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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-proportionality'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 January 2024

Last updated: 19 January 2024

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1

Vasil'ev, Andrey N. "From Luminescence Non-Linearity to Scintillation Non-Proportionality." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 55, no. 3 (June 2008): 1054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2007.914367.

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2

Gill, Peter N. G. "Non‐linear proportionality in science problems." International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 24, no. 3 (May 1993): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020739930240305.

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3

Beretta, M., S. Capelli, L. Gironi, E. Previtali, and M. Sisti. "Non proportionality dependence on shaping time." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 04 (April 10, 2017): P04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/04/p04007.

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4

Moses, W. W., G. A. Bizarri, R. T. Williams, S. A. Payne, A. N. Vasil'ev, J. Singh, Q. Li, J. Q. Grim, and W. Choong. "The Origins of Scintillator Non-Proportionality." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 59, no. 5 (October 2012): 2038–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2012.2186463.

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5

Kapusta, M., P. Szupryczynski, C. L. Melcher, M. Moszynski, M. Balcerzyk, A. A. Carey, W. Czarnacki, M. A. Spurrier, and A. Syntfeld. "Non-proportionality and thermoluminescence of LSO:Ce." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 52, no. 4 (August 2005): 1098–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2005.852731.

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6

Nassalski, A., M. Moszynski, A. Syntfeld-Kazuch, L. Swiderski, and T. Szczeniak. "Non-Proportionality of Organic Scintillators and BGO." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 55, no. 3 (June 2008): 1069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2007.913478.

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7

MORENO-TERNERO, JUAN D. "PROPORTIONALITY AND NON-MANIPULABILITY IN BANKRUPTCY PROBLEMS." International Game Theory Review 08, no. 01 (March 2006): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198906000825.

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We explore the relationship between proportionality and manipulation (via merging or splitting agents' claims) in bankruptcy problems. We provide an alternative proof to the well-known result that, in an unrestricted domain, immunity to manipulation is equivalent to requiring proportional division. We show that this result also holds for restricted (but sufficiently rich) domains, such as the domain of simple problems and the domain of zero-normalized problems. Finally, we characterize two adjustments of the proportional rule by combining non-manipulabilty on these domains and the usual axioms of independence of claims truncation and composition from minimal rights.

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8

TRIGUEIROS, DUARTE. "NON-PROPORTIONALITY IN RATIOS: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH." British Accounting Review 29, no. 3 (September 1997): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bare.1996.0042.

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9

Ruoff, Dieter. "Once More: Proportionality in the Non-Euclidean Plane." Mathematics Magazine 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2691231.

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10

Klamra, W., M. Balcerzyk, W. Czarnacki, V. Kozlov, M. Moszyński, A. Syntfeld-Każuch, and T. Szcześniak. "Light yield non-proportionality of undoped YAP scintillator." Journal of Instrumentation 4, no. 05 (May 15, 2009): P05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/4/05/p05006.

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11

Ruoff, Dieter. "Once More: Proportionality in the Non-Euclidean Plane." Mathematics Magazine 72, no. 4 (October 1999): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0025570x.1999.11996758.

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12

Syntfeld-Kazuch, Agnieszka, Lukasz Swiderski, Wieslaw Czarnacki, Michal Gierlik, Wlodzimierz Klamra, Marek Moszynski, and Paul Schotanus. "Non-Proportionality and Energy Resolution of CsI(Tl)." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 54, no. 5 (October 2007): 1836–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2007.906168.

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13

Moses, W. W., S. A. Payne, W. S. Choong, G. Hull, and B. W. Reutter. "Scintillator Non-Proportionality: Present Understanding and Future Challenges." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 55, no. 3 (June 2008): 1049–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2008.922802.

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14

Jang, Won. "For whom the bell of proportionality tolls: Three proposals for strengthening proportionality compliance." International Review of the Red Cross 102, no. 914 (August 2020): 629–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s181638312100062x.

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AbstractThe State-centric bias in proportionality in international humanitarian law, where non-State armed groups (NSAGs) are expected to adhere to the same rigour of proportionality as States, regardless of how unrealistic that expectation is, has not often been considered in ideas to improve compliance with proportionality. This article puts forth three proposals – a Comprehensive Proportionality Assessment Framework, capacity-building for military actors, and rapid multidisciplinary assessment teams – that aim to reduce State-centric bias and strengthen proportionality compliance not just for States but for all parties to conflict, including NSAGs.

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15

Limkitjaroenporn, Pruittipol, Narong Sangwaranatee, Wuttichai Chaiphaksa, and Jakrapong Kaewkhao. "Comparative Studies of the Light Yield Non-Proportionality and Energy Resolution of CsI(Tl), LYSO and BGO Scintillation Crystals." Materials Science Forum 872 (September 2016): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.872.266.

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This article, for comparison, the non-proportionality of light yield and energy resolution of BGO, LYSO and CsI(Tl) scintillators couple to the R1306 PMT readouts were investigated. At 662 keV from 137Cs source, the good energy resolution of 7.13% for CsI(Tl) superior than LYSO and BGO scintillators. The energy resolution on gamma-ray energy was also evaluated to expose the scintillator intrinsic resolution parameters. For non-proportionality of light yield, the study showed a light yield non-proportionality 0.35% of LYSO, the value is better than 4.82 % for CsI(Tl) and 1.53 % of BGO scintillators.

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16

Nehushtan, Yossi. "The Non-Identical Twins in UK Public Law: Reasonableness and Proportionality." Israel Law Review 50, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223716000261.

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Ever since the Wednesbury decision in 1947 (Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223) courts and public law scholars in the United Kingdom (UK) have been struggling to comprehend the meaning of ‘reasonableness’ and its relation to ‘proportionality’. The main purpose of this article is to promote conceptual clarity in UK public law by describing the nature of reasonableness and proportionality as grounds of judicial review and by highlighting the overlooked similarities and differences between them.The main arguments of this article are that: (i) reasonableness is, in essence, an exercise in balancing and weighing; (ii) proportionality adds very little to the existing grounds of judicial review in UK public law; (iii) this addition is not necessarily focused on the administrative weighing and balancing process; and (iv) since proportionality adds very little to the existing grounds of judicial review, there is no conceptual or normative reason to prevent having proportionality as a general ground of judicial review in UK public law.

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17

PERJU, VLAD. "Proportionality and freedom—An essay on method in constitutional law." Global Constitutionalism 1, no. 2 (June 6, 2012): 334–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381712000044.

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AbstractThis article presents a functional explanation of why proportionality has become one of the most successful legal transplants in contemporary constitutional law. It argues that proportionality helps judges mitigate what Robert Cover called the ‘inherent difficulty presented by the violence of the state’s law acting upon the free interpretative process’. More than alternative methods, proportionality calibrates the violence that the justification of state coercion inflicts on private (non-official) jurisgenerative interpretative processes in constitutional cases. The first three sections show, through an analysis of different constitutional styles which I label Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, how proportionality seeks to place a non-deontological conception of rights within a categorical structure of formal legal analysis. This method aims to synthesize fidelity to form and institutional structure (thesis) with ‘fact-sensitivity’ to contexts in which specific controversies arise (antithesis). Proportionality positions judges vis-à-vis the parties and the parties in relation to one another differently from other constitutional methods. The next sections distinguish between constitutional perception and reality. While the normative appeal of proportionality can be traced to the perception of its integrative aims, in reality, judicial technique does not entirely live up to those aims. Proportionality succumbs to pressures from the centrifugal forces of universalism and particularism that it seeks to integrate. The final section draws on the works of Kant and Arendt and discusses the implications of an approach to constitutional method such as that reflected in the advent of proportionality for the project of constitutionalism more generally.

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18

Sartor, Giovanni. "The Logic of Proportionality: Reasoning with Non-Numerical Magnitudes." German Law Journal 14, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1419–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002339.

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This paper aims at explaining the basic logical structure of proportionality assessments, under the assumption that such assessments are based on quantitative reasoning, even when no numbers are given.

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19

Hereth, Blake. "Self-Defense for Theists." Journal of Analytic Theology 10 (October 21, 2022): 246–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12978/jat.2022-10.011104070407.

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According to Theistic Defensive Incompatibilism, common theistic commitments limit the scope or explanation of permissible self-defense. In this essay, I offer six original arguments for Theistic Defensive Incompatibilism. The first four arguments concern narrow proportionality: the requirement that the defensive harm inflicted on unjust threateners not exceed the harm they threaten. Hellism, Annihilationism, and Danteanism each imply that narrow proportionality is rarely satisfied, whereas Universalism implies that killing never harms. The final two arguments concern wide proportionality, or the requirement that defensive harm not excessively harm non-liable third parties. Omnisubjectivity and Divine Love imply that wide proportionality is rarely satisfied.

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20

Vantadori, Sabrina, Andrea Carpinteri, Giovanni Fortese, and Camilla Ronchei. "Influence of random fatigue loading non-proportionality on damage." Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 96 (August 2018): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2018.03.012.

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21

Xiaowei, Tang. "Semiempirical law of the non-proportionality of proportional chambers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 306, no. 1-2 (August 1991): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(91)90322-h.

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22

Ribe, N. M., and A. Davaille. "Dynamical similarity and density (non-) proportionality in experimental tectonics." Tectonophysics 608 (November 2013): 1371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.06.005.

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23

Choong, W. S., K. M. Vetter, W. W. Moses, G. Hull, S. A. Payne, N. J. Cherepy, and J. D. Valentine. "Design of a Facility for Measuring Scintillator Non-Proportionality." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 55, no. 3 (June 2008): 1753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2008.921491.

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24

Choong, Woon-Seng, Giulia Hull, William W. Moses, Kai M. Vetter, Stephen A. Payne, Nerine J. Cherepy, and John D. Valentine. "Performance of a Facility for Measuring Scintillator Non-Proportionality." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 55, no. 3 (June 2008): 1073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2008.922824.

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25

LIU, KEFU, MAREK R. KUJATH, and WANPING ZHENG. "EVALUATION OF DAMPING NON-PROPORTIONALITY USING IDENTIFIED MODAL INFORMATION." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 15, no. 1 (January 2001): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mssp.2000.1326.

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26

Bhaskar, A. "Mode Shapes during Asynchronous Motion and Non-Proportionality Indices." Journal of Sound and Vibration 224, no. 1 (July 1999): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1997.1070.

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27

Lipynskyi, V. "Proportionality and non-oneness of confiscation for customs violations." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (May 29, 2023): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.01.59.

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The article argues that the legal basis for confiscation, contrary to general principles of law, international recommendations on customs administration and the experience of the most developed countries in the relevant part, does not ensure the proportionality of this administrative penalty and the possibility of its replacement on conditions both acceptable to the offender and being in the best interests of the state. According to the author, given the scale and irreversibility of the consequences of confiscation of the property of the offender, unconditional and unalterable imposition of this administrative penalty for customs rules violations, regardless of its circumstances, its severity and degree of guilt of an offender, is unfair and incompatible with the rule of law. In view of this, the interpretation of the provisions of the customs legislation on confiscation for customs rules violation for purposes of efficient law enforcement should be interpreted in a way that allows to adapt this administrative penalty to all the circumstances of the case to the greatest extent. The optimality of this decision is supported, in particular, by the experience of the most developed countries, where it is obligatory to check the existence of aggravating and mitigating circumstances when deciding on confiscation, such as taking all possible measures to prevent its use by the owner of a specially modified or adapted vehicle, the time of the breach of customs regulations or, as an another example, the possibility of returning a specially modified or adapted vehicle to its previous condition for its intended use in accordance with the recommendations of the Convention on the simplification and harmonization of customs procedures.

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28

Hunter, Elizabeth, and John D. Kelleher. "Determining the Proportionality of Ischemic Stroke Risk Factors to Age." Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 10, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10020042.

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While age is an important risk factor, there are some disadvantages to including it in a stroke risk model: age can dominate the risk score and lead to over- or under-predictions in some age groups. There is evidence to suggest that some of these disadvantages are due to the non-proportionality of other risk factors with age, e.g., risk factors contribute differently to stroke risk based on an individual’s age. In this paper, we present a framework to test if risk factors are proportional with age. We then apply the framework to a set of risk factors using Framingham heart study data from the NHLBI Biologic Specimen and Data Repository Information Coordinating Center to determine if we can find evidence of non-proportionality. Using our framework, we find that a number of risk factors (diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, BMI, sex, high blood pressure treatment) may be non-proportional to age. This suggests that testing for the proportionality of risk factors with age should be something that is considered in stroke risk prediction modelling and traditional modelling methods may need to be adjusted to capture this non-proportionality.

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29

Chaiphaksa, Wuttichai, Narong Sangwaranatee, Pruittipol Limkitjaroenporn, Hong Joo Kim, and Jakrapong Kaewkhao. "Non-Proportionality and Scintillation Properties of YAG:Ce Scintillator by Compton Coincidence Technique." Key Engineering Materials 766 (April 2018): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.766.99.

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The work is focused to study the non-proportionality and scintillation properties of YAG:Ce scintillator by the Compton coincidence technique (CCT). The 137Cs was used as a radioactive source with an energy 662 keV and were recorded at seven scattering angles ranging 30°-120°. The electron energy resolution, the light yield and non-proportionality were measured. It was found that, the linear relations were observed for YAG:Ce scintillator indicated that the energy resolutions are inverse proportional to the square root of energy. The results show that the light yield increases with increase in electron energy. The non-proportionality of YAG:Ce scintillator, it can be observed the crystal demonstrated good proportional property in the electron energy range. For the electron energy range below 350 keV, the electron response decreased at approximately 3.5 % over the measured energy range.

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30

Alfano, Maria Rosaria, Anna Laura Baraldi, and Erasmo Papagni. "Effect of the proportionality degree of electoral systems on corruption." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 34, no. 8 (July 26, 2016): 1895–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263774x16642771.

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This work makes two major innovations within the empirical literature on the effect of electoral systems on corruption. First, in order to distinguish electoral systems, we propose to measure their degree of proportionality, instead of using dummy variables. A measure of the proportionality degree seems the appropriate way to identify electoral systems in an empirical setting because it allows all their variants to be considered. Second, alongside a parametric panel data approach, we provide a new (in this field) semi-parametric technique to estimate a non-linear relationship between the proportionality degree of electoral systems and corruption. Our results show that, when we increase plurality elements into proportional, both voters’ and opponents’ monitoring power induce politicians to avoid corrupt behaviour. But it is beneficial only up to certain proportionality degrees, after which this effect stops. Moreover, data show that the ‘best’ range of proportionality degrees is most likely found under mixed electoral rules. For governors the choice of the proportionality degree therefore becomes fundamental.

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31

Cernescu, Anghel, and Rhys Pullin. "New research findings on non-proportional low cycle fatigue." MATEC Web of Conferences 300 (2019): 08003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930008003.

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One of the challenges regarding multiaxial fatigue damage predictions is non-proportional loading. Relevant studies have shown that these multiaxial loadings cause significant additional hardening and reduction in durability due to non-proportionality. Fatigue life predictions due to non-proportional loadings are based on an equivalent non-proportional strain range that considers a material constant related to additional hardening and a non-proportionality factor. In this paper an analysis of the non-proportional factor for three multiaxial loadings forming a square in γ/√3 – ε coordinates is carried out. One of the observations revealed by this analysis is the sensitivity of the non-proportional factor to variable shear strain rate.

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32

Rolim, João Dácio. "Proportionality and Fair Taxation." Intertax 43, Issue 5 (May 1, 2015): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2015035.

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This article is a summary of the findings of the book Proportionality and Fair Taxation published by Kluwer International in 2014, in which the author investigated the role of proportionality principle coupled with the standard of reasonableness in assessing specific tax issues and the overall fairness of particular taxes and tax systems. Among those issues, the author points out equality and non-discrimination, retrospective taxation, tax penalties and sanctions, specific and general anti-avoidance rules, as well as the application of proportionality in tandem with reasonableness to Double Tax Conventions, human rights, and tax related rules of international trade.

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33

Bagenda, Christina, and Cicilia Helena Carbonilla. "The Perspective of the Principle of Proportionality on the Validity of Online Agreements." Syiah Kuala Law Journal 6, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v6i2.28619.

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The principle of proportionality is one of the important principles in the agreement. The development of online agreements makes the principle of proportionality an effort to test the validity of the agreement. This research is oriented to legal issues, namely the implementation of the principle of proportionality in assessing the validity of online agreements. This research is a legal research that focuses on normative analysis of a legal issue with the orientation of obtaining prescriptions from a legal issue. The approach used in this research is the conceptual approach and legislation. The primary legal materials in this study are the Civil Code, the secondary legal materials are books, articles, and research results related to the principle of proportionality and online agreements. Non-legal material is a legal dictionary. The results of the study confirm that the essence of the principle of proportionality is the balancing of positions in online agreements and the importance of the principle of proportionality as an assessor of the validity of the agreement that complements the provisions of Article 1320 of the Civil Code.

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34

Abe, Ken. "Rigidity of Beltrami fields with a non-constant proportionality factor." Journal of Mathematical Physics 63, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 041507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087152.

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We prove that bounded Beltrami fields are symmetric if a proportionality factor depends on two variables in the cylindrical coordinate and admits a regular level set diffeomorphic to a cylinder or a torus.

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35

Pejkowski, Łukasz, and Dariusz Skibicki. "Modification of Zenner and Liu Criterion due to Non-Proportionality of Fatigue Load by Means of MCE Approach." Key Engineering Materials 598 (January 2014): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.598.201.

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The results of experimental verification of Zenner and Lius criterion confirm its efficiency in the case of estimation of fatigue life for proportional loading. Due to application of general damage parameter, the criterion is useful in case of various types of proportional loading and for multiple materials. However, for non-proportional loadings, of high non-proportionality level, the error of estimation of fatigue lives often exceeds scatter band 3. The hereby work presents a proposal for Zenner and Lius criterion modification based upon introduction of loading non-proportionality measure with minimum circumscribed ellipse method (MCE).

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36

Riess, C., M. Obermayr, and M. Vormwald. "The non-proportionality of local stress paths in engineering applications." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 10, no. 37 (June 13, 2016): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.37.08.

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37

Anes, Vitor, Luis Reis, Bin Li, and M. de Freitas. "New approach to evaluate non-proportionality in multiaxial loading conditions." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 37, no. 12 (April 21, 2014): 1338–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ffe.12192.

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38

Millán, Millán M., and Gotzon Gangoiti. "Rain scavenging from tall stack plumes: The non‐proportionality problem." Environmental Technology Letters 9, no. 8 (August 1988): 877–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593338809384644.

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39

Liu, Kefu, Marek R. Kujath, and Wanping Zheng. "Quantification of non-proportionality of damping in discrete vibratory systems." Computers & Structures 77, no. 5 (July 2000): 557–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7949(99)00230-8.

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40

Moszyński, Marek. "Energy resolution and non-proportionality of scintillation detectors – new observations." Radiation Measurements 45, no. 3-6 (March 2010): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.10.012.

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41

Donnald, Samuel B., Mohit Tyagi, Harold E. Rothfuss, Jason P. Hayward, Merry Koschan, Mariya Zhuravleva, Fang Meng, and Charles L. Melcher. "Sample-to-Sample Variation in Single Crystal YAP:Ce Non-Proportionality." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 61, no. 1 (February 2014): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2013.2277860.

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42

Adhikari, S. "Optimal complex modes and an index of damping non-proportionality." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 18, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0888-3270(03)00048-7.

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43

Pejkowski, Łukasz. "On the material's sensitivity to non-proportionality of fatigue loading." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 3 (May 2017): 711–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2016.09.010.

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44

Pfähler, Wilhelm. "RELATIVE CONCENTRATION CURVE: FUNCTIONAL FORM AND MEASURES OF NON-PROPORTIONALITY." Bulletin of Economic Research 37, no. 3 (September 1985): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1985.tb00194.x.

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45

Tong, M., Z. Liang, and G. C. Lee. "An Index of Damping Non-Proportionality for Discrete Vibrating Systems." Journal of Sound and Vibration 174, no. 1 (June 1994): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1994.1554.

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46

Baklanov, Artem, Pranav Garimidi, Vasilis Gkatzelis, and Daniel Schoepflin. "Achieving Proportionality up to the Maximin Item with Indivisible Goods." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 6 (May 18, 2021): 5143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i6.16650.

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We study the problem of fairly allocating indivisible goods and focus on the classic fairness notion of proportionality. The indivisibility of the goods is long known to pose highly non-trivial obstacles to achieving fairness, and a very vibrant line of research has aimed to circumvent them using appropriate notions of approximate fairness. Recent work has established that even approximate versions of proportionality (PROPx) may be impossible to achieve even for small instances, while the best known achievable approximations (PROP1) are much weaker. We introduce the notion of proportionality up to the maximin item (PROPm) and show how to reach an allocation satisfying this notion for any instance involving up to five agents with additive valuations. PROPm provides a well-motivated middle-ground between PROP1 and PROPx, while also capturing some elements of the well-studied maximin share (MMS) benchmark: another relaxation of proportionality that has attracted a lot of attention.

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47

Reis, Luís G., Vitor Anes, Bin Li, and Manuel de Freitas. "Effect of Non-Proportionality in the Fatigue Strength of 42CrMo4 Steel." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.757.

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The unexpected collapse of engineering structures is often caused by the fatigue phenomenon resulting from degradation of mechanical properties of materials due to multiaxial cyclic loadings. The interpretation of such degradation is a topic of intensive research in multiaxial fatigue. The fatigue strength is commonly evaluated by the equivalent stress based on the shear stress in the octahedral plane. However, the use of this kind of equivalent stress in the multiaxial fatigue criteria has been proven to be inappropriate. The degradation of mechanical properties of materials is dependent on several factors, e.g. the loading path has a strong influence on the fatigue strength. Non-proportional loadings cause higher damage in materials than proportional loadings for the same maximum equivalent stress. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of different multiaxial loadings on the 42CrMo4 steel and to improve the understanding about the relation between the fatigue strength and the sequential loading proportionality. The considered loadings were defined with the same history but with different load sequences and equivalent stress. To implement this work a biaxial servo-hydraulic fatigue machine was used. The fatigue life and crack angle were measured for each specimen. An analysis was made in order to correlate the crack initiation and fatigue life with the theoretical models, some remarks regarding these topics are presented.

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48

Kozorezov, A., J. K. Wigmore, and A. Owens. "Picosecond dynamics of hot carriers and phonons and scintillator non-proportionality." Journal of Applied Physics 112, no. 5 (September 2012): 053709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4749253.

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49

Erinosho, T. O., A. C. F. Cocks, and F. P. E. Dunne. "Texture, hardening and non-proportionality of strain in BCC polycrystal deformation." International Journal of Plasticity 50 (November 2013): 170–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2013.04.008.

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50

Cutler, P. A., C. L. Melcher, M. A. Spurrier, P. Szupryczynski, and L. A. Eriksson. "Scintillation Non-Proportionality of Lutetium- and Yttrium-Based Silicates and Aluminates." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 56, no. 3 (June 2009): 915–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2009.2016421.

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