Academic literature on the topic 'Non-linear polarisation rotation'

The accuracy of the polarisation calibration is of prime importance for aerosol classification using lidars. We present a detailed description how to obtain the calibration parameters introduced in 2016 [1] accounting for various effects of non-ideal optics, lasers and atmospheric conditions. We find that crucial parameters such as the rotation angle of the plane of polarisation of the Laser (RotL) as well as the degree of linear polarisation (DOLP) influence the volume linear depolarisation ratio significantly.

Context. Astronomical masers have been effective tools in the study of magnetic fields for years. Observations of the linear and circular polarisation of different maser species allow for the determination of magnetic field properties, such as morphology and strength. In particular, methanol can be used to probe different parts of protostars, such as accretion discs and outflows, since it produces one of the strongest and the most commonly observed masers in massive star-forming regions. Aims. We investigate the polarisation properties of selected methanol maser transitions in light of newly calculated methanol Landé g-factors and in consideration of hyperfine components. We compare our results with previous observations and evaluate the effect of preferred hyperfine pumping and non-Zeeman effects. Methods. We ran simulations using the radiative transfer code, CHAMP, for different magnetic field values, hyperfine components, and pumping efficiencies. Results. We find a dependence between the linear polarisation fraction and the magnetic field strength as well as the hyperfine transitions. The circular polarisation fraction also shows a dependence on the hyperfine transitions. Preferred hyperfine pumping can explain some high levels of linear and circular polarisation and some of the peculiar features seen in the S-shape of observed V-profiles. By comparing a number of methanol maser observations taken from the literature with our simulations, we find that the observed methanol masers are not significantly affected by non-Zeeman effects related to the competition between stimulated emission rates and Zeeman rates, such as the rotation of the symmetry axis. We also consider the relevance of other non-Zeeman effects that are likely to be at work for modest saturation levels, such as the effect of magnetic field changes along the maser path and anisotropic resonant scattering. Conclusions. Our models show that for methanol maser emission, both the linear and circular polarisation percentages depend on which hyperfine transition is masing and the degree to which it is being pumped. Since non-Zeeman effects become more relevant at high values of brightness temperatures, it is important to obtain good estimates of these quantities and the maser beaming angles. Better constraints on the brightness temperature will help improve our understanding of the extent to which non-Zeeman effects contribute to the observed polarisation percentages. In order to detect separate hyperfine components, an intrinsic thermal line width that is significantly smaller than the hyperfine separation is required.

Requirements to characteristics and parametres of modern aerials, especially to electromagnetic compatibility, constantly grow. The effective utilisation of antenna technics is impossible now without development and perfection of means and ways of measurement of electric characteristics and parametres. Experimental study of antenna characteristics is the most important technological process during their development and manufacture. Results of measurements of characteristics of aerials allow to check up reliability of calculations and modelling, correctness of a choice of a design and materials, accuracy of manufacturing, and also conformity to requirements of electromagnetic compatibility. The article analyzes the current mirror methods for determining the characteristics of elliptical and circular polarization antennas. On the basis of the analysis (features of the considered methods) necessity of their perfection is proved. The block diagramme of measurement of factor of strengthening of the aerial of any polarisation is offered by a mirror method. It is distinguished by the presence of a polarizing screen with a rectangular foam plate on which thin metal conductors are applied, the distance between which is less than a quarter of the wavelength in air. The circuit also includes: a panoramic voltage standing wave ratio meter, an indicator, a matching transformer, an antenna for research, a mirror image of the antenna. Measurement strengthening factor is spent taking into account its communication with the diagramme of an orientation of the aerial. The settlement and experimentally removed schedules of diagrammes of an orientation of aerials of circular polarisation in planes Е and Н accordingly are resulted: rectangular wave guide with round cracks and square aerials with a dielectric plate on which from two parties non-uniform slot-hole lines are put. Comparison of the calculation and experimental results showed the possibility of using the mirror image method to measure the characteristics of circularly polarized antennas. Feature of an advanced mirror method of measurement of factor of strengthening is that the direction of rotation of a vector of intensity of electric field at reflexion does not change on opposite, it is not necessary to measure parametres of a polarising ellipse, has no value how excitation of an electromagnetic wave of rotating polarisation is provided, you can measure the parameters of antennas with linear polarization.

We present the study of the two polarisation state analysers. The first consists of a polarisation camera with a removable QWP, and the second consists of a non-polarisation camera with a rotating QWP and a stationary linear polariser. The theoretical analysis and experiment focus on studying the influence of polarimeter optical components accuracy and errors such as retardation errors, misalignments and extinction ratio on Stokes parameters precision. This research is a cornerstone to understanding polarisation state analysers limits. We examined laser beams with non-classical polarisation distribution, namely the Poincaré beam and the beam with radial polarisation.

Abstract. This paper provides a model for assessing the effects of polarising optics on the signals of typical lidar systems, which is based on the description of the individual optical elements of the lidar and of the state of polarisation of the light by means of the Müller–Stokes formalism. General analytical equations are derived for the dependence of the lidar signals on polarisation parameters, for the linear depolarisation ratio, and for the signals of different polarisation calibration setups. The equations can also be used for the calculation of systematic errors caused by nonideal optical elements, their rotational misalignment, and by non-ideal laser polarisation. We present the description of the lidar signals including the polarisation calibration in a closed form, which can be applied for a large variety of lidar systems.

La course vers les impulsions ultra-courtes et énergétiques est en plein essor avec le développement de nombreuses applications. Dans ce manuscrit, plusieurs méthodes de réduction de la durée d'impulsion énergétique sont étudiées. La mise en oeuvre d’un système de post-compression basé sur le principe de SPM-NER dans une lame de silice a tout d'abord permis de produire, à partir d'impulsions de 50 fs, des impulsions de 16 fs-5mJ. Dans une seconde partie, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de post-compression efficace basée sur l'ionisation d'un gaz rare dans un capillaire creux. Cette technique a permis d'obtenir à la fois des impulsions ultra-courtes et des énergies importantes (11 fs-13 mJ). Les résultats d'une modélisation réalisée au CEA/SPAM, en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux, ont permis d'approfondir la compréhension des divers mécanismes mis en jeu. Afin de produire des impulsions encore plus courtes, il est nécessaire de travailler directement dans les chaînes laser, en amont du système de post-compression. Le rétrécissement spectral par le gain dans leTi:saphir des chaînes laser, limite en général les durées des impulsions à 30 fs. Ce phénomène, étudié lors de cette thèse, a été compensé grâce à une modulation de perte spectrale (filtre) dans le pré-amplificateur (cavité régénérative), localisée au maximum de la courbe de gain. Des impulsions de l’ordre de 20 fs ont été obtenues. Ces études ont été complétées par une modélisation de l'amplification des impulsions qui s'est avérée en très bon accord avec les mesures expérimentales. La possibilité de combiner ces procédés permettra, àcourt terme, la production d'impulsions laser sub-10 fs énergétiques (~10 mJ) pour générer des impulsions XUV attosecondes isolées
High energy ultrashort pulses are highly desirable for many applications. In thismanuscript, we described several methods for pulse duration reduction at high energy. A postcompressionsystem, using SPM-NER in a fused silica plate, has firstly provided 16 fs-5mJpulses, from 50 fs pulses. In a second part, we present a new efficient post compressiontechnique, achieved through ionization of gas in a capillary. With this technique, ultrashortand high energy pulses have been reached (11 fs-13 mJ). Results from modeling done atCEA/SPAM, in good agreement with the experimental ones, have been used to understanddeeply all the involved mechanisms. In order to get even shorter pulses, it is incontrovertibleto work on the laser chain, in front of the post-compression systems. In general, due tospectral gain narrowing in Ti:Saphir laser chain, the pulse duration is limited to 30 fs. Thiseffect, investigated in this thesis, has been compensated by modulating the spectral losses(filter) in the pre-amplifier (regenerative cavity), localized at the gain curve maximum. Pulseduration in the order of 20 fs has been obtained. This study has been completed with a pulseamplification model that shows very good agreement with the experimental measurements.The possibility to combine these processes should generate, in the short term, high energy (10mJ) sub-10 fs laser pulses to produce isolated XUV attosecond pulses

Le sujet de cette thèse se rapporte à la génération d’impulsions ultracourtes dans une cavité laser fibrée à travers l’optimisation automatique de ses paramètres par un algorithme d’évolution. L’intérêt pour cette problématique provient de la difficulté à explorer les dynamiques impulsionnelles de manière systématique dans un large domaine de paramètres expérimentaux. Nous avons montré que l’implémentation d’un algorithme d’évolution sur une cavité laser fibrée de ce type peut être réalisée, en prenant les précautions adéquates pour que cette association soit la plus efficace possible. Nous avons démontré expérimentalement pour la première fois le verrouillage de modes depuis la seule optimisation des contrôleurs de polarisation utilisant une procédure automatique d’auto-apprentissage. Nous avons démontré que la sélection du blocage de modes depuis son spectre radio-fréquence permet de sélectionner le taux de répétition desimpulsions à l’intérieur de la cavité. Ces résultats préliminaires démontrent les potentialités de notre méthode employée dans des situations de dynamique non linéaire ultrarapide de grande complexité, particulièrement sensibles aux paramètres
This thesis deals with the generation of ultrashort pulses within a fiber laser cavity through the automatic optimization of its parameters by an evolutionary algorithm. The interest of this subject comes from the difficulty to systematically explore dynamics in a large domain of experimental parameters. We have shown that it is possible to implement an evolutionary algorithm on fiber laser cavity with appropriate precautions. We have experimentally demonstrated for the first time the mode locking of a laser cavity only using the optimization of polarization controllers through an automatic and self-learning procedure. We also have demonstrated that selecting the mode locking from it radio-frequency spectrum allow to select the pulses repetition rate within the cavity. These preliminary results show the promising aspect of our method used in situations of non linear ultrafast dynamics with high complexity which are particularly sensitive to parameters

Mode-locked fibre lasers have applications in research, defence, biological science, manufacturing and spectroscopy. The aim of this research was to investigate auto- matic control of a passive mode-locking technique known as non-linear polarisation rotation (NLPR) that exploits polarisation differences across a pulse’s profile that manifest due to different intensities. This research seeks to focus on how NLPR laser sources can be made stable, especially at longer wavelengths (such as 2 µm). Three different fibre lasers were developed to investigate different aspects of NLPR. An erbium mode-locked source was used to explore measurement techniques and competing operating regimes. The operating regimes were controlled using a manual polarisation controller. Characterisation revealed that the source produced 570 fs pulses with a central wavelength of 1567 nm, repetition rate of 17 MHz and pulse energy of 3 nJ. A thulium NLPR source was developed to further explore possible automation metrics and characterise a range of additional undesired operating regimes. Automation metrics tested to determine if the laser was continuously mode-locked included discontinuities in Stokes parameters, two-photon absorption signals and amplitude modulation across the radio-frequency spectrum of the laser. Characterisation revealed that the source produced 1.15 ps pulses with a central wavelength of 1990 nm, repetition rate of 21 MHz and pulse energy of 5 nJ. Lastly, a holmium NLPR source with electronic control of the intra-cavity polarisation state was built. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first diode-pumped NLPR mode-locked holmium source in the 2µm waveband. An automation mechanism was devised and implemented. Characterisation revealed that the source produced 770 fs pulses with a central wavelength of 2061 nm, a repetition rate of 17 MHz and pulse energy of 0.41 nJ.
Thesis (M.Phil) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences : Physics, 2020