Academic literature on the topic 'Non-native animals'
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Journal articles on the topic "Non-native animals"
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Lunney, Daniel. "Ethics and Australian mammalogy: reflections on 15 years (1991 - 2006) on an Animal Ethics Committee." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10010.
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This essay on field mammalogy and research ethics presents my reflections on 15 years as a researcher sitting on an Animal Ethics Committee in New South Wales. It outlines the community debate on animal welfare and the ethics of research on animals, how government has responded, and how wildlife researchers can move forward in this arena. Three schools are identified within the animal protection movement: ‘animal welfare’ holds that it is legitimate to use animals as a resource, so long as that use is ‘necessary’ and the animal’s suffering ‘minimised’; ‘animal liberationists’ are likely to oppose most animal research; the ‘animal rights’ position is firmly abolitionist. The instruments that regulate research involving animals are examined, in particular the New South Wales Animal Research Act 1985, the Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes, and Animal Ethics Committees. Examples of ethical dilemmas involving both native and non-native animals are discussed. The debate over animals in research will continue, and it is clear that far more can be gained by engaging in the debate than avoiding it. It is in researchers’ interests to publicly defend the essential role of science in conserving our native fauna, and to conduct our work within a well managed welfare framework.
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Peeler, Edmund J., Birgit C. Oidtmann, Paul J. Midtlyng, Laurence Miossec, and Rodolphe E. Gozlan. "Non-native aquatic animals introductions have driven disease emergence in Europe." Biological Invasions 13, no. 6 (November 26, 2010): 1291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9890-9.
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Xu, Xinping, Hongbo Chen, Xiaomei Cao, and Kunlong Ben. "Efficient infection of tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) with hepatitis C virus grown in cell culture or from patient plasma." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 2504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82878-0.
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The generation of a new, cost-effective, non-primate, small-animal model would greatly facilitate research into hepatitis C virus (HCV) pathogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic and preventative technologies to control the increasing HCV threat to public health. Native HCV from patient plasma and HCV grown in cell culture (HCVcc) were used to inoculate adult tree shrews. Each animal was inoculated with one HCV genotype. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, HCV RNA and viral load were determined in the animals before and after inoculation. For native HCV, 16/18 inoculated tree shrews (89 %) became infected; 12/16 (75 %) of these animals became chronically infected, whilst infection was resolved in the remaining four (25 %). For HCVcc, infection occurred in 10/12 inoculated tree shrews (83 %) and chronic infection was observed in two of these animals. HCVcc from Huh7 cells showed a higher infectivity than that from HeLa cells. The animals inoculated with inadequate amounts of HCV were not infected in either native HCV or HCVcc experiments. Peak viral loads reached 103–105 international units ml−1 in chronically infected animals. ALT level changes reflected the normal fluctuation range in most animals. Thus, tree shrews without immunosuppression can be infected efficiently by native HCV and HCVcc when the animal is inoculated with an adequate amount of single-genotype HCV.
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O’BRIEN, MARY GRANTHAM, and CAROLINE FÉRY. "Dynamic localization in second language English and German." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 3 (October 8, 2014): 400–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000182.
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Marking new and given constituents requires speakers to use morphosyntactic and phonological cues within a discourse context. The current study uses a dynamic localization paradigm whereby German and English native speakers, with the other language as a second language (L2), describe constellations of pictures. In each picture a new or reintroduced animal is localized relative to other animals, thereby allowing for control of newness vs. givenness of animals. Participants completed the task in their native language (L1) and L2. English native speakers use predominantly canonical word order and often mark the new object with a falling pitch accent. German native speakers use a given-before-new word order, even when this is non-canonical, and they use a rising pitch accent in non-final position. The results indicate that speakers easily transfer unmarked grammatical structures – both word order and pitch accents – from their L1 to their L2.
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Martin-Albarracin, Valeria L., Martin A. Nuñez, and Guillermo C. Amico. "Replacement of native by non-native animal communities assisted by human introduction and management on Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park." PeerJ 3 (October 20, 2015): e1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1328.
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One of the possible consequences of biological invasions is the decrease of native species abundances or their replacement by non-native species. In Andean Patagonia, southern Argentina and Chile, many non-native animals have been introduced and are currently spreading. On Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park, many non-native vertebrates were introduced ca. 1937. Records indicate that several native vertebrates were present before these species were introduced. We hypothesize that seven decades after the introduction of non-native species and without appropriate management to maintain native diversity, non-native vertebrates have displaced native species (given the known invasiveness and impacts of some of the introduced species). We conducted direct censuses in linear transects 500 m long (n= 10) in parallel with camera-trapping (1,253 camera-days) surveys in two regions of the island with different levels of disturbance: high (n= 4) and low (n= 6) to study the community of terrestrial mammals and birds and the relative abundances of native and non-native species. Results show that currently non-native species are dominant across all environments; 60.4% of census records and 99.7% of camera trapping records are of non-native animals. We detected no native large mammals; the assemblage of large vertebrates consisted of five non-native mammals and one non-native bird. Native species detected were one small mammal and one small bird. Species with the highest trapping rate were red and fallow deer, wild boar, silver pheasant (all four species are non-native) and chucao (a native bird). These results suggest that native species are being displaced by non-natives and are currently in very low numbers.
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Moskwa, Emily C. "Tourist Opinions on Animal Culling: A South Australian Example." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 31, no. 2 (July 3, 2015): 208–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aee.2015.28.
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AbstractEnvironmental education is commonly used to satisfy the natural curiosity of tourists, increase conservation awareness and strengthen pro-conservation values. Yet it does not always address the more sensitive ecosystem management issues such as animal culling as it may be seen to upset the balance of the positive tourist experience. For this reason, this study compared acceptance and non-acceptance of animal culling from two angles: for tourists either provided or not provided with a brief passage of information regarding why animals may be culled; and tourists’ opinions on the culling of native versus non-native animal species. Conducted in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia where conservation and tourism co-exist within a traditional pastoral setting, 789 self-administered questionnaires were analysed. Results highlighted the differences in tourists’ acceptance levels for the culling of native and non-native species, as well as the possible influence of environmental information on these acceptance levels.
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Carr, Amanda, Michael Milleson, Felipe Hernández, Hunter Merrill, Michael Avery, and Samantha Wisely. "Wildlife Management Practices Associated with Pathogen Exposure in Non-Native Wild Pigs in Florida, U.S." Viruses 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11010014.
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Land use influences disease emergence by changing the ecological dynamics of humans, wildlife, domestic animals, and pathogens. This is a central tenet of One Health, and one that is gaining momentum in wildlife management decision-making in the United States. Using almost 2000 serological samples collected from non-native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) throughout Florida (U.S.), we compared the prevalence and exposure risk of two directly transmitted pathogens, pseudorabies virus (PrV) and Brucella spp., to test the hypothesis that disease emergence would be positively correlated with one of the most basic wildlife management operations: Hunting. The seroprevalence of PrV-Brucella spp. coinfection or PrV alone was higher for wild pigs in land management areas that allowed hunting with dogs than in areas that culled animals using other harvest methods. This pattern did not hold for Brucella alone. The likelihood of exposure to PrV, but not Brucella spp., was also significantly higher among wild pigs at hunted sites than at sites where animals were culled. By failing to consider the impact of dog hunting on the emergence of non-native pathogens, current animal management practices have the potential to affect public health, the commercial livestock industry, and wildlife conservation.
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Kostuch, Lucyna. "Do animals have a homeland? Ancient Greeks on the cultural identity of animals." Humanimalia 9, no. 1 (September 22, 2017): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9614.
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The article aims to answer the following questions: How did the ancient Greeks associate animals with space, geography and their own settlements? Did they attribute nationality and territory to animals? Did they think animals missed their homelands? Could a foreign animal — according to the Greeks — experience a process of cultural integration, namely Hellenization? The Greeks attributed regional identity to animals, defined by the local geography and by the history of a region enclosed by borders. At the same time, the world of animals seemed to be ethnically diversified, for the Hellenes coined the terms: “Hellenic animal” — belonging to the Greek culture; and “barbaric animal” — belonging to a foreign culture. According to the ancient Greeks, each animal had its homeland and customs, and could feel at home in some place on the globe. Additionally, there are some examples of non-native animals who experienced the process of “Hellenization.”
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Jones, Kegan Romelle, Kavita Ranjeeta Lall, and Gary Wayne Garcia. "Endoparasites of Selected Native Non-Domesticated Mammals in the Neotropics (New World Tropics)." Veterinary Sciences 6, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6040087.
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In this review, information was summarized on endoparasites found in six non-domesticated neotropical animals. These mammals have the potential to be domesticated. The animals included three rodents, agouti (Dasyprocta leporina), lappe (Agouti paca), and capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris); a marsupial, manicou (Didelphis marsupialis insularis); and an artiodactyl, the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu/Peccari tajacu) and a ruminant (the red brocket deer, Mazama americana). While there are many descriptions of the parasites present, the majority of publications failed to note the effect of them on the animals. Most information is available on endoparasites of capybara, while the endoparasites of the red brocket deer were the least reported. The manicou was reported to have had the most number of endoparasites, 44 species of parasites were reported, while there were only 24 endoparasites reported in the lappe. The most common parasites found in these neotropical animals were Paraspidodera uncinata, Strongyloides spp., Eimeria spp., Moniezia benedeni, Trichuris spp., Physocephalus spp., and Giardia spp. A large majority of the studies concluded that these animals were reservoirs for parasites that could affect domesticated livestock. Endoparasites of zoonotic significance were Echinoccocus spp., Trichuris spp., Giardia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp.
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Thompson, Tok. "Listening to the Elder Brothers: Animals, Agents, and Posthumanism in Native Versus Non-Native American Myths and Worldviews." Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 77 (December 2019): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf2019.77.thompson.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-native animals"
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Cassey, Phillip, and n/a. "Comparative Analyses of Successful Establishment Among Introduced Land Birds." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2002. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030915.094001.
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Humankind has redistributed a large number of species outside their native geographic ranges. Although the majority of introduction attempts fail to establish populations, the cumulative negative effect of successful non-native species has been and will continue to be large. Historical records of land bird introductions provide one of the richest sources of data for testing hypotheses regarding the factors that affect the successful establishment of non-native populations. However, despite comprehensive summaries of global avian introductions dating back two decades only very recent studies have examined the successful establishment of non-native bird species worldwide. It is clear that a non-random pattern exists in the types of land bird species that have been chosen by humans to be introduced outside their native range. Out of the 44 avian families from which species have been chosen for introduction almost 70% of introduction attempts have been from just five families (Phasianidae, Passeridae, Fringillidae, Columbidae, Psittacidae). Notably, these families include game species, insectivorous song birds, and species from the pet trade. It has been hypothesised that the fate of introduced species may be determined in part by heritable characteristics that are shared by closely related taxa. In my analyses, I have used current comparative methods to demonstrate that intrinsic eco-physiological characteristics are significant predictors of the worldwide success of introduced land bird species. The results of my analyses contribute to a greater ecological understanding of the traits that correlate with the successful establishment of non-native species. Notably, the three major conclusions that I have drawn from this thesis are: 1. Non-random patterns of successful establishment exist for introduced land bird taxa that have experienced a repeated number of introduction attempts. This result supports the idea that introduced species have an inherent likelihood of either succeeding or failing to establish non-native populations. 2. Eco-physiological traits are important correlates for determining the variability in introduction outcome for non-native land bird species. With reliable information on introduction attempts and taxa-specific traits predictive models are possible that quantify the outcome of repeated introduction attempts across non-native species. 3. Islands are not universally less resistant than mainland regions to the successful establishment of non-native species. This perception is a reflection of the greater number of introduction attempts to islands rather than an effect of biotic resistance. Any differences in the success of introduction attempts can be attributed largely to differences in the proportion of introductions that have been made across biogeographic regions. I have highlighted that data are accessible for global analyses of the variability in the successful establishment of non-native species. Although establishment success is not a deterministic process, the characteristics of an introduced species can influence the probability of its succeeding. I have shown that with adequate eco-physiological information, and for introduced land bird species at least, this probability can be predicted. These results refute previous suggestions that the stochastic component of species introductions will always overshadow any emerging patterns of successful establishment among non-native populations.
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Santulli, Sanzo Giulla. "Occupancy, abundance, potential dislribution and spatial competitíon of the critically endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola) and the invasive non-native American mink (Neovison vison) in the lberian Peninsula." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/286470.
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The target species of this thesis, the European mink (Mustela lutreola) and the American mink (Neovison vison), are considered respectively as one of the most threatened carnivores and as one of the worst invaders in Europe.
Both species colonized the Iberian Peninsula very recently: the European mink entered from France in the 1950s and colonized the rivers basins of the Northeastern Spain, and the American mink was introduced in the 1950s through fur farming and is currently found in six different populations throughout the Northern half of the Peninsula.
In the Iberian Peninsula, most analyses focused on conservation and management of the European and the American mink in the last two decades are at local-scale, using data collected over small areas inside their range of distribution.
In this thesis, we explored the two mink species interaction, occupancy, abundance and potential distribution over their entire range of distribution in the Iberian Peninsula, in order to provide sound basis to guide conservation and management actions.
We used data from live-trapping surveys conducted between 2000 and 2011 as part of the European mink conservation plan and the American mink control plan. Moreover, we collected presence data of the historical distribution of the European mink all over Europe and presence data of the American mink in the native (North America) and the invaded (Europe) ranges.
We applied three different statistical techniques to analyze the data: Occupancy Models, N-mixture Models and Species Distribution Models.
We provided evidences of a large-scale competitive exclusion of the native species by the invasive mink, and we found a negative trend in the abundance of the critically endangered mink over the last fifteen years.
We produced a spatial prediction of the potential expansion of the American mink in the Iberian Peninsula, demonstrating that the species could colonize river basins of the entire Peninsula.
Finally, we analyzed the overlap of the two mink species’ potential distribution in the Iberian Peninsula, in order to identify priority conservation areas for the European mink.
Overall, from our analysis emerged that a better coordination between local policies as well as a greater constancy in monitoring and controlling the American mink population is imperative to improve the conservation strategy of the European mink in Spain.Las especies objeto de la presente tesis, el visón europeo (Mustela lutreola) y el visón americano (Neovison vison) son respectivamente uno de los carnívoros más amenazados y una de las peores especies invasoras de Europa Ambas especies han colonizado la Península Ibérica muy recientemente: el visón europeo ha entrado desde Francia en los años 1950s y ha colonizado algunas cuenca fluviales en el noreste de España, y el visón americano ha sido introducido en los 1950s a través de las granjas peleteras, y se encuentra ahora distribuido en seis núcleos poblacionales en el nord de la Península. La mayoría de los análisis sobre la conservación y la gestión del visón europeo y del visón americano llevados al cabo en las últimas dos décadas, se ha realizado a escala local usando datos recogidos en pequeñas áreas. En la presente tesis se ha explorado la interacción, la ocupación, la abundancia y la distribución potencial de las dos especies de visones en la totalidad de su área de distribución en la Península Ibérica, con el objetivo de proporcionar sólidas bases para orientar las acciones de conservación y gestión. Se han utilizado datos de capturas en vivo recogidos entre el 2000 y el 2001, como parte del plan de conservación del visón europeo y el plan de control del visón americano en la Península Ibérica. Además, se han utilizados datos sobre la presencia histórica del visón europeo en toda Europa y datos de presencia del visón americano en su área original de distribución (Norte América) y en el área invadida (Europa). Se han aplicado tres diferentes técnicas estadísticas para el análisis de los datos: Modelos de Ocupación, Modelos N-mixture y Modelos de Distribución de Especies. Se han proporcionados pruebas a amplia escala, de la exclusión competitiva del visón europeo de parte del visón americano, y se ha observado una tendencia negativa en la abundancia de la especie en peligro crítico de extinción en los últimos 15 años. Se ha producido una predicción de la expansión potencial del visón americano en la Península Ibérica, demostrando que la especie puede colonizar las cuencas fluviales de la entera Península. En general del presente análisis emerge que son necesarias una mejor coordinación entre las políticas locales y una mayor constancia en la monitorización y el control del vison americano para mejorar la estrategia de conservación del visón europeo en España
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Macleod, Adrian K. A. "The role of marine renewable energy structures and biofouling communities in promoting self-sustaining populations of non-native species." Thesis, University of the Highlands and Islands, 2013. https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/the-role-of-marine-renewable-energy-structures-and-biofouling-communities-in-promoting-selfsustaining-populations-of-nonnative-species(0c7f0d89-74e8-4468-83c9-4216e4f2b1a8).html.
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Novel environments and biological communities created by the large-scale deployment of Marine Renewable Energy Devices (MREDs) have the potential to promote the spread of non-native species (NNS). Knowledge of how community composition resident on MREDs is shaped by geography, local hydrodynamics and the duration of deployment, will clarify how these technologies will interact with natural habitats, including the provision of suitable habitat for NNS. A network of navigation buoys was used to study biofouling communities in areas proposed for MRED deployment. Significant differences in community structure were observed in different geographic areas. A significant reduction in number of taxa present and community wet-weight was observed where buoys were deployed in greater tidal flow rates. However, overall community composition was not significantly different between ‘high’ (>1 ms-1) and ‘low’ (<1 ms-1) flow areas and for buoys deployed for different time durations (1-7 years). These finding have important implications for the longevity of devices and their interaction with natural habitats, including proposed ‘artificial reef’ effects. In total five non-native species were identified on the buoys sampled, supporting the need to monitor MREDs as the industry grows. Hydrodynamic and biotic features of the epibenthic communities were used to predict the presence of the most prevalent NNS, the amphipod Caprella mutica, in addition to other native amphipod species. Caprella mutica presence was found to be significantly affected by increasing flow speed compared with the native amphipod Jassa herdmani. Behavioural flume studies investigating flow-related processes governing the presence of non-native amphipods supported these findings. This study details how the hydrodynamic and biological environments created by MREDs determine their suitability for the establishment of self-sustaining populations, and therefore their dispersal potential for NNS. These findings inform design criteria and management options to minimise the biosecurity risk that these structures will pose as the industry expands.
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Díez, del Molino David. "Genetic diversity and population structure of the non-native Eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) in Mediterranean streams." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/300440.
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Mosquitofish is a small, voracious, highly fecund freshwater fish species originated from northeaster America, that was introduced worldwide to control mosquito populations. In this thesis we have studied the genetics of the invasion of Mediterranean streams by the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) to discover some of the aspects that drive their successfully invasive life history.
Comparison of introduced populations with the American sources of invasion indicated that there was no loss of genetic diversity due to the invasion process. Local genetic diversity levels and overall population structure were maintained among generations in introduced populations. We observed adaptive response to pollutants in the Flix reservoir, Ebro River, but that human perturbations do not prevent mosquitofish dispersal along rivers. Finally, unregulated human-assisted translocations probably increase the opportunities for colonization of new environments, and therefore need to be controlled.La gambúsia és un peix molt voraç i fecund originari de les masses d’aigua dolça del nord-est d’Amèrica, que va a ser introduïda en tot el món pel control biològic de les poblacions de mosquit. En aquesta tesis se analitzen els processos genètics relacionats amb l’èxit invasor de la gambúsia (Gambusia holbrooki) en les conques mediterrànies. Les poblacions de gambusia introduïdes catalanes mantenen els nivells de diversitat genètica presents a les poblacions Americànes que van ser les fonts dels invasors de Europa. En aquestas poblacions introduïdes, els nivells locals i patrons hidrogràfics de diversitat genètica es mantenen entre generacions. Hi a una resposta selectiva als contaminants en les poblacions de gamusia a l’embassament de Flix, riu Ebro, però aquestes pertorbacions humanes no limiten la dispersió de la gambúsia. Finalment, les translocacions d’exemplars per l’home augmenten les oportunitats de colonitzar nous ambients i per això han de ser controlats.
Books on the topic "Non-native animals"
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Devine, Bob. Alien invasion: America's battle with non-native animals and plants. Washington, D.C: National Geographic Society, 1998.
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Olson, Annette. Handling and disposal of non-native aquatic species and their packaging. Seattle, WA: Washington Sea Grant Program, 2000.
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Howells, Robert G. Annotated list of introduced non-native fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants in Texas waters. Austin, Tex. (4200 Smith School Rd, Austin 78744): Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept., Fisheries and Wildlife Division, Inland Fisheries Branch, 1992.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science. Subcommittee on Environment, Technology, and Standards. Combating the invaders: Research on non-native species : hearing before the Subcommittee on Environment, Technology, and Standards, Committee on Science, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, July 26, 2001. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.
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Devine, Robert S. Alien Invasion: America's Battle With Non-Native Animals and Plants. Times Books, 1998.
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Legislature, Washington (State), and Puget Sound Action Team (Wash.), eds. Washington State's response to an invasion of non-native tunicates: Accomplishment, challenges and next steps : report to the Legislature. [Olympia, Wash.]: Puget Sound Action Team, 2007.
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Legislature, Washington (State), and Puget Sound Action Team (Wash.), eds. Washington State's response to an invasion of non-native tunicates: Accomplishment, challenges and next steps : report to the Legislature. [Olympia, Wash.]: Puget Sound Action Team, 2007.
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Legislature, Washington (State), and Puget Sound Action Team (Wash.), eds. Washington State's response to an invasion of non-native tunicates: Accomplishment, challenges and next steps : report to the Legislature. [Olympia, Wash.]: Puget Sound Action Team, 2007.
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US GOVERNMENT. Combating the invaders: Research on non-native species : Hearing before the Subcommittee on Environment, Technology, and Standards, Committee on Science, ... Congress, first session, July 26, 2001. For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. [Congressional Sales Office], 2001.
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James, Philip. Diversity of organisms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0005.
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The focus of this chapter is an examination of the diversity of living organisms found within urban environments, both inside and outside buildings. The discussion commences with prions and viruses before moving on to consider micro-organisms, plants, and animals. Prions and viruses cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. Micro-organisms are ubiquitous and are found in great numbers throughout urban environments. New technologies are providing new insights into their diversity. Plants may be found inside buildings as well as in gardens and other green spaces. The final sections of the chapter offer a discussion of the diversity of animals that live in urban areas for part or all of their life cycle. Examples of the diversity of life in urban environments are presented throughout, including native and non-native species, those that are benign and deadly, and the common and the rare.
Book chapters on the topic "Non-native animals"
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Díaz Vélez, M. Celeste, Ana E. Ferreras, and Valeria Paiaro. "Seed dispersal interactions promoting plant invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 90–104. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0090.
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Abstract Animal dispersers are essential for many non-native plants since they facilitate seed movement and might promote seed germination and seedling establishment, thereby increasing their chances of invasion. This chapter reviews the published literature on seed dispersal of non-native plant species by native and/or non-native animals. The following questions are addressed: (i) Are interactions between non-native plants and their animal dispersers evenly studied worldwide? (ii) Which are the distinctive traits (i.e. geographical origin, life form, dispersal strategy and propagule traits) of non-native plants that are dispersed by animals? (iii) Which are the most studied groups of dispersers of non-native plants around the world? (iv) Does the literature provide evidence for the Invasional Meltdown Hypothesis (non-native plant-non-native disperser facilitation)? (v) What is the role of animal dispersers at different stages of the non-native plant regeneration process? Our dataset of 204 articles indicates that geographical distribution of the studies was highly heterogeneous among continents, with the highest number coming from North America and the lowest from Asia and Central America. Most of the non-native plants involved in dispersal studies were woody species from Asia with fleshy fruits dispersed by endozoochory. More than the half of the animal dispersal agents noted were birds, followed by mammals, ants and reptiles. The dominance of bird-dispersal interactions over other animal groups was consistent across geographical regions. Although most of the studies involved only native dispersers, interactions among non-native species were detected, providing support for the existence of invasional meltdown processes. Of the total number of reviewed articles reporting seed removal, 74% evaluated seed dispersal, but only a few studies included seed germination (35.3%), seedling establishment (5.4%) or seed predation (23.5%). Finally, we discuss some research biases and directions for future studies in the area.
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Nentwig, Wolfgang, Dietrich Mebs, and Montserrat Vilà. "Impact of Non-native Animals and Plants on Human Health." In Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Services, 277–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45121-3_18.
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Hettinger, Ned. "Understanding and Defending the Preference for Native Species." In The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics, 399–424. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63523-7_22.
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AbstractThe preference for native species, along with its concomitant antipathy toward non-natives, has been increasingly criticized as incoherent, obsolete, xenophobic, misanthropic, uncompassionate, and antithetical to conservation. This essay explores these criticisms. It articulates an ecological conception of nativeness that distinguishes non-native species both from human-introduced and from invasive species. It supports, for the most part, the criticisms that non-natives threaten biodiversity, homogenize ecological assemblages, and further humanize the planet. While prejudicial dislike of the foreign is a human failing that feeds the preference for natives, opposition to non-natives can be based on laudatory desires to protect natural dimensions of the biological world and to prevent biological impoverishment. Implications for our treatment of non-native, sentient animals are explored, as well as are questions about how to apply the native/non-native distinction to animals that share human habitats and to species affected by climate change.
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da Silva, Fernanda Ribeiro, and Marco Aurélio Pizo. "Restoration of seed dispersal interactions in communities invaded by non-native plants." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 391–401. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0391.
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Abstract Restoration aims to rebuild not only species but also the tangled interactions between species that ensure communities perpetuate by themselves. In tropical forests, restoration of seed dispersal interactions is essential because most plant species depend on animals to spread their seeds. A big challenge in restoring such forests is dealing with invasion by non-native species. Non-native plant species may outcompete and eliminate native species from the community, potentially disrupting or arresting the restoration process. Once established, invasive non-native plants are usually incorporated into the local seed dispersal network, potentially causing loss of biodiversity by competition with native species. This chapter reports on a case study of a 25-year old restored forest invaded by several bird-dispersed plant species. We assessed network metrics at the species level to specifically evaluate the role performed by invasive non-native species in the structure of the bird - seed dispersal network. The removal of invasive non-native plants and the re-establishment of native plant communities should be considered for the restoration of habitats invaded by non-native plants. For this reason, we discuss the impacts of removing such non-native plants and explore the consequences for the structure of the overall network. Because restoration areas are open systems, even after the removal of invasive non-native plant species they can return via seed dispersal. So, both the control and management of invasive non-native species would be more effective if planned with a landscape perspective. We also point out relevant management aspects to avoid the negative influence of invasive non-native plants on the seed dispersal interactions occurring between native plant and bird species in restored tropical forests.
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Heleno, Ruben H. "The effect of non-native plant invasions on the dispersal of native seeds." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 256–69. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0256.
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Abstract Non-native plants change the communities they integrate in multiple ways, including direct and indirect effects on co-occurring native vegetation. While direct effects are more obvious, indirect effects, i.e. those mediated by biotic interactions with other trophic levels, can also have pervasive consequences for long-term community persistence. Seed dispersal is a critical stage during the life cycle of most plants, as it lays the foundations for plant recruitment patterns and long-term vegetation dynamics. By interacting with seed-dispersing animals, primarily frugivorous birds and mammals, plants can positively or negatively affect the dispersal of co-occurring native seeds. In an increasingly invaded world, it is thus critically important to identify general trends on the direction and magnitude of these effects. This chapter reviews the empirical evidence supporting such changes and the potential underlying mechanisms driving them. While the direct impacts of plant invasions are relatively easy to document, indirect effects are much harder to detect. Nevertheless, the most important consequence of the incorporation of new fruiting plants into native communities seems to be a direct competition for the services provided by the local dispersers, negatively affecting native seed dispersal rates. However, another key message emerging from the literature is that responses are highly idiosyncratic, and usually habitat- and species-specific, and therefore resistant to broad generalizations. Fruiting phenology, and in particular the synchrony/asynchrony between the availability of native and non-native fruits, seems to be a particularly important driver of the direction of the responses (i.e. towards facilitation or competition). However, most evidence is still derived from anecdotal observations and formal community level assessments are largely missing. Similarly, how invasive plants change the emergent structure of seed dispersal networks remains uncertain, with early evidence suggesting that novel seed dispersal networks might be structurally very similar to native ones. Bringing together classic experimental designs and new technical and analytical tools to provide broad synthesis will be vital in the near future to clarify the direction, magnitude and generality of these effects.
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Olenin, Sergej, and Erkki Leppäkoski. "Non-native animals in the Baltic Sea: alteration of benthic habitats in coastal inlets and lagoons." In Biological, Physical and Geochemical Features of Enclosed and Semi-enclosed Marine Systems, 233–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0912-5_24.
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Allen, Warwick J. "Indirect biotic interactions of plant invasions with native plants and animals." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 308–23. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0308.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Invasive plants often occur at high densities and tend to be highly generalist in their interactions with herbivores, pathogens, mycorrhiza, endophytes and pollinators. These characteristics mean that invasive plants should frequently participate in diverse indirect biotic interactions with the surrounding community, mediated by their direct interaction partners (e.g. antagonists and mutualists). Indirect interactions play an important role in many ecological processes, yet we still lack a systematic understanding of the circumstances under which they influence the success and impacts of invasive species. In this chapter, I first describe several of the indirect interaction pathways that are commonly encountered in invasion biology and review their contribution to the impacts of plant invasions on co-occurring species. The literature review revealed that there are now many case studies describing various indirect impacts of invasive plants. However, identical interaction motifs (e.g. plant-enemy-plant, plant-mutualist-plant) can bring about several possible outcomes, depending upon each species' provenance, relative abundances and interaction strengths, abiotic resource availability, spatial and temporal scale and the influence of other species. Moreover, knowledge gaps identified include a lack of studies of indirect facilitation outside of plant-pollinator systems, limited consideration of indirect invader impacts on other non-native species, and the scarcity of generalizable results to date. Second, I integrate the literature with some trending research areas in invasion biology (interaction networks, biogeography, invasion dynamics) and identify some potential future research directions. Finally, I discuss how knowledge about indirect biotic interactions could be incorporated into the management of invasive plants.
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Montero-Castaño, Ana, and Anna Traveset. "Pollination interactions promoting plant invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 67–89. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0067.
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Abstract Most plant species rely on, or benefit from, animal pollination. Therefore, pollination interactions are expected to play a key role in the reproduction and invasion success of non-native plants in their new areas. Understanding this role will allow us to better predict certain plant invasions. Also, it will allow us to explore the potential of invasion management measures based on disrupting or avoiding pollination interactions. In this chapter we review the available information on reproductive systems and their degree of dependence on animal-mediated pollination of non-native plant species. We review the characteristics of resident pollinators feeding on non-native plants and the different environmental setups that allow or impede non-native plants to reproduce in their new areas. Finally, we explore the scarce literature on invasion management measures based on disrupting pollination interactions and discuss their potentiality. Evidence so far shows that animal pollination does not usually act as an effective barrier to invasion. Most introduced plants are able to receive suitable pollination service from resident pollinators, while others are able to minimize their reliance on pollinators through different mechanisms (e.g. selfing or asexual reproduction). The environmental settings where the introduction occurs (for instance, the presence of neighbours with similar or dissimilar flower morphologies), can play an important role on the success or failure of non-native plants overcoming reproductive barriers. Although it seems that most introduced plants do not face pollination barriers, we consider that, for certain species, the disruption or avoidance of pollination interactions as control or prevention measures deserve further exploration.
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Baltzinger, Christophe, Ushma Shukla, Lindelwa S. Msweli, and Colleen T. Downs. "Ungulates as dispersal vectors of non-native plants." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 105–37. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0105.
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Abstract Ungulates are present worldwide with 257 recorded species, including livestock. They cover different functional gradients, be it feeding regime, digestive strategy, body size, body mass, fur characteristics or sociality. All these specificities may intervene at different stages of animal-mediated plant dispersal. Ungulates move diaspores from both native and non-native plants, through endo- and epizoochory. Initially introduced by humans, non-native plants bearing specific traits can be carried over long distances and to new environments by ungulates. These vectors can further free local resources necessary for the germination and the subsequent growth of the released diaspores. We first looked at trait-based plant community changes at different timescales in the presence of different native ungulates. We then reviewed the literature on endozoochory, regurgitation and fur-epizoochory assisted by ungulates, focusing on the dispersal of non-native plants. We made an overall assessment of ungulate-mediated non-native plant dispersal by biogeographical zone and dispersal mode, and then provided additional information on plant growth form and taxonomy, vectors and associated modes of dispersal. Results are presented for four main ungulate families: Cervidae, Bovidae, Suidae and Equidae. For each family, we highlight our findings either by ungulate if sufficiently represented (e.g. Odocoileus virginianus, Bison bison, Bos taurus) or by group of species. According to their feeding regime, grazers dispersed solely forbs and graminoids whereas omnivores also dispersed plants from other growth forms (i.e. cactus, vine, shrub and tree). Numerous non-native plants are dispersed by ungulates around the world, but this is probably the visible part of the iceberg, as only 32 ungulates (i.e. 12%) have been studied as vectors so far, suggesting their overall contribution is certainly underrated.
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Dekydtspotter, Laurent, Mark Black, Rodica Frimu, and Amber Rae Panwitz. "Chapter 4. Animacy-based processing loads in anaphora resolution in (non-native) French." In Studies in Bilingualism, 95–119. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sibil.55.04dek.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Non-native animals"
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Casu, B., L. Marchese, A. Naggi, G. Torri, J. Fareed, A. Racanelli, and J. M. Walenga. "INFLUENCE OF THE SULFATION PATTERN ON CERTAIN BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GALACTOSAMINOGLYCANS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643251.
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In order to investigate the influence of charge distribution and chain length on the biological properties of sulfated polysaccharides, additional sulfate groups were introduced into the galactosaminoglycans, chondriotin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Using a flexible method (with sulfuric acid and chlorosulfonic acid) for concurrent sulfation and controlled depolymerization, numerous products were obtained and characterized by chemical, enzymatic and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic methods. The biologic actions of these products were profiled in both in vitro and in vivo assays for antithrombotic activity. Despite a weaker in vitro anticoagulant activity, low molecular weight over sulfated galactosaminoglycans produced significant dose-dependent antithrombotic actions in animal models which were similar to the actions observed with oversulfated low molecular weight heparins. These results suggest that a significant antithrombotic activity can be elicited through non-specific interactions of polysulfates with cellular and plasma components, and that clusters of sulfate groups such as the 4-6 disulfate group on D-galactosaminoglycan residues may be important for these interactions. Furthermore, these results, also suggest that supersulfation of glycosaminogly-cans results in products with biologic activity distinct from the native material.