Journal articles: 'Non-residential Buildings'

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Lim, Hyojin, Sungho Tae, and Seungjun Roh. "Analysis of the Primary Building Materials in Support of G-SEED Life Cycle Assessment in South Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 2820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082820.

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In recent years, much research has been conducted internationally to quantitatively evaluate the environmental impact of buildings in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address associated environmental problems. With this in mind, the Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED) in South Korea was revised in 2016. However, the various possible evaluation methods make it difficult to conduct building life cycle assessment. Moreover, compared to research on residential buildings, life cycle assessment research on non-residential buildings is scarce. Therefore, this study analyzes primary building materials for life cycle assessment of current non-residential buildings to support Korean G-SEED requirements. Design documents for various non-residential buildings are obtained, and the types and numbers of materials used in production are determined. Next, the primary building materials contributing high cumulative weight based on the ISO14040 series of standards are analyzed. We then review the most commonly-used building materials while considering non-residential building types and structures. In addition, construction material reliability is evaluated using the environmental impact unit value. With our results, by suggesting the primary building materials in non-residential buildings, efficient life cycle assessment of non-residential buildings is possible in terms of time and cost.

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Kundziņa, A., I. Geipele, S. Lapuke, and M. Auders. "Energy Performance Aspects of Non-Residential Buildings in Latvia." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 59, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0045.

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Abstract Increase of energy efficiency is Latvia’s national priority and policy instrument that allows reducing consumption of energy and costs, increasing the safety level of energy supply and reducing dependence on import. One of the trends for reducing energy consumption is to increase energy performance of buildings. In compliance with the EU and Latvian political statements, it is required to promote renovation of residential and non-residential buildings. Studies regarding energy performance aspects in the sector of non-residential buildings in Latvia are comparatively rare; however, non-residential buildings form a considerable part of the building stock, and the increase of their energy performance can bring a significant contribution in achieving the national targets. The research analyses the sector of non-residential buildings, their characteristic statistical data, energy consumption and requirements of energy performance standards. To characterise this sector more comprehensively, information on energy performance certificates of buildings issued during the period from 2016 to 2021 has been evaluated, allowing to make general conclusions on the energy performance level of different non-residential buildings and provide proposals for trends to increase their energy efficiency.

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Băbălau, Anişoara, and Adriana Ionescu. "Rules of Taxing Property Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 880 (March 2018): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.880.377.

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An Integral Part of the Economic and Financial Mechanism, Taxation Means, on the One Hand, the Collection of Resources to the State Budget, but Also a Legal Relationship between a Debtor and a Creditor, Including their Correlation Rights and Obligations. the Determinants of Budgetary Revenues Refer to the Subjects of Taxation, the Object of Taxation, the Unit of Taxation, the Tax Rate, the Rights and Obligations of the Debtors, their Liability, as well as the Payment Terms. Building Tax is an Annual Tax due to the Local Budget of the Administrative-Territorial Units in which the Building is Located by its Owners. Therefore, Subjects of Taxation are those who Own a Building Located on the Territory of Romania, with Certain Exceptions Regulated by the Fiscal Code. for Residential Buildings and Annex Buildings owned by Individuals, the Building Tax is Calculated by Applying a Rate between 0.08% and 0.2% on the Taxable Value of the Building. for Non-Residential Buildings owned by Individuals, the Tax is Calculated by Applying a Rate between 0.2% and 1.3% on the Taxable Amount of the Building. for Mixed-Purpose Buildings Owned by Individuals, the Tax is Calculated by Adding Together the Tax Calculated for the Area Used for Residential Purposes with the Tax Determined for the Area Used for Non-Residential Purposes. for Residential Buildings Owned or Held by Legal Entities, the Tax or the Building Tax is Calculated by Applying a Rate between 0.08% and 0.2% on the Taxable Value of the Buildings; and for Non-Residential Buildings the Tax or Tax on Buildings is Calculated by Applying a Rate between 0.2% and 1.3% Inclusive of the Taxable Value of the Building.

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Kim, Hye-Jin, Do-Young Choi, and Donghyun Seo. "Development and Verification of Prototypical Office Buildings Models Using the National Building Energy Consumption Survey in Korea." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 3611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073611.

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In the early 2000s, the Korean government mandated the construction of only zero-energy residential buildings by 2025 and for non-residential buildings from 2030. Two decades since the start of building energy policy enforcement, Korean experts believe that it is time to evaluate its impact. However, few studies have systematically and extensively examined the energy consumption characteristics of the non-residential building stock. In this study, a framework development is implemented for defining non-residential prototypical office buildings based on Korea’s first large-scale non-residential building survey result from the Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEI). Then, a detailed building energy model of the defined prototypical building is constructed to verify the model’s energy estimation against observed energy consumption. As an application of the model, a case study for energy policy evaluation utilizing the constructed prototypical building model is presented. Every researcher and county may have their own circumstances when gathering definition data. However, by using the best available representative data, this suggested framework may result in informed decisions regarding energy policy development and evaluation. In addition, the mitigation of greenhouse gases from buildings may be expedited.

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D'Agostino, Delia, Barbara Cuniberti, and Paolo Bertoldi. "Data on European non-residential buildings." Data in Brief 14 (October 2017): 759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.08.043.

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Badura, André, Birgit Mueller, and Ivo Martinac. "Managing climate-change-induced overheating in non-residential buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017202009.

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Large and rapid climatic changes can be uncomfortable and sometimes hazardous to humans. Buildings protect people from external climatic conditions, and also mitigate the impacts of external climate extremes through their design and construction, as well as with the help of dedicated building service and other technical systems. Active space conditioning accounts for more than 30 per cent of the overall final energy use in Germany. In the life cycle of a building, the construction phase (planning and construction) is the phase with the shortest duration. However, the quality applied during this phase has a significant impact on the resources required, as well as the overall building performance during the much longer operational phase. Once built, buildings are often unable to adapt to boundary conditions that were not considered in the original building design. Consequently, changing outdoor climate conditions can result in an uncomfortable indoor climate over the lifetime of a building. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of flexible solutions for reducing winter heating loads and to reducing/avoiding summer cooling loads in nonresidential buildings in Germany. Various external shading scenarios for non-residential buildings were analysed using the IDA ICE indoor climate and energy simulation tool. Key simulation parameters included the orientation and location of the building, as well as the envelope structure. We investigated the impacts of solar shading on heat storage in the building mass and indoor climate and how different types of envelopes affect overall energy use. The result shows that the use of an adaptive building envelope allows a higher reduction of the total energy demand by 7 % to 15 % compared to an increase in insulation thickness only.

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Modebadze, Grigol. "Residential and Non-Residential Building Damage and Loss Assessment in Georgia." European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n3p265.

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This paper responds to the necessity for the creation of a unified disaster damage and loss assessment method for residential and non-residential buildings in Georgia. The objective of this study is to elaborate on an improved standardized formula for damage assessment in the residential and non-residential sector. The formula provides additional clarity to the various worldwide methodologies and frameworks presently used in the damage assessment of buildings and structures. The paper itself provides four key findings: 1) that each assessment approach and the amount of damage and loss calculated for the residential sector are based on various subjective opinions (non-systematic/standardized damage assessment approaches), derived from the best knowledge from commissions created at the municipal level; 2) a review of global methodologies and frameworks revealed a clear gap in the provision of formulas for calculating economic losses in the residential and non-residential sector; 3) the need for a comprehensive explanation of the unit cost of construction in the UNISDR methodology was identified; and 4) the necessity to collect detailed and specific data for the damage and loss calculation, alongside a requirement for frequent renewals of the integrated database (associated with the need for additional resources) – without which it often leads many countries, including Georgia, to use ineffective methodologies (e.g., HAZUS). Therefore, the study offers a new and original approach for assessing damaged buildings and provides an alternative method to fill the gap in the damage assessment of particular types of buildings and structures. Moreover, the paper proposes a building damage assessment formula that does not require specific databases to be frequently updated or integrated within the GIS system. Keywords: Disaster Assessment, Residential and Non-residential Sector, Disaster Resilience, Applied Approach, Damage and Loss, Georgia

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Băbălau, Anişoara. "Tax Rules of Buildings from Craiova in 2019." Applied Mechanics and Materials 896 (February 2020): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.896.371.

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Taxes have a mandatory character, they are paid in money form by taxable subjects (natural, legal persons and entities without legal personality) for the realized income, the provision of services and the goods they own. Taxes can be collected using several methods: stop at source (the tax is transferred to the state budget by a third person); the method of applying and canceling mobile tax stamps; offsetting the amounts paid in addition; the method of claiming compensation for legal facilities; contesting the revenues illegally collected. According to the Decision no.533 / 2018 adopted by the Local Council of Craiova, for residential buildings and annex buildings owned by natural persons, the tax rate on buildings is 0.08% on the taxable value of the building. For non-residential buildings owned by natural persons, the tax rate is 0.4% applied to the taxable value of the building. In the case of buildings owned by legal entities, the tax rate on buildings for residential ones is 0.2%, and for non-residential ones 1.3% on the taxable value of the building. Also, tax exemptions were granted for the following categories of buildings: buildings which, according to the law, are considered historical, architectural or archaeological monuments, except for the rooms that are used for economic activities; buildings used for the provision of social services by non-governmental organizations and social enterprises as providers of social services; buildings used by non-profit organizations, used exclusively for non-profit activities, etc.

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Vaghefi, A., Farbod Farzan, and Mohsen A. Jafari. "Modeling industrial loads in non-residential buildings." Applied Energy 158 (November 2015): 378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.077.

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Haristianti, Vika, and Wiwik Dwi Pratiwi. "Transformasi Spasial Hunian Pada Eks-Backpacker Enclaves Studi Kasus: Jalan Jaksa, Jakarta Pusat." Review of Urbanism and Architectural Studies 18, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.ruas.2020.018.01.5.

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This study aims to discover the extent of spatial transformation in residential areas on Jalan Jaksa, known as the ex-backpacker enclaves due to the concept of supply and demand. Spatial function, building facades, and corridors in residentials are the assessed variables. This study uses a qualitative method. Data collection is done by field observations, interviews, and literature review. The sampling method is using a non-random type or probability sample. The results of the analysis showed that from 26 samples there were 12 building/ residential samples (46.1%) that underwent installation, meaning that the building characteristics were adaptive, five buildings/ residential samples (19.2%) had insertion, meaning that the building was considered to be quite adaptive, and nine buildings/ residential samples (34 %) experiencing intervention, which means the building is not adaptive. In addition, the most changing category is the transformation in housing into multi-story buildings, lodging, and mixed-use buildings.

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No, Sangtae, and Chungyeon Won. "Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption between Green Building Certified and Non-Certified Buildings in Korea." Energies 13, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051049.

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Although interest in and the importance of green building certification have increased, it is difficult to determine how much less energy the buildings actually consume after obtaining sustainability related certification, such as LEED in the USA, and G-SEED in Korea. Focusing on building energy evaluation, we compared and analyzed the energy evaluation items of LEED and G-SEED. In addition, from the Korean public data portal site, this study investigated the annual site energy consumption (electricity and gas) per floor area of non-residential buildings that obtained G-SEED certification in Korea. The energy consumption of non-certified general buildings was compared with the energy consumption of certified buildings. As a result of examining 84 samples of this study, non-residential buildings with G-SEED certification showed energy use intensity that was at least (35.5 to 48.9)% lower than that of uncertified buildings.

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Lee, Ho-Young, and Jeong-Duck Yoon. "A Study on allocation of building site in Non-residential buildings." Korean Institute for Aggregate Buildings Law 28 (November 30, 2018): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.55029/kabl.2018.28.45.

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Kim, Yeweon, and Ki-Hyung Yu. "Study on the Certification Policy of Zero-Energy Buildings in Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 5172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125172.

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This study presents a methodology and process to establish a mandatory policy of zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) in Korea. To determine the mandatory level to acquire the rating of a ZEB in Korea, this study was conducted under the assumption that the criteria of ZEB was a top 5% building considering the building’s energy-efficiency rating, which was certified through a quantitative building energy analysis. A self-sufficiency rate was also proposed to strengthen the passive standard of the buildings as well as to encourage new and renewable energy production. Accordingly, zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) in Korea are defined as having 60 kWh/(m2·yr) of non-renewable primary energy (NRPE) consumption in residential buildings and 80 kWh/(m2·yr) in non-residential buildings, and the self-reliance rate should be more than 20% of the renewable energy consumption as compared to the total energy consumption of the buildings. In addition, the mandatory installation of building energy management systems (BEMS) was promoted to investigate the energy behavior in buildings to be certified as zero-energy in the future. This study also investigated the number of ZEB certificates during the demonstration period from 2017 to 2019 to analyze the energy demand, non-renewable primary energy, renewable primary energy, and self-sufficiency rate as compared to those under the previous standards. For ZEB Grade 1 as compared to the existing building energy-efficiency rating, the sum of the NRPE decreased more than 50%, and renewable energy consumption increased more than four times.

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Erbakhaev, Evgeniy A., and Maxim V. Kratenko. "Compensation for harm resulting from the usage of a building: Comparative analysis of Russian and Chinese law." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 2 (2021): 455–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.213.

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The article examines the problem of compensation for harm caused in the process of using a building and structure. Attention is paid to the side of the defendant in relation to apartment buildings and non-residential buildings, the distribution of liability in the case of a plurality of tortfeasors, the regulation of third-party liability issues by the contract. A comparative analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China regulating the liability of building’s owners (users) and contractors involved in the maintenance of a building as well as court practice is conducted. The choice of the Chinese legal system is due to the presence of special rules in Tort Liability Law of China (2009). According to the results of the study, the authors have formulated a number of proposals, in particular: to unify the legal regime for residential and non-residential buildings for the purposes of compensation for harm caused to third parties; to differentiate the liability for harm caused by the destruction of a building (its structural components) and damage due to items falling out from the building (snow or ice falling from the roof, falling advertising designs, objects being thrown out of the building, etc.), to allow the contractual regulation of owner’s liability provided that the victim is given the right to choose the defendant (the building’s owner or the maintenance company, the contractor involved). The authors also argue in favor of a codified act as a source of tort law, which will ensure consistent regulation of the studied relations.

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Pieterse-Quirijns, E. J., E. J. M. Blokker, E. van der Blom, and J. H. G. Vreeburg. "Non-residential water demand model validated with extensive measurements." Drinking Water Engineering and Science Discussions 5, no. 1 (August 24, 2012): 455–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwesd-5-455-2012.

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Abstract. Existing guidelines related to the water demand of non-residential buildings are outdated and do not cover hot water demand for the appropriate selection of hot water devices. Moreover, they generally overestimate peak demand values required for the design of an efficient and reliable water system. Recently, a procedure was developed based on the end-use model SIMDEUM® to derive design rules for peak demand values of both cold and hot water during various time steps for several types and sizes of non-residential buildings, i.e. offices, hotels and nursing homes. In this paper, the design rules are validated with measurements of cold and hot water patterns on a per second base. The good correlation between the simulated patterns and the measured patterns indicates that the basis of the design rules, the SIMDEUM simulated standardised buildings, is solid. Moreover, the SIMDEUM based rules give a better prediction of the measured peak values for cold water flow than the existing guidelines. Furthermore, the new design rules can predict hot water use well. In this paper it is illustrated that the new design rules lead to reliable and improved designs of building installations and water heater capacity, resulting in more hygienic and economical installations.

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Panopoulos, K., and A. M. Papadopoulos. "Smart facades for non-residential buildings: an assessment." Advances in Building Energy Research 11, no. 1 (December 16, 2015): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2015.1119058.

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Chatellier Lorentzen, Diego M. P., and Michael A. McNeil. "Electricity demand of non-residential buildings in Mexico." Sustainable Cities and Society 59 (August 2020): 102165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102165.

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Chew, M. Y. L., Nayanthara De Silva, and S. S. Tan. "Maintainability of wet areas of non‐residential buildings." Structural Survey 22, no. 1 (February 2004): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800410530918.

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Seppänen, Olli, Jorma Säteri, and Mervi Ahola. "Finnish Guidelines of Ventilation Rates for Non-residential Buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102015.

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The new Finnish Decree on the Indoor Climate and Ventilation of New Buildings 1009/2017 [1] is part of the implementation of Energy Performance of Buildings Directive in the EU. The new Decree specifies the minimum design ventilation rate to be 6 dm3/s, person (outdoor air). The Decree also specifies that the ventilation shall be controlled by demand when feasible. These requirements in the Decree were considered to be too plain and inadequate for practical design. FINVAC carried out an investigation [2,3] regarding the experience on the old ventilation regulation [4]. Based on the result of these investigations new guidelines were prepared and published in 2018. Majority of the experts considered 6 dm3/s, person as an appropriate value of the minimum ventilation rate. The investigations revealed that in many cases the old recommended values (dm3/s, m2) were either too high or too low. This has led to poor air quality in some cases and excess energy use in some cases. Too high ventilation rates were used for corridors, restaurants, cafeterias, supermarkets, department stores, shops, hotel rooms, auditoriums, halls, and washing rooms. The total air flow was also too high for day care centres, and for some apartments. Too low ventilation rates were given for elderly homes, classrooms, fitness centres, sports halls, residential kitchen hoods, operation rooms in hospitals, and for some apartments. Detailed guidelines were prepared and structured by building type (offices, schools, hospitals, elderly homes, restaurants, hotels, stores, sports facilities, barracks, theatres, industrial working places, kitchens, spaces for personal hygiene and technical rooms). Separate guidelines were prepared for residential buildings [5]. Both guidelines were published in the beginning of the year 2018.

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Pieterse-Quirijns, E. J., E. J. M. Blokker, E. van der Blom, and J. H. G. Vreeburg. "Non-residential water demand model validated with extensive measurements and surveys." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 6, no. 2 (October 31, 2013): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-6-99-2013.

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Abstract. Existing Dutch guidelines for the design of the drinking water and hot water system of non-residential buildings are based on outdated assumptions on peak water demand or on unfounded assumptions on hot water demand. They generally overestimate peak demand values required for the design of an efficient and reliable water system. Recently, a procedure was developed based on the end-use model SIMDEUM to derive design-demand-equations for peak demand values of both cold and hot water during various time steps for several types and sizes of non-residential buildings, viz. offices, hotels and nursing homes. In this paper, the design-demand-equations are validated with measurements of cold and hot water patterns on a per second base and with surveys. The good correlation between the simulated water demand patterns and the measured patterns indicates that the basis of the design-demand-equations, the SIMDEUM simulated standardised buildings, is solid. Surveys were held to investigate whether the construction of the standardised buildings based on the dominant variable corresponds with practice. Surveys show that it is difficult to find relationships to equip the standardised buildings with users and appliances. However, the validation proves that with a proper estimation of the number of users and appliances in only the dominant functional room of the standardised buildings, SIMDEUM renders a realistic cold and hot water diurnal demand pattern. Furthermore, the new design-demand-equations based on these standardised buildings give a better prediction of the measured peak values for cold water flow than the existing guidelines. Moreover, the new design-demand-equations can predict hot water use well. In this paper it is illustrated that the new design-demand-equations lead to reliable and improved designs of building installations and water heater capacity, resulting in more hygienic and economical installations.

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Slabe-Erker, Renata, Miha Dominko, Ali Bayar, Boris Majcen, and Kaja Primc. "Energy efficiency in residential and non-residential buildings: Short-term macroeconomic implications." Building and Environment 222 (August 2022): 109364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109364.

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Rasmussen, F. N., D. Trigaux, E. Alsema, M. Balouktsi, H. Birgisdóttir, R. Bohne, M. Dixit, et al. "Existing benchmark systems for assessing global warming potential of buildings – Analysis of IEA EBC Annex 72 cases." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1078, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012054.

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Abstract Life cycle assessment (LCA) is increasingly being used as a tool by the building industry and actors to assess the global warming potential (GWP) of building activities. In several countries, life cycle based requirements on GWP are currently being incorporated into building regulations. After the establishment of general calculation rules for building LCA, a crucial next step is to evaluate the performance of the specific building design. For this, reference values or benchmarks are needed, but there are several approaches to defining these. This study presents an overview of existing benchmark systems documented in seventeen cases from the IEA EBC Annex 72 project on LCA of buildings. The study characterizes their different types of methodological background and displays the reported values. Full life cycle target values for residential and non-residential buildings are found around 10-20 kg CO2e/m2/y, whereas reference values are found between 20-80 kg CO2e/m2/y. Possible embodied target- and reference values are found between 1-12 kg CO2e/m2/y for both residential and non-residential buildings. Benchmark stakeholders can use the insights from this study to understand the justifications of the background methodological choices and to gain an overview of the level of GWP performance across benchmark systems.

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Wilson, D. L., C. S. Dudney, and R. B. Gammage. "An Interim Protocol for the Mitigation of Radon in Non-Residential Buildings." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 56, no. 1-4 (December 1, 1994): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082411.

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Abstract To date, the US Environmental Protection Agency has not published guidance for radon testing, diagnostics, or mitigation within large, non-residential buildings. Current research indicates that large buildings may contain construction features or mechanical systems that could inhibit the installation or operation of a mitigation system. Health and safety issues such as asbestos and fire codes may further interfere with the installation process. Studies also show that elevated radon can be restricted to a particular area or room within a building and not be uniformly distributed. A four-step, sequential protocol has been developed to address these issues and facilitate large building radon mitigation.

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Bajc, Tamara, Maja Todorovic, and Agis Papadopoulos. "Indoor environmental quality in non-residential buildings - experimental investigation." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 5 (2016): 1521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci16s5521b.

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This paper presents the part of the research that has been done at the Universities both in Belgrade and Thessaloniki, Greece, taking into account indoor environmental quality in office buildings and classrooms. The measurements that are presented were done in Process Equipment Design Laboratory at Aristotle University Thessaloniki, during March 2015. Indoor environmental quality regarding air temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration in two representative offices is observed. The similar offices are located one on the north-east and the other one on the south-west side of the University building, so as to be representative of the orientation?s impact. Furthermore, the impact of natural ventilation on CO2 concentration and temperature is monitored, together with the offices? occupancy. Recommended parameters for indoor air quality are compared and discussed on the base of several standards: SRPS EN 15251:2010, ASHRAE standards 55 and 62.1, and ISO 7730. The main objectives, as set from these standards are discussed, together with the investigation results.

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Bao, Keyu, Rushikesh Padsala, Daniela Thrän, and Bastian Schröter. "Urban Water Demand Simulation in Residential and Non-Residential Buildings Based on a CityGML Data Model." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9110642.

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Humans’ activities in urban areas put a strain on local water resources. This paper introduces a method to accurately simulate the stress urban water demand in Germany puts on local resources on a single-building level, and scalable to regional levels without loss of detail. The method integrates building geometry, building physics, census, socio-economy and meteorological information to provide a general approach to assessing water demands that also overcome obstacles on data aggregation and processing imposed by data privacy guidelines. Three German counties were used as validation cases to prove the feasibility of the presented approach: on average, per capita water demand and aggregated water demand deviates by less than 7% from real demand data. Scenarios applied to a case region Ludwigsburg in Germany, which takes the increment of water price, aging of the population and the climate change into account, show that the residential water demand has the change of −2%, +7% and −0.4% respectively. The industrial water demand increases by 46% due to the development of economy indicated by GDP per capita. The rise of precipitation and temperature raise the water demand in non-residential buildings (excluding industry) of 1%.

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Talitha Ayuthia, Galuh, Ova Candra Dewi, and Toga H. Panjaitan. "The role of green buildings in supporting green buyer behaviour towards green users." E3S Web of Conferences 211 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021101003.

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This study examines whether green buildings support their users in buying residential property, especially the apartment units. This study aims to determine whether green buildings users practice environmentally friendly aspects of choosing a residential property. This study assumes that green buildings can nurture green users and green users over time, become green buyers. The quantitative approach used to prove how many building users have a better concern for the green environment, and this was done through the Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) Scale and Parameters of Individual Behaviour towards the Environment (PSTL) through a questionnaire. Two scenarios of property brochures (Green and Non-Green) are also used as research mediums, and written interviews are conducted to find factors that support the user in choosing green residential properties. This research shows a significant influence between green buildings’ users and the selection of green residential property by 0.009. It concludes that the questionnaire’s values on all buildings tend to influence or play a role in the user’s property selection. Moreover, the percentage of green buildings users who have chosen green property brochures reaches 79.5% and is higher than the percentage from the users of conventional buildings.

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Gercek, Cihan, Mirjana Devetaković, Aleksandra Krstić-Furundžić, and Angèle Reinders. "Energy Balance, Cost and Architectural Design Features of 24 Building Integrated Photovoltaic Projects Using a Modelling Approach." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 8860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248860.

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This paper presents the energy balance, architectural design features and cost aspects of 24 building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) projects in three different contexts, namely BIPV in residential, office and historical buildings. These BIPV projects have been modelled and evaluated for different geographic locations because the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (2018/844/EU) has resulted in country-specific regulations and situations aimed towards the reduction in energy consumption, and hence the CO2 emissions of built environments. Moreover, the geographical variation of irradiation affects the performance of different BIPV projects on different locations. The results of our study show that the return of investment of BIPV projects across 12 countries took (on average) 13.3 years. Furthermore, the residential projects —as compared to non-residential buildings—were mostly energy plus buildings with an average self-sufficiency of 110% due to their low energy consumption. In conclusion, most BIPV projects resulted in realistic energy performances (on average: 761 kWh/kWp.year), low payback times (10 years for residential and office buildings), and modelled unique design features.

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Zhdanova, I., and A. Kuznetsova. "FEATURES OF DESIGNING RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS WITH NEARLY ZERO ENERGY CONSUMPTION." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 8, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2022-8-2-85-93.

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In this study, the authors draw attention to the world issue of implementing measures to reduce the energy consumption of residential buildings. The statements of the international commission on the importance to reduce the need for a share of non-renewable carbonaceous energy sources are given. Examples of experimental design experience show the active development of this subject in many countries. This helps to identify the main techniques used for the construction of energy-efficient residential buildings - a compact planning solution, highly efficient building insulation, “intelligent” engineering systems, heat recovery, the use of alternative energy sources and more. The study defines buildings with nearly zero energy consumption - these are passive buildings with alternative energy generation systems to meet their own needs. The main provisions of the design of buildings of near-zero energy consumption are revealed: nearly zero, intellectual, mobility, multitasking, environmental friendliness, adaptability, symbolism, artistry. The study identifies the types of formation of a nearly zero energy-efficient building and options for ensuring energy efficiency - this is the building "line", the building "cube", the building "perimeter", the building "tower", the building "structure". The identified techniques and the developed basic provisions with the types of shaping are tested on a pilot project of a multifunctional residential complex of nearly zero energy consumption in the city of Samara. As a result, authors conclude that technical progress will allow buildings with nearly zero energy consumption to come to the practice of design, due to intelligent and efficient engineering solutions.

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Hanna, George. "Energy Standards for Non-residential Buildings in Arab Countries." British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 4, no. 13 (January 10, 2014): 1989–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2014/8710.

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Kaup, Christoph, and Jens Knissel. "European Study on heat recovery in non-residential buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102014.

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The HR (heat recovery) is generally assessed very positively from a business and economic point of view. In order to demonstrate this development, a first study will evaluate around 5,000 design data elements. First, the designs are evaluated with the question of how the key efficiency characteristics of the HR have changed throughout the course of the years 2014 to 2017. Afterwards, all relevant design files are subjected to an economic efficiency calculation under defined conditions, in order to determine the potential for a multidimensional optimization. Furthermore, the impact of the EU 1253/2014 benchmarks from 2020 onwards will also be examined. In order to demonstrate this development in europe, a second study will evaluate around 3,300 design data elements. First, the designs are evaluated with the question of how the key efficiency characteristics of the HR have changed throughout the course of the years 2015 to 2018. Primary, all relevant design files are subjected to an economic efficiency calculation under defined conditions, in order to determine the potential for a multidimensional optimization. Then, the impact of the EU 1253/2014 benchmarks from 2020 onwards will also be examined. The influence of the climate is thereby also taken into account by examining three European sites (North-South view). At the same time, the influence of the run time of the systems will be calculated. Ultimately, the analyses will provide recommendations for the future design of the Ecodesign regulation.

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Droutsa, K. G., S. Kontoyiannidis, E. G. Dascalaki, and C. A. Balaras. "Benchmarking Energy Use of Existing Hellenic Non-residential Buildings." Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.153.

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Bode, Gerrit, Sascha Behrendt, Johannes Fütterer, and Dirk Müller. "Identification and utilization of flexibility in non-residential buildings." Energy Procedia 122 (September 2017): 997–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.461.

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Kobayashi, Yutaka. "Frequency of ignition of non-residential buildings in Japan." Fire Safety Journal 91 (July 2017): 1035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.066.

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Jareño Escudero, Cristina Isabel, Miriam Navarro Escudero, César Damián Mifsut García, María Flores Fillol, and José Manuel Salmerón Lissen. "Potential of Energy Savings in the Public Housing Stock of Comunitat Valenciana Region by Applying the MedZEB Cost-Optimal Methodology." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010138.

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Improving energy efficiency in buildings has a key role to play in achieving the ambitious goal of EU-wide climate neutrality by 2050, set out in the European Green Deal. This paper describes a cost-optimal analysis of residential buildings of Valencian Community, Spain. Thus, an assessment of the contribution of total primary energy savings per year (MW/h) of the social dwellings managed by EVha, Entitat Valenciana d’Habitatge i Sòl (eng. Valencian entity for dwelling and ground) towards the national contribution is presented in this paper. To assess it, the MedZEB cost-optimal methodology has been applied to optimise the performance of the building’s envelope. This means that Optimal Renovation Strategies through Life-Cycle Analysis have been applied to obtain the Packages of Optimal Solutions of the different reference buildings in a reference climate. First, the renovation scenario with 100% of the building stock being renovated has been calculated. Then, the renovation scenario of 1%, being the current European rate of renovation and, finally the renovation scenario of 2%, given that the objective of the Renovation Wave is to at least double the annual energy renovation rate of residential and non-residential buildings by 2030 and to foster deep energy renovations.

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Mohd Salleh, Mohd Najib, Mohd Zin Kandar, and Siti Rasidah Md Sakip. "Investigating User Perception of High-Performance Schools about Factors Associated with Building Energy Efficiency." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 1, no. 1 (June 26, 2016): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v1i1.203.

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Energy demand in buildings can be reduced by improving energy efficiency. MS1525 has recommended that energy efficiency for Non-Residential Buildings in Malaysia to be not more than 135kWh/m²/year. A school building is a non-residential building and has major social responsibilities. Based on the theory of building energy-efficiency, energy efficiency can be achieved through three main factors: a) design of buildings; b) design of services; and c) user behavior. This study aims to investigate the user perceptions in High-Performance Schools. The questionnaire viewed three main perceptions of users: perception of user behavior, the perception of building design and perception of services design.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: User perception; building energy index; building energy efficiency; school building

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Paton-Cole, V., R. H. Crawford, R. Turnbull, E. Fitzgerald, A. Michalewicz, and J. Garber. "Trends in Residential Building Materials in the State of Victoria." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 042022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/4/042022.

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Abstract As the population in Victoria continues to grow, there has been a corresponding increase in building approvals across the State. Houses characterised as low-rise residential buildings often take the largest share of these approvals, with incessant residential building activities being driven by record low interest rates. Low-rise residential buildings comprise various building forms that use a number of specified construction materials to construct the building envelope and other structural and non-structural elements. As materials used for constructing residential building envelopes continue to evolve, these materials must be fit for purpose, and satisfy design criteria and performance requirements, while being aesthetically pleasing. This research analyses the trend in construction materials used in building envelopes of low-rise residential buildings using data from building permits issued between 1996 to 2019. The trend analysis shows that traditional double brick wall systems and suspended timber floors have reduced in popularity for houses built in the 21st century. The analysis also shows that brick veneer wall cladding systems built over slab-on-ground footings is the dominant construction form while the roof cladding material is influenced by geographical location. Insights from the data analysis indicate very little innovation has emerged in materials for residential building envelopes despite its crucial role in providing thermal comfort for inhabitants. Results from this research will serve as a basis to provide quantitative assessment of the trend in materials resource; provide insights about the impact of new building envelope products on existing industries; and perspectives on materials for future building envelopes.

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Saha, S., R. Hiremath, and P. Sanjay. "Barriers to adoption of green buildings – a review." CARDIOMETRY, no. 22 (May 25, 2022): 377–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.22.377385.

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The global construction sector accounts for 13.2% of the world GDP. It contributes to the world’s economic growth engine and climate changes due to its high energy footprint. Sustainable buildings can reduce the adverse impacts of the construction industry, but their adoption is slow due to hindrances. The purpose of this paper is to extensively review the literature on barriers to green building adoption to date. Also, to highlight the overlapping and unique barriers specific to India compared to few prominent countries, provide solutions and recommendations for future research. The barriers were classified under Economic, Governmental, Organizational, and Social perception, Information, Technology, and material categories. Barriers unique to India and few others developing countries are an extension of project schedules, lack of research and developmental works, lack of public motivation, poor building code enforcement, high payback period, uncertain supply of green materials, improper implementation of policy framework, and performance of GBTs. The green building construction sector is fragmented around the world. Even green building definition is not the same globally, although the environmental aspect is the same. Similarly, there are unique and overlapping challenges in green building adoption globally. Buildings in usage perspectives can be classified into Residential and Non-residential. This study looks only at non-residential buildings due to their homogenous nature. There is a dearth of specific studies related to the adoption of green buildings in India. This study aims to fulfill India’s standing in the barriers to green building adoption concerning the developed and developing countries.

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Chantzis, Georgios, Panagiota Antoniadou, Maria Symeonidou, Effrosyni Giama, Simeon Oxizidis, Dionysia Kolokotsa, and Agis M. Papadopoulos. "Demand Side Flexibility Potential and Comfort Performance of Non-Residential Buildings." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012151.

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Abstract The need to create and maintain a sustainable indoor environment is now more than ever compelling. Both the legislation framework concerning the energy performance of buildings, as determined in its evolution through the EU Directives 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/EU and 2018/844/EU, and the European strategic plans towards green buildings, denote the need of sustainability and comfort of indoor environment for the occupant. Moreover, the EU Directive 2018/2001 sets the renewable energy target of at least 32% for 2030, denoting that the high renewable energy sources penetration level leads to challenges in the design and control of power generation, transmission and distribution. Demand side management may be able to provide buildings with the energy flexibility needed, in order to utilize the intermittent production of Renewable Energy Sources in a much more efficient and cost-effective way. The flexibility potential of installed building systems is investigated, while considering the effects on the indoor environment conditions and the perceived comfort. The implemented Demand Response (DR) control strategy shifts loads by changing heating system set point temperatures, based on market clearing prices of the day ahead market. The results indicated a reduction in energy consumption and energy costs, while maintaining indoor environment quality at satisfactory levels.

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Mohd Salleh, Mohd Najib, Mohd Zin Kandar, and Siti Rasidah Md Sakip. "User Perception of High-Performance Schools." Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies 3, no. 10 (August 22, 2018): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v3i10.318.

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Energy demand in buildings can reduce by improving energy efficiency. MS1525 has recommended that energy efficiency for Non-Residential Buildings in Malaysia to be not more than 135kWh/m²/year. A school building is a non-residential building and has major social responsibilities. Based on the theory of building energy-efficiency, energy efficiency can be achieved through three main factors: a) design of buildings; b) design of services; and c) user behavior. This study aims to investigate the user perceptions in High-Performance Schools. Keywords: User perception; building energy index; building energy efficiency; school building. eISSN 2514-7528 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v3i10.318

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Rahman, Md Samin, and Md Humayun Kabir. "Social Internet of Things (SIoT) Enabled System Model for Smart Integration of Building‟s Energy, Water and Safety Management: Dhaka City, Bangladesh Perspective." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v18i1.18.

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Dhaka, being the largest township of Bangladesh City Buildings is excreted by in-migration, a rapid growth of population, withering of living and infrastructure standard, which eventually is threatening overall sustainability and well beings. Modernization and digitalization of building infrastructure is not only an important step towards resolving the problems but also it will be a facilitator for smart, efficient and optimized urbanization. On May 2018, the authors conducted a survey among 51 Residential Building’s owner/building managers, 25 Non-residential Building’s owner/building managers and 25 corporate building’s owner/building managers to find market adoptable IoT solutions for building’s smart efficient energy, water and safety managements. The features requested in this survey are optimized and implemented by the authors and finally, here the system model with simulation results is presented. This system shows promising energy, water resource management optimization and some intriguing factors that validate its objectives, social characteristics, market usability.

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Zheng, Rong-Yue, and Jian Yao. "The Optimum Energy Saving Measures for Retrofitting Residential Buildings." Open House International 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2016-b0012.

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A large number of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone of China are non-energy efficient with poor indoor thermal conditions. Retrofitting residential buildings with energy efficiency measures is thus important for residents. However, this work progressed slowly because practically applicable measures that not only have high energy savings but also improve indoor thermal performance have not been studied. Thus, this paper carried out a simulation study on the selection of suitable energy saving measures for residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone of China. Five potential energy saving options are considered and the energy, indoor thermal comfort and economic performance are compared. The results show that adding movable solar shades is the optimum option with all performance indices ranking first. Meanwhile, this measure is also the only acceptable energy saving solution for residents since its payback period is less than the lifespan of a building. As a conclusion, it is recommended to use movable solar shades as a first priority when retrofitting residential buildings.

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Ocheretiana, H. V., V. M. Makhniuk, V. V. Chorna, A. K. Horval, and H. V. Klymenko. "Legal regulation of the hygienic issues on the interaction of built-in healthcare institutions and residential part of the building." Environment & Health, no. 4 (97) (December 2020): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2020.04.035.

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Objective: We analysed the regulatory framework on the design of healthcare facilities built in the residential buildings, studied the conditions of their location and developed sanitary-and-antiepidemic requirements for them. Materials and methods: In the work, we used bibliosemantic (for the analysis of the use of legal regulation), theoretical (retrospective use of research data) and analytical methods. Results: According to the reform of the healthcare sector of Ukraine, at the primary level of medical care, the number of healthcare institutions is growing, in particular outpatient ones (outpatient clinics, family doctors’ offices, etc.), which are located in built-in (attached) non-residential premises of ground, first, and basement floors of multistory residential buildings. The authors of the article propose sanitary-and-hygienic and antiepidemic requirements for the location of built-in healthcare institutions at the hybrid type of the construction of residential and public part of the building, using parametric and target (object-by-object) methods. Conclusions: Taking into account that the outpatient healthcare institutions are the primary link in healthcare and make up the bulk of the entire healthcare institutions network, as well as the shortage of land for the construction of outpatient clinics in a separate building, the built-in healthcare institutions have become widespread and are located mainly in non-residential premises and residential buildings (ground, first, and basement floors), which is the element of hybrid construction. Developed sanitary-and-hygienic and antiepidemic measures for built-in healthcare institutionswill help to increase their epidemic safety, to prevent occupational diseases of medical staff.

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Kassim, A. M., M. S. Jamri, Md Nazri Othman, M. Z. A. Rashid, and S. J. S. Ismail. "Design and Development of Low Cost Certified Green Building for Non Residential Existing Building (NREB)." Advanced Materials Research 748 (August 2013): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.748.1125.

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The Green Building Index (GBI) is one of rating tool which are provides a prospect for building developers and owners for designing and constructing a green and sustainable buildings. The proposed low cost GBI buildings provide many advantages such as energy savings, water savings, a healthier indoor environment, and better connectivity to public transport. Besides, adoption of recycling and greenery for the projects and can reduce the impact on the environment. However, the implementation to certify as Green Building Index has a lot of concerns such as cost constraint, know how constraints and etc. Therefore, in this paper, the design and development of low cost certified green building by fulfilling the Green Building Index (GBI) is proposed in order to ease the development of green building to have better life for human and environment in this world in term of energy efficiency performances.

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Aboud, Nesreen. "Analysis on thermal performance for increasing energy effiency: A case study for Tripoli-Libya, using Ecotect®." Solar Energy and Sustainable Development Journal 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v10i1.22.

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Recently, the signifiant increase in energy consumption to provide thermal comfort in Libyan buildings, has increased the dependence on mechanical systems and non-renewable resources. Threfore, there have been effrts, particularly by the governmental authorities, to search for solutions to improve buildings in terms of their thermal performances, in order to reduce high energy consumptions. Th aim of this research is to analyze and determine certain passive design strategies for residential buildings in Tripoli-Libya, by using the analysis program Autodesk Ecotect®, to reduce energy consumptions and provide thermal comfort. By the use of this program, issues such as; best possible orientation, loads of heating and cooling, thermal mass, along with the direct effcts of building materials and the importance of window sizes on thermal comfort were analyzed, based on the designed typical Libyan residential building model.The results of the study were analyzed and guidelines were developed to enhance the energy performance of residential buildings in Libya. Th fidings of this study show that the proper orientation of the building and effctive use of insulation materials can provide a 60% increase in thermal performance. Moreover, the results of evaluation on thermal comfort level by using the PMV method showed that, together with the necessary adjustments, the building would provide thermal comfort for its users.

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Maghrabie, Hussein M., Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, Khaled Elsaid, Enas Taha Sayed, Ali Radwan, Hegazy Rezk, Tabbi Wilberforce, Ahmed G. Abo-Khalil, and A. G. Olabi. "A review of solar chimney for natural ventilation of residential and non-residential buildings." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 52 (August 2022): 102082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102082.

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Frankel, Matthew, Lu Xing, Connor Chewning, and Lina Sela. "Water-energy benchmarking and predictive modeling in multi-family residential and non-residential buildings." Applied Energy 281 (January 2021): 116074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116074.

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Gao, X. Y., C. L. Tang, X. Z. Meng, X. L. Luo, X. H. Yang, and C. Q. Yan. "Effects of non-heating users in heating residential buildings on heat consumption." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1074, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1074/1/012018.

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Abstract Building heat consumption is affected by factors such as building characteristics, surrounding non-heating users, and outdoor temperature. Therefore, in order to achieve precise and efficient heating, it is of great importance to study the effects of building characteristics and the existence of non-heating users on the building heat consumption. This paper proposed two factors to evaluate the influences of the building characteristics and the non-heating users on heat consumption in a multi-storey heating residential building. Based on the heat consumption without non-heating adjacent users, the top-side users, top-middle users, middle-side users, middle-middle users, bottom-side users and bottom-middle users are identified as six types of typical-location users. Taking the heat consumption of middle-middle users as the benchmark, location factors (LFs) are introduced to consider the influence of building characteristics on the heat consumption of different typical-location users. For each typical-location user, non-heating user factors (NHFs) are introduced to consider the influences of different distributed non-heating adjacent users on the heat consumption of each typical-location user. The results show that, for low-temperature hot water floor radiant heating system, the impact of upstairs adjacent non-heating users is greater than that of same-floor adjacent non-heating users, and the impact of downstairs adjacent non-heating users is minimal. Besides, it can be considered the non-heating user factors vary slightly with the outdoor temperature when the outdoor temperature is below 0 °C. The results provide a guide for heating operation regulation of residential buildings with non-heating users.

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Gunawan, Nanang, Aylie Han, and Buntara Sthenly Gan. "Proposed Design Philosophy for Seismic-Resistant Buildings." Civil Engineering Dimension 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.21.1.1-5.

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Modern seismic design and technologies have undergone tremendous developments. In modern design codes, building structures subjected to high earthquake loads are allowed to experience plastic deformations without collapsing, and the design is permitted up to the ultimate strength. According to comparative results in Japan, the number of humans injured due to earthquakes is higher than the number of deaths/missing. Likewise, the number of residential buildings that collapsed are less than the partially damaged buildings. This outcome implies that residential buildings designed based on the revised seismic standards have good earthquake resistances. It also infers that the human deaths/injury casualties were not a result of the collapsed the structure, but due to the strong vibrations originated from the earthquake, yielding in the collapse of non-structural elements such as ceilings and bookshelves. This paper presents a proposed design philosophy that attempts to implement the effect of earthquakes to non-fatal human casualties

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De Risi, Maria Teresa, Carlo Del Gaudio, and Gerardo Mario Verderame. "A component-level methodology to evaluate the seismic repair costs of infills and services for Italian RC buildings." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 14 (September 10, 2020): 6533–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00944-7.

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Abstract The reliable estimation of seismic losses due to damage to buildings is paramount for the post-emergency management and the planning of recovery activities. For residential reinforced concrete (RC) infilled buildings, a significant role in the computation of seismic loss is played by non-structural components, above all infills, partitions and services, as shown in past earthquakes. In this work, a component-based methodology is proposed to assess seismic losses for residential RC buildings in Mediterranean region. The attention is focused on the repairing activities for masonry infills (typical enclosure or partitions elements in Italian and Mediterranean RC buildings), and for services (plumbing systems, electric equipment, floor/wall tiles…), commonly enclosed within the infill panels for the considered building typology. The described methodology can be used starting from the expected damage level to infills and partitions. It adopts given repair unit costs at different damage states of infills. The loss estimation methodology has been, first, validated by comparing predicted and actual repair costs for specific case-study buildings damaged by L’Aquila (Italy) 2009 earthquake. Then, the methodology has been applied to a wide dataset of RC buildings (about 2500 residential buildings) damaged by L’Aquila earthquake available from the literature, to show its possible application at a large-scale level. A good agreement between observed and predicted costs is obtained both for specific case-study buildings and for the wider building stock, especially when damage to structural components is very limited.

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Tóth, Stanislav, and Jaroslav Vojtuš. "Monitoring and Analysis of Fungal Organisms in Building Structures." Advanced Materials Research 969 (June 2014): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.969.265.

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The project listed in the acknowledgment focused on monitoring the occurrence of various fungus genera within building constructions of residential, non-residential and historic buildings. Fungoid organisms found on the indoor surface of building constructions create a serious aesthetic and constructional/structural disadvantage with an enormous impact on the interior environments exploitable space [2,3]. They can be found not only in rooms of old buildings, but also in newly built or reconstructed areas, where one would least expect them. Greater amounts of fungoid organisms occurring in artificial environments are harmful to humans. Therefore professional information provided to the public concerning their harmful impact not only on construction materials but also on human health, is very necessary.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-residential Buildings'

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