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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-ischaemic'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

CHRYSOHOOU, Christina, Michael GREENBERG, and Christodoulos STEFANIDIS. "Non-invasive Methods in Differentiating Ischaemic from Non-ischaemic Cardiomyopathy." Acta Cardiologica 61, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ac.61.4.2017308.

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2

Janse, M. J. "Catecholamines in the non-ischaemic and ischaemic myocardium." International Journal of Cardiology 10, no. 1 (January 1986): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5273(86)90171-3.

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3

Garcia-Escrig, M., A. Perez-Sempere, L. Calandre, F. Villaverde, M. de la Fuente, and E. Claveria. "Non-ischaemic causes of transient ischaemic attacks and minor strokes." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 57, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.57.5.659-b.

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4

Palmer, H. E., K. M. Jurd, B. J. Hunt, A. G. Zaman, M. R. Stanford, M. D. Sanders, and E. M. Graham. "Thrombophilic factors in ischaemic and non-ischaemic idiopathic retinal vasculitis." Eye 9, no. 4 (July 1995): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.1995.116.

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5

Lindop, G. "Non-atherosclerotic Ischaemic Heart Disease." Histopathology 16, no. 3 (March 1990): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1990.tb01125.x.

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6

Milenkovic, U., A. Cocci, R. Veeratterapillay, K. Dimitropoulos, L. Boeri, P. Capogrosso, N. C. Cilesiz, et al. "Surgical treatment in ischaemic and non-ischaemic priapism: A systematic review." European Urology 79 (June 2021): S684—S685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0302-2838(21)00878-2.

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7

Jackson, E., N. Bellenger, M. Seddon, S. Harden, and C. Peebles. "Ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies — cardiac MRI appearances with delayed enhancement." Clinical Imaging 31, no. 6 (November 2007): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2007.08.005.

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8

Błyszczuk, Przemysław, and Zoltan Szekanecz. "Pathogenesis of ischaemic and non-ischaemic heart diseases in rheumatoid arthritis." RMD Open 6, no. 1 (January 2020): e001032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001032.

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by a chronic inflammatory condition of the joints, but the comorbidities of RA predominantly contribute to the reduced lifespan associated with this disease. Clinical data indicate that cardiovascular disease is the major comorbidity associated with mortality in RA. In this review, we aimed to describe the pathogenesis of heart failure in RA. First, we emphasised the fundamental differences between ischaemic and non-ischaemic heart diseases and referred to their relevance in excessive cardiovascular-dependent mortality in RA. Second, we highlighted aspects of asymptomatic changes in cardiac tissue and in coronary blood vessels that are commonly found in patients with diagnosed RA. Third, we focused on high-grade systemic inflammation as a key trigger of ischaemic and non-ischaemic heart diseases in RA, and described the implication of conventional and biologic antirheumatic medications on the development and progression of heart disease. In particular, we discussed the roles of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and anti-TNF-α therapies on the development and progression of ischaemic and non-ischaemic heart diseases in RA.

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9

Jackson, E., N. Bellenger, M. Seddon, S. Harden, and C. Peebles. "Ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies—cardiac MRI appearances with delayed enhancement." Clinical Radiology 62, no. 5 (May 2007): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2006.11.013.

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10

Barison, Andrea, Luigi Emilio Pastormerlo, and Alberto Giannoni. "Troponin in Non-ischaemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy." European Cardiology Review 7, no. 3 (2011): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2011.7.3.220.

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Non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease characterised by progressive left ventricular remodelling and dysfunction. DCM represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Cardiac troponins are sensitive biohumoral markers of myocyte injury that are used for diagnostic purposes in acute coronary syndromes but that are also detected in DCM. Several pathophysiological factors (wall stress, neurohormonal activation, inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, microvascular ischaemia) have been advocated to explain subtle ongoing necrosis in DCM. In particular, new ultrasensitive assays expand the detection range toward physiological cardiac troponin levels, allowing accurate biohumoral characterisation of myocardial remodelling from the early stages of DCM. Moreover, several clinical studies have demonstrated that increased cardiac troponin plasma levels are associated with worse prognosis and that further increases in cardiac troponin over time contribute to additional risk. Serial plasma cardiac troponin evaluation represents an accurate marker of disease evolution and risk stratification in DCM, identifying high-risk patients who need strict follow-up and enhanced therapeutic effort.

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11

JAIN, V., B. SEN, M. AGRAWAL, A. MEHTANI, and A. DHAL. "Volkmann Sign of Non-Ischaemic Origin." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 33, no. 4 (August 2008): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193408090144.

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This paper presents six cases who had a contracture of the long flexor tendons of the fingers and exhibited Volkmann’s sign due to a chronic abscess or cysticercosis in the belly of the flexor digitorum profundus. All of them were treated conservatively, with full functional recovery in all the cases and with no recurrence.

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12

Dimitrijevic, I., M. Micev, Dj Saranovic, V. Markovic, J. Petrovic, S. Antic, A. Sekulic, and Z. Krivokapic. "Ischaemic colitis - review." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 55, no. 3 (2008): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0803089d.

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Colonic ischaemia, commonly referred to as ischaemic colitis, is the most common type of intestinal ischaemia. The term "ischaemic colitis" was used by Marston (1966) with three typical patterns of injury described: transient reversible ischaemia, ischaemic ulcers with stricturing, and gangrenous ischaemic colitis. Dominant presenting symptoms were colicky abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and hematochezia. Patients often have minimal signs on clinical examination. Most patients were diagnosed at colonoscopy. Two regions that are believed to be anatomically vulnerable to ischemic disease are "Griffith?s point", at the splenic flexure and "Sudeck?s critical point", of the Drummond marginal artery. Clinically, ischaemic colitis is classified as non-gangrenous or gangrenous. Non-gangrenous ischaemic colitis involves the mucosa and submucosa and accounts for 80-85 percent of all cases of ischaemic colitis. Non-gangrenous ischaemic colitis is further subclassified into transient, reversible ischaemic colitis with a less severe form of injury and chronic, non-reversible ischaemic colitis, which includes chronic colitis and stricture and has a more severe form of injury. Gangrenous ischaemic colitis accounts for the remaining 15-20 percent of cases and manifests as the most severe form of injury. It includes acute fulminant ischaemia with transmural infarction that may progress to necrosis and death. Specific indications for operation include peritonitis, perforation, recurrent fever or sepsis, clinical deterioration in patients refractory to medical management. Relative indications include fulminant colitis, massive hemorrhage, chronic protein losing colopathy, and symptomatic ischemic structure.

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13

Shanbhag, Sujata M., Anders M. Greve, Thor Aspelund, Erik B. Schelbert, J. Jane Cao, Ragnar Danielsen, Guðmundur þorgeirsson, et al. "Prevalence and prognosis of ischaemic and non-ischaemic myocardial fibrosis in older adults." European Heart Journal 40, no. 6 (November 16, 2018): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy713.

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Abstract Aims Non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies (NICM) can cause heart failure and death. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) detects myocardial scar/fibrosis associated with myocardial infarction (MI) and NICM with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and prognosis of ischaemic and non-ischaemic myocardial fibrosis in a community-based sample of older adults. Methods and results The ICELAND-MI cohort, a substudy of the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility Reykjavik (AGES-Reykjavik) study, provided a well-characterized population of 900 subjects after excluding subjects with pre-existing heart failure. Late gadolinium enhancement CMR divided subjects into four groups: MI (n = 211), major (n = 54) non-ischaemic fibrosis (well-established, classic patterns, associated with myocarditis, infiltrative cardiomyopathies, or pathological hypertrophy), minor (n = 238) non-ischaemic fibrosis (remaining localized patterns not meeting major criteria), and a no LGE (n = 397) reference group. The primary outcome was time to death or first heart failure hospitalization. During a median follow-up of 5.8 years, 192 composite events occurred (115 deaths and 77 hospitalizations for incident heart failure). After inverse probability weighting, major non-ischaemic fibrosis [hazard ratio (HR) 3.2, P < 0.001] remained independently associated with the primary endpoint, while MI (HR 1.4, P = 0.10) and minor non-ischaemic LGE (HR 1.2, P = 0.39) did not. Major non-ischaemic fibrosis was associated with a poorer outcome than MI (HR = 2.3, P = 0.001) in the adjusted analysis. Conclusion Major non-ischaemic patterns of myocardial fibrosis portended worse prognosis than no fibrosis/scar in an older community-based cohort. Traditional risk factors largely accounted for the effect of MI and minor non-ischaemic LGE.

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14

Nagy, KV, N. Szegedi, G. Szeplaki, T. Tahin, I. Osztheimer, Z. Sallo, S. Herczeg, L. Geller, and B. Merkely. "P1629Predictors of mortality in patients undergoing ischaemic or non-ischaemic VT ablation." EP Europace 19, suppl_3 (June 2017): iii350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/eux158.255.

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15

GEFFIN, G. A., L. J. DROP, J. B. NEWELL, R. G. JOHNSON, D. D. O'KEEFE, R. S. TEPLICK, J. S. TITUS, and W. M. DAGGETT. "Effect of preload on ischaemic and non-ischaemic left ventricular regional function." Cardiovascular Research 20, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/20.6.415.

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16

Caobelli, Federico, and Frank M. Bengel. "Ischaemic vs non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy: The value of nuclear cardiology techniques." Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 22, no. 5 (July 8, 2015): 971–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12350-015-0128-1.

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17

Palmer, H. E., M. R. Stanford, M. D. Sanders, and E. M. Graham. "Visual outcome of patients with idiopathic ischaemic and non-ischaemic retinal vasculitis." Eye 10, no. 3 (May 1996): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.1996.71.

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18

Mehta, Vinay, Lee Ming Boo, Nader Ghaly, Iftekhar Kalsekar, Shumin Zhang, Sashi Yadalam, Rahul Khanna, and Motiur Rahman. "Real-world characteristics and readmissions among patients undergoing ablation for ventricular tachycardia: a retrospective database analysis of commercially insured patients in the USA." Open Heart 7, no. 2 (September 2020): e001247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2020-001247.

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BackgroundRadiofrequency catheter ablation is an effective treatment to alleviate symptoms and reduce recurrent implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD/CRT-D) shocks in patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT).ObjectiveTo assess the characteristics and outcomes (complications, inpatient readmissions) of commercially insured patients in the USA undergoing ablation for ischaemic or non-ischaemic VT.MethodsPatients aged 18–64 years with a primary diagnosis of VT who underwent ablation between 2006 and 2015 were identified using the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database. The rate of complications including vascular complications, pericarditis, pulmonary embolism and pericardial tamponade over a 30-day post-ablation period (including index admission) was examined. Inpatient readmissions (VT-related, heart failure (HF)-related and non-VT arrhythmia-related) over the 12-month post-ablation period were examined. A Cox regression model was used to determine factors associated with inpatient readmissions.Results5242 patients (488 with ischaemic and 4754 with non-ischaemic VT) met the study criteria. The majority of VT ablations occurred in an outpatient setting (57% for ischaemic and 66% for non-ischaemic VT). Among complications, vascular complications were most frequent (2.05% among ischaemic and 1.6% among non-ischaemic VT patients) over the 30-day post-ablation period. Among ischaemic VT patients, 17%, 7.6% and 4.7% had VT-related, HF-related and non-VT arrhythmia-related inpatient readmissions, respectively in the 12-month post-ablation period. For non-ischaemic VT patients, these numbers were 7.5%, 1.7% and 3.1%, respectively. Inpatient setting (vs outpatient), baseline ICD/CRT-D implantation, HF comorbidity and ≥2 prior hospitalisations were associated with a higher risk of post-ablation VT-related inpatient readmissions among ischaemic VT patients. Similar factors also were associated with a higher risk of post-ablation VT-related inpatient readmission among non-ischaemic VT patients.ConclusionSetting of ablation and comorbidity status were found to influence readmission rates. Complication and readmission rates following VT ablation were low indicating towards the favourable safety profile of VT ablation.

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19

BIRKELAND, S., J. WESTBY, K. MATRE, S. FAERESTRAND, and K. GRONG. "Myocardial contraction patterns in non-ischaemic and ischaemic regions during acute coronary insufficiency." European Heart Journal 15, no. 3 (March 1994): 424–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060517.

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20

Nagy, Klaudia Vivien, Nandor Szegedi, Gábor Széplaki, Tamás Tahin, István Osztheimer, Szilvia Herczeg, Zoltán Salló, Bela Merkely, and Laszlo Geller. "LONG-TERM MORTALITY PREDICTORS IN ISCHAEMIC OR NON-ISCHAEMIC PATIENTS UNDERGOING VT ABLATION." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 71, no. 11 (March 2018): A476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(18)31017-9.

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21

Motwani, Manish, Ananth Kidambi, John P. Greenwood, and Sven Plein. "Advances in cardiovascular magnetic resonance in ischaemic heart disease and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies." Heart 100, no. 21 (April 2, 2014): 1722–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304680.

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22

Poucher, SM, and V. Worrall. "A Dog Model of Substrate Exchange in Ischaemic and Non-Ischaemic Skeletal Muscle." Clinical Science 87, s1 (January 1, 1994): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs087s045a.

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23

Boraso, Antonella, Claudio Ceconi, Anna Cargnoni, Palmira Bernocchi, Barbara Valetti, Salvatore Curello, Roberto Ferrari, and Michel Ovize. "Beta-adrenergic receptor pathway in ischaemic and non-ischaemic regions of pig myocardium." European Journal of Heart Failure 2 (June 2000): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-9842(00)80007-0.

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24

Bhat, A., A. Antar, G. Gan, E. Mojica, K. Banwait, and T. Tan. "Assessment of Right Ventricular Metrics in Patients with Ischaemic and Non-Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy." Heart, Lung and Circulation 26 (2017): S246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2017.06.466.

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25

Seferović, Petar M., Marija M. Polovina, and Andrew J. S. Coats. "Heart failure in dilated non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy." European Heart Journal Supplements 21, Supplement_M (December 1, 2019): M40—M43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suz212.

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Abstract Heart failure (HF) is the prevailing cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with dilated non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and DCM is one of several causes of HF, with several distinct epidemiological and clinical features which may have important implications for its management and prognosis. This article reviews cardiovascular monitoring of specific characteristics of HF in DCM. DCM is defined as ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction in the absence of abnormal loading conditions or significant coronary artery disease, the predominant phenotypes of being HFmrEF or HFrEF. DCM accounts for ∼40% of all cardiomyopathies but its true prevalence among patients with HFrEF is difficult to ascertain with certainty. Compared with patients with other HF aetiologies, individuals with DCM tend to be younger, more likely male and less likely to have associated comorbidities. A genetic aetiology of DCM is deemed responsible for ∼40% of cases. Confirmation of a specific genetic background is clinically relevant (e.g. Duchene or Backer muscular dystrophies, lamin A/C mutation), because those patients may be at a high risk of progressive left ventricular dysfunction or conduction system disease and sudden death, prompting early prophylaxis with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. However, in most instances, HF in DCM has a multifactorial aetiology, with multiple factors needing to be systematically evaluated and/or monitored, since correction of reversible causes or (e.g. tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, alcohol intoxication, iron-overload, cancer therapies etc.) or targeting specific pathophysiological causes could lead to an improvement in clinical status. The treatment of DCM encompasses HF-related pharmacological and device therapies, and aetiology-specific treatments. At present, options for aetiology-related therapies are limited, and their effectiveness mostly requires confirmation from larger scale randomized trials. Whether outcomes of patients with HF in DCM differ from those with other HF aetiologies is unresolved. DCM is attributable for >40% of patients receiving mechanical circulatory support for advanced HF and it is the leading indication for heart transplantation. More aetiology-specific information is needed both in the evaluation and treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy.

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26

Wu, A. H. "Management of patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy." Heart 93, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2005.085761.

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27

Lefort, G., C. D'Antonio, and T. Caffery. "A non-ischaemic cause of elevated troponin." Case Reports 2014, apr03 2 (April 4, 2014): bcr2014203729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-203729.

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28

Ng, E., D. Adlam, R. P. Keal, and G. A. Ng. "Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia of Non-Ischaemic Origin." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 97, no. 1 (January 2004): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107680409700105.

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29

Spath, Nick, Nick Spath, Giorgos Papanastastiou, Trisha Singh, Gaurav Gulsin, Andrew Baker, Rob Janiczek, et al. "MANGANESE-ENHANCED T1MAPPING IN NON-ISCHAEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 75, no. 11 (March 2020): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(20)32388-3.

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30

Ng, E., D. Adlam, R. P. Keal, and G. A. Ng. "Recurrent ventricular tachycardia of non-ischaemic origin." JRSM 97, no. 1 (December 31, 2003): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.97.1.23.

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31

Champion, Sébastien. "Heterogeneous populations in non-ischaemic cardiogenic shock." European Journal of Heart Failure 18, no. 1 (September 15, 2015): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.345.

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32

Kim, Young Dae, Myoung Jin Cha, Jinkwon Kim, Dong Hyun Lee, Hye Sun Lee, Chung Mo Nam, Hyo Suk Nam, and Ji Hoe Heo. "Ischaemic cardiovascular mortality in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation according to CHADS2 score." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 105, no. 04 (2011): 712–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th10-11-0692.

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SummaryThe CHADS2 score predicts the risk of ischaemic stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Most components of the CHADS2 score are also risk factors of atherosclerosis, and clustering of these risk factors is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischaemic heart disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the CHADS2 score and CHA2DS2-VASc score are predictive of fatal ischaemic heart disease as well as fatal ischaemic stroke. Among 5,268 stroke patients admitted between August 1994 and December 2008, 770 stroke patients with NVAF were enroled in this study. The relationship between CHADS2 score or CHA2DS2-VASc score and the fatal ischaemic events was examined using a Cox regression model. During the follow-up period of 1156.0 ± 1205.0 days (median 729.5, in-terquartile range 179.0 – 1751.0), 321 patients died (41.7%). The CHADS2 score or CHA2DS2-VASc score was positively correlated with fatal ischaemic heart disease as well as with fatal ischaemic stroke. After adjustment for all potential confounders, the occurrence of fatal ischaemic heart disease was independently associated with CHADS2 score or CHA2DS2-VASc score, and previous history of ischaemic heart disease. The CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores provide valuable information for identifying high-risk individuals for fatal ischaemic heart and brain diseases among stroke patients with NVAF.

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33

Androulakis, A. "The role of carotid atherosclerosis in the distinction between ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy." European Heart Journal 21, no. 11 (June 1, 2000): 919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/euhj.1999.1911.

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34

SMILDE, T. "P1064 Renal function in ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy: effects on survival and neurohormones." European Heart Journal 24, no. 5 (March 2003): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-668x(03)94356-9.

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35

STERGIOPOULOU, D., A. THEODORAKOS, M. KOUTELOU, G. PAVLIDES, N. PLESSAS, D. DEGIANNIS, and D. COKKINOS. "8.50The impact of exercise on the neuroendocrinic system of ischaemic and non-ischaemic individuals." Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 14, no. 2 (March 2007): S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclcard.2006.12.277.

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36

von Stempel, C., E. Zacharakis, C. Allen, N. Ramachandran, M. Walkden, S. Minhas, A. Muneer, D. Ralph, A. Freeman, and A. Kirkham. "Mean velocity and peak systolic velocity can help determine ischaemic and non-ischaemic priapism." Clinical Radiology 72, no. 7 (July 2017): 611.e9–611.e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2017.02.021.

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37

Sama, Iziah E., Rebecca J. Woolley, Jan F. Nauta, Simon P. R. Romaine, Jasper Tromp, Jozine M. Maaten, Peter Meer, et al. "A network analysis to identify pathophysiological pathways distinguishing ischaemic from non‐ischaemic heart failure." European Journal of Heart Failure 22, no. 5 (April 3, 2020): 821–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1811.

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38

Wang, Hao, Yingchun Tian, Yutao Guo, Yutang Wang, and Gregory Y. H. Lip. "Multiple risk factors and ischaemic stroke in the elderly Asian population with and without atrial fibrillation." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 115, no. 01 (January 2016): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th15-07-0577.

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SummaryIschaemic stroke risk rises with the increasing cardiovascular risk factors. How atrial fibrillation (AF) incrementally contributes to the risk for ischaemic stroke with increasing age and multiple cardiovascular risk factors is unclear. In an individual patient with AF the mechanism of ischaemic stroke may be related directly to AF itself or to risk factors associated with AF. It was this study’s objective to investigate incident ischaemic stroke in relation to age and increasing cardiovascular risk factor(s), and the incremental impact of AF on stroke rates. We studied a 5 % random sampling from Chinese medical insurance data covering more than 10 million individuals, for the years 2001 to 2012. The rate of ischaemic stroke was calculated amongst the individuals with no prior history of ischaemic stroke, in relation to age groups (aged < 65, 65–74,75 years old; n = 348,431, n = 56,952, n = 20,217, respectively), and increasing risk factors using the CHA2DS2-VASc score. Among the randomly sampled 425,600 individuals with total follow-up of 1,864,232 patient-years [63.8 % male, mean age 60 years; 880 with AF, vs 424,720 non-AF], there were 13,242 (3.1 %) ischaemic strokes after 64,834 person-years follow-up. Overall, ischaemic stroke incidence (per 100 person-years) was 0.35 (95 %CI 0.34–0.35) in the non-AF population and 1.11 (0.84–1.45) with AF. The AF population age < 65 and 65–74 had higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores than the nonAF population (p< 0.001), but this was non-significant between the non-AF and AF population age75 (p=0.086). For the population age75 years, incident stroke rates were 2.07 (0.86–4.76) and 4.29 (4.08–4.51) in non-AF and AF populations, respectively. The non-AF population age65 years with2 additional comorbidities (hyper-tension, vascular disease, diabetic, or heart failure) had ischaemic stroke rates similar to an AF population with CHA2DS2-VASc4. In both non-AF and AF populations, those with CHA2DS2-VASc =1 had a 1.9 fold increase in stroke risk, and those with CHA2DS2-VASc2 had more than four-fold increased risk for stroke, compared with those with CHA2DS2-VASc=0. In conclusion, an increasing cluster of multiple cardiovascular risk factors (besides AF) contributes to a greater risk for ischaemic stroke, especially in the elderly population. If elderly and with multiple risk factors, non-AF patients may have a risk of incident ischaemic stroke that is comparable or even higher than patients with AF, suggesting that the incremental stroke risk attributable to AF is marginal in such ‘high risk’ patients.

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39

Eichhöfer, Jonas, Cara Hendry, and Douglas Fraser. "Management of Non-STEMI and suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome." Acute Medicine Journal 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52964/amja.0223.

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Chest pain is a common complaint of patients presenting to the Emergency Department, but there is a wide variety of underlying causes. These include ischaemic chest pain (acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and stable angina), non-ischaemic cardiovascular chest pain (aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, pericarditis) and a wide variety of non cardiovascular causes (musculoskeletal, psychiatric and gastrointestinal causes).

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40

Mantegazza, Valentina, Valentina Volpato, Massimo Mapelli, Valentina Sassi, Elisabetta Salvioni, Irene Mattavelli, Gloria Tamborini, Piergiuseppe Agostoni, and Mauro Pepi. "Cardiac Reverse Remodelling by 2D and 3D Echocardiography in Heart Failure Patients Treated with Sacubitril/Valsartan." Diagnostics 11, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): 1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11101845.

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In terms of sacubitril/valsartan (S/V)-induced changes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) via three-dimensional (3D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and S/V effects based on HF aetiology, data are lacking. We prospectively enrolled 51 HFrEF patients (24 ischaemic, 27 non-ischaemic). At baseline and at 6-month follow-up (6MFU) after S/V treatment optimisation, we assessed the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and cardiac remodelling by two-dimensional (2D) and 3DTTE. In non-ischaemic patients, 2D and 3DTTE showed an improvement in left ventricular (LV) size and biventricular function at 6MFU vs. baseline: 3D-LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) 103 ± 30 vs. 125 ± 32 mL/m2 (p < 0.05), 3D-LV ejection fraction (EF) 40 ± 9 vs. 32 ± 5% (p < 0.05), right ventricular (RV) 3D-EF 48.4 ± 6.5 vs. 44.3 ± 7.5% (p < 0.05); only the 3D method detected RV size reduction: 3D-RVEDV 63 ± 27 vs. 71 ± 30 mL/m2 (p < 0.05). In ischaemic patients, only 3DTTE showed biventricular size and LV function improvement: 3D-LVEDV 112 ± 29 vs. 121 ± 27 mL/m2 (p < 0.05), 3D-LVEF 35 ± 6 vs. 32 ± 5% (p < 0.05), 3D-RVEDV 57 ± 11 vs. 63 ± 14 mL/m2 (p < 0.05); RV function did not ameliorate. In both ischaemic and non-ischaemic patients, diastolic function and NT-proBNP significantly improved. In HFrEF patients treated with S/V, 3DTTE helps to ascertain subtle changes in heart chambers’ size and function, which have a major impact on HFrEF prognosis. S/V has significantly different effects on LV function in non-ischaemic vs. ischaemic patients.

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Zacharakis, Evangelos, David J. Ralph, Miles Walkden, and Asif Muneer. "Distal corpus cavernosum fibrosis and erectile dysfunction secondary to non-ischaemic priapism." Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 87, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2015.3.258.

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Non-ischaemic priapism is a rare type of priapism and is associated with penile or perineal trauma. The absence of ischaemia should theoretically prevent smooth muscle necrosis and corporal fibrosis which occurs in ischaemic priapism. The aim of this study was to first report a patient series with non-ischaemic priapism that developed distal corpus cavernosum fibrosis and erectile dysfunction. Over a 5 year period, a cohort of 6 patients diagnosed with non-ischaemic priapism presented to a single centre. The diagnosis was based on a clinical history, penile examination with confirmation using a combination of cavernosal blood gas analysis, colour duplex ultrasonography of the penis and angiography. Patients were followed up in clinic at regular intervals with clinical examination and repeat imaging. Following a median follow up of 4 weeks (range 2-12) the patients reported either the development of erectile dysfunction with distal penile flaccidity. Five patients required the use of PDE-5 inhibitors to achieve full tumescence. The remaining patient eventually underwent insertion of a penile prosthesis due to the failure of pharmacotherapies. Based on these findings we suggest that superselective embolisation of non-ischaemic priapism cases occasionally should be performed after a shorter period of conservative treatment.

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Devereaux, P. J., and Wojciech Szczeklik. "Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery: diagnosis and management." European Heart Journal 41, no. 32 (May 16, 2019): 3083–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz301.

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Abstract Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) is due to myocardial ischaemia (i.e. supply-demand mismatch or thrombus) and is associated with an increased risk of mortality and major vascular complications at 30 days and up to 2 years after non-cardiac surgery. The diagnostic criteria for MINS includes an elevated post-operative troponin measurement judged as resulting from myocardial ischaemia (i.e. no evidence of a non-ischaemic aetiology), during or within 30 days after non-cardiac surgery, and without the requirement of an ischaemic feature (e.g. ischaemic symptom, ischaemic electrocardiography finding). For patients with MINS who are not at high risk of bleeding, physicians should consider initiating dabigatran 110 mg twice daily and low-dose aspirin. Physicians should also consider initiating statin therapy in patients with MINS. Most MINS patients should only be referred to cardiac catheterization if they demonstrate recurrent instability (e.g. cardiac ischaemia, heart failure). Patients ≥65 years of age or with known atherosclerotic disease should have troponin measurements on days 1, 2, and 3 after surgery while the patient is in hospital to avoid missing >90% of MINS and the opportunity to initiate secondary prophylactic measures and follow-up.

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Freund, Daniel, Silke Brilloff, Tamer Ghazy, Stephan Kirschner, Gabor Gäbel, Irene Hinterseher, Norbert Weiss, and Adrian Mahlmann. "Microarray analysis for delineating the gene expression in biopsies of gastrocnemius muscle of patients with chronic critical limb ischaemia compared with non-ischaemic controls." Vasa 47, no. 4 (June 1, 2018): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000700.

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Abstract. Background: Microarray analysis has been carried out in this pilot study to compare delineated gene expression profiles in the biopsies of skeletal muscle taken from patients with chronic critical limb ischaemia (CLI) and non-ischaemic control subjects. Patients and methods: Biopsy of gastrocnemius muscle was obtained from six patients with unreconstructed CLI referred for surgical major amputation. As control, biopsies of six patients undergoing elective knee arthroplasty without evidence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease were taken. The differences in gene expression associated with angiogenic processes in specimens obtained from ischaemic and non-ischaemic skeletal muscle were confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Results: Compared with non-ischaemic skeletal muscle biopsy of chronic-ischaemic skeletal muscle contained 55 significantly up-regulated and 45 down-regulated genes, out of which 64 genes had a known genetic product. Tissue samples of ischaemic muscle were characterized by increased expression of cell survival factors (e. g. tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2) in combination with reduced expression of cell proliferation effectors (e. g. microfibrillar-associated protein 5 and transferrin receptor). The expression of growth factors (e. g. early growth response 3 and chemokine receptor chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 4) which play a central role in arterial and angiogenic processes and anti-angiogenetic factors (e. g. pentraxin 3) were increased in chronic ischaemic skeletal muscle. An increased expression of extracellular matrix proteins (e. g. cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61) was also observed. Conclusions: Gene expression profiles in biopsies of gastrocnemius muscle in patients with chronic critical limb ischaemia showed an increase in pro-survival factors, extracellular matrix protein deposition, and impaired proliferation, compared with non-ischaemic controls. Further studies are required to analyse the endogenous repair mechanism.

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Tayeb, Safwan, Amir Vosoughi, and Jonathan A. Micieli. "Rapidly progressive non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 11 (November 2021): e247167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-247167.

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Chenzbraun, Adrian. "Non-ischaemic cardiac conditions: role of stress echocardiography." Echo Research and Practice 1, no. 1 (August 2014): R1—R7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erp-14-0030.

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Stress echocardiography (SE) has a unique ability for simultaneous assessment of both functional class and exercise-related haemodynamic changes and as such is increasingly recognised for the evaluation of non-coronary artery disease pathologies. Some indications such as valvular heart disease or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have been well established already, while others such as diastolic exercise testing are emerging of late. This paper addresses the main and best established indications for SE in non-ischaemic conditions, providing a practical perspective correlated with updated guidelines.

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Hayreh, S. S. "Treatment of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy." British Journal of Ophthalmology 95, no. 11 (September 27, 2011): 1617–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-300799.

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Deshpande, Aparna, Mini Pakkal, Bobby Agrawal, and Vimal Raj. "Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy." Postgraduate Medical Journal 88, no. 1035 (July 1, 2011): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2010.099697.

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Brooks, A. "Interstitial fibrosis in the dilated non-ischaemic myocardium." Heart 89, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 1255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heart.89.10.1255.

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Suo, Yue, Jing Jing, Xia Meng, Zixiao Li, Yuesong Pan, Yong Jiang, Xiaomeng Yang, et al. "Inconsistent centralised versus non-centralised ischaemic stroke aetiology." Stroke and Vascular Neurology 5, no. 4 (November 5, 2020): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000576.

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Background and purposeThe Trial of Org 10 172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) system is the most widely used aetiological categorisation system in clinical practice and research. Limited studies have validated the accuracy of routine aetiological diagnosis of patients with ischaemic stroke according to the TOAST criteria when the reported subtype is assumed to be correct. We investigated the agreement between centralised and non-centralised (site-reported, at discharge) stroke subtypes in the Third China National Stroke Registry (CNSR-III), and analysed the influence of classification consistency on evaluation during hospitalisation and for secondary prevention strategy.MethodsAll patients with ischaemic stroke from the CNSR-III study with complete diffusion-weighted imaging data were included. We used multivariable Cox proportional-hazard regression models to evaluate the factors associated with consistency between centralised and non-centralised stroke subtypes. Sensitivity analyses were conducted of the subgroup of patients with complete information.ResultsThis study included 12 180 patients (mean age, 62.3 years; and women, 31.4%). Agreement between centralised and non-centralised subtype was the highest for the large-artery atherosclerosis subtype stroke (77.4% of centralised patients), followed by the small-vessel occlusion subtype (40.6% of centralised patients). Agreements for cardioembolism and stroke of other determined aetiology subtypes were 38.7% and 12.2%, respectively. Patient-level and hospital-level factors were associated with the inconsistency between centralised/non-centralised aetiological subtyping. This inconsistency was related to differences in secondary prevention strategies. Only 15.3% of the newly diagnosed patients with cardioembolism underwent centralised subtyping with indications to receive oral anticoagulants at discharge. In comparison, 51.3% of the consistent cardioembolism group and 42.0% of the centrally reassigned cardioembolism group with anticoagulation indications were prescribed oral anticoagulants.ConclusionsSubstantial inconsistency exists between centralised and non-centralised subtyping in China. Inaccurate aetiological subtyping could lead to inadequate secondary prevention, especially in patients with cardioembolic stroke.

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Wakatabe, Makoto, Sohsyu Kotani, and Yoshito Inoue. "Non-ischaemic intramyocardial dissection following total arch replacement." Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery 31, no. 2 (May 21, 2020): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivaa079.

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Abstract Intramyocardial dissection (ID) is a rare left ventricular (LV) disorder characterized by myocardial fibre dissection and neocavitation. In this study, we present a rare case of a 66-year-old woman who had a history of sarcoidosis with non-ischaemic ID following total arch replacement. ID developed suddenly in the free wall of the LV and expanded rapidly to form an LV aneurysm. We successfully performed LV reconstructive surgery to prevent ID rupture.

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