Journal articles: 'Non-sentential'

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Stainton, Robert J. "Non-sentential assertions and semantic ellipsis." Linguistics and Philosophy 18, no. 3 (June 1995): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00985446.

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Allott, Nicholas, and Benjamin Shaer. "Some linguistic properties of legal notices." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 58, no. 1 (March 2013): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100002516.

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AbstractIn this article, we consider legal notices of various forms, including imperative, indicative, and non-sentential. We argue that these convey various illocutionary forces depending on their particular content. In particular, those that prohibit actions — unlike laws that do so — typically have “directive” illocutionary force, with different linguistic classes of legal notices achieving this force through different means, given their distinct linguistic properties. We propose a “bare phrase” treatment of non-sentential notices, whereby these are underlyingly and not just superficially non-sentential; and a semantic treatment in terms of Discourse Representation Theory, which perspicuously describes their contribution to interpretation. Finally, we argue that assigning such sparse syntactic and semantic representations to non-sentential notices has conceptual and empirical advantages over analyses that posit richer underlying structure, capturing a broader range of data, including patterns involving default case and the absence of articles, and minimizing the need to posit linguistic ambiguity.

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Progovac, Ljiljana. "Non-sentential vs. Ellipsis Approaches: Review and Extensions." Language and Linguistics Compass 7, no. 11 (November 2013): 597–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12044.

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GINZBURG, JONATHAN, and DIMITRA KOLLIAKOU. "Answers without questions: The emergence of fragments in child language." Journal of Linguistics 45, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 641–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226709990053.

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Non-sentential utterances (NSUs), utterances that lack an overt verbal (more generally predicative) constituent, are common in adult speech. This paper presents the results of a corpus study of the emergence of certain classes of NSUs in child language, based primarily on data from the Manchester Corpus from CHILDES. Our principal finding is the late short query effect: the main classes of non-sentential queries (NSQs) are acquired much later than non-sentential answers (NSAs). At a stage when the child has productive use of sentential queries, and has mastered elliptical declaratives and the polar lexemes ‘yes’ and ‘no’, non-sentential questions are virtually absent. This happens despite the fact that such questions are common in the speech of the child's caregivers and that the contexts are ones which should facilitate the production of such NSUs. We argue that these results are intrinsically problematic for analyses of NSUs in terms of a single, generalized mechanism of phonological reduction, as standard in generative grammar. We show how to model this effect within an approach of dialogue-oriented constructionism, wherein NSUs are grammatical words or constructions whose main predicate is a contextual parameter resolved in a manner akin to indexical terms, the relevant aspect of context being the discourse topic. We sketch an explanation for the order of acquisition of NSUs, based on a notion which combines accessibility of contextual parameters and complexity of content construction.

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Lam, Chit Fung, and Stephen Matthews. "Inter-sentential Code-switching and Language Dominance in Cantonese–English Bilingual Children." Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech 2, no. 1 (September 26, 2020): 73–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jmbs.13308.

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This paper examines the relationship between language dominance and the under-investigated topic of inter-sentential code-switching in Hong Kong Cantonese–English bilingual children. Longitudinal data for six children showing different dominance patterns were analysed. MLU differentials (Yip & Matthews, 2006) were adopted to measure dominance based on five criteria: methodological compatibility, typological comparability, gradient measurement, variance validity, and multifaceted compatibility. Our results showed that bilingual children produced more inter-sentential code-switching in the context of their non-dominant language and less in their dominant-language context. We account for this asymmetry in relation to mechanisms of inhibitory control (Gross & Kaushanskaya, 2015). Further, we propose that intrasentential and inter-sentential code-switching each have a different status in bilingual children’s developing grammar, underlining the methodological importance of separating the two constructs in future investigations. We also suggest that, in societies where intra-sentential code-switching is a social norm, inter-sentential code-switching could serve as signs of early bilinguals’ dominance status.

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Dragone, Paolo, and Pierre Lison. "Classification and Resolution of Non-Sentential Utterances in Dialogue." Italian Journal of Computational Linguistics 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ijcol.353.

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Raftery, J. G. "A Non-finitary Sentential Logic that is Elementarily Algebraizable." Journal of Logic and Computation 20, no. 4 (November 20, 2008): 969–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exn087.

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Martín‐González, Javier. "(Non‐)occurrence of sentential no in Spanish negative sentences." Transactions of the Philological Society 98, no. 1 (May 2000): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968x.00061.

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Kashi, Hanieh. "Effect of Inter-sentential vs Intra-sentential Code-Switching: With a Focus on Past Tense." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.2p.163.

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The current study aimed at the comparative effect of inter-sentential vs intra-sentential code-switching on learning past tense. Initially, through non-random convenient sampling, the researcher chose 90 female EFL learners at the elementary level. Next, Key English Test (KET) was administered to the 90 learners and the results were used to select 60 participants for the purpose of this study. The participants were then divided into two groups each consisting of 30 learners. Afterwards, a grammar pretest having 30 items focusing on past simple tense was given to both groups. Following that, the grammatical explanations were provided for the two groups for ten sessions using code-switching. The first experimental group received inter-sentential code switching in line with Reyes’s (2004) as a switch between two languages, where a sentence in one of the languages is completed and the next sentence starts with the other language (Reyes, 2004). In the second experimental group, in line with Reyes’s (2004), the switching occurred within a sentence. The results of statistical analysis indicated that inter-sentential code-switching proved more effective compared to intra-sentential code-switching on the learning of past tense by EFL learners. Based on the findings of the present study, EFL teachers are encouraged to use inter-sentential code-switching more compared to intra-sentential code-switching when it comes to teaching grammar.

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Kenyon, Tim. "Non-Sentential Assertions and the Dependence Thesis of Word Meaning." Mind and Language 14, no. 4 (December 1999): 424–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00119.

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Fernández, Raquel, Jonathan Ginzburg, and Shalom Lappin. "Classifying Non-Sentential Utterances in Dialogue: A Machine Learning Approach." Computational Linguistics 33, no. 3 (September 2007): 397–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.2007.33.3.397.

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In this article we use well-known machine learning methods to tackle a novel task, namely the classification of non-sentential utterances (NSUs) in dialogue. We introduce a fine-grained taxonomy of NSU classes based on corpus work, and then report on the results of several machine learning experiments. First, we present a pilot study focused on one of the NSU classes in the taxonomy—bare wh-phrases or “sluices”—and explore the task of disambiguating between the different readings that sluices can convey. We then extend the approach to classify the full range of NSU classes, obtaining results of around an 87% weighted F-score. Thus our experiments show that, for the taxonomy adopted, the task of identifying the right NSU class can be successfully learned, and hence provide a very encouraging basis for the more general enterprise of fully processing NSUs.

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Golińska-Pilarek, Joanna. "Number of non-Fregean sentential logics that have adequate models." MLQ 52, no. 5 (October 2006): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/malq.200510042.

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Mukti, Thomas Wahyu Prabowo, and Ouda Teda Ena. "The Use of Code Switching in General English Classes for Non-English Department Students in Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics 3, no. 2 (November 12, 2018): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v3i2.80.

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The issue of the use of code switching as instructional languages in the class has already become a worldwide concern. Some experts may say that it is beneficial while others believe that it is not since it may become the interference for the learning. Through this paper, the researchers want to investigate the use of code switching in General English Classes for non-English Department of Sanata Dharma University. Employing a quantitative approach, specifically observation method by recording the class activity, this study tries to find out the types and analyse code switching employed by lecturers in the classes. The data analyses revealed that tag switching, intra-sentential and inter-sentential code switching are employed by lecturers and the code switching itself functions as the topic switch, repetitive and affective function. The inter-sentential code switching was mostly used by the lecturer and it mostly served as a repetitive function to explain and show their affection to students

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Xiong, Jiajuan, and Feng-fan Hsieh. "Same Degree of Intensification with Different Degrees of Sentential Projections." Lingua sinica 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linguasinica-2021-0001.

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Abstract In Chengdu Chinese, degree intensifiers for APs/VPs are attested to pair with three different types of sentence-final particles (SFPs), i.e., the FinP-level, the FocP-level and the ExclP-level SFPs, which function to complete a sentence, encode a focus and express exclamation. In our analysis, a degree intensifier projects a DegP, which pairs with one of the three sentential projections, viz., FinP, FocP and ExclP. This pairing is motivated by feature checking, as intensifiers contain the uninterpretable semantic features of [+Fin], [+Foc] or [+Excl], which need to be checked by sentential projections. Due to the inalienable sentential functions, intensifiers are barred from occurring in any kind of non-finite contexts. Furthermore, FinP and FocP are within the vP-domain, whereas ExclP is in the CP domain. Thus, ExclP-type intensifiers, unlike FinP-type and FocP-type intensifiers, defy relativization. This study of associating degree intensification with sentential functions not only explains the syntactic behaviors of Chengdu intensifiers but also sheds new light on the well-known Mandarin hen puzzle.

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Muliana, Rahmi Sri, and Zia Hisni Mubarak. "CODE-SWITCHING USED BY CHEF JUNA ON DEDDY CORBUZIER PODCAST." JURNAL BASIS 9, no. 1 (April 4, 2022): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/basisupb.v9i1.4535.

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The phenomenon of code-switching these days can be found easily on social media, such as Instagram, Whatsapp, Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, YouTube, and so on. The purpose of this research was to analyze the types of code-switching on the YouTube platform, especially in the Deddy Corbuzier Podcast video that invited Chef Juna as a guest. This research was a descriptive qualitative to study a sociolinguistic phenomenon. The observational method and non-participatory technique were used for collecting the data. The types of code-switching were analyzed using the theory explained by Poplack. The researchers found there were three types of code-switching: tag-switching, inter-sentential code-switching, and intra-sentential code-switching. The result showed the most common type of conversation which can be found in the Deddy Corbuzier Podcast was inter-sentential code-switching. Based on the result, it can be concluded the used of code-switching between the presenter and the guest showed intelligence by using more than one language during communication.

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Madejski, Grzegorz. "Regular and linear permutation languages." RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications 52, no. 2-3-4 (April 2018): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ita/2018016.

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A permutation rule is a non-context-free rule whose both sides contain the same multiset of symbols with at least one non-terminal. This rule does not add or substitute any symbols in the sentential form, but can be used to change the order of neighbouring symbols. In this paper, we consider regular and linear grammars extended with permutation rules. It is established that the generative power of these grammars relies not only on the length of the permutation rules, but also whether we allow or forbid the usage of erasing rules. This is quite surprising, since there is only one non-terminal in sentential forms of derivations for regular or linear grammars. Some decidability problems and closure properties of the generated families of languages are investigated. We also show a link to a similar model which mixes the symbols: grammars with jumping derivation mode.

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Gruet-Skrabalova, Hana. "Non-verbal complements of modal verbs: The case of directional adverbs in Czech." Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching 18, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2021.3.02.

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This paper deals with structures where Czech modal verbs (muset ‘must’, moci ‘can’, smět ‘be allowed’) combine, at surface, with an adverbial complement and which involve an event of movement to the place denoted by this complement. Since modal verbs normally select a VP complement, the question arises whether these structures contain an elided or a null verb GO, or whether modal verbs here directly select a directional adverbial, whose motion interpretation supplies a ‘missing’ verb of movement. We show in this paper that there is not enough evidence to posit a null lexical verb GO in the structures under discussion. We then argue that these structures are licensed by modality like non-finite or non-sentential whclauses that may also contain a directional adverbial without an overt verb of movement. However, in declarative clauses, which require a verbal head to bear tense and agreement feature and to support the negative prefix ne- expressing sentential negation, the modality must be overtly realized by a modal verb.

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LEE-GOLDMAN, RUSSELL. "Supplemental relative clauses: Internal and external syntax." Journal of Linguistics 48, no. 3 (March 15, 2012): 573–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000047.

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The internal syntactic structures of restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses are largely identical. This paper argues that despite a uniform internal structure, the external distributions – specifically, linearization with respect to the head – of non-restrictive relative clauses are subject to several conditions. In particular, sentential non-restrictive relative clauses with which and what can appear to the left of their heads in limited (and distinct) syntactic contexts. These lexical and syntactic constraints are represented within the framework of Sign-based Construction Grammar. In light of these observations, the paper revisits claims about the internal structure of parenthetical as-clauses. Prior claims that as cannot be a relativizer are shown to be unfounded, and new data are presented in favor of treating them as relative clauses with the external distribution of sentential adverbials. This is possible given the ability to state separately specifications of construction-internal syntactic structure and construction-external linear-order constraints.

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Golinska-Pilarek, Joanna. "Rasiowa-Sikorski proof system for the non-Fregean sentential logic SCI ★." Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 17, no. 4 (January 2007): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/jancl.17.511-519.

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Bar-Aba, Esther Borochovsky. "אפשר קפה 'May I Some Coffee?' Non-Sentential Utterances in Colloquial Hebrew." Hebrew Studies 48, no. 1 (2007): 291–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2007.0016.

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Mäkinen, Erkki. "On the Generative Capacity of Context-Free Matrix Grammars over One-Letter Alphabet." Fundamenta Informaticae 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1992-16105.

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This note studies the conjecture that context-free matrix languages over one-letter alphabet are regular. We are able to confirm the conjecture in a special case where at most one non terminal can have an unbounded number of occurrences in sentential forms.

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Cyrine, NYOMY Cyrine. "Exploring negation in Awing." Journal of Translation and Language Studies 1, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/jtls.v1i1.24.

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Negation is a universal category and languages differ in many respects in the way they express the latter (see Klima 1964). In this regards, some languages express sentential negation (a subcategorization of negation) with one marker (Dutch, German, English, etc.) while others like French uses two markers. Alongside markers used to express sentential negation, other items, among which Negative Polarity Items, mark negation and tight a particular element within its domain. In this paper, I aim at providing a picture of the expression of negation in Awing (a Bantu Grassfield langue of the Ngemba Group spoken in the North West region of Cameroon). Accordingly, sentential negation is expressed with two discontinuous markers kě…pô. One fact important to the presence of this negative marker is the movement of postverbal elements to a preverbal position turning the SVO structure in non-negative clause to an SOV pattern in negative clauses. In addition, the study describes other negative elements and negation subcategories. In last, the study of negative concord reveals that Awing belongs to the group of Strict Negative Concord (SNC) languages in which n-words must co-occur with negative marker to yield negation.

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Napoli, Ernesto. "Negation." Grazer Philosophische Studien 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 233–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-072001012.

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The paper is concerned with negation in artificial and natural languages. "Negation" is an ambiguous word. It can mean three different things: An operation(negating), an operator (a sign of negation), the result of an operation. The threethings, however, are intimately linked. An operation such as negation, is realizedthrough an operator of negation, i.e. consists in adding a symbol of negation to an entity to obtain an entity of the same type; and which operation it is dependson what it applies to and on what results from its application. I argue that negation is not an operation on linguistic acts but rather anoperation on the objects of linguistic acts, namely sentences. And I assume that the negation of a sentence is a sentence that contradicts it. If so, the negation of a sentence may be obtained, in case the sentence is molecular, by applying the operation of negation not to the sentence itself but to a constituent sentence. To put it in a succinct and paradoxically sounding way we could say that in order to negate a sentence it is sufficient but not necessary to negate it. However that negation applies to sentences is true only for artificial languages, in which the sign of negation is a monadic sentential connective. In natural language, negation applies to expressions other than sentences, namely word sand non-sentential phrases. Still words and not sentential phrases are interesting and valuable only as ultimate or immediate constituents of sentences, as a means of saying (something that can be true or false) and the concern with negation is ultimately the concern with the negation of sentences. So the problem is what sub-sentential and non sentential expressions negation should apply to in order to obtain the negation of the containing sentence. The standard answer is that the negation of a natural language sentence is equivalent to the negation of its predicate. Yet, I argue, predicate negation is necessary but not sufficient, due to the existence of molecular sentences. Finally I notice that if to apply negation to an artificial sentence is to put the negation sign in front of it, to negate the predicate of a natural language sentencemay or may not be to put the negation sign in front of it.

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Feizabadi, Parvin Sadat, and Mahmood Bijankhan. "The Effect of Non-sentential Context Prosody on Homographs’ Lexical Activation in Persian." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 44, no. 6 (October 5, 2014): 831–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10936-014-9324-4.

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Paperno, Denis. "Conjunction is Parallel Computation." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 22 (April 3, 2015): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v22i0.2630.

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This paper proposes a new, game theoretical, analysis of conjunction which provides a single logical translation of AND in its sentential, predicate, and NP uses, including both Boolean and non-Boolean cases. In essence it analyzes conjunction as parallel composition, based on game-theoretic semantics and logical syntax by Abramsky (2007).

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Paperno, Denis. "Conjunction is Parallel Computation." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 22 (September 3, 2012): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v22i0.3160.

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This paper proposes a new, game theoretical, analysis of conjunction which provides a single logical translation of and in its sentential, predicate, and NP uses, including both Boolean and non-Boolean cases. In essence it analyzes conjunction as parallel composition, based on game-theoretic semantics and logical syntax by Abramsky (2007).

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Yim, Dongsun, Hyunji Shin, Naeun Lim, Yeyoung Jung, Jimin Han, and Yoonhee Yang. "The Relationship between KBPR and Working Memory in Children with and without Specific Language Disorder: Phonological Loop and Episodic Buffer." Communication Sciences & Disorders 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.20770.

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Objectives: This study examined whether there is a significant relationship between Korean Brief Parent Report (KBPR) and Working Memory (phonological loop, episodic buffer); and investigated the significant predictor of children’s language ability.Methods: A total of 52 children from 4 to 6 years old participated in this study composed of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI), and typically developing (TD) children. Experimental tasks including KBPR, Non-Word Repetition (NWR), Word List Recall and a Symmetric-Asymmetric Matrix were used. One-way ANOVA, correlational, and multiple stepwise regression analysis were used.Results: 1) There was a significant difference between groups in section B (Current abilities) and C (Behavior patterns and activity preferences). 2) There was a statistically significant difference in phonological loop and linguistic episodic buffer (EB). 3) The correlation between each section score of KBPR and working memory in the TD group showed consistent linguistic sentential order in the EB task with all the other sections except for section A. In the SLI group, section A had correlation with phonological loop, section B had correlation with linguistic EB, and section C had correlation with non-linguistic EB 4) The most significant predictor of the KBPR total score in the TD group was linguistic sentential order EB, and in the SLI group was phonological loop.Conclusion: Both the KBPR score and working memory task competency of the SLI and TD groups showed significant differences. In addition, the meaningful predictor in the total score of KBPR in each group respectively was NWR in the SLI group and linguistic sentential order EB in the TD group.

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Al-humari, Mustafa Ahmed. "NegP Located Above TP: Evidence from Standard Arabic (SA) and Saudi Northern Region Dialect of Arabic (SNRDA)." International Journal of English Linguistics 12, no. 2 (March 6, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v12n2p86.

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The paper examines the properties of sentential negation in Standard Arabic (henceforth SA) and Saudi Northern Region Dialect of Arabic (henceforth SNRDA), focusing on similarities and differences in use and distribution (Note 1). In this paper, I propose that that the sentential negation facts of standard and dialectal versions of Arabic receive a unified account despite their apparent differences. I provide some empirical and conceptual evidence of the workability for the Neg-Above-T analysis over the Neg-Below-T analysis. NegP cannot remain lower than TP in Standard Arabic as the language employs V-to-T raising to drive the VSO from SVO word order. NegP in SNRDA should be higher than TP as it precedes non-verbal predicates (nominals, adjectivals, prepositionals, and adverbials) and some TP/CP located elements (expletive/ (indefinite) pronominal subjects and the future tense expressing element raaħ, and adverbials hosting pronoun subject clitics like ʕumri/uh.

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TRUTHE, BIANCA. "REMARKS ON CONTEXT-FREE PARALLEL COMMUNICATING GRAMMAR SYSTEMS GENERATING CROSSED AGREEMENTS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 19, no. 04 (August 2008): 873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054108006017.

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Parallel communicating grammar systems are language generating devices consisting of several grammars which derive synchronously their sentential forms and communicate with each other by sending their sentential forms to another component on request. Due to collaboration, grammar systems with context-free components are more powerful than a single context-free grammar; they even can generate all recursively enumerable languages. In natural languages, there occur constructions that cannot be modelled by context-free languages. Three important phenomena are the so-called multiple agreements, crossed agreements and replication which are represented by the three non-context-free languages K1 = { anbncn | n ≥ 1 }, K2 = { anbmcndm | m ≥ 1, n ≥ 1 }, and K3 = { ww | w ∈ { a, b }+}, respectively. In the present paper, we give parallel communicating grammar systems (PC grammar systems) that are context-free and that generate the language K2, working in different modes. In two cases, the results are optimal.

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Meir, Irit. "Sentence-phrase coordination in Hebrew and the syntax–pragmatics interface." Studies in Language 32, no. 1 (January 11, 2008): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.1.02mei.

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The coordination of a sentence and a phrase (Sentence-Phrase coordination, henceforth SPC) is a very widespread, though marked, construction in Modern Hebrew. It is characterized by special prosody in that it carries two sentential stresses, and is perceived as more forceful or emphatic than its non-conjoined counterpart. A full account of the properties and distribution of the construction involves both a syntactic and a pragmatic component. The analysis presented in the paper proposes that: (a) The conjunction imposes a propositional interpretation on the phrasal coordinand, thus enabling the speaker to convey two pieces of new information in one sentence. (b) Syntactically, the phrasal coordinand is best analyzed as an adjunct to the sentential coordinand. (c) The special discourse effect of the construction is to be analyzed as a case of independent strengthening (following Sperber & Wilson 1986, Blakemore & Carston 2005), whereby each coordinand leads independently to the same conclusion, thus providing cumulative evidence to the same purpose. (d) Although syntactically non-parallel, the two coordinands play a parallel inferential role in deriving cognitive effects of the utterance. Hence the use of the conjunction is taken as an instruction to the hearer to look for pragmatic parallelism between two constituents which are clearly non-like syntactically.

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Hakulinen, Auli. "Minimal and non-minimal answers to yes-no questions." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.11.1.01hak.

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Against the theoretical and methodological background of conversation analysis (CA), the author addresses the issue of the contextual conditions for a specific type of grammatical phenomenon: answers to yes-no questions. She distinguishes five kinds of answers: two minimal ones, one next to minimal one, and two sentential types of answers. Minimal and non-minimal types of answers are shown to be doing different kinds of work in an interaction, full sentence answers addressing a wider range of features oriented to in the context either by the questioner or in the interpretation. The different types are placed along a confirmation-negation continuum.

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Ameliza, Thessa Cynthia, and Ambalegin Ambalegin. "CODE SWITCHING ANALYSIS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE WHATSAPP GROUP." JURNAL BASIS 7, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/basisupb.v7i1.1837.

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The aim of this research was to find out the type and reason of code switching on WhatsApp group of Putera Batam University. In collecting the data, the research applied observational method non-participatory technique. The data was analyzed by using the theory of Poplack (1980). The researchers applied the text in WhatsApp as the data. It was found 15 texts contain code switching. The data ware classified into three: tag switching, inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential switching. From the 15 text, intra-sentential switching were the most frequent type of code switching because WhatsApp group members often change language from Indonesian to English in only a few sentences that appear at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of sentence. Code switching have ten reason using theory of Grosjean (1981). First, to fill the linguistic needs for lexical items, specify phrases, discourse markers, or sentence fillers. Second, to continue the last language used (trigger). Third, quote someone. Fourth, to determine the recipient. Fifth, to qualify the message: strengthen or emphasize. Sixth, to determine the involvement of the speaker (personal message). Seventh, to mark and emphasize group identity. Eighth, conveys confidentiality, anger, and harassment. Ninth, to exclude someone from conversation. Tenth, change the role of the speaker: Increase status, add authority, and show expertise. For reasons in the WhatsApp group only 3 of 10 kinds of reasons were found: to fill the linguistic needs for lexical items, to continue the last language used (triggered) and to determine speaker involvement.

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Mohri, Mehryar. "Réduction de Complétive à un Nom et Article Défini Générique." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.17.1.04meh.

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The description of the conditions under which generic definite articles appear in the sentences of French is a real issue. We present here a simple syntactic rule, based on the theory of support verbs (Z. Harris 1968, M. Gross 1975), which accounts for the appearance of these articles in a particular set of sentences. In these sentences, the generic article is followed by a noun which can be associated with a support verb, and be replaced by a sentential complement of the type que S (that S). We first briefly describe a transformation which relates this sentential complement to its reduced form of simple noun. We then indicate a rule which consists in erasing the preposition de while applying this transformation. Various examples of sentences are shown in order to illustrate the wide range of application of the proposed rule. We also extend this rule to the case of sentences in which a generic definite article precedes a noun non linked with a support verb, and discuss the additional conditions required.

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Wang, Fang, and Fuyun Wu. "Postnominal relative clauses in Chinese." Linguistics 58, no. 6 (November 25, 2020): 1501–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0226.

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AbstractIn contrast to well-studied prenominal relative clauses (RCs) in Chinese, little has been known about postnominal RCs that are non-canonical but existent in spoken Chinese. Focusing on Standard Mandarin, this paper examines in a large-scale spoken corpus the distributional patterns of postnominal RCs. Using distribution patterns of prenominal RCs in existing corpus studies as benchmarks, we show that postnominal RCs in our spoken corpus of Standard Mandarin tend to modify sentential objects more frequently than sentential subjects, and that they are likely to be short, with extremely rare presence of aspect markers. Based on these patterns, we propose that postnominal RCs in Standard Mandarin are mostly afterthoughts, motivated by information structure of spoken languages and word order principles. To better understand their general coverage, we further investigate postnominal RCs in Chinese dialects using available resources, including Yue, Min, Xiang, and Wu, followed by a raw comparison of cross-dialectal similarities and differences. We conclude that postnominal RCs in Chinese are similarly motivated, but their degrees of grammaticalization vary.

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Antonic, Ivana. "One sententional model with the prepositional accusativ AS proleptic subject." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 66 (2010): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1066109a.

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The topic of this paper is a model of two-predicate sentence in which with the matrix predication, which makes the so-called sentential-transitive verb, there appears accusative with the preposition ZA (for) and the complement clause with the conjunction DA (that). On the basis of such formal structure, it represents a sentence with two objects - one non-propositional object in the form of the prepositional accusative - indirect type and the other propositional object, sententially formalized. Conducted analysis showed that this is a specific sentential model which could be viewed at several relevant levels: at the syntactic, syntactic-semantic, semantic and pragmatic level, because only that way one can view all its features. It turned out that the status of complement clause was not problematic - it is a propositional-sentential object, obligatorily postponed both to the basic predication and to the prepositional accusative, but the prepositional accusative, though placed in the matrix sentence, is not in the direct correlation with its predication, so it is not its object, but has the function of PROLEPTIC SUBJECT of the complement clause (in the periphrasis test, the prepositional accusative is turned into nominative and is placed inside the complement clause), and semantically it is a pseudoagent: the bearer of the feature expressed in the predicate of the complement clause whose referent most frequently has the feature ?alive? ?human?, but can also be abstract. Therefore, the verbs which appear in the matrix predication are the verbs of simple, obligatorily propositional-sentential transitivity which in addition also belong to specific semantic classes: it is the case with the verbs of cognition: primarily the basic verb of having knowledge znati (know) and the verbs of acquiring knowledge saznati, doznati (get to know); the verbs of a different degree of certainty about the factual situation: the verb garantovati (guarantee) and the copulative-adjectival structure biti siguran (be certain), biti ubedjen (be assured) and the verbs verovati (believe), misliti (think); then the verb of fictitious cognition uobrazavati (imagine); the verbs of speaking pricati (talk) and, used in that meaning, the verbs cuti (hear), citati (read), then kazati (say), suskati ?speak quietly? (whisper), sumnjati (doubt), nagadjati (suspect); and at the end the verbs of fear: brinuti se ?fear? (worry), bojati se (fear), pribojavati se (have fears), plasiti se (fear), strepeti (fear for), strahovati (be apprehensive). Since with these verbs the complement proposition acquires various features when it comes to factivity, this sentential model is analyzed from that perspective, too. Finally, the paper also discusses the frequency of negative / positive characterization of the referent of the proleptic subject.

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Fathimah, Diana Nur. "WHY IS THERE CODE SWITCHING IN EFL CLASSROOM? : A CASE STUDY IN A VOCATIONAL SCHOOL IN CIMAHI WEST-JAVA." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 16, no. 1 (August 29, 2016): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v16i1.3063.

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AbstractCode switching is a common phenomenon that results from the bilingual quality of a language speaker. In the educational context, code switching is frequently found in an EFL classroom of which the teacher is a non-native speaker. It is considered as one of the strategies to facilitate students to learn English more effectively. However, a number of research studies investigating EFL classroom discourse found various reasons of the use of code switching, ranging from the familiarity of the context to the teacher’s language proficiency. The present research gears toward investigating code-switching practiced by an EFL teacher in Indonesia and the rationale behind that practice. Taking case study method, this qualitative study employs observation and semi-structured interview to gather the data. An English teacher in one vocational school in Indonesia was chosen to be the participant of the research. The research shows that, as a bilingual, the teacher practiced code-switching both in educational context and non-educational context, inter-sententially and intra-sententially. In the classroom context, inter-sentential code switching was practiced deliberately to serve as exposures for students. Meanwhile, intra-sentential code switching was oftentime not a deliberate action, but rather a force of habit of the English teacher as a bilingual.Keywords: Bilingualism, code-switching, EFL classroomAbstrakAlih kode merupakan fenomena umum yang dihasilkan dari kualitas bilingual dari penutur bahasa. Dalam konteks pendidikan, alih kode sering ditemukan di dalam kelas EFL dimana guru merupakan pembicara non-pribumi. Hal ini dianggap sebagai salah satu strategi untuk memfasilitasi siswa untuk belajar bahasa Inggris dengan lebih efektif. Namun, sejumlah penelitian yang menyelidiki EFL wacana kelas menemukan berbagai alasan dari penggunaan alih kode, mulai dari keakraban konteks untuk kemahiran berbahasa guru. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji alih kode yang dilakukan oleh seorang guru EFL di Indonesia dan alasan di balik praktek itu. Metode yang digunakan yaitu studi kasus, studi kualitatif dengan menggunakan observasi dan wawancara semi-terstruktur untuk memperoleh data. Seorang guru bahasa Inggris di salah satu sekolah kejuruan di Indonesia dipilih menjadi responden penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, sebagai bilingual, guru berlatih alih kode baik dalam konteks pendidikan dan konteks non-pendidikan, antar-kalimat dan intra-kalimat. Dalam konteks kelas, alih kode antar-kalimat sengaja dipraktekkan untuk pengenalan awal bagi siswa. Sementara itu, kode intra-sentential sering kali dilakukan tidak disengaja, melainkan kebiasaan guru bahasa Inggris sebagai bilingual. Kata kunci: Bilingualism, alih kode, EFL kelas

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Fischer, Markus. "Zweifelsfall: zweifeln im Deutschen." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 30 (January 1, 2003): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.30.2003.179.

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Two main types of sentences are traditionally distinguished in the context of semantic theories of questions and answers: declarative sentences, corresponding to statements, and interrogative sentences, corresponding to questions. The interrogative forms can be further subdivided into dialectical ones (yes-no-questions) and non-dialectical ones (constituent questions). These distinctions are made for both root and embedded sentences. The predicates that select sentential complements fall into three classes: predicates that license only declaratives, those that allow only for interrogatives, and those that embed both types of sentences. In this connection, verbs of doubt are interesting in that they allow for declaratives as well as dialectical interrogatives, while non-dialectical interrogatives do not seem to be appropriate complements. In what follows, our main concern will be with the German verb of doubt zweifeln and its possible sentential complements. Speaker intuitions as to which constructions are grammatical or acceptable vary, particularily with respect to rare expressions like zweifeln. Therefore, interviews and corpus analysis were applied as a means to acquire reliable linguistic data. These as well as data from historical sources and from some languages other than German (esp. English and Italian) are presented and analysed. In the last section, based on the notion of ‘subjective probability’, an attempt is made at explaining the observations.

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Saddhono, Kundharu. "BENTUK DAN FUNGSI KODE DALAM WACANA KHOTBAH JUMAT (Studi Kasus di Kota Surakarta)." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 11, no. 1 (July 31, 2012): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2012.11104.

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This study aims at describing the discourse of Friday sermons in the city of Surakarta. This study is a sociolinguistic study with qualitative research method. The language based code shows Indonesian language is used dominantly because the object of study is in Surakarta. Arabic is widely used because the Friday sermons are one kind of worships in Islam. Javanese language is used because of the speech location and cultural backgrounds. English only slightly appears and is influenced by the speakers’ background. The code based on the variations can be divided into the standard and non standard languages. Intra-sentential code switchings take the forms of words, reduplication, word repetitions, and phrases. This is due to attitudinal and linguistic factors. Inter-sentential code switchings are permanent and temporary. The determining factors are speakers, interlocutors, topics or subject matters, special speech functions/ends, and changes in circumstances. The functions of code switching in the Friday sermons are to express gratitude, purify God, glorify God, honor someone, express amazement, prohibit, sound prestigious, express permission, beg for forgiveness, beautify utterances, change the subject, pray for someone, declare an appointment, mention terms, express doubts, and regret something.

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Munaro, Nicola, and Cecilia Poletto. "Sentential particles and clausal typing in the veneto dialects." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 375–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.35.2004.234.

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In this work we examine several sentential particles, occurring in imperatives, main exclamative and interrogative sentences, which display a uniform syntactic behaviour. We analyse them as heads of high CP projections which require their specifier to be filled either by the wh-item (in sentences where there is one) or by the whole clause, yielding the sentence final position of the particle. The hypothesis that they are C°-heads accounts for their sensitivity to sentence type and for their occurrence only in matrix contexts. We also provide a first sketch of their semantic contribution, showing that they select ‘non standard’ contexts and interact with tense and modality of the verb when the whole CP has moved to their specifier.

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Di Sciullo, Anne-Marie, Pieter Muysken, and Rajendra Singh. "Government and code-mixing." Journal of Linguistics 22, no. 1 (March 1986): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700010537.

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The aim of this paper is to argue that the process of code-mixing is constrained by the government relation that holds between the constituents of a sentence. The government constraint replaces a number of specific constraints that have been proposed in the literature to account for apparently ‘impossible’, ‘ungrammatical’ or ‘non-occurring’ types of intra-sentential switches. Code-mixing is a form of linguistic behaviour which produces utterances consisting of elements taken from the lexicons of different languages. Some examples are given in (1).

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Caparaz, Pilar, and Leah Gustilo. "COMMUNICATIVE ASPECTS OF MULTILINGUAL CODE SWITCHING IN COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 7, no. 2 (September 30, 2017): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i2.8137.

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The quintessential role of language has been punctiliously studied relative to intercultural communication, cultural heritage, social development, education, identity construction and many more domains. One forum wherein language is investigated is the Computer-mediated Communication (CMC) which provides a fertile ground for linguistic and sociolinguistic analyses. The present study aims at investigating the preferred codes used in code switching (CS), functions of CS, and the motives of users for employing CS in CMC. The present study was based on the investigation of 200 status updates and 100 wall posts of 50 Facebook accounts of students who are enrolled in a leading state university in Mindanao and professionals who graduated from the same university. Besides English and Filipino, these Facebook users speak various regional languages such as Chavacano, Cebuano, and Tausug. Their posts were analyzed employing eclectic approaches in analyzing inter-sentential and intra-sentential code switching. The findings reveal that the preferred code in their online communication is Taglish. It implies that Taglish is an equalizer, non-privileging, non-discriminating, and more unifying. The primary reason for CS is because of real lexical need. Besides the given categories, the study determined four other reasons for CS, namely: to express ideas spontaneously, to retain native terminology, to express disappointment, and to promote relationship. The findings vouch for the viability of regional languages to co-exist with English and other languages in the gamut of human interactions in the internet.

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Li, Haoze. "Deriving short answers from Hamblin sets: A case study of Mandarin wh-conditionals." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 29 (December 9, 2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v29i0.4604.

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A short answer to a wh-question cannot be directly derived from the latter’s Hamblin–Karttunen denotation, which is a set of propositions. However, I argue that such a derivation is possible when the Hamblin-Karttunen denotation is dynamicized. In particular, wh-expressions have dynamic discourse contributions in the sense of introducing discourse referents (drefs), as evidenced by cross-sentential binding. Drefs introduced by wh-expressions not only provide a way to model short answers to wh-questions, but are also useful for modeling a non-canonical wh-construction known as wh-conditionals in Mandarin.

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Mawuntu, Yulita R., Deane Wowor, and Tirza Kumayas. "AN ANALYSIS ON CODE MIXING USED BY YOUTH IN KINIAR." Journal of English Culture, Language, Literature and Education 8, no. 2 (September 4, 2021): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53682/eclue.v8i2.1619.

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This research was conducted to identify the forms of code mixing and to describe the social contexts where the youth it was conducted in Kiniar, one of the villages in Tondano used code mixing in their daily communication. Qualitative research design was used in this research. The data were collected in the form of words and phrases, not numbers. The data was taken based on participant observation and the data were collected by taking note. This research used the theory of Siregar. The data were collected and analyzed used the theory of Bogdan and Biklen. The results of this research showed that there are 4 codes used by youth in GMIM Tiberias Kiniar Church: Indonesia language, English language, Manado-Malay language and Toulour language. But Manado-Malay is dominantly used. The data were categorized into the types of code mixing: Intra-sentential mixing and Extra-sentential mixing. In relation to the result of the study, the researcher suggested that code mixing is not a barrier in communicating or saying something to people, but it may be considered as a useful strategy in communicating to people in formal or non-formal forum, cases, or situation, if the aim is to make clearer the meaning or the message of the speaker to the people or the audiences.

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Laurinavichyute, A. K., A. Ulicheva, M. V. Ivanova, S. V. Kuptsova, and O. Dragoy. "Processing lexical ambiguity in sentential context: Eye-tracking data from brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged individuals." Neuropsychologia 64 (November 2014): 360–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.040.

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Arslan, Recep Şahin. "Non-native Pre-service English Language Teachers Achieving Intelligibility in English: Focus on Lexical and Sentential Stress." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 70 (January 2013): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.074.

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Borik, Olga. "Constraints on the position and interpretation of bare singular indefinites in Russian." Linguistica 56, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.56.1.9-23.

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In this paper, I discuss the distribution of bare singular indefinite nominals in Russian. I argue that these nominal phrases are full-fledged indefinites and can have both specific and non-specific indefinite interpretations. However, their appearance in the preverbal subject position is not common. I argue in this paper that this restriction exists because a specific interpretation, or, in other words, a referential reading, required for this position cannot be unambiguously established with BSgs without any additional sentential specification. Additionally, I discuss some consequences of my proposal, such as BSg subjects of individual-level predicates, and BSg subjects in thetic judgments.

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Kiklewicz, Aleksander. "Typology of syntactic realization forms of propositional argument (on the example of Russian emotional verbs)." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 419–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.4535.

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The subject of this article is the syntactic representation of propositional arguments in the sentences with Russian emotional verbs. The opposition of sentential and nominal actants is treated as a gradual one, i.e. represented by a set of syntactic realization forms of propositional arguments: clausal and non-clausal, finite and non-finite, lexical (material) and zero/empty (non-material). All these forms constitute a valence class of a lexical unit. A quantitative analysis of syntactic representations of Russian emotive verbs has shown that the valent characteristics of verbs and the separate subclasses vary in a large range. The most typical forms of filling the position of propositional argument in the class verba sentiendi are predicate and propositional names, and the least typical are clausal actants with the core component in the form of an adjective and infinitive.

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PERES, João Andrade. "On the nature and licensing conditions of n-phrases in Portuguese." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 16, spe (2000): 165–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502000000300007.

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The present paper focuses on the syntactic and semantic nature of the expressions identified in the literature as n-words (preferably, n-phrases), and on their licensing conditions. Concerning their status, arguments will be given in favor of Ladusaw's 1992 thesis that these are existential (and non-specific, it is claimed) indefinites. In a brief excursus, it will be shown that other constructs engage in the process known as "negative concord". In the final part, an attempt will be made to offer a systematic picture of the intra-- and cross-sentential licensing conditions of classical n-phrases. In this regard, the paramount importance of contextual decreasing monotonicity becomes apparent.

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Clark, Andy. "Word and Action: Reconciling Rules and Know-How in Moral Cognition." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 26 (2000): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2000.10717555.

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AbstractRecent work in cognitive science highlights the importance of exemplar- based know-how in supporting human expertise. Influenced by this model, certain accounts of moral knowledge now stress exemplarbased, non-sentential know-how at the expense of rule-and-principle based accounts. I shall argue, however, that moral thought and reason cannot be understood by reference to either of these roles alone. Moral cognition — like other forms of ‘advanced’ cognition — depends crucially on the subtle interplay and interaction of multiple factors and forces andespecially(or so I argue) between the use of linguistic tools and formulations and more biologically basic forms of thought and reason.

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Demenchuk, O. V. "Lexical Semantic Modelling in Cross-Linguistic Perspective." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 17 (August 21, 2018): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2018.17.03.

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The paper focuses on model of situation concept – a representation that is thought to constitute the basis for comparison (tertium comparationis) of lexical semantics in related and non-related languages. The model is considered to represent the content of a lexical item through a sampling of a multidimensional concept. The relevance of the model being a representation of multidimensional semantic space is verified based on the results of the subjective scaling experiment. The concept of situation is considered as a configuration of semantic linguistic dimensions – the characteristics that encode information on how a situation is construed by the semantics of a lexical item. It has been ascertained that the lexical items’ semantics of contrasted languages (English, German, Polish, and Ukrainian) encode and distribute information within four semantic linguistic dimensions: representational, sentential, constructional, and epidigmatic. It is posited that the representational semantic dimension encodes information on the gnoseological values of situation participants, the sentential one – on a set and relations of situation participants, the constructional one – on the degree of positional activities or salience of situation participants, the epidigmatic one – on the semantic associations of situation participants. In order to ascertain the content of a situation concept and to establish the ways the information is encoded and distributed in the semantics of lexical items, a directed associative experiment has been used. In reproducing the specificity of the worldview, the expediency of further psycholinguistic research of lexical semantic models is claimed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-sentential'

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