Academic literature on the topic 'Non polluting goods'
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Journal articles on the topic "Non polluting goods":
1
Main, Robert S. "Subsidizing Non-Polluting Goods vs. Taxing Polluting Goods for Pollution Reduction." Atlantic Economic Journal 41, no. 4 (June 14, 2013): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11293-013-9370-6.
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Zhou, Zhibo, Weiguo Zhang, Xinxin Pan, Jiangfeng Hu, and Ganlin Pu. "Environmental Tax Reform and the “Double Dividend” Hypothesis in a Small Open Economy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010217.
Abstract:
In this paper, we build and analyze a general equilibrium model to evaluate the effects of environment tax reform on a small open economy in a “suboptimal environment” with existing tax distortions. We then use the macroeconomic data from the Chongqing Municipality in China to conduct simulations to empirically test our analytic results. Our main findings include the followings. First, an increase in environmental tax rate can effectively reduce the use of polluting consumer goods by households as well as investment in polluting factors by enterprises. Hence, an increase in environmental tax rate can improve environmental quality and obtain “environmental dividend”. Second, an increase in environmental tax rate can negatively impact employment, family income and economic growth. Hence, there is no “non-environmental dividend” effect. Third, an increased environmental tax rate has both substitution effect and income effect on household consumption. On the one hand, it motivates households to substitute polluting consumer goods with clean consumer goods. On the other hand, it lowers the total consumption level of households. Fourth, we show that the “double dividend” hypothesis on environmental tax is invalid. And the optimal environmental tax under the suboptimal environment is lower than the Pigouvian tax rate. Finally, we discuss the policy implications of our results.
3
Soyege, O. O., G. O. Makinde, and B. H. Akinlabi. "Green Supply Chain Management and Organizational Performance of Fast-Moving Consumer Goods Firms in Lagos Nigeria." International Journal of Entrepreneurship 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ije.1517.
Abstract:
Purpose: The fast-moving consumer goods firms plays a vital role in the microeconomic and macroeconomic sectored of every economy. However, these organisations are accused of polluting the environment and engaging in practices that are not sustainable. The firms have performed below expectations attributable to non-compliance with green supply management such as green procurement, green distribution, green warehousing, materials management and reverse logistics. This study therefore investigated the effect of green supply chain management on the performance of fast-moving consumer goods in Lagos State, Nigeria.
Methodology: The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the study was 418 middle and top-level management staff from selected quoted fast-moving consumer goods firms in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study adopted the total enumeration method. Data was collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.700 to 0.892. The response rate was 100%. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics (Multiple regression analysis).
Findings: Findings revealed that green supply chain management had positive and significant effect on the performance of selected fast-moving consumer goods companies in Lagos State, Nigeria (Adj. R2 = 0.482, F (5, 407) = 77.600, p < 0.05). The study concluded that green supply chain management practices enhanced organisational performance of selected fast-moving consumer goods companies in Lagos State, Nigeria.
Recommendations: The study therefore recommended that management of fast-moving consumer goods firms in Nigeria should prioritise the implementation of green procurement, green warehousing, material management, and reverse logistics practices to enhance their overall performance. Also, the management of consumer goods firms in Lagos State should concentrate on optimising their material management processes, such as inventory control, demand forecasting, and supplier collaboration.
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Urzúa-Morales, Juan Guillermo, Juan Pedro Sepulveda-Rojas, Miguel Alfaro, Guillermo Fuertes, Rodrigo Ternero, and Manuel Vargas. "Logistic Modeling of the Last Mile: Case Study Santiago, Chile." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020648.
Abstract:
This research proposes a new distribution system of goods in the historical center of the city of Santiago, Chile. For the design of the urban logistic system, the methodology city logistics and last mile are used. This design incorporates to the freight transport flexible solutions that improve the efficiency of the distribution process and trade supply, minimizing the environmental impact of the atmospheric pollution (AP). The proposal was made through the data collection, the characterization of the sector and the diagnosis of the urban logistics processes. The analysis of the factors allowed to evaluate the costs of the AP negative externalities. The causes were used as design criteria for the proposals, with the aim of improving the quality of life of the city users. The physical location selection of the Cross-Docking was made through an optimization model of maximum coverage. The optimization algorithm of the nearest neighbor was proposed for vehicle routing. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to generate a ranking of the best non-polluting vehicles to be used in the zone. Finally, the results obtained allowed a 53 ton decrease in carbon dioxide in the square kilometer and reduced 1103 h of interruptions per year in the vehicular congestion of the sector.
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Meshram, Vaishali A., Anurag Kr Singh, and Sanyogita R. Verma. "Water's Vital Role: Challenges and Consequences of Pollution: A Review." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 14, no. 2 (February 24, 2024): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20240243.
Abstract:
Most of the evolutionary theories suggest that life originated within the water. From origination to now, water has played an important role in living organisms. Earth’s 71% of the surface is covered with water. Of the total water present, 97% of the world’s water is salty or undrinkable. Water available for drinking is valuable. Freshwater can be reachable for use from rivers, lakes, and groundwater. Water availability per capita is dependent on the population of a country, and it reduces due to an increase in population. Nearly, 163 million Indians don’t have access to clean drinking water, and 21% of the communicable diseases are linked to unsafe drinking water. In India, 500 youngsters lose their lives to diarrhea every day. The average annual water availability of any land or country mostly depends on hydro-meteorological and geological aspects. The increasing population led to an increase in the demand for goods which caused rapid industrialization and is the reason for the production of industrial wastes. This hazardous waste discharge in water bodies without any treatment and management poses a harmful environment to living beings. Hospital waste water mainly contains infectious microbes and pharmaceutical drugs and it is released to municipal wastewater treatment plants without any pre-treatment further, this discharging of the wastewater into water bodies imposes a significant threat to the environment. These industrial wastes destroy the environment by polluting water, air, and soil. The quantity and quality of wastewater depends on the type of industry, it can contain biodegradable waste such as paper, wool, leather, etc., and non-biodegradable waste such as heavy metals, pesticides, and plastic. Hazardous such as reactive, carcinogenic, and ignitable also releases. Key words: environment; water source; census; population; hazardous chemical.
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Surakasi, Raviteja, Ravi Ganivada, and Ramya Pakalapati. "Study Comparing the Tribological Behavior of Cottonseed and Castor Oil Biodiesel Blended Lubricant under varying Load Conditions." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 4047–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51178.
Abstract:
Abstract: We have an increasing global need for bio lubricants that are safe for human and environmental use, easily biodegradable, and non-polluting. The friction and wear qualities of cotton seed blended lubricant as well as castor blended lubricant are compared and contrasted in this research using a Pin on disc wear testing Tribometer. In this research, we will look at the study's results and analyse their significance. Blended lubricants were created by combining cotton seed & castor based biodiesel with the basic lubricant SAE20W40 at volumetric ratios of 5, 10, 15, & 20%. Cotton seed and castor blended bio lubricants were tested for friction and wear at sliding velocities of 2.5 metres per second while subjected to weights of 50 N, 100 N, and 150 N. Wear might be slowed by as much as 15 percent by mixing in cotton seed biodiesel with the base oil, as has been shown. When this threshold is passed, wear increases at an ever-increasing pace. Castor oil blended lubricant performed best in wear tests when coupled with a base lubricant at a 5 and 10 percent castor oil blended lubricant concentration. The wear rate was accelerated when 15 percent castor oil was added to the basic lubricant. It has been discovered that at lowest and maximum load, CBL 5 and CBL 10 may serve as an alternative lubricant to increase mechanical efficiency at a sliding velocity of 2.5 metres per second. Because of their efforts, less need has been seen to lessen dependence on petroleum-based goods.
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Mocrei-Rebrean, Lucian. "The Lockean Proviso and Orbital Sustainability—An Anthropological View." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 3909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073909.
Abstract:
Over the last decades, we have witnessed the gradual commercialization of the Earth orbit. The exponential development of private space activities makes this distant natural field, with the overcoming of technological difficulties, more and more hospitable to free initiative and entrepreneurship. However, the orbital space is considered global commons. Through the imaginary case method, we intend to ponder on possible ways to legally regulate the exploitation of the orbital space, namely the application of Pigouvian taxes, on the sustainability of the orbital environment, through ethical considerations originating from the application of the Lockean proviso. Although they are designed to cover the damage caused by that particular polluting activity, which is difficult to estimate and, in our case, almost impossible to quantify in the long run, the Pigouvian taxes are the result of a proactive logic. The tension between civilization and nature turns the world outside the Earth into a wilderness destined for humanization, another area of exercise of the liberal self. Non-legal reasons for the sustainability of the orbital environment may arise from observing the Lockean principle of fair ownership. Between the prohibition of an unreasonable destruction of nature’s goods and the equitable access to extra-terrestrial resources, the human desire for appropriation updates the proviso destined for the colonization of America in the twenty-first century. Given that there are currently no plans to clean the technological waste in orbit, adopting the conservation of the orbital environment as an ethical principle could help to formulate a more environmentally responsible liberalism, as part of a long-term agenda of exploitation in the vicinity of our planet.
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Boschee, Pam. "Comments: Carbon Tariffs - Fair Incentives for Change?" Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0521-0008-jpt.
Abstract:
Carbon credits, carbon taxes, and emissions trading systems are familiar terms in discussions about limiting global warming, the Paris Agreement, and net-zero emissions goals. A more recent addition to the glossary of climate policy is “carbon tariff.” While the concept is not new, it recently surfaced in nascent policymaking in the EU. In 2019, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen proposed a “carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)” as part of a proposed green deal. In March, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on a World Trade Organization (WTO)-compatible CBAM. A carbon tariff, or the EU’s CBAM, is a tax applied to carbon-intensive imports. Countries that have pledged to be more ambitious in reducing emissions—and in some cases have implemented binding targets—may impose carbon costs on their own businesses. Being eyed now are cross-border or overseas businesses that make products in countries in which no costs are imposed for emissions, resulting in cheaper carbon-intensive goods. Those products are exported to the countries aiming for reduced emissions. The concern lies in the risk of locally made goods becoming unfairly disadvantaged against competitors that are not taking similar steps to deal with climate change. A carbon tariff is being considered to level the playing field: local businesses in countries applying a tariff can better compete as climate policies evolve and are adopted around the world. Complying with WTO rules to ensure fair treatment, the CBAM will be imposed only on high-emitting industries that compete directly with local industries paying a carbon price. In the short term, these are likely to be steel, chemicals, fertilizers, and cement. The Parliament’s statement introduced another term to the glossary of climate policy: carbon leakage. “To raise global climate ambition and prevent ‘carbon leakage,’ the EU must place a carbon price on imports from less climate-ambitious countries.” It refers to the situation that may occur if businesses were to transfer production to other countries with laxer emission constraints to avoid costs related to climate policies. This could lead to an increase in total emissions in the higher-emitting countries. “The resolution underlines that the EU’s increased ambition on climate change must not lead to carbon leakage as global climate efforts will not benefit if EU production is just moved to non-EU countries that have less ambitious emissions rules,” the Parliament said. It also emphasized the tariff “must not be misused to further protectionism.” A member of the environment committee, Yannick Jadot, said, “It is a major political and democratic test for the EU, which must stop being naïve and impose the same carbon price on products, whether they are produced in or outside the EU, to ensure the most polluting sectors also take part in fighting climate change and innovate towards zero carbon. This will give us the best chance of remaining below the 1.5°C warming limit, whilst also pushing our trading partners to be equally ambitious in order to enter the EU market.” The Commission is expected to present a legislative proposal on a CBAM in the second quarter of 2021 as part of the European Green Deal.
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COPELAND, BRIAN R. "Trade and environment: policy linkages." Environment and Development Economics 5, no. 4 (October 2000): 405–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x00000255.
Abstract:
This paper develops a simple model to investigate linkages between trade and environmental policy. In the case of purely local pollution, trade liberalization without constraints on environmental policy induces a non-cooperative game between countries in pollution policy. Without any agreement on environmental policy, trade negotiations are unlikely to lead to a point on the Pareto frontier. When pollution is global, countries may be expected to disagree on linkages between trade agreements and environmental agreements. Countries importing pollution-intensive goods have an incentive to try to link trade agreements with environmental agreements, while countries exporting pollution-intensive goods have an incentive to try to obtain a binding commitment to free trade prior to negotiations over global pollution.
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Tessum, Christopher W., Joshua S. Apte, Andrew L. Goodkind, Nicholas Z. Muller, Kimberley A. Mullins, David A. Paolella, Stephen Polasky, et al. "Inequity in consumption of goods and services adds to racial–ethnic disparities in air pollution exposure." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 13 (March 11, 2019): 6001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818859116.
Abstract:
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution exposure is the largest environmental health risk factor in the United States. Here, we link PM2.5exposure to the human activities responsible for PM2.5pollution. We use these results to explore “pollution inequity”: the difference between the environmental health damage caused by a racial–ethnic group and the damage that group experiences. We show that, in the United States, PM2.5exposure is disproportionately caused by consumption of goods and services mainly by the non-Hispanic white majority, but disproportionately inhaled by black and Hispanic minorities. On average, non-Hispanic whites experience a “pollution advantage”: They experience ∼17% less air pollution exposure than is caused by their consumption. Blacks and Hispanics on average bear a “pollution burden” of 56% and 63% excess exposure, respectively, relative to the exposure caused by their consumption. The total disparity is caused as much by how much people consume as by how much pollution they breathe. Differences in the types of goods and services consumed by each group are less important. PM2.5exposures declined ∼50% during 2002–2015 for all three racial–ethnic groups, but pollution inequity has remained high.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non polluting goods":
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Sanou, Issa. "Inégalités de richesse, prestations sociales et politiques environnementales en présence du statut social." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0011.
Abstract:
Le premier chapitre montre que le conformisme conduit à une réduction des inégalités de richesse, et même à un rattrapage, lorsqu’un ménage initialement riche travaille moins qu’un ménage initialement pauvre ; et qu’en plus le revenu supplémentaire acquis par le ménage initialement pauvre, en travaillant plus, correspond, plus précisément au surplus de richesse initialement détenu par le ménage riche. Le deuxième chapitre montre que les effets néfastes des prestations sociales sur l’offre de travail sont atténués par le comportement de recherche de statut social. Enfin, le chapitre 3 montre que toute politique environnementale, consistant à taxer les biens polluants et à utiliser les revenus de cette taxation pour subventionner la consommation des biens non polluants, entraîne une augmentation, à la fois, de l’emploi et de la qualité de l’environnement. Cependant, lorsque les biens polluants et les biens non polluants ne sont pas des substituts parfaits, l’augmentation du pouvoir d’achat résultant des subventions peut entraîner une augmentation de la consommation des biens polluantsThe first chapter shows that conformism leads to a reduction in wealth inequalities, and even to a catch-up, when an initially rich household works less than an initially poor household ; and that the additional income acquired by the initially poor household, by working more, corresponds, more precisely, to the wealth surplus initially held by the rich household. The second chapter shows that the negative effects of social benefits on labor supply are mitigated by status-seeking behavior. Finally, chapter 3 shows that any environmental policy, consisting of taxing polluting goods and using the revenues from this taxation to subsidize the consumption of non-polluting goods, leads to an increase in both employment and environmental quality. However, when polluting goods and non-polluting goods are not perfect substitutes, the increase in purchasing power resulting from subsidies may lead to an increase in the consumption of polluting goods
Books on the topic "Non polluting goods":
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Cestti, Rita. Agriculture non-point source pollution control: Good management practices-- the Chesapeake Bay experience. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.
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Barton, Gregory A. The Globalization of Organic Farming. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199642533.003.0008.
Abstract:
Between 1950 and 1980 the organic movement increasingly integrated with an environmental movement that emphasized a link between ecology and human health, informing a new emphasis on air pollution, water pollution, and the further protection of wildlife. In Britain, the Soil Association advanced the cause of organic farming under the leadership of Lord Bradford, Eve Balfour, and then E. F. Schumacher. In the United States, J. I. Rodale acted as a conduit for the ideas of Albert Howard. In Japan, Torizō Kurosawa and Frank S. Booth, among others, introduced organic farming into the already extensive “teikei” movement that brought farm goods directly into local cooperative organizations. These examples alone do not capture the whole global story of organic farming in this period; societies throughout the non-communist blocks often boasted individual farmers, plantations, and certainly gardeners who practiced organic protocols.
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Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.
Abstract:
Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.
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Weis, Christopher P., and Donald E. Tillitt. Chemical Water Pollution and Human Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.003.0005.
Abstract:
Human activities associated with environmental degradation are threatening urban and rural water supplies throughout the world. Although water quality in the United States surpasses that in most of the world, increasing challenges from an aging infrastructure, poorly controlled disposal of pharmaceuticals, household chemical products, and biologically active industrial chemicals are causing widespread degradation. Toxicology studies have highlighted the role of chronic, low-level chemical exposures of children in the development of disease later in life and demonstrated the chemicals’ epigenetic effects. Despite billions of dollars spent annually to purify diminishing water resources, most purified water is used for waste disposal a for agricultural and industrial processes that do not necessarily require good-quality water. Chapter 5 addresses some of the current threats to water supplies and proposes approaches to increase awareness and provide solutions for the protection of human and environmental health.
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Ghaleigh, Navraj Singh. Economics and International Climate Change Law. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0004.
Abstract:
This chapter presents an economic analysis of climate change and international climate change law. From an economic perspective, the environment becomes a scarce resource which must be allocated between competing ends. The economics of climate change draws mainly on the two foundational insights of economics. The first is that the free exchange of goods tends to move resources to their highest valued use, in which case the allocation of resources is said to be ‘Pareto-efficient’. The second is that economic agents respond to incentives. Economic agents are rational utility maximizers, meaning that they will undertake those actions which raise their level of utility. The chapter examines economist Ronald Coase’s article The Problem of Social Cost, which deals with externalities, the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit, and applies it to pollution and emissions trading.
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Jelley, Nick. Renewable Energy: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198825401.001.0001.
Abstract:
Energy is vital for a good standard of living, and affordable and adequate sources of power that do not cause climate change or pollution are crucial. Renewables can meet the world’s energy needs without compromising human health and the environment, and this VSI gives a history of their deployment and the principles of their technologies. Wind and solar farms can now provide the cheapest electricity in many parts of the world. Decarbonizing heat is just as important as clean electricity, and can be achieved using renewably generated electricity to power heat pumps and to produce combustible fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia. Several other clean alternatives, notably hydropower, biofuels, nuclear power, and carbon capture, are also becoming important. Lithium-ion batteries are enabling the electrification of transport and providing grid storage. But while market forces are helping the transition from fossil fuels to renewables, there are opposing pressures, such as the United States’ proposed withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement, and vested commercial interests in fossil fuels. Net-zero emissions must be reached by 2050 for a sustainable future, and governments must act quickly to accelerate the transition.
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Giles, Cynthia. Next Generation Compliance. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197656747.001.0001.
Abstract:
Abstract Nearly everyone accepts as gospel two assumptions: compliance with environmental rules is good, and enforcement is responsible for making compliance happen. Both are wrong. In fact, serious violations of environmental regulations are widespread, and by far the most important driver of compliance results is not enforcement but the structure of the rule itself. In Next Generation Compliance: Environmental Regulation for the Modern Era, Cynthia Giles shows that well-designed regulations deploying creative strategies to make compliance the default can achieve excellent implementation outcomes. Poorly designed rules that create many opportunities to evade, obfuscate, or ignore will have dismal performance that no amount of enforcement will ever fix. Rampant violations have real consequences: unhealthy air, polluted water, contaminated drinking water, exposure to dangerous chemicals, and unrestrained climate-forcing pollution. They also land hardest on already overburdened communities—that’s why Next Gen and environmental justice are tightly linked. The good news is there are tools to build much better compliance into regulations, including many tested strategies that can be the building blocks of programs that withstand the inevitable pressures of real life. Next Generation Compliance shows how regulators can avoid the compliance calamities that plague far too many environmental rules today, a lesson that is particularly urgent for regulations tackling climate change. It has an optimistic message: there are ways to ensure reliable results, if regulators jettison incorrect assumptions and design rules that are resilient to the mess and complexity of the real world.
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Vaughn, Bruce. The Unraveling of Island Asia? Praeger, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216030911.
Abstract:
This edited collection takes a primary focus on security issues in Oceania, but here the word security is expanded to include such topics as domestic Indonesian and Philippine instability, environmental degradation, the work of international crime syndicates, the generic problem of post-colonial state failure, and the always overhanging concern with China—in short all of the significant troubles roiling Island Asia today. Using this expanded notion of security and stability, the volume pulls in new anxieties about global warming, which may submerge half of the South Pacific microstates within the next 30 years, and pollution, which covers Indonesia nad Malaysia in thick smoke now visible from space, as well as traversing the more traditional security and economic issues. Vaughn and his contributors describe a 7,000-mile swath of wobbly island states ranging from the world's fourth most populous country to tiny bogus sovereignties in thrall to globalized criminals-through which more than $1 trillion worth of goods move each year. An important resource for scholars, students, researchers, and policy makers involved with Oceania and Asian studies as well as contemporary geo-political concerns.
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Nations, United. Agenda 21 Earth Summit: United Nations Program of Action from Rio. United Nations, 1992.
Book chapters on the topic "Non polluting goods":
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Soretz, Susanne. "Efficient Dynamic Pollution Taxation in an Uncertain Environment." In The Economics Of Non-Market Goods And Resources, 101–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6293-3_6.
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Duan, Lunbo, and Lin Li. "Introduction." In Oxygen-Carrier-Aided Combustion Technology for Solid-Fuel Conversion in Fluidized Bed, 1–8. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9127-1_1.
Abstract:
AbstractFBC technology with the advantages of flexible fuel applicability, stable temperature control, inherently low gas-pollutant emissions, etc. is an advanced fuel-conversion technology, applied in industry, and in heat and electric utilities. Theoretically, FBC has good gas-solid mixing and a resulting uniform temperature distribution. In the actual FBC operation, however, especially in large-scale reactors, the mixing of oxygen and fuel is still limited by the lateral solids dispersion coefficient and gas penetration. Such an issue not only reduces the combustion efficiency but also brings a series of problems related to the operation, such as excessive emissions and bed agglomeration. OCAC technology, which is using oxygen carrier particles to partially or completely replace the traditional inert bed materials in fluidized-bed reactors. This technology is aiming to improve combustion efficiency, enhance operational safety, and reduce pollutant emission by promoting the uniformity of the oxygen and temperature distributions in a fluidized-bed reactor. Benefiting from the oxygen buffering characteristic of oxygen carrier particles, OCAC can significantly improve the oxygen distribution throughout the combustion chamber, which can reduce CO and hydrocarbon emissions.
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Idowu, S. A., D. J. Arotupin, and S. O. Oladejo. "Plastic Pollution and Climate Change: Role of Bioremediation as a Tool to Achieving Sustainability." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1159–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_102.
Abstract:
AbstractPollution from post-consumer plastics is a growing global environmental challenge whose negative impacts are exacerbating climate change. Plastics are stable, durable, and hydrophobic. They possess high molecular weight, complex three-dimensional structure, and are not readily available to be used as substrate by biological agents such as microorganisms and enzymes. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the examples of petrochemical-based plastics. PET is a strong, clear, and light-weight plastic with global usage in the production of bottles. Technological innovation, policy formulation, advocacy and sensitization, change in consumption pattern, and bioremediation are some of the approaches that are currently being used to mitigate environmental pollution from post-consumer PET bottles. The ubiquitous property of microorganisms and their ability to survive in almost every environment, including very extreme ones, make them good candidate for biodegradation. Bioremediation is simply defined as engineered or enhanced biodegradation. This review discusses the potential of bioremediation as sustainable and environment-friendly tool to clean up post-consumer PET bottles that already accumulate on land, in soil, and in water bodies.
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Idowu, S. A., D. J. Arotupin, and S. O. Oladejo. "Plastic Pollution and Climate Change: Role of Bioremediation as a Tool to Achieving Sustainability." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_102-1.
Abstract:
AbstractPollution from post-consumer plastics is a growing global environmental challenge whose negative impacts are exacerbating climate change. Plastics are stable, durable, and hydrophobic. They possess high molecular weight, complex three-dimensional structure, and are not readily available to be used as substrate by biological agents such as microorganisms and enzymes. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the examples of petrochemical-based plastics. PET is a strong, clear, and light-weight plastic with global usage in the production of bottles. Technological innovation, policy formulation, advocacy and sensitization, change in consumption pattern, and bioremediation are some of the approaches that are currently being used to mitigate environmental pollution from post-consumer PET bottles. The ubiquitous property of microorganisms and their ability to survive in almost every environment, including very extreme ones, make them good candidate for biodegradation. Bioremediation is simply defined as engineered or enhanced biodegradation. This review discusses the potential of bioremediation as sustainable and environment-friendly tool to clean up post-consumer PET bottles that already accumulate on land, in soil, and in water bodies.
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Sutikno, Sigit, Rinaldi, Muhamad Yusa, Besri Nasrul, Yesi, Chairul, Adhy Prayitno, Akhbar Putra, and Muhammad Gevin Ardi. "Water Management for Integrated Peatland Restoration in Pulau Tebing Tinggi PHU, Riau." In Global Environmental Studies, 161–83. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0906-3_9.
Abstract:
AbstractWater management is an important aspect for hydrological restoration in the tropical peatland because the availability of water is not evenly distributed in the dry and rainy seasons. The aim of this study was to conduct action research focusing on water management for integrated peatland restoration at Pulau Tebing Tinggi Peatland Hydrological Unit (PHU), Riau, Indonesia. The actions were to implement some research results and findings by developing demo-plots for a pilot project and analyzing their impact. The pilot project for water management was developed at Pulau Tebing Tinggi PHU not only for the purpose of peat rewetting, but also to support revegetation efforts and revitalization of livelihood. Pulau Tebing Tinggi PHU, located in Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau Province, is susceptible to peat fires. In 2014, big peat fires occurred in Pulau Tebing Tinggi PHU and several peatland areas in Riau, causing a haze disaster that lasted for about 2 months. The disaster produced a sickening and deadly cloud of smoky pollution that not only threatened Indonesia but also neighboring countries.The Thornthwaite-Mather water balance (TMWB) model was applied for water balance analysis as a basis for water management in the research site. A masterplan for water management was developed which was integrated with revegetation and revitalization of livelihood approaches. Canal block constructions, paludiculture, and aquaculture were the integrated activities carried out to support peatland restoration. Two types of canal blocks, whose main materials were wood and vinyl sheet pile, were introduced in this pilot project. Four key parameters of peatland restoration progress were monitored periodically, namely water table, land subsidence, CO2 emissions, and vegetation growth. This research found that by applying water management properly, the water table can be maintained at a stable and high level in wet peatlands. Water management by applying canal blocking has a good impact for keeping groundwater elevation and keeping peatland in a wet condition for a distance of 400 m upstream from the canal block.
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Machado, Cristian Rivera, and Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. "Composting as a Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategy: Lessons Learned from Cajicá, Colombia." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 17–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_2.
Abstract:
AbstractMunicipal solid waste (MSW) generated in developing countries usually contains a high percentage of organic material. When not properly managed, organic waste is known for creating many environmental issues. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil and water contamination, and air pollution are a few examples. On the other hand, proper and sustainable management of organic waste can not only bring economic gains but also reduce the waste volume that is sent for final disposal. Composting is one such recovery method, in which the end product – compost – eventually helps the agricultural industry, and other sectors, making the process an excellent example of nexus thinking in integrated management of environmental resources. The aim of this chapter is to discuss how Cajicá, a small city in Colombia, approached this issue in a methodical way to eventually became one of the leading organic waste composting examples in the whole world, as recognised by the United Nations Environment Programme in 2017. Cajicá launched a source separation and composting initiative called Green Containers Program (GCP) in 2008, based on a successful pilot project conducted in 2005. The organic waste separated at source collected from households, commercial entities, schools, and universities are brought to a privately operated composting plant chosen by the city to produce compost. The compost plant sells compost to the agricultural sector. The participants in the GCP could also receive a bag of compost every 2 months as a token of appreciation. The Cajicá case presents us with many lessons of good practice, not only in the sustainable management of waste but also in stakeholder engagement. It specifically shows how stakeholders should be brought together for long-lasting collaboration and the benefits to society. Finding the correct business model for the project, efforts made in educating the future generation, and technology adaptation to local conditions are also seen as positive experiences that others can learn from in the case of Cajicá’s GCP. Some of the concerns and potential threats observed include the high dependency GCP has on two institutions: the programme financially depends completely on the municipality, and the composting operation depends completely on one private facility. GCP will benefit from having contingency plans to reduce the risk of having these high dependencies.
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Caro-González, A., A. Serra, X. Albala, C. E. Borges, D. Casado-Mansilla, J. Colobrans, E. Iñigo, J. Millard, A. Mugarra-Elorriaga, and Renata Petrevska Nechkoska. "The Three MuskEUteers." In Contributions to Management Science, 3–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11065-8_1.
Abstract:
AbstractUnder the inspiring and aspiring title: Paving the way for pushing and pursuing a “one for all, all for one” triple transition: social, green, and digital: The Three MuskEUteers, a group of remarkable co-authors and contributors have developed radically new forward-looking visions, principles, approaches, and action recommendations for an attuned indivisible social, green, and digital transition.The triple transition is aimed at helping humanity gather around a life-sustaining purpose, as opposed to life-destroying one in terms of wars of all kinds (military, economic, political, etc.); nature decay and wreckage (carbon footprint, plastic pollution, soil poisoning, etc.); human alienation (favelas, homeless persons, refugee camps, child malnutrition, poverty, exclusion of any kind); and geographic imbalances with empty rural spaces and overcrowded megacities (creating difficult access of rural and/or remote population to care, health, and other essential services; difficulty of urban population to contact with natural environments).The work highlights the urgent need to speed up a third social transition (Within this social transition dimension we understand the socio-cultural scope as any social shift implies a cultural transition and vice versa, with its very deep implications.), in addition to the green and digital transitions more widely recognised by the international community. Innovation, or a European industry-led twin transition aiming for climate neutrality and digital leadership, cannot be supported without a firm, responsive, responsible social and environmental engagement. Neither is it possible to tackle a JUST triple transition which is not firmly rooted in worthwhile human development, underpinned by the Sustainable Development Goals. And none of these transitions can go separately and/or isolated; they all need to intertwine around the notion of (more, firmer, and determined) just transition.European society is presented as a huge “co-laboratory” for this “all for one, one for all” boundaryless triple transition to respond to the urgent radical changes demanded by humanity and by the planet. The chapter proposes a radically new vision to pursue a non-explored transformative way to ideate, design, develop, and deliver science, innovation, and collaboration through experimentation and learning, and throughout multi-stakeholder engagement from the n-helix spectrum. It proposes systemic innovation tactics for the “how” (green, techno-digital), for the strategic “what” (green, social), for the purposeful “why” (green, social), and for the operational “how best” (green, social, techno-digital) within the governing principles of eco-centric society. This encompasses: Courageous goal-aligned alternatives, as a shift to new (yet ancient) principles of eco-centric rather than ego-centric behaviour. The adoption of a “complex system mind-set” to build up dynamic, context-sensitive, and holistic approaches to co-design mission and purpose-driven actions, outcomes, outputs, and no-harm impacts. The ignition of the transformative capacity of all forms of collaboration (international, interdisciplinary, intersectoral, intergenerational, inter-institutional, inter-genders) vs hierarchy as alternative governance and distribution models to overcome the unjust and unsustainable biased status quo within evolving, adaptable, flexible, and transformational n-helix ecosystems. The Three MuskEUteers, deeply anchored in European values (human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law, and human rights), will pave the way and drive humanity towards the achievement of the ambitious, but achievable, targets of the United Nations 2030 Global Agenda, the Sustainable Development Goals.Europe can be the initiator of co-laboratory experiments where social change drives the “all for one, one for all” dream into transforming this three-prong transition into possible real good ecosystems working.
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Metcalf, Gilbert E. "Why Do Economists Like a Carbon Tax?" In Paying for Pollution, 35–52. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694197.003.0004.
Abstract:
In non-technical language, the chapter explains why economists favor putting a price on pollution as the least expensive way to cut pollution to its socially optimal level. Using a pollution example from nineteenth-century British law made famous by the Chicago economist Ronald Coase, the chapter lays out the principles for good environmental policy and shows how a carbon tax fits with those principles. It introduces Arthur C. Pigou, an early twentieth-century economist who saw that a tax on pollution could use the power of the market to solve the pollution problem. It then demonstrates that carbon taxes in British Columbia and Sweden have not harmed their economies but have helped reduce carbon pollution.
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Akbar, Nor Azliza, Zaidin Bin Matsin, and Siti Fatihah Binti Ramli. "Groundwater Treatment via Ozonation." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 200–225. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5766-1.ch009.
Abstract:
Groundwater is the source of drinking water that needs to be maintained from pollution. Groundwater pollution is a major problem caused by human activities that are invaluable to human health. When high levels of organic and inorganic substances do not exceed the standard of drinking water, various studies have been made by researchers to overcome the problem. Various alternatives such as in-situ and ex-situ treatment have been carried out to eliminate pollutants from groundwater. Among the treatment, ozone becomes a major alternative because of its effectiveness in treating raw water. Ozone treatment has several advantages such as disinfectants, oxidize of organic and inorganic pollutant, and remove taste and color from groundwater. The performance of ozonation process becomes better when combined with other treatments. Therefore, application of ozone can replace chlorine because of its good potential to improve quality of groundwater effluent and comply drinking water standard adopted by World Health Organization.
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Metcalf, Gilbert E. "So You Want a Carbon Tax: How Do You Design It?" In Paying for Pollution, 99–114. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694197.003.0008.
Abstract:
This chapter reviews the nuts and bolts of implementing a carbon tax. Invoking principles of administrative simplicity, ease of compliance, and avoidance of design features that dilute the price signal, it gives practical advice on who should be responsible for collecting the tax and remitting it to the government. It explains how the tax should handle the possibility that we can capture and permanently store carbon dioxide emissions and how we should tax emissions related to internationally traded goods so the United States is not disadvantaged in global trade. Finally, it identifies, and warns policymakers away from, various pitfalls in carbon tax design.
Conference papers on the topic "Non polluting goods":
1
Tavakoli, Behtash, and Goodarz Ahmadi. "Modeling Wind Flow and Particulate Pollutant Dispersion Around a Realistic Model of a Building Using Large-Eddy Simulation." In ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72362.
Abstract:
Urban air pollution has been of concern due to its adverse effect on human health. A major portion of urban air pollution is attributed to vehicle emissions. Center of Excellence (CoE) Building was built in Syracuse NY at the intersection of two major highways. The building is fully instrumented for assessing outdoor and indoor air pollutions. In this study the airflow and the dispersion of particulate air pollutants emitted from the highways surrounding the CoE building were analyzed. The wind flow around the model of the CoE building was first simulated using the RANS model. Comparison of the numerical simulations with the available PIV experimental data showed that the RANS turbulence model was not able to capture all features of the flow field due to the complexity of the building’s geometry. While the pressure field on the walls of the building model matched with those measured by the pressure taps, some aspects of the airflow velocity profile were not in agreement with the PIV data. The computational modeling of the wind flow around the building was then performed using the Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) approach. The mean velocity magnitude predicted by the LES showed good agreement with the experimental PIV measurements. The simulated flow field was used to predict the dispersion of the particulate pollutant around the building and the deposition fraction of particles on the walls of the building is studied.
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FLOREA, Luiza. "Stop plastic pollution." In Ştiință și educație: noi abordări și perspective. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.v3.24-25-03-2023.p420-423.
Abstract:
The paper presents activities and results from the „Marine and River Litter Elimination, New Approach - MARLENA” project. The project emphasized the issue of water waste, the value of biodiversity and environmental protection, involving citizens in river and coastal cleaning campaigns and sharing good experiences in the field of pollution reduction and elimination. Funded under the Black Sea Basin Operational Program 2014-2020, the project is part of the European Union’s Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) within its European Neighborhood Instrument (ENI) and was carried out simultaneously in a number of six Black Sea riparian countries. For Romania, this project was carried out in Galati by the Association for Sustainable Development Prut – Danube, Galati. This paper describes an activity of the MARLENA project, carried out in Galati, by a group of 10 children and volunteers who participated in an eco-camp, in September and October 2019, where they combined theoretical knowledge with practical activity related to environmental protection. The project focused on improving the awareness of young people and their education regarding the problems caused by aquatic waste, awareness of the values of biodiversity and the need to ensure better environmental protection. The paper presents the benefits of education for nature, in nature.
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Darshan, Anup, UmaMaheshwera Reddy Paturi, Narala Suresh Kumar Reddy, and Srinivasa Prakash Regalla. "A Comparative Study of Tribological Behavior of Steel Sliding Against WC Under Mineral and Biodegradable Oil Lubrication." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87182.
Abstract:
Now a days for machining operations apart from good tribological properties, the lubricant is also expected to be non-hazardous and non-polluting. When considering the ecological and environmental aspects in machining processes, the use of biodegradable oil can be an alternative source of lubricant due to its positive impact to employee health and environmental pollution. In this regard, our research work uses vegetable based cutting fluids developed from canola and sunflower oil, in an attempt to provide an eco-friendly environment. Experiments are carried out on a pin-on-disc tribometer with tungsten carbide (WC) pin against AISI 4340 steel disc for different sliding times under different environments, thus simulating the machining environment. The tribological properties, wear and friction of vegetable based oils were comparatively investigated with a commercially available mineral oil. Wear tracks and roughness profiles of test specimens were compared by using optical microscope and profilometer respectively. Results indicated that vegetable based canola oil demonstrated excellent tribological properties compared to that of commercial mineral oil.
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Tarokh, A., A. A. Mohamad, and L. Jiang. "Non-Premixed CH4 Combustion in a Porous Medium." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12945.
Abstract:
Combustion process is the major contributor to the air pollution, such as CO, unburned hydrocarbon, soot and NOx, etc. Porous media can be a good candidate for improving the combustion efficiency and reducing pollution formation. Premixed combustion has been extensively investigated in the literature, experimentally and computationally. However, investigation of non-premixed combustion in porous media is limited in the open literature, which is the topic of this paper. The present work deals with the numerical modeling of methane/air non-premixed combustion in porous media. Physical problem that is considered here is fuel jet which is injected to the air in free flame case and injected into a porous medium, in the porous medium combustion case. The flow is assumed turbulent and standard k-ε model with standard wall functions is used in the simulation. The solid porous structure is assumed to be composed of alumina fiber material with temperature dependent heat conductivity. Discrete Ordinate method is used to solve radiative transport equations. The governing equations are solved using finite volume method. The results show that the combustion in porous media has superior combustion efficiency and significantly lower NOx and CO emissions compare to the free flame. This is due to the lower maximum temperature in porous media combustion. In comparison with the free flame case where the combustion zone is narrow and long, the results shows the combustion zone in porous media is shorter in axial and wider in radial direction.
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Takić, Ljiljana, Ivana Mladenović-Ranisavljević, Nenad Živković, and Violeta Stefanović. "ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE DANUBE IN SERBIA AS A FUNCTION OF THE OXYGEN REGIME." In 53rd Annual Conference of the Serbian Water Pollution Control Society. SERBIAN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL SOCIETY, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/voda24.091t.
Abstract:
The paper analyzes the change in the parameters of the oxygen regime in order to determine whether the deadlines for reaching the required class of the ecological status of the water quality of the Danube are being met. The values of the dissolved oxygen, COD and TOC parameters at six measuring points in 2015 correspond to class III and do not meet the required water quality, while the improvement of water quality to the required class II of ecological status is recorded at three measuring stations in 2021. The comparative analysis of the change in the value of the parameters of the oxygen regime shows a positive trend in the years of the given implementation deadlines, so it can be concluded that we are on the right track to achieve the required good status of the water quality of the Danube in Serbia
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Lu, Yuanwei, Dinghui Wang, and Chongfang Ma. "Study on Effects of Nano-Photocatalysis and Non-Thermal Plasma on the Removal of Indoor HCHO." In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18510.
Abstract:
Photocatalysis is an emerging and promising technology for indoor air purification. This photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) method is effective in the case of a higher pollutant concentration, but its wide application in indoor air purification is limited due to the low level of indoor air contaminants. In order to improve the removal of pollutants in indoor air, we have evaluated the photocatalytic performance over the nanosized TiO2 particles immobilized on the surface of an activated carbon (AC) filter for the removal of formaldehyde (HCHO). However the pollutant removal capacity is low at the low level of indoor HCHO over the TiO2/AC film because the predominant influence of residence time during this reaction. In order to improve the photocatalytic removal amount of formaldehyde (HCHO) in indoor air, we studied the combining effect of photocatalysis technology with a non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology on the removal of in door HCHO. Two different plasma electrode configurations, that is wire-to-plate and needle-to-plate electrode configuration, were built and the removal of HCHO was studied by experiment. The experimental results showed that the wire-to-plate electrode configuration is more effective for the HCHO removal than the needle-to-plate electrode configurations. The experimental results using wire-to-plate electrode configuration showed that the removal of HCHO can be enhanced and the removal amount of indoor HCHO can be improved by the combination of PCO and NTP and the combination of PCO and NTP showed the synergetic effect for the indoor HCHO removal. So the combination of PCO and NTP might be a good route for the practical application of photocatalytic technology in indoor air purification.
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Dejaegere, Quinten, and Sebastian Verhelst. "Renewable Alternatives for Fossil Fuels in Non-Road Mobile Machinery: A Multicriteria Analysis." In 16th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-24-0086.
Abstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) incorporates a wide variety of machines not intended for the transport of passengers or goods on the road. This includes small gardening equipment, construction, mining, agricultural, and forestry machinery up to locomotives and inland waterway vessels, mostly using an internal combustion engine. NRMM was often overlooked and neglected in the past when considering pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. Due to their high diversity, they are hard to categorize, resulting in a lack of available data. As emissions from road transport are being tackled by regulations, the emissions of NRMM become an increasing part of total transport emissions. An alternative to fossil fuels will be required for the energy supply of NRMM to fully commit to the CO<sub>2</sub> reduction goals, and to fulfil the future requirements of legislators and public opinion. This study provides a report on the energy needs of different applications, mainly focusing on the larger machinery, as well as an overview of existing and expected technology. To conduct the analysis, a straddle carrier, excavator, locomotive, and inland water vessel were selected as case studies to cover a broad range of NRMM, ranging from 100kW to 1MW engines within different working environments. The intention is to match these, and similar applications, with the most appropriate currently available as well as future expected technology. A selection is made from the possibilities of different energy carriers, such as battery-electric, hydrogen, methane (LNG + CNG), ammonia, methanol, and HVO, in combination with a suitable energy converter, be it an electric motor, an internal combustion engine, a fuel cell or a hybrid system. A multi-criteria decision approach is used to analyse the performance of each option with the varying requirements of the applications in mind, covering environmental, technical, and economic aspects.</div></div>
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Bagdžiūnaitė-Litvinaitienė, Lina, Andrius Litvinaitis, and Laurynas Šaučiūnas. "Influence of Anykščiai City on Šventoji River Water Quality." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.068.
Abstract:
Increasing migration of nutrients in the river water is a major factor in determining the quality of river water due to anthropogenic activities. In order to preserve the good water quality in rivers and other surface water bodies, it is necessary to take preventive measures that can be scientific water quality research and analysis. According to research carried out in kind, the article analyses the Anykščiai city as point source pollution, and the influence of it to the water quality of Šventoji river. Also, based on the statistical information a nutrient concentrations trend analysis of the meteorological and hydrological con-ditions influence was carried out. Investigations were carried out in July-September of 2016. Concentrations of ammonium (NH4-N), nitrite (NO2-N), nitrate (NO3-N), phosphate (PO4-P) and dissolved oxygen (O2) was analysed. In order to determine the impact of point source pollution on river water quality, the changes in concentration before and beyond Anykščiai city were evaluated, according to the meteorological and hydrological conditions. It was found that total nitrogen (Nb) and total phos-phorus (Pb) concentrations during the investigation period respectively, increases in 6% and 8%.
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Ewing, J. J. "Tunable solid-state lasers for laser radar." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.ma2.
Abstract:
The advent of tunable solid-state laser sources will impact a number of laser remote sensing uses. Currently, good spectral coverage can be obtained in the visible and ultraviolet with Ti:sapphire lasers excited by frequency doubled Nd:YAG lasers. Pollutant sensing of species such as NO2 and SO2 can be performed with these lasers. A brief review of the sensitivity calculations and hardware capabilities of Ti:sapphire and Ti:sapphire harmonic sources is given.
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Al-Rawahi, Ahmed Khalfan, and Ali Al-Alili. "Indoor Air Quality of an Educational Building and its Effects on Occupants’ Comfort and Performance." In ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3601.
Abstract:
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) studies the air quality inside different types of environments and relates it to the health and comfort of occupants. Understanding and controlling common pollutants indoors can help in decreasing effects and the risks associated with these pollutants. Unhealthy indoor environment could lead to serious problems in people health and productivity. According to ASHRAE, 80–90% of personal time is spent indoors. As a result, indoor air pollution has gained a lot of interest and the number of studies on occupant health inside buildings grew very significantly in the last decades. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of indoor air quality inside an educational buildings on occupants’ comfort and performance. Various indoor pollutant such as, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Volatile organic compounds, Particulates, and formaldehyde, are measured. The indoor air contaminants will be detected using IAQ measurement devices. The value of the pollutants is compared to maximum allowed values in ASHRAE standard 62.1. In addition, the occupant thermal comfort is reported using two indices which are Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD). The relationship between the performance and the indoor air quality is also discussed. The results will discover the sources of the indoor air pollutants and accordingly suggestions will be given toward improving the indoor air quality. The final results showed that the IAQ is generally in a good condition for the majority of classrooms except for the TVOC which was always at high concentrations. Also, for some classrooms, the CO2 level and the relative humidity were exceeding the maximum limit. Regarding the thermal comfort, all the classrooms do not comply with ASHRAE Standard 55-2013. Therefore, they are not thermally comfortable.
Reports on the topic "Non polluting goods":
1
Bolton, Laura. Fair Water Footprint Stakeholder Mapping. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.080.
Abstract:
This rapid review provides a stakeholder mapping of key players, initiatives, and networks with an operational or strategic interest in the Fair Water Footprint Declaration, based on a list provided by the commissioning adviser. The Declaration commits signatories to take action in terms of sustainable water use whilst minimising pollution. Fair Water Footprint (FWP) is concerned with the water embedded in consumer goods (The Glasgow Declaration for Fair Water Footprints COP 2026, 2021). Considering the water used in the production of a goods or service and whether it is being managed sustainably. FWPs aim to ensure that everything produced ‘does no harm’ and ‘does good’ for water security and climate resilience.
2
Caferatta, Fernando G., Bridget Hoffman, and Carlos Scartascini. Research Insights: What Role Does Trust in Government Play in Support for Public Policies to Improve Air Pollution? Inter-American Development Bank, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003732.
Abstract:
Trust in government and the perceived quality of public services are positively correlated with support for an additional tax to improve air quality. Trust in government and the perceived quality of public services are positively correlated with a preference for government retention of revenue from fees collected from polluting firms as opposed to distribution of revenue directly to citizens. Trust in government and the perceived quality of public services are not significantly correlated with citizens preferences on the allocation of those revenues between public spending and private goods.
3
Idrissov, Marat, Yelena Yerzakovich, Hans-Liudger Dienel, and Tom Assmann. Sustainable mobility and logistics for Central Asia: Research perspectives for a climate center. Kazakh German University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29258/cnrswps/2022/1-20.eng.
Abstract:
Urban transportation is on the one hand a vital component of a city and on the other a major factor of concern. The latter is due to the high impact on air pollution, carbon dioxide emissions, and fatalities. This is not just caused by the mobility of people but also, and increasingly, by the need to transport goods. Cities in Central Asia are often associated with strong air pollution and rising greenhouse gas emissions from urban transport contradicting the global strive for a carbon-neutral world by 2050. In the light of sustainable development, it is, therefore, the objective to reduce the externalities of urban mobility and urban logistics jointly. The German-Kazakh University in Almaty envisions fostering the transformation to sustainability in Central Asia by setting up a climate center. One pillar will be urban transport. In this working paper, an interdisciplinary team of experts from Kazakhstan and Germany investigates fields of action and research for this center. The team describes stakeholders to involve, potential funding opportunities, and first actions for each of the identified fields. The working paper provides a fruitful basis for academics and partners to set up the center and to involve new partners.
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Idrissov, Marat, Yelena Yerzakovich, Hans-Liudger Dienel, and Tom Assmann. Sustainable mobility and logistics for Central Asia: Research perspectives for a climate center. Kazakh German University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29258/cnrswps/2022/1-20.eng.
Abstract:
Urban transportation is on the one hand a vital component of a city and on the other a major factor of concern. The latter is due to the high impact on air pollution, carbon dioxide emissions, and fatalities. This is not just caused by the mobility of people but also, and increasingly, by the need to transport goods. Cities in Central Asia are often associated with strong air pollution and rising greenhouse gas emissions from urban transport contradicting the global strive for a carbon-neutral world by 2050. In the light of sustainable development, it is, therefore, the objective to reduce the externalities of urban mobility and urban logistics jointly. The German-Kazakh University in Almaty envisions fostering the transformation to sustainability in Central Asia by setting up a climate center. One pillar will be urban transport. In this working paper, an interdisciplinary team of experts from Kazakhstan and Germany investigates fields of action and research for this center. The team describes stakeholders to involve, potential funding opportunities, and first actions for each of the identified fields. The working paper provides a fruitful basis for academics and partners to set up the center and to involve new partners.
5
Bennett, Oliver. Freshwater habitat restoration. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn709.
Abstract:
Freshwater habitats, such as rivers and wetlands, provide major benefits to society through services such as flood risk reduction and drinking water. However, many of these habitats are in a poor condition. They have been damaged by a range of human activities including physical modification and pollution. For example, an estimated 90% of wetlands have been lost over the last century. Restoration of freshwater habitats can be achieved by addressing the causes of degradation and by enhancing or extending habitats. There is good evidence on the benefits of some forms of restoration. For example, restoration can deliver effective flood defence and restore fish populations. However, certain restoration measures are less well-studied. There are numerous national and international targets for the restoration of freshwater habitats. These include a commitment to improving at least 75% of waters to close to their natural state as soon as practicable by 2042. However, some stakeholders believe that these commitments will not be met under current plans in England. There have been calls for various actions including: increased and long-term funding to deliver larger-scale projects changes to policy and legislation to deliver more joined-up decision making and to include small water bodies and headwaters further prevention of degradation, including better enforcement of existing legislation the removal of barriers to nature-based solutions Policy in this area is devolved. For England, the UK Government published a Plan for Water in 2023 that contained new actions to help improve the condition of freshwater habitats. The Office for Environmental Protection will publish an assessment of the Government’s approach in 2024.
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Jones, David, Roy Cook, John Sovell, Matt Ley, Hannah Shepler, David Weinzimmer, and Carlos Linares. Natural resource condition assessment: Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301822.
Abstract:
The National Park Service (NPS) Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program administered by the NPS Water Resources Division evaluates current conditions for important natural resources and resource indicators using primarily existing information and data. NRCAs also report on trends in resource condition, when possible, identify critical data gaps, and characterize a general level of confidence for study findings. This NRCA complements previous scientific endeavors, is multi-disciplinary in scope, employs a hierarchical indicator framework, identifies and develops reference conditions/values for comparison against current conditions, and emphasizes spatial evaluation of conditions where possible. Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial (LIBO) was authorized by an act of Congress on February 19, 1962, (Public Law 87-407) to preserve the site associated with the boyhood and family of President Abraham Lincoln, including a portion of the original Tom Lincoln farm and the nearby gravesite of Nancy Hanks Lincoln. The 200-acre memorial commemorates the pioneer farm where Abraham Lincoln lived from the age of 7 to 21. The NRCA for LIBO employed a scoping process involving Colorado State University, LIBO and other NPS staffs to establish the NRCA framework, identify important park resources, and gather existing information and data. Indicators and measures for each resource were then identified and evaluated. Data and information were analyzed and synthesized to provide summaries and address condition, trend and confidence using a standardized but flexible framework. A total of nine focal resources were examined: four addressing system and human dimensions, one addressing chemical and physical attributes, and four addressing biological attributes. The quality and currentness of data used for the evaluation varied by resource. Landscape context ? system and human dimensions included land cover and land use, natural night skies, soundscape, and climate change. Climate change and land cover/land use were not assigned a condition or trend?they provide important context to the memorial and many natural resources and can be stressors. Some of the land cover and land use-related stressors at LIBO and in the larger region are related to the development of rural land and increases in population/housing over time. The trend in land development, coupled with the lack of significantly sized and linked protected areas, presents significant challenges to the conservation of natural resources of LIBO to also include natural night skies, natural sounds and scenery. Climate change is happening and is affecting resources, but is not considered good or bad per se. The information synthesized in that section is useful in examining potential trends in the vulnerability of sensitive resources and broad habitat types such as forests. Night skies and soundscapes, significantly altered by disturbance due to traffic, development and urbanization, warrant significant and moderate concern, respectively, and appear to be in decline. Air quality was the sole resource supporting chemical and physical environment at the memorial. The condition of air quality can affect human dimensions of the park such as visibility and scenery as well as biological components such as the effect of ozone levels on vegetation health. Air quality warrants significant concern and is largely impacted by historical and current land uses outside the memorial boundary. The floral biological component was examined by assessing native species composition, Mean Coefficient of Conservation, Floristic Quality Assessment Index, invasive exotic plants, forest pests and disease, and forest vulnerability to climate change. Vegetation resources at LIBO have been influenced by historical land uses that have changed the species composition and age structure of these communities. Although large tracts of forests can be found surrounding the park, the majority of forested areas are fragmented, and few areas within and around LIBO exhibit late-successional or old-growth characteristics. Vegetation communities at LIBO have a long history of being impacted by a variety of stressors and threats including noxious and invasive weeds, diseases and insect pests; compounding effects of climate change, air pollution, acid rain/atmospheric chemistry, and past land uses; and impacts associated with overabundant white-tail deer populations. These stressors and threats have collectively shaped and continue to impact plant community condition and ecological succession. The sole metric in good condition was native species composition, while all other indicators and metrics warranted either moderate or significant concern. The faunal biological components examined included birds, herptiles, and mammals. Birds (unchanging trend) and herptiles (no trend determined) warrant moderate concern, while mammal populations warrant significant concern (no trend determined). The confidence of both herptiles and mammals was low due to length of time since data were last collected. Current forest structure within and surrounding LIBO generally reflects the historical overstory composition but changes in the hardwood forest at LIBO and the surrounding area have resulted in declines in the avian fauna of the region since the 1970s. The decline in woodland bird populations has been caused by multiple factors including the conversion of hardwood forest to other land cover types, habitat fragmentation, and increasing human population growth. The identification of data gaps during the course of the assessment is an important NRCA outcome. Resource-specific details are presented in each resource section. In some cases, significant data gaps contributed to the resource not being evaluated or low confidence in the condition or trend being assigned to a resource. Primary data gaps and uncertainties encountered were lack of recent survey data, uncertainties regarding reference conditions, availability of consistent long-term data, and the need for more robust or sensitive sampling designs. Impacts associated with development outside the park will continue to stress some resources. Regionally, the direct and indirect effects of climate change are likely but specific outcomes are uncertain. Nonetheless, within the past several decades, some progress has been made toward restoring the quality of natural resources within the park, most notably the forested environments. Regional and park-specific mitigation and adaptation strategies are needed to maintain or improve the condition of some resources over time. Success will require acknowledging a ?dynamic change context? that manages widespread and volatile problems while confronting uncertainties, managing natural and cultural resources simultaneously and interdependently, developing disciplinary and interdisciplinary knowledge, and establishing connectivity across broad landscapes beyond park borders.
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Bingham, Sonia, Craig Young, and Tanni Hubbard. Sentinel wetlands in Cuyahoga Valley National Park: II. Condition trends for wetlands of management concern, 2008?2018. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301705.
Abstract:
Twenty important management areas (wetlands of management concern) and reference wetlands compose the sentinel wetlands at Cuyahoga Valley National Park. These wetlands are monitored more intensively than other wetlands in the program. This is the second report in a two-part series, designed to summarize the results from intensive vegetation surveys completed at sentinel wetlands from 2008 to 2018. The first report (Bingham and Young 2023) characterized the conditions in each wetland and provided baseline reference information for other reports and site-specific projects. In this report, we examine results from five selected metrics more closely within and across three natural wetlands of management concern groups (restoration wetlands, mitigation wetlands, and rare habitat wetlands) using the reference wetlands as overall benchmarks. We used the Ohio Rapid Assessment Method (ORAM) to evaluate habitat in the sentinel wetlands. In addition, a total of 37 long-term sample plots were established within these wetlands to monitor biological conditions over time using vegetation as an indicator. Multiple plots were located in larger wetland complexes to capture spatial differences in condition. Vegetation was intensively surveyed within the plots using the Vegetation Index of Biotic Integrity (VIBI), where all plant species are identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible (genus or species). The sample plots were surveyed twice, and the five evaluation metrics included the VIBI score, Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI), percent sensitive plant species, percent invasive graminoids, and species richness. For the analysis, VIBI plot locations were rank ordered based on their 2018 scores, the range and average for each metric was examined across the wetlands of management concern groups and plotted against reference wetlands for comparison, and the two survey years (pre-2015 and 2018) were plotted against each other for substantial changes from the established baseline. Across the sample plot locations, VIBI scores ranged from a low of 7 (Stanford Run SF1) to a high of 91 (Columbia Run 554). The top scoring plots were at four reference wetlands (Stumpy Basin 526, Virginia Kendall Lake 241K, Columbia Run 554, and Boston Mills 683) and one rare habitat wetland (Beaver Marsh BM3). All of these plots fell within an excellent condition range in one or both survey years. They each have unique habitats with some specialized plant species. The majority (24) of the sentinel wetlands plots ranked within the poor or fair ranges. These include the three mitigation wetlands: Brookside 968, Rockside RS2, and Krejci, as well as all plots within the Pleasant Valley and Stanford Run wetlands. Most of the large wetlands had dramatic condition differences within their boundaries? effected by pollution sources, land-use modifications, and/or invasive species in some areas more than others. We documented these wide condition ranges at Fawn Pond, Virginia Kendall Lake, Beaver Marsh and Stumpy Basin, but the most pronounced within-wetland differences were at Virginia Kendall Lake, which had a 58-point difference between the highest and lowest scoring plot. Fawn Pond is in good condition at most plots and scored very high in comparison to other wetlands within the riverine mainstem hydrogeomorphic class. The average and range of most metric scores were notably different across the four different wetlands groups. Average values at rare habitat wetlands plots were similar to reference plots for VIBI and FQAI scores, percent invasive graminoids, and percent sensitive metrics. Krejci KR1 and Fawn Pond FP3 had unusually high percent cover of sensitive species (31.0% and 27.9%, respectively) for the mitigation and restoration groupings. However, average overall metric scores across the restoration and mitigation wetlands were generally very low, with Stanford Run being the lowest scoring restoration wetland and Brookside being the lowest scoring mitigation wetland. With restoration efforts completed, the expectation is that mitigation wetlands should be performing much higher. Two of the three mitigation wetlands sites are not meeting the mitigation benchmarks that were created for them by the US Army Corp of Engineers and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Contractor reports state that the wetlands met the criteria within the first five years of establishment. However, upon release from monitoring and maintenance, invasive species have gradually re-established, which has led to condition deterioration over time, and lower metric scores. VIBI scores stayed the same or improved (only slightly in many cases) in the majority of plots (67.6%) between survey years. The Krecji mitigation wetlands had the largest improvement in VIBI scoring. Scores at six plots decreased by at least 10 points from the baseline survey. Two of the park?s most beloved wetlands, Beaver Marsh (at one location) and the Stumpy Basin reference plot, had the two most notable declines in VIBI scores. In 2018, 11 plots (29.7%) had greater than 25% invasive graminoid cover (e.g. cattail, common reed grass, reed canary grass) and 18 plots (48.7%) experienced an increase in invasive graminoid cover between survey years. A marked increase (>10% cover) in invasive graminoids was documented at eight locations (Rockside 1079RS2, Beaver Marsh BM5, Fawn Pond FP3 and FP4, Brookside 968, Stumpy Basin SB1, and two other Pleasant Valley plots: 1049 and 969). These trends are likely to continue, and biological conditions are expected to deteriorate at these wetlands in response. Regardless of invasive species increases, many of the wetlands showed remarkable resilience over the last decade with fairly stable VIBI categories.