Academic literature on the topic 'Non-saturated traffic, Multimedia applications'

WiMAX is one of the broadband wireless access technologies, which provides the efficient QoS to the large number of users. The multimedia applications such as real time and non-real time services are gaining importance in the WiMAX network. To support such applications, there is a need to propose an efficient QoS traffic prediction routing protocol for the WiMAX networks. To address this, the authors are using Gene Expression Programming technique. They have generated datasets for CBR based traffic and file transfer applications. Here, they focus to develop the mathematical expressions for throughput of the network in terms of bandwidth, average end-to-end delay and average jitter for CBR based traffic and file transfer applications, so that they can analyze and predict the QoS traffic of the network. The simulation results show that the model values and the target values match with better approximation. Further, sensitivity analysis has been carried out for both CBR based traffic and file transfer applications.

We consider a wireless ad hoc network with random access channel. We present a model that takes into account topology, routing, random access in MAC layer, and forwarding probability. In this paper, we focus on drawing benefit from the interaction of the MAC (governed by IEEE 802.11 or slotted Aloha) and routing by defining a new cross-layer scheme for routing based on the limit number of retransmission. By adjusting dynamically and judiciously this parameter in a saturated network, we have realized that both stability of forwarding queues and average throughput are significantly improved in linear networks with symmetric traffic: a gain of 100% can be reached. While in asymmetric topology network with asymmetric traffic, we achieve a better average delay (resp., throughput) for each connection without changing the average throughput (resp., delay). In addition, we show the efficiency of our new scheme in case of multimedia applications with delay constraint. A detailed performance study is presented using analytical and simulation evaluation.

The Internet of vehicles is an essential component for building smart cities that can improve traffic safety and provide multimedia entertainment services. The cognitive radio–enabled Internet of vehicles was proposed to resolve the conflict between the increasing demand of Internet of vehicles applications and the limited spectrum resources. The multi-hop transmission is one of the most important issues in cognitive radio–enabled Internet of vehicles networks. Nevertheless, most existing forwarding solutions designed for the cognitive radio–enabled Internet of vehicles did not consider the urban expressway scenario, where primary base stations are densely installed with small coverage areas. In this case, it is difficult to ensure that the sender and the receiver of the same cognitive radio link have similar channel availability statistics, which makes cognitive radio links more likely to be interrupted. To address this challenge, we develop a multi-hop forwarding scheme to minimize the end-to-end delay for such networks. We first formulate the delay minimization problem as a non-linear integer optimization problem. Then, we propose an approach to select the relay candidates by jointly considering the high mobility of vehicles and the unique cognitive radio spectrum usage distributions in urban expressway scenarios. Finally, we propose the low-latency forwarding strategies by considering the channel availability and the delay cost of different situations of relay candidates. Simulations show the advantages of our proposed scheme, compared with state-of-art methods.

Visible light communications (VLC) have received significant attention as a way of moving part of the saturated indoor wireless traffic to the wide and unregulated visible optical spectrum. Nowadays, VLC are considered as a suitable technology, for several applications such as high-rate data transmission, supporting internet of things communications or positioning. The signal processing originally derived from radio-frequency (RF) systems such as cooperative or precoding schemes can be applied to VLC. However, its implementation is not straightforward. Furthermore, unlike RF transmission, VLC present a predominant line-of-sight link, although a weak non-LoS component may appear due to the reflection of the light on walls, floor, ceiling and nearby objects. Blocking effects may compromise the performance of the aforementioned transmission schemes. There exist several surveys in the literature focused on VLC and its applications, but the management of the shadowing and interference in VLC requires a comprehensive study. To fill this gap, this work introduces the implementation of cooperative and precoding schemes to VLC, while remarking their benefits and drawbacks for overcoming the shadowing effects. After that, the combination of both cooperative and precoding schemes is analyzed as a way of providing resilient VLC networks. Finally, we propose several open issues that the cooperative and precoding schemes must face in order to provide satisfactory VLC performance in indoor scenarios.

One form of early mathematical recognition is to introduce the concept of geometric shapes. Geometry is an important scientific discipline for present and future life by developing various ways that fit 21st century skills. This study aims to overcome the problem of early mathematical recognition of early childhood on geometry, especially how to recognize geometric forms based on computer learning. A total of 24 children aged 4-5 years in kindergarten has to carrying out 2 research cycles with a total of 5 meetings. Treatment activities in each learning cycle include mentioning, grouping and imitating geometric shapes. There were only 7 children who were able to recognize the geometric shapes in the pre-research cycle (29.2%). An increase in the number of children who are able to do activities well in each research cycle includes: 1) The activities mentioned in the first cycle and 75% in the second cycle; 2) Classifying activities in the first cycle were 37.5% and 75% in the second cycle; 3) Imitation activities in the first cycle 54.2% and 79.2% in the second cycle. The results of data acquisition show that computer learning application can improve the ability to recognize geometric shapes, this is because computer learning provides software that has activities to recognize geometric shapes with the animation and visuals displayed. Keywords: Early Childhood Computer Learning, Geometry Forms, Early Math Skills Reference Alia, T., & Irwansyah. (2018). Pendampingan Orang Tua pada Anak Usia Dini dalam Penggunaan Teknologi Digital. A Journal of Language, Literature, Culture and Education, 14(1), 65– 78. https://doi.org/10.19166/pji.v14i1.639 Ameliola, S., & Nugraha, H. D. (2013). 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Real-time traffic or flows also called as inelastic traffic is that which enforces timely delivery of flows within a specified period of time. There are several applications which generate these flows like multimedia, audio-video conferencing, webinar, Interactive gaming, webcam, Internet TV etc. An interactive application demands a speedy delivery of flows. Flows reaching the destination after this deadline are considered useless. Realtime traffic imposes rigid demands for the delivery. All the realtime flows should be timely delivered and accumulated at the destination. The proposed Dynamic Scheduler relies on Dynamic Packet Scheduling ratio which is dynamic in nature and the ratio changes dynamically with respect to the flows accumulated in both the queues. Flows are scheduled based on the maximum flows allowed on the path that is calculated by TP max. Packet scheduling is based on the available throughput of the network. This dynamic scheduling results in guaranteed fair treatment of both real-time traffic and non-real time traffic. In the this paper we propose a Dynamic Scheduler, [DPS] which dynamically works according to the available number of flows in both realtime and non-real-time queues.

This article represents a comparative study of various types of multiple users’ access schemes for cellular radio system. One of the promising technique for the significant bandwidth efficiency enhancement in future wireless cellular system compared to the conventional multiple access technologies, especially orthogonal multiple access is Non-Orthogonal multiple access(NOMA). NOMA have grater spectral efficiency and more massive connectivity over orthogonal in fading environment. Third generation partnership projects have recently been proposed NOMA for 4G (3GPP-LTE-A). It is a Novel technique focusing the solution for 5G, advanced multimedia applications and Internet of things in terms of supporting massive heterogeneous data traffic. This review paper primarily focus on diverse NOMA techniques and provides a detailed outline of the Cutting edge in NOMA basic principles, NOMA power domain and its other variants.

AbstractMultimedia content streaming from Internet-based sources emerges as one of the most demanded services by wireless users. In order to alleviate excessive traffic due to multimedia content transmission, many architectures (e.g., small cells, femtocells, etc.) have been proposed to offload such traffic to the nearest (or strongest) access point also called “helper”. However, the deployment of more helpers is not necessarily beneficial due to their potential of increasing interference. In this work, we evaluate a wireless system which can serve both cacheable and non-cacheable traffic. More specifically, we consider a general system in which a wireless user with limited cache storage requests cacheable content from a data center that can be directly accessed through a base station. The user can be assisted by a pair of wireless helpers that exchange non-cacheable content as well. Files not available from the helpers are transmitted by the base station. We analyze the system throughput and the delay experienced by the cached user and show how these performance metrics are affected by the packet arrival rate at the source helper, the availability of caching helpers, the caches’ parameters, and the user’s request rate by means of numerical results.

Wireless technologies have become the model for Entertainment, Communication and Education all over the world. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Departments of various Universities across the globe offer courses on Wireless Communication and Networks for Undergraduate and Postgraduate students by focusing on the latest teaching pedagogy. Recent advancements in health care services demand reliable transmission of medical images and videos for better diagnosis and treatment. The effective utilization of available spectrum is one of the requirements for stable transmission of medical information. A Long Term Evolution (LTE) system model for a real-time multimedia application must provide high Quality of Service (QoS). Scheduling and allocating resources for real-time downlink flows in LTE networks is a challenging issue, as the network excellence and assured output have to be confirmed together with decreasing the Head of Line (HOL) suspension. The ever increasing demand for higher data rates in uplink and downlink transmission services constraints on delay and bandwidth requirements. This leads the existing fourth generation LTE wireless networks to concentrate more on the resource scheduling techniques with acceptable levels of Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, a Game theory based scheduling (GTBS) and resource allocation Algorithm multimedia traffic in LTE network is designed and studied. The Algorithm is simulated in LTE-sim for real time (RT) and Non-real time (NRT) data traffic. The work identified a new teaching pedagogy, the work is explained to the undergraduate Engineering students so that they can apply the knowledge to develop new innovative projects.

This thesis is concerned with the development of new mathematical models for the IEEE 802.11??s access mechanisms, with a particular focus on DCF and EDCA. Accurate mathematical models for the DCF and EDCA access mechanisms provide many benefits, such as improved performance analysis, easier network capacity planning, and robust network design. A feature that permeates the work presented in this thesis is the application of our new models to network environments where both saturated and non-saturated traffic sources are present. The scenario in which multiple traffic sources are present is more technically challenging, but provides for a more realistic setting. Our first contribution is the development of a new Markov model for non-saturated DCF in order to predict the network throughput. This model takes into account several details of the protocol that have been hitherto neglected. In addition, we apply a novel treatment of the packet service time within our model. We show how the inclusion of these effects provides more accurate predictions of network throughput than earlier works. Our second contribution is the development of a new analytical model for EDCA, again in order to predict network throughput. Our new EDCA model is based on a replacement of the normal AIFS parameter of EDCA with a new parameter more closely associated with DCF. This novel procedure allows EDCA to be viewed as a modified multi-mode version of DCF. Our third contribution is the simultaneous application of our new Markov models to both the non-saturated and the saturated regime. Hitherto, network throughput predictions for these regimes have required completely separate mathematical models. The convergence property of our model in the two regimes provides a new method to estimate the network capacity of the network. Our fourth contribution relates to predictions for the multimedia capacity of 802.11 networks. Our multimedia capacity analysis, which is based on modifications to our Markov model, is new in that it can be applied to a broad range of quality of service requirements. Finally, we highlight the use of our analysis in the context of emerging location-enabled networks.

The WiMAX network provides an efficient QoS to the large number of users. The real time and non-real time multimedia applications are gaining importance in the WiMAX network. To support such applications, there is a need to propose an efficient QoS of traffic prediction mechanism for the WiMAX networks. To address this, the authors have applied Gene Expression Programming technique for CBR based traffic and file transfer applications in the WiMAX network. The main focus of this chapter is to develop the mathematical expressions for throughput of the network by considering bandwidth, average end-to-end delay and average jitter as inputs for CBR based traffic and file transfer applications. This expression helps to analyze and predict the QoS of traffic of a given network. The simulation results show that the model values and the target values match with better approximation. Experimentally GEP performs better than other existing algorithms. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis has been carried out for both the applications

Intelligent process control technology in various manufacturing industries is important. Vision-based non-magnetic object detection on moving conveyor in the steel industry will play a vital role for intelligent processes and raw material handling. This chapter presents an approach for a vision-based system that performs the detection of non-magnetic objects on raw material moving conveyor in a secondary steel-making industry. At single camera level, a vision-based differential algorithm is applied to recognize an object. Image pixels-based differential techniques, optical flow, and motion-based segmentations are used for traffic parameters extraction; the proposed approach extends those futures into industrial applications. The authors implement a smart control system, since they can save the energy and control unnecessary breakdowns in a robust manner. The technique developed for non-magnetic object detection has a single static background. Establishing background and background subtraction from continuous video input frames forms the basis. Detection of non-magnetic materials, which are moving with raw materials, and taking immediate action at the same stage as the material handling system will avoid the breakdowns or power wastage. The authors achieve accuracy up to 95% with the computational time of not more than 1.5 seconds for complete system execution.

Network multimedia applications constitute a large part of Internet traffic and guaranteed delivery of such traffic is a challenge because of their sensitivity to delay, packet loss and higher bandwidth requirement. The need for guaranteed traffic delivery is exacerbated by the increasing delay experienced by traffic propagating through more than one QoS domain. Hence, there is a need for a flexible and a scalable QoS manager that handles and manages the needs of traffic flows throughout multiple IPv6 domains. The IPv6 QoS manager, presented in this paper, uses a combination of the packets’ flow ID and the source address (Domain Global Identifier (DGI)), to process and reserve resources inside an IPv6 domain. To ensure inter-domain QoS management, the QoS domain manager should also communicate with other QoS domains’ managers to ensure that traffic flows are guaranteed delivery. In this scheme, the IPv6 QoS manager handles QoS requests by either processing them locally if the intended destination is located locally or forwards the request to the neighboring domain’s QoS manager. End-to-end QoS is achieved with an integrated admission and management unit. The feasibility of the proposed QoS management scheme is illustrated for both intra- and inter-domain QoS management. The scalability of the QoS management scheme for inter-domain scenarios is illustrated with simulations for traffic flows propagating through two and three domains. Excellent average end-to-end delay results have been achieved when traffic flow propagates through more than one domain. Simulations show that packets belonging to non-conformant flows experience increased delay, and such packets are degraded to lower priority if they exceed their negotiated traffic flow rates. Many pricing schemes have been proposed for QoS-enabled networks. However, integrated pricing and admission control has not been studied in detail. A dynamic pricing model is integrated with the IPv6 QoS manager to study the effects of increasing traffic flows rates on the increased cost of delivering high priority traffic flows. The pricing agent assigns prices dynamically for each traffic flow accepted by the domain manager. Combining the pricing strategy with the QoS manager allows only higher priority traffic packets that are willing to pay more to be processed during congestion. This approach is flexible and scalable as end-to-end pricing is decoupled from packet forwarding and resource reservation decisions. Simulations show that additional revenue is generated as prices change dynamically according to the network congestion status.

Major urban corridors in Indian cities are carrying significantly high traffic leading to near saturated conditions for extended peak hours. As mixed landuse and major trip attracting/generating establishments are generally observed to be located along such corridors for better accessibility, significant side friction is also observed along these corridors. Among various measures to improve the throughput along such corridors, signalized intersections seem to be the most preferred intervention for intersection control. Although frequent occurrence of such traffic signals and non-coordinated signal phases have in turn made the whole situation more complex. To overcome this challenge, variations of smart signals are being proposed by technology and traffic enterprises globally. Generally, smart interventions in operation of signalised intersections require communication among vehicles and control system through various sensors and applications of Intelligent transport services (ITS). Smart signal operations require the sensors grouted in pavement or attached with camera to share the relevant data in real time basis with central command and control centre. With adaptive signal operations, it is attempted to schedule signal phases in such a way that green phase of every cycle generally experiences near saturated flow conditions. The smart cities mission (SCM) of India, covering around 100 cities also focuses upon improving the urban mobility through various measures including smart signals. Some of the popular proposals relating to smart operation of signalised intersection across shortlisted smart cities include adaptive and coordinated traffic signals. It is understood that traffic signal optimization is not a one-time action but rather a continuous process, as data archiving, data crunching, research and adaptations are indispensable for its success. As the geometry, location and setting of each intersection in every network is bound to be unique, the optimization process needs to consider the same. The literature and case study of Indian city Bhubaneswar (ranked first in nationwide smart city challenge) revealed that challenges specific to Indian driving conditions are major cause of worry for yielding stated benefits of smart signals. Factors like varying hierarchy and functions along major arterial corridors, fluctuating carriageway width and quality, considerable side friction within right of way, heterogeneity in vehicular mix, significant variation in peak hour directional flows leading to tidal flow, surrounding network characteristics and efficacy of optimisation techniques are responsible for limited rewards out of the whole process. The study reflects upon these challenges and concludes with recommendations to improve the performance of signalized intersections along corridors with heterogeneous traffic conditions.