.

This paper presents computational simulations for internal condensing flows over a range of tube/channel geometries — ranging from one micro-meter to several millimeters in hydraulic diameters. Over the mm-scale, three sets of condensing flow results are presented that are obtained from: (i) full computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based steady simulations, (ii) quasi-1D steady simulations that employ solutions of singular non-linear ordinary differential equations, and (iii) experiments involving partially and fully condensing gravity driven flows of FC-72 vapor. These results are shown to be self-consistent and in agreement with one another. The paper demonstrates the existence of a unique solution for the strictly steady equations for gravity and shear driven flows. This paper also develops useful correlations for shear driven and gravity driven annular stratified internal condensing flows (covering some refrigerants and common operating conditions of interest). A useful map that marks various transitions between gravity and shear dominated annular stratified flows is also presented. For the micro-meter scale condensers, computations indentify a critical diameter condition (in non-dimensional terms), below which the flows are insensitive to the orientation of the gravity vector as the condensate is always shear driven. Large pressure drop, importance of surface tension, and vapor compressibility for μm-scale flows are also discussed. With the help of comparisons with 0g flows, the paper also discusses effects of transverse gravity on the solutions for horizontal channel flows.

Railways perform a significant role in the transportation system and they have relevant environmental, economic and social impacts. They are currently engineered optimizing every singular aspect rather than considering a broader system for improving the sustainability of the overall infrastructure. Thus, it is necessary to promote an effort to define a global sustainability framework for conceiving the design, construction and management of railway infrastructure. The Sustainable Rating System (SRS) proposed in this paper is a tool under development that evaluates different alternatives of railway track-bed structure. Inspired by similar efforts in the field of road engineering such as Greenroads and Greenpave, this SRS aims to be the first entirely dedicated to support railway engineers, designers and managers in taking more responsible decisions with regards to the sustainable design and maintenance of railway track-beds. It is based on a library that examines different solutions and treatments for each element of the track-bed and a table of points that assigns different scores to the different alternatives. To achieve the highest score in terms of sustainability it is necessary to maximize the points assigned to every element. In other words, the maximum score requires adopting best practices leading to more sustainable choices such as exploiting the use of recycled materials, reducing the use of non-renewable resources, the energy consumption, air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions.

Fifty six diverse spring wheat cultivars were evaluated for genetic variation and heritability for thermotolerance in terms of cell-membrane stability (CMS) and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction. The most divergent cultivars for thermotolerance (Danbata-tolerant and Nacozari-susceptible) were crossed to develop an F8 random onbred line (RIL) population. This population was evaluated for co-segragation in CMS, yield under heat stress and HSP accumulation. Further studies of thermotolerance in relations to HSP and the expression of heterosis for growth under heat stress were performed with F1 hybrids of wheat and their parental cultivars. CMS in 95 RILs ranged from 76.5% to 22.4% with 71.5% and 31.3% in Danbata and Nacozari, respectively. The population segregated with a normal distribution across the full range of the parental values. Yield and biomass under non-stress conditions during the normal winter season at Bet Dagan dit not differ between the two parental cultivar, but the range of segregation for these traits in 138 RILs was very high and distinctly transgressive with a CV of 35.3% and 42.4% among lines for biomass and yield, respectively. Mean biomass and yield of the population was reduced about twofold when grown under the hot summer conditions (irrigated) at Bet Dagan. Segregation for biomass and yield was decreased relative to the normal winter conditions with CV of 20.2% and 23.3% among lines for biomass and yield, respectively. However, contrary to non-stress conditions, the parental cultivars differed about twofold in biomass and yield under heat stress and the population segregated with normal distribution across the full range of this difference. CMS was highly and positively correlated across 79 RILs with biomass (r=0.62**) and yield (r=0.58**) under heat stress. No such correlation was obtained under the normal winter conditions. All RILs expressed a set of HSPs under heat shock (37oC for 2 h). No variation was detected among RILs in high molecular weight HSP isoforms and they were similar to the patterns of the parental cultivars. There was a surprisingly low variability in low molecular weight HSP isoforms. Only one low molecular weight and Nacozari-specific HSP isoform (belonging to HSP 16.9 family) appeared to segregate among all RILs, but it was not quantitatively correlated with any parameter of plant production under heat stress or with CMS in this population. It is concluded that this Danbata/Nacozari F8 RIL population co-segregated well for thermotolerance and yield under heat stress and that CMS could predict the relative productivity of lines under chronic heat stress. Regretfully this population did not express meaningful variability for HSP accumulation under heat shock and therefore no role could be seen for HSP in the heat tolerance of this population. In the study of seven F1 hybrids and their parent cultivars it was found that heterosis (superiority of the F1 over the best parent) for CMs was generally lower than that for growth under heat stress. Hybrids varied in the rate of heterosis for growth at normal (15o/25o) and at high (25o/35o) temperatures. In certain hybrids heterosis for growth significantly increased at high temperature as compared with normal temperature, suggesting temperature-dependent heterosis. Generally, under normal temperature, only limited qualitative variation was detected in the patterns of protein synthesis in four wheat hybrids and their parents. However, a singular protein (C47/5.88) was specifically expressed only in the most heterotic hybrid at normal temperature but not in its parent cultivars. Parental cultivars were significantly different in the sets of synthesized HSP at 37o. No qualitative changes in the patterns of protein expression under heat stress were correlated with heterosis. However, a quantitative increase in certain low molecular weight HSP (mainly H14/5.5 and H14.5.6, belonging to the HSP16.9 family) was positively associated with greater heterosis for growth at high temperature. None of these proteins were correlated with CMS across hybrids. These results support the concept of temperature-dependent heterosis for growth and a possible role for HSP 16.9 family in this respect. Finally, when all experiments are viewed together, it is encouraging to find that genetic variation in wheat yield under chronic heat stress is associated with and well predicted by CMS as an assay of thermotolerance. On the other hand the results for HSP are elusive. While very low genetic variation was expressed for HSP in the RIL population, a unique low molecular weight HSP (of the HSP 16.9 family) could be associated with temperature dependant heterosis for growth.