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1
Guilbault, G. "Non-invasive biosensors in clinical analysis." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 10, no. 3-4 (1995): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-5663(95)96856-t.
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Wu, Chenyu. "Non-Invasive Wearable Sweat and Tear-Based Biosensors for Continuous Health Monitoring." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 55 (July 9, 2023): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v55i.9959.
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Over the years, the continuous advancements within the wearable biosensor field have raised public awareness in exploring new strategies for people's personalized point-of-care testing. Biosensors are multifunctional devices that allow people to quantify a range of biological signals through highly sensitive and small-scale sensing platforms, thus providing users convenience when limiting the need for clinical check-ups and laboratory diagnosis. Via dynamic, non-invasive evaluation of biomarkers in bodily fluids, biosensors are able to provide users with a nearly instant numerical result of the targeted biomarker's level (e.g., glucose, chloride) within their body. Here, this paper mainly focuses on exploring the wide range of sweat and tear-based biosensors' applications and methods to some extent. New generations of sweat-based wearable biosensors have been developed to better monitor one's health status by introducing techniques such as microfluidic sweat collection and Iontophoresis sweat induction methods. Additionally, much investment and effort have been put into developing tear-based wearable biosensors. For example, contact lens-based sensors are the most commonly adopted method for tear analysis, providing a minimally invasive detection of biomarkers.
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Xu, Jing, Yunsheng Fang, and Jun Chen. "Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Sweat Diagnostics." Biosensors 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11080245.
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Recent advances in microfluidics, microelectronics, and electrochemical sensing methods have steered the way for the development of novel and potential wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Wearable bioelectronics has received tremendous attention worldwide due to its great a potential for predictive medical modeling and allowing for personalized point-of-care-testing (POCT). They possess many appealing characteristics, for example, lightweight, flexibility, good stretchability, conformability, and low cost. These characteristics make wearable bioelectronics a promising platform for personalized devices. In this paper, we review recent progress in flexible and wearable sensors for non-invasive biomonitoring using sweat as the bio-fluid. Real-time and molecular-level monitoring of personal health states can be achieved with sweat-based or perspiration-based wearable biosensors. The suitability of sweat and its potential in healthcare monitoring, sweat extraction, and the challenges encountered in sweat-based analysis are summarized. The paper also discusses challenges that still hinder the full-fledged development of sweat-based wearables and presents the areas of future research.
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Takke, Anjali, and Pravin Shende. "Non-invasive Biodiversified Sensors: A Modernized Screening Technology for Cancer." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 38 (December 17, 2019): 4108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666191022162232.
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Background: Biological sensors revolutionize the method of diagnoses of diseases from early to final stages using the biomarkers present in the body. Biosensors are advantageous due to the involvement of minimal sample collection with improved specificity and sensitivity for the detection of biomarkers. Methods: Conventional biopsies restrict problems like patient non-compliance, cross-infection and high cost and to overcome these issues biological samples like saliva, sweat, urine, tears and sputum progress into clinical and diagnostic research for the development of non-invasive biosensors. This article covers various non-invasive measurements of biological samples, optical-based, mass-based, wearable and smartphone-based biosensors for the detection of cancer. Results: The demand for non-invasive, rapid and economic analysis techniques escalated due to the modernization of the introduction of self-diagnostics and miniature forms of devices. Biosensors have high sensitivity and specificity for whole cells, microorganisms, enzymes, antibodies, and genetic materials. Conclusion: Biosensors provide a reliable early diagnosis of cancer, which results in faster therapeutic outcomes with in-depth fundamental understanding of the disease progression.
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Sardini, Emilio, Mauro Serpelloni, and Sarah Tonello. "Printed Electrochemical Biosensors: Opportunities and Metrological Challenges." Biosensors 10, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10110166.
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Printed electrochemical biosensors have recently gained increasing relevance in fields ranging from basic research to home-based point-of-care. Thus, they represent a unique opportunity to enable low-cost, fast, non-invasive and/or continuous monitoring of cells and biomolecules, exploiting their electrical properties. Printing technologies represent powerful tools to combine simpler and more customizable fabrication of biosensors with high resolution, miniaturization and integration with more complex microfluidic and electronics systems. The metrological aspects of those biosensors, such as sensitivity, repeatability and stability, represent very challenging aspects that are required for the assessment of the sensor itself. This review provides an overview of the opportunities of printed electrochemical biosensors in terms of transducing principles, metrological characteristics and the enlargement of the application field. A critical discussion on metrological challenges is then provided, deepening our understanding of the most promising trends in order to overcome them: printed nanostructures to improve the limit of detection, sensitivity and repeatability; printing strategies to improve organic biosensor integration in biological environments; emerging printing methods for non-conventional substrates; microfluidic dispensing to improve repeatability. Finally, an up-to-date analysis of the most recent examples of printed electrochemical biosensors for the main classes of target analytes (live cells, nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites and electrolytes) is reported.
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Sardarabadi, Parvaneh, Amir Asri Kojabad, Davod Jafari, and Cheng-Hsien Liu. "Liquid Biopsy-Based Biosensors for MRD Detection and Treatment Monitoring in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)." Biosensors 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11100394.
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Globally, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Despite advancements in chemotherapy and targeted therapies, the 5-year survival rate has remained at 16% for the past forty years. Minimal residual disease (MRD) is described as the existence of either isolated tumour cells or circulating tumour cells in biological liquid of patients after removal of the primary tumour without any clinical signs of cancer. Recently, liquid biopsy has been promising as a non-invasive method of disease monitoring and treatment guidelines as an MRD marker. Liquid biopsy could be used to detect and assess earlier stages of NSCLC, post-treatment MRD, resistance to targeted therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and tumour mutational burden. MRD surveillance has been proposed as a potential marker for lung cancer relapse. Principally, biosensors provide the quantitative analysis of various materials by converting biological functions into quantifiable signals. Biosensors are usually operated to detect antibodies, enzymes, DNA, RNA, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and whole cells. Here, we present a category of biosensors based on the signal transduction method for identifying biosensor-based biomarkers in liquid biopsy specimens to monitor lung cancer treatment.
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Saha, Soumyadeep, Manoj Sachdev, and Sushanta K. Mitra. "Recent advances in label-free optical, electrochemical, and electronic biosensors for glioma biomarkers." Biomicrofluidics 17, no. 1 (January 2023): 011502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0135525.
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Gliomas are the most commonly occurring primary brain tumor with poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Currently, the diagnostic and monitoring options for glioma mainly revolve around imaging techniques, which often provide limited information and require supervisory expertise. Liquid biopsy is a great alternative or complementary monitoring protocol that can be implemented along with other standard diagnosis protocols. However, standard detection schemes for sampling and monitoring biomarkers in different biological fluids lack the necessary sensitivity and ability for real-time analysis. Lately, biosensor-based diagnostic and monitoring technology has attracted significant attention due to several advantageous features, including high sensitivity and specificity, high-throughput analysis, minimally invasive, and multiplexing ability. In this review article, we have focused our attention on glioma and presented a literature survey summarizing the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers associated with glioma. Further, we discussed different biosensory approaches reported to date for the detection of specific glioma biomarkers. Current biosensors demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity, which can be used for point-of-care devices or liquid biopsies. However, for real clinical applications, these biosensors lack high-throughput and multiplexed analysis, which can be achieved via integration with microfluidic systems. We shared our perspective on the current state-of-the-art different biosensor-based diagnostic and monitoring technologies reported and the future research scopes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focusing on biosensors for glioma detection, and it is anticipated that the review will offer a new pathway for the development of such biosensors and related diagnostic platforms.
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Kang, Min-Ji, Yeon-Woo Cho, and Tae-Hyung Kim. "Progress in Nano-Biosensors for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Stem Cell Differentiation." Biosensors 13, no. 5 (April 26, 2023): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13050501.
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Non-invasive, non-destructive, and label-free sensing techniques are required to monitor real-time stem cell differentiation. However, conventional analysis methods, such as immunocytochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot, involve invasive processes and are complicated and time-consuming. Unlike traditional cellular sensing methods, electrochemical and optical sensing techniques allow non-invasive qualitative identification of cellular phenotypes and quantitative analysis of stem cell differentiation. In addition, various nano- and micromaterials with cell-friendly properties can greatly improve the performance of existing sensors. This review focuses on nano- and micromaterials that have been reported to improve sensing capabilities, including sensitivity and selectivity, of biosensors towards target analytes associated with specific stem cell differentiation. The information presented aims to motivate further research into nano-and micromaterials with advantageous properties for developing or improving existing nano-biosensors to achieve the practical evaluation of stem cell differentiation and efficient stem cell-based therapies.
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Vetrivel, Cittrarasu, Ganesan Sivarasan, Kaliannan Durairaj, Chinnasamy Ragavendran, Chinnaperumal Kamaraj, Sankar Karthika, and Huang-Mu Lo. "MoS2-ZnO Nanocomposite Mediated Immunosensor for Non-Invasive Electrochemical Detection of IL8 Oral Tumor Biomarker." Diagnostics 13, no. 8 (April 18, 2023): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13081464.
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In order to support biomolecule attachment, an effective electrochemical transducer matrix for biosensing devices needs to have many specialized properties, including quick electron transfer, stability, high surface area, biocompatibility, and the presence of particular functional groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are common techniques used to assess biomarkers. Even though these techniques provide precise and trustworthy results, they cannot replace clinical applications because of factors such as detection time, sample amount, sensitivity, equipment expense, and the need for highly skilled individuals. For the very sensitive and targeted electrochemical detection of the salivary oral cancer biomarker IL8, we have created a flower-structured molybdenum disulfide-decorated zinc oxide composite on GCE (interleu-kin-8). This immunosensor shows very fast detection; the limit of detection (LOD) for interleukin-8 (IL8) detection in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was discovered to be 11.6 fM, while the MoS2/ZnO nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) demonstrated a high catalytic current linearly from 500 pg to 4500 pg mL−1 interleukin-8 (IL8). Therefore, the proposed biosensor exhibits excellent stability, high accuracy sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility and shows the acceptable fabrication of the electrochemical biosensors to detect the ACh in real sample analysis.
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Chen, Shiue-Luen, Chong-You Chen, Jason Chia-Hsun Hsieh, Zih-Yu Yu, Sheng-Jen Cheng, Kuan Yu Hsieh, Jia-Wei Yang, Priyank V. Kumar, Shien-Fong Lin, and Guan-Yu Chen. "Graphene Oxide-Based Biosensors for Liquid Biopsies in Cancer Diagnosis." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121725.
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Liquid biopsies use blood or urine as test samples, which are able to be continuously collected in a non-invasive manner. The analysis of cancer-related biomarkers such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), microRNA, and exosomes provides important information in early cancer diagnosis, tumor metastasis detection, and postoperative recurrence monitoring assist with clinical diagnosis. However, low concentrations of some tumor markers, such as CTCs, ctDNA, and microRNA, in the blood limit its applications in clinical detection and analysis. Nanomaterials based on graphene oxide have good physicochemical properties and are now widely used in biomedical detection technologies. These materials have properties including good hydrophilicity, mechanical flexibility, electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and optical performance. Moreover, utilizing graphene oxide as a biosensor interface has effectively improved the sensitivity and specificity of biosensors for cancer detection. In this review, we discuss various cancer detection technologies regarding graphene oxide and discuss the prospects and challenges of this technology.
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Gao, Minjia, Tian Qiang, Yangchuan Ma, Junge Liang, and Yanfeng Jiang. "RFID-Based Microwave Biosensor for Non-Contact Detection of Glucose Solution." Biosensors 11, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11120480.
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Due to the increasing number of diabetic patients, early monitoring of glucose levels is particularly important; therefore, glucose biosensors have attracted enormous attention from researchers. In this paper, we propose a glucose microwave biosensor based on RFID and achieve a non-contact measurement of the concentration of glucose solutions. The Reader is a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR), and the Tag is comprised of a squared spiral capacitor (SSC). A polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic quantitative cavity with a volume of 1.56 μL is integrated on the Tag to ensure that the glucose solution can be accurately set to the sensitive area and fully contacted with the electromagnetic flux. Because the SSC exhibits different capacitances when it contacts glucose solutions of different concentrations, changing the resonant frequency of the CSRR, we can use the relationship to characterize the biosensing response. Measurement results show that bare CSRR and RFID-based biosensors have achieved sensitivities of 0.31 MHz/mg·dL−1 and 10.27 kHz/mg·dL−1, and detection limits of 13.79 mg/dL and 1.19 mg/dL, respectively, and both realize a response time of less than 1 s. Linear regression analysis of the abovementioned biosensors showed an excellent linear relationship. The proposed design provides a feasible solution for microwave biosensors aiming for the non-contact measurement of glucose concentration.
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Delatour, Eva, Christophe Pagnout, Marie L. Zaffino, and Jérôme F. L. Duval. "Comparative Analysis of Cell Metabolic Activity Sensing by Escherichia coli rrnB P1-lux and Cd Responsive-Lux Biosensors: Time-Resolved Experiments and Mechanistic Modelling." Biosensors 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12090763.
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Whole-cell bacterial sensors are used in medical/environmental applications to detect chemicals, and to assess medium toxicity or stress. Non-specific constitutive biosensors generally serve the latter purpose, whereas chemical detection is performed with biosensors involving a specific chemical-inducible promoter. Herein, we show that functioning principles of specific and non-specific whole-cell biosensors are not exclusive as both can probe modulations of cell metabolic activity under stressing conditions. The demonstration is based on (i) time-resolved measurements of bioluminescence produced by constitutive rrnB P1-luxCDABE Escherichia coli biosensor in media differing with respect to carbon source, (ii) theoretical reconstruction of the measured signals using a here-reported theory for bioluminescence generated by constitutive cells, (iii) comparison between time-dependent cell photoactivity (reflecting metabolic activity) retrieved by theory with that we reported recently for cadmium-inducible PzntA-luxCDABE E. coli in media of similar compositions. Whereas signals of constitutive and non-constitutive biosensors differ in terms of shape, amplitude and peak number depending on nutritional medium conditions, analysis highlights the features shared by their respective cell photoactivity patterns mediated by the interplay between stringent response and catabolite repressions. The work advocates for the benefits of a theoretical interpretation for the time-dependent response of biosensors to unravel metabolic and physicochemical contributions to the bioluminescence signal.
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Bamgboje, David, Iasonas Christoulakis, Ioannis Smanis, Gaurav Chavan, Rinkal Shah, Masoud Malekzadeh, Ioannis Violaris, et al. "Continuous Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring via Contact Lenses: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives." Biosensors 11, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11060189.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that must be carefully managed to prevent serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is a crucial tool for managing diabetes and, at present, all relevant procedures are invasive while they only provide periodic measurements. The pain and measurement intermittency associated with invasive techniques resulted in the exploration of painless, continuous, and non-invasive techniques of glucose measurement that would facilitate intensive management. The focus of this review paper is the existing solutions for continuous non-invasive glucose monitoring via contact lenses (CLs) and to carry out a detailed, qualitative, and comparative analysis to inform prospective researchers on viable pathways. Direct glucose monitoring via CLs is contingent on the detection of biomarkers present in the lacrimal fluid. In this review, emphasis is given on two types of sensors: a graphene-AgNW hybrid sensor and an amperometric sensor. Both sensors can detect the presence of glucose in the lacrimal fluid by using the enzyme, glucose oxidase. Additionally, this review covers fabrication procedures for CL biosensors. Ever since Google published the first glucose monitoring embedded system on a CL, CL biosensors have been considered state-of-the-art in the medical device research and development industry. The CL not only has to have a sensory system, it must also have an embedded integrated circuit (IC) for readout and wireless communication. Moreover, to retain mobility and ease of use of the CLs used for continuous glucose monitoring, the power supply to the solid-state IC on such CLs must be wireless. Currently, there are four methods of powering CLs: utilizing solar energy, via a biofuel cell, or by inductive or radiofrequency (RF) power. Although, there are many limitations associated with each method, the limitations common to all, are safety restrictions and CL size limitations. Bearing this in mind, RF power has received most of the attention in reported literature, whereas solar power has received the least attention in the literature. CLs seem a very promising target for cutting edge biotechnological applications of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic relevance.
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Ashrafi, Sýs, Sedláčková, Farag, Adam, Přibyl, and Richtera. "Application of the Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensors for Monitoring Non-Competitive Inhibition of Enzyme Activity by Heavy Metals." Sensors 19, no. 13 (July 3, 2019): 2939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19132939.
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The inhibition effect of the selected heavy metals (Ag+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+) on glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme from Aspergillus niger (EC 1.1.3.4.) was studied using a new amperometric biosensor with an electrochemical transducer based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) covered with a thin layer of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) incorporated with ruthenium(IV) oxide as a redox mediator. Direct adsorption of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and subsequent covering with Nafion® layer was used for immobilization of GOx. The analytical figures of merit of the developed glucose (Glc) biosensor are sufficient for determination of Glc in body fluids in clinical analysis. From all tested heavy metals, mercury(II) has the highest inhibition effect. However, it is necessary to remember that cadmium and silver ions also significantly inhibit the catalytic activity of GOx. Therefore, the development of GOx biosensors for selective indirect determination of each heavy metal still represents a challenge in the field of bioelectroanalysis. It can be concluded that amperometric biosensors, differing in the utilized enzyme, could find their application in the toxicity studies of various poisons.
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Li, Chunmei, Bo Che, and Linhong Deng. "Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials for Diagnosis of Human Respiratory Diseases." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010012.
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In recent years, respiratory diseases have increasingly become a global concern, largely due to the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This inevitably causes great attention to be given to the development of highly efficient and minimal or non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. And electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials show great potential in fulfilling the requirement, not only because of the superior performance of electrochemical analysis, but also given the excellent properties of the carbon nanomaterials. In this paper, we review the most recent advances in research, development and applications of electrochemical biosensors based on the use of carbon nanomaterials for diagnosis of human respiratory diseases in the last 10 years. We first briefly introduce the characteristics of several common human respiratory diseases, including influenza, COVID-19, pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis and lung cancer. Then, we describe the working principles and fabrication of various electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials used for diagnosis of these respiratory diseases. Finally, we summarize the advantages, challenges, and future perspectives for the currently available electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials for detecting human respiratory diseases.
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Mummareddy, Sai, Stuti Pradhan, Ashwin Narasimhan, and Arutselvan Natarajan. "On Demand Biosensors for Early Diagnosis of Cancer and Immune Checkpoints Blockade Therapy Monitoring from Liquid Biopsy." Biosensors 11, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11120500.
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Recently, considerable interest has emerged in the development of biosensors to detect biomarkers and immune checkpoints to identify and measure cancer through liquid biopsies. The detection of cancer biomarkers from a small volume of blood is relatively fast compared to the gold standard of tissue biopsies. Traditional immuno-histochemistry (IHC) requires tissue samples obtained using invasive procedures and specific expertise as well as sophisticated instruments. Furthermore, the turnaround for IHC assays is usually several days. To overcome these challenges, on-demand biosensor-based assays were developed to provide more immediate prognostic information for clinicians. Novel rapid, highly precise, and sensitive approaches have been under investigation using physical and biochemical methods to sense biomarkers. Additionally, interest in understanding immune checkpoints has facilitated the rapid detection of cancer prognosis from liquid biopsies. Typically, these devices combine various classes of detectors with digital outputs for the measurement of soluble cancer or immune checkpoint (IC) markers from liquid biopsy samples. These sensor devices have two key advantages: (a) a small volume of blood drawn from the patient is sufficient for analysis, and (b) it could aid physicians in quickly selecting and deciding the appropriate therapy regime for the patients (e.g., immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy). In this review, we will provide updates on potential cancer markers, various biosensors in cancer diagnosis, and the corresponding limits of detection, while focusing on biosensor development for IC marker detection.
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Wasilewski, Tomasz, Bartosz Szulczyński, Dominik Dobrzyniewski, Weronika Jakubaszek, Jacek Gębicki, and Wojciech Kamysz. "Development and Assessment of Regeneration Methods for Peptide-Based QCM Biosensors in VOCs Analysis Applications." Biosensors 12, no. 5 (May 7, 2022): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12050309.
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Cleaning a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) plays a crucial role in the regeneration of its biosensors for reuse. Imprecise removal of a receptor layer from a transducer’s surface can lead to unsteady operation during measurements. This article compares three approaches to regeneration of the piezoelectric transducers using the electrochemical, oxygen plasma and Piranha solution methods. Optimization of the cleaning method allowed for evaluation of the influence of cleaning on the surface of regenerated biosensors. The effectiveness of cleaning the QCM transducers with a receptor layer in the form of a peptide with the KLLFDSLTDLKKKMSEC-NH2 sequence was described. Preliminary cleaning was tested for new electrodes to check the potential impact of the cleaning on deposition and the transducer’s operation parameters. The effectiveness of the cleaning was assessed via the measurement of a resonant frequency of the QCM transducers. Based on changes in the resonant frequency and the Sauerbrey equation, it was possible to evaluate the changes in mass adsorption on the transducer’s surface. Moreover, the morphology of the QCM transducer’s surface subjected to the selected cleaning techniques was presented with AFM imaging. The presented results confirm that each method is suitable for peptide-based biosensors cleaning. However, the most invasive seems to be the Piranha method, with the greatest decrease in performance after regeneration cycles (25% after three cycles). The presented techniques were evaluated for their efficiency with respect to a selected volatile compound, which in the future should allow reuse of the biosensors in particular applications, contributing to cost reduction and extension of the sensors’ lifetime.
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Bhardwaj, Tanu, Lakshmi Ramana, and Tarun Sharma. "Current Advancements and Future Road Map to Develop ASSURED Microfluidic Biosensors for Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases." Biosensors 12, no. 5 (May 20, 2022): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12050357.
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Better diagnostics are always essential for the treatment and prevention of a disease. Existing technologies for detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases are mostly tedious, expensive, and do not meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO) ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable to end user) criteria. Hence, more accurate, sensitive, and faster diagnostic technologies that meet the ASSURED criteria are highly required for timely and evidenced-based treatment. Presently, the diagnostics industry is finding interest in microfluidics-based biosensors, as this integration comprises all qualities, such as reduction in the size of the equipment, rapid turnaround time, possibility of parallel multiple analysis or multiplexing, etc. Microfluidics deal with the manipulation/analysis of fluid within micrometer-sized channels. Biosensors comprise biomolecules immobilized on a physicochemical transducer for the detection of a specific analyte. In this review article, we provide an outline of the history of microfluidics, current practices in the selection of materials in microfluidics, and how and where microfluidics-based biosensors have been used for the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Our inclination in this review article is toward the employment of microfluidics-based biosensors for the improvement of already existing/traditional methods in order to reduce efforts without compromising the accuracy of the diagnostic test. This article also suggests the possible improvements required in microfluidic chip-based biosensors in order to meet the ASSURED criteria.
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Bari, Saif Mohammad Ishraq, Faria Binte Hossain, and Gergana G. Nestorova. "Advances in Biosensors Technology for Detection and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 7645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227645.
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Exosomes are extracellular vehicles (EVs) that encapsulate genomic and proteomic material from the cell of origin that can be used as biomarkers for non-invasive disease diagnostics in point of care settings. The efficient and accurate detection, quantification, and molecular profiling of exosomes are crucial for the accurate identification of disease biomarkers. Conventional isolation methods, while well-established, provide the co-purification of proteins and other types of EVs. Exosome purification, characterization, and OMICS analysis are performed separately, which increases the complexity, duration, and cost of the process. Due to these constraints, the point-of-care and personalized analysis of exosomes are limited in clinical settings. Lab-on-a-chip biosensing has enabled the integration of isolation and characterization processes in a single platform. The presented review discusses recent advancements in biosensing technology for the separation and detection of exosomes. Fluorescent, colorimetric, electrochemical, magnetic, and surface plasmon resonance technologies have been developed for the quantification of exosomes in biological fluids. Size-exclusion filtration, immunoaffinity, electroactive, and acoustic-fluid-based technologies were successfully applied for the on-chip isolation of exosomes. The advancement of biosensing technology for the detection of exosomes provides better sensitivity and a reduced signal-to-noise ratio. The key challenge for the integration of clinical settings remains the lack of capabilities for on-chip genomic and proteomic analysis.
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Franco, Fabiane Fantinelli, Richard A. Hogg, and Libu Manjakkal. "Cu2O-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Non-Invasive and Portable Glucose Detection." Biosensors 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12030174.
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Electrochemical voltammetric sensors are some of the most promising types of sensors for monitoring various physiological analytes due to their implementation as non-invasive and portable devices. Advantages in reduced analysis time, cost-effectiveness, selective sensing, and simple techniques with low-powered circuits distinguish voltammetric sensors from other methods. In this work, we developed a Cu2O-based non-enzymatic portable glucose sensor on a graphene paste printed on cellulose cloth. The electron transfer of Cu2O in a NaOH alkaline medium and sweat equivalent solution at very low potential (+0.35 V) enable its implementation as a low-powered portable glucose sensor. The redox mechanism of the electrodes with the analyte solution was confirmed through cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies. The developed biocompatible, disposable, and reproducible sensors showed sensing performance in the range of 0.1 to 1 mM glucose, with a sensitivity of 1082.5 ± 4.7% µA mM−1 cm−2 on Cu2O coated glassy carbon electrode and 182.9 ± 8.83% µA mM−1 cm−2 on Cu2O coated graphene printed electrodes, making them a strong candidate for future portable, non-invasive glucose monitoring devices on biodegradable substrates. For portable applications we demonstrated the sensor on artificial sweat in 0.1 M NaOH solution, indicating the Cu2O nanocluster is selective to glucose from 0.0 to +0.6 V even in the presence of common interference such as urea and NaCl.
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Alfinito, Eleonora, Matteo Beccaria, and Mariangela Ciccarese. "Biosensing Cytokine IL-6: A Comparative Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Receptors." Biosensors 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10090106.
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Cytokines are a family of proteins which play a major role in the regulation of the immune system and the development of several diseases, from rheumatoid arthritis to cancer and, more recently, COVID-19. Therefore, many efforts are currently being developed to improve therapy and diagnosis, as well as to produce inhibitory drugs and biosensors for a rapid, minimally invasive, and effective detection. In this regard, even more efficient cytokine receptors are under investigation. In this paper we analyze a set of IL-6 cytokine receptors, investigating their topological features by means of a theoretical approach. Our results suggest a topological indicator that may help in the identification of those receptors having the highest complementarity with the protein, a feature expected to ensure a stable binding. Furthermore, we propose and discuss the use of these receptors in an idealized experimental setup.
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Ullah, Sadia Fida, Geisianny Moreira, Shoumen Palit Austin Datta, Eric McLamore, and Diana Vanegas. "An Experimental Framework for Developing Point-of-Need Biosensors: Connecting Bio-Layer Interferometry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110938.
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Biolayer interferometry (BLI) is a well-established laboratory technique for studying biomolecular interactions important for applications such as drug development. Currently, there are interesting opportunities for expanding the use of BLI in other fields, including the development of rapid diagnostic tools. To date, there are no detailed frameworks for implementing BLI in target-recognition studies that are pivotal for developing point-of-need biosensors. Here, we attempt to bridge these domains by providing a framework that connects output(s) of molecular interaction studies with key performance indicators used in the development of point-of-need biosensors. First, we briefly review the governing theory for protein-ligand interactions, and we then summarize the approach for real-time kinetic quantification using various techniques. The 2020 PRISMA guideline was used for all governing theory reviews and meta-analyses. Using the information from the meta-analysis, we introduce an experimental framework for connecting outcomes from BLI experiments (KD, kon, koff) with electrochemical (capacitive) biosensor design. As a first step in the development of a larger framework, we specifically focus on mapping BLI outcomes to five biosensor key performance indicators (sensitivity, selectivity, response time, hysteresis, operating range). The applicability of our framework was demonstrated in a study of case based on published literature related to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to show the development of a capacitive biosensor based on truncated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the receptor. The case study focuses on non-specific binding and selectivity as research goals. The proposed framework proved to be an important first step toward modeling/simulation efforts that map molecular interactions to sensor design.
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Ghorbanizamani, Faezeh, Hichem Moulahoum, Emine Guler Celik, Figen Zihnioglu, Tutku Beduk, Tuncay Goksel, Kutsal Turhan, and Suna Timur. "Design of Polymeric Surfaces as Platforms for Streamlined Cancer Diagnostics in Liquid Biopsies." Biosensors 13, no. 3 (March 18, 2023): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13030400.
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Minimally invasive approaches for cancer diagnosis are an integral step in the quest to improve cancer survival. Liquid biopsies such as blood samples are matrices explored to extract valuable information about the tumor and its state through various indicators, such as proteins, peptides, tumor DNA, or circulating tumor cells. Although these markers are scarce, making their isolation and detection in complex matrices challenging, the development in polymer chemistry producing interesting structures, including molecularly imprinted polymers, branched polymers, nanopolymer composites, and hybrids, allowed the development of enhanced platforms with impressive performance for liquid biopsies analysis. This review describes the latest advances and developments in polymer synthesis and their application for minimally invasive cancer diagnosis. The polymer structures improve the operational performances of biosensors through various processes, such as increased affinity for enhanced sensitivity, improved binding, and avoidance of non-specific interactions for enhanced specificity. Furthermore, polymer-based materials can be a tremendous help in signal amplification of usually low-concentrated targets in the sample. The pros and cons of these materials, how the synthesis process affects their performance, and the device applications for liquid biopsies diagnosis will be critically reviewed to show the essentiality of this technology in oncology and clinical biomedicine.
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Bilbao, Emanuel, Octavio Garate, Theo Rodríguez Campos, Mariano Roberti, Mijal Mass, Alex Lozano, Gloria Longinotti, Leandro Monsalve, and Gabriel Ybarra. "Electrochemical Sweat Sensors." Chemosensors 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2023): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11040244.
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Sweat analysis by means of minimally invasive wearable sensors is considered a potentially disruptive method for assessing clinical parameters, with exciting applications in early medical diagnostics and high-performance sports. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors are especially attractive because of the possibility of the electronic integration of wearable devices. In this article, we review several aspects regarding the potentialities and present limitations of electrochemical sweat (bio)sensors, including: the main target analytes and their relationships with clinical conditions; most usual electrochemical techniques of transduction used according to the nature of the target analytes; issues connected to the collection of representative sweat samples; aspects regarding the associated, miniaturized electronic instrumentation used for signal processing and communication; and signal processing by machine learning.
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Oldak, Lukasz, Sylwia Chludzinska-Kasperuk, Patrycja Milewska, Kamil Grubczak, Joanna Reszec, and Ewa Gorodkiewicz. "Laminin-5, Fibronectin, and Type IV Collagen as Potential Biomarkers of Brain Glioma Malignancy." Biomedicines 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 2290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10092290.
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The presented work is based on the quantification of LN-5, FN, and COL IV in blood plasma as potential biomarkers in patients diagnosed with glioma in grades G1 to G4. The obtained concentration results were compared with the protein content in the control group, which consisted of smokers of different ages. The obtained results were statistically analysed and interpreted based on the available clinical description. Quantitative determinations of LN-5, FN, and COL IV were performed with the use of SPRi biosensors specific to the tested proteins. Comparing groups K and G4, as well as G2 and G4, statistically significant relationships between changes in the concentration of individual proteins, were observed. The analysis showed significant correlations between FN and LN-5, between FN and COL IV, and between LN-5 and COL IV. There was a moderate positive correlation between individual proteins and the age of the patient. The ROC analysis distinguished patients with advanced disease from the control group. The results of the research show that LN-5, FN, and COL IV are effective biomarkers of brain glioma that may be helpful in non-invasive diagnosis and determining the grade of the disease.
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Lee, Minhyuk, Seungjae Kang, Sungjee Kim, and Nokyoung Park. "Advances and Trends in miRNA Analysis Using DNAzyme-Based Biosensors." Biosensors 13, no. 9 (August 29, 2023): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13090856.
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miRNAs are endogenous small, non-coding RNA molecules that function in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Because miRNA plays a pivotal role in maintaining the intracellular environment, and abnormal expression has been found in many cancer diseases, detection of miRNA as a biomarker is important for early diagnosis of disease and study of miRNA function. However, because miRNA is present in extremely low concentrations in cells and many types of miRNAs with similar sequences are mixed, traditional gene detection methods are not suitable for miRNA detection. Therefore, in order to overcome this limitation, a signal amplification process is essential for high sensitivity. In particular, enzyme-free signal amplification systems such as DNAzyme systems have been developed for miRNA analysis with high specificity. DNAzymes have the advantage of being more stable in the physiological environment than enzymes, easy to chemically synthesize, and biocompatible. In this review, we summarize and introduce the methods using DNAzyme-based biosensors, especially with regard to various signal amplification methods for high sensitivity and strategies for improving detection specificity. We also discuss the current challenges and trends of these DNAzyme-based biosensors.
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Chen, Chen, Yanxia Chen, Zhiwei Chen, and Lei Qin. "The Study and Application of Nanosilica Biosensor for Sweat Detection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2539, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2539/1/012013.
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Abstract Sweat analysis is a non-invasive, simple, and convenient means of disease detection, which is extremely useful in human daily supervision. This work demonstrates the design of the nanosilica biosensor for simple, sensitive, and low-cost colorimetric sensing of glucose and pH in sweat. The nanosilica biosensing interface was prepared by chemical vapor deposition, surface modification, superwettable patterning, and sensing regions functionalization. The nanosilica substrate has high mechanical robustness and is stable enough as a biosensing platform. Colorimetric tests enable direct naked-eye observation monitoring of sweat indicators like pH and glucose without the need for electrical or optical apparatus. This will greatly enhance the convenience and reduce costs. The design of a biosensing platform will be made possible by the nanosilica biosensor, which also has significant promise for applications in clinical detection and multicomponent biosensing.
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Silva, Luiz, Jéssica Stefano, Luiz Orzari, Laís Brazaca, Emanuel Carrilho, Luiz Marcolino-Junior, Marcio Bergamini, Rodrigo Munoz, and Bruno Janegitz. "Electrochemical Biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 cDNA Detection Using AuPs-Modified 3D-Printed Graphene Electrodes." Biosensors 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12080622.
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A low-cost and disposable graphene polylactic (G-PLA) 3D-printed electrode modified with gold particles (AuPs) was explored to detect the cDNA of SARS-CoV-2 and creatinine, a potential biomarker for COVID-19. For that, a simple, non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor, based on a Au-modified G-PLA platform was applied. The AuPs deposited on the electrode were involved in a complexation reaction with creatinine, resulting in a decrease in the analytical response, and thus providing a fast and simple electroanalytical device. Physicochemical characterizations were performed by SEM, EIS, FTIR, and cyclic voltammetry. Square wave voltammetry was employed for the creatinine detection, and the sensor presented a linear response with a detection limit of 0.016 mmol L−1. Finally, a biosensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 was developed based on the immobilization of a capture sequence of the viral cDNA upon the Au-modified 3D-printed electrode. The concentration, immobilization time, and hybridization time were evaluated in presence of the DNA target, resulting in a biosensor with rapid and low-cost analysis, capable of sensing the cDNA of the virus with a good limit of detection (0.30 µmol L−1), and high sensitivity (0.583 µA µmol−1 L). Reproducible results were obtained (RSD = 1.14%, n = 3), attesting to the potentiality of 3D-printed platforms for the production of biosensors.
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Shinde, Pooja Ramesh, and Vipul Patel. "Core Concept Of Bioelectronic Medicine And Their Theranostic Application In Cancer." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 15, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 6095–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2022.15.4.10.
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Bioelectronic medicine is a way of treating in which the electrical communication networks of the body are altered to treat disease. Bioelectric circuitry in every cell creates a resting membrane potential as well as endogenous electric fields that regulate cell function and communication. The theory that cancer is caused by bioelectrical circuitry malfunctions in cells is now widely acknowledged. This opens up the possibility of using bioelectronic medicine to develop new cancer treatments by influencing the disease's bioelectrical properties. To meet societal and technical obstacles, today's individuals aspire to better their quality of life. So, in the midst of all of this, bioelectronic medicine has altered the way we practice medicine and has proven to dramatically enhance healthcare outcomes. This technique employs a variety of procedures, such as neuromodulation, to treat a specific disease, ailment, or damage. Interfacing electronics with nerves to specifically target the biological processes underlying diseases. In cancer, screening and early detection are crucial for the patient's therapy to be successful and for the patient's survival percentage to grow. For illness diagnosis, therapy, and follow-up, the development of analytical methods for non-invasive detection through the analysis of cancer biomarkers is crucial. Tumor biomarkers are substances or processes that indicate the existence of cancer in the body in clinical situations. These biomarkers can be detected using biosensors, which are popular alternatives to traditional approaches due to their speed, accuracy, and point-of-care applicability. Here we have discussed the consequences of current cancer treatments and bioelectronic medicine a combat for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Oldak, Lukasz, Patrycja Milewska, Sylwia Chludzinska-Kasperuk, Kamil Grubczak, Joanna Reszec, and Ewa Gorodkiewicz. "Cathepsin B, D and S as Potential Biomarkers of Brain Glioma Malignancy." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 6763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226763.
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Brain gliomas constitute the vast majority of malignant tumors of the nervous system. There is still a lack of fast, reliable and non-invasive methods of diagnostics. Our work focuses on the quantification of cathepsin B, D and S in glioma. The research was conducted with the use of SPRi biosensors sensitive to individual cathepsins. Changes in the quantity of selected cathepsins (cathepsins B, D and S), depending on the advancement of glioma and the presence or absence of important features or comorbidities in the selected patient, were examined. The results were statistically analyzed and interpreted based on the available clinical description. Statistical significance was observed in the difference in the concentration of the studied cathepsins, mainly between the groups Control and G3/G4 and G1/G2 and G3/G4. The strength of the correlation between the concentrations of individual cathepsins and the age of the patient and the size of the tumor, as well as the correlation between individual proteins, was investigated. The influence of IDH 1/2 status on the concentration of determined cathepsins was investigated and ROC analysis was performed. As a result of our research, we have developed a method for the diagnosis of brain glioma that allows us to distinguish grades G1/G2 from G3/G4 and the control group from G3/G4. We found an average positive correlation between the concentrations of the proteins tested and the age of the patient and a high positive correlation between the cathepsins tested. Comparative analysis of the effect of the presence of IDH 1/2 mutations on the number of proteins tested allowed us to demonstrate that the cathepsins assayed can be independent markers.
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Pal, Anil K., Nicholas J. Goddard, Hazel J. Dixon, and Ruchi Gupta. "A Self-Referenced Diffraction-Based Optical Leaky Waveguide Biosensor Using Photofunctionalised Hydrogels." Biosensors 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10100134.
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We report a novel self-referenced diffraction-based leaky waveguide (LW) comprising a thin (~2 µm) film of a photofunctionalisable hydrogel created by covalent attachment of a biotinylated photocleavable linker to chitosan. Streptavidin attached to the chitosan via the photocleavable linker was selectively removed by shining 365 nm light through a photomask to create an array of strips with high and low loading of the protein, which served as sensor and reference regions respectively. The differential measurements between sensor and reference regions were used for measuring analytes (i.e., biotin protein A and IgG) while reducing environmental and non-specific effects. These include changes in temperature and sample composition caused by non-adsorbing and adsorbing species, leading to reduction in effects by ~98%, ~99%, and ~97% respectively compared to the absolute measurements. The novelty of this work lies in combining photofunctionalisable hydrogels with diffraction-based LWs for referencing. This is needed to realise the full potential of label-free optical biosensors to measure analyte concentrations in real samples that are complex mixtures, and to allow for sample analysis outside of laboratories where drifts and fluctuations in temperature are observed.
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Sharif, Mhd Saeed, Madhav Raj Theeng Tamang, Cynthia H. Y. Fu, Aaron Baker, Ahmed Ibrahim Alzahrani, and Nasser Alalwan. "An Innovative Random-Forest-Based Model to Assess the Health Impacts of Regular Commuting Using Non-Invasive Wearable Sensors." Sensors 23, no. 6 (March 20, 2023): 3274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063274.
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Regular commutes to work can cause chronic stress, which in turn can cause a physical and emotional reaction. The recognition of mental stress in its earliest stages is very necessary for effective clinical treatment. This study investigated the impact of commuting on human health based on qualitative and quantitative measures. The quantitative measures included electroencephalography (EEG) and blood pressure (BP), as well as weather temperature, while qualitative measures were established from the PANAS questionnaire, and included age, height, medication, alcohol status, weight, and smoking status. This study recruited 45 (n) healthy adults, including 18 female and 27 male participants. The modes of commute were bus (n = 8), driving (n = 6), cycling (n = 7), train (n = 9), tube (n = 13), and both bus and train (n = 2). The participants wore non-invasive wearable biosensor technology to measure EEG and blood pressure during their morning commute for 5 days in a row. A correlation analysis was applied to find the significant features associated with stress, as measured by a reduction in positive ratings in the PANAS. This study created a prediction model using random forest, support vector machine, naive Bayes, and K-nearest neighbor. The research results show that blood pressure and EEG beta waves were significantly increased, and the positive PANAS rating decreased from 34.73 to 28.60. The experiments revealed that measured systolic blood pressure was higher post commute than before the commute. For EEG waves, the model shows that the EEG beta low power exceeded alpha low power after the commute. Having a fusion of several modified decision trees within the random forest helped increase the performance of the developed model remarkably. Significant promising results were achieved using random forest with an accuracy of 91%, while K-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, and naive Bayes performed with an accuracy of 80%, 80%, and 73%, respectively.
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Selvam, Kasturi, Mohamad Ahmad Najib, Muhammad Fazli Khalid, Mehmet Ozsoz, and Ismail Aziah. "CRISPR-Cas Systems-Based Bacterial Detection: A Scoping Review." Diagnostics 12, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12061335.
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Recently, CRISPR-Cas system-based assays for bacterial detection have been developed. The aim of this scoping review is to map existing evidence on the utilization of CRISPR-Cas systems in the development of bacterial detection assays. A literature search was conducted using three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library) and manual searches through the references of identified full texts based on a PROSPERO-registered protocol (CRD42021289140). Studies on bacterial detection using CRISPR-Cas systems that were published before October 2021 were retrieved. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) qualitative checklist was used to assess the risk of bias for all the included studies. Of the 420 studies identified throughout the search, 46 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. Bacteria from 17 genera were identified utilising CRISPR-Cas systems. Most of the bacteria came from genera such as Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Salmonella, Listeria, Mycobacterium and Streptococcus. Cas12a (64%) is the most often used Cas enzyme in bacterial detection, followed by Cas13a (13%), and Cas9 (11%). To improve the signal of detection, 83% of the research exploited Cas enzymes’ trans-cleavage capabilities to cut tagged reporter probes non-specifically. Most studies used the extraction procedure, whereas only 17% did not. In terms of amplification methods, isothermal reactions were employed in 66% of the studies, followed by PCR (23%). Fluorescence detection (67%) was discovered to be the most commonly used method, while lateral flow biosensors (13%), electrochemical biosensors (11%), and others (9%) were found to be less commonly used. Most of the studies (39) used specific bacterial nucleic acid sequences as a target, while seven used non-nucleic acid targets, including aptamers and antibodies particular to the bacteria under investigation. The turnaround time of the 46 studies was 30 min to 4 h. The limit of detection (LoD) was evaluated in three types of concentration, which include copies per mL, CFU per mL and molarity. Most of the studies used spiked samples (78%) rather than clinical samples (22%) to determine LoD. This review identified the gap in clinical accuracy evaluation of the CRISPR-Cas system in bacterial detection. More research is needed to assess the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of amplification-free CRISPR-Cas systems in bacterial detection for nucleic acid-based tests.
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Sanchez, Jose Ignacio. "(Digital Presentation) Biosensors Optimizing Measurement of the Multidirectional Knee Dynamic Mobility, and Clinical Assessment of Joint Instabilities." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 61 (October 9, 2022): 2263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02612263mtgabs.
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The knee is a complex joint, with intrinsic and extrinsic stability mechanisms, as well as a complex muscular interaction that allows controlled mobility during gait, and since it is a weight-bearing joint, its function is directly subject to the development of the knee. gait as a physiological action, therefore the assessment of the knee as part of gait is essential for the understanding of mobility in the 3 planes of movement dynamically, as well as the alterations that can occur due to structural injuries of the knee, as well as gait due to muscular or neuromuscular alteration. One of the most frequent traumatic injuries in the general population and therefore with great impact on normal gait is the anterior cruciate ligament injury in the knee, and since these injuries can have sequelae during the rest of life they are of great Importance, the incidence of these injuries is estimated at 200,000 cases per year in the United States, and since few countries keep systemic incidence records, these data are not local, but in these countries the incidence is Germany 32 per 100,000 and 29 per 100.00 in USA (Singh, 2018). In addition, ruptures may occur in the same individuals, which are attributed mainly to incomplete diagnoses with poor characterization of the injury, or the instability that it produced, and therefore incomplete treatment of the injury, errors in surgical technique, or an insufficient rehabilitation with lack of strength (Csintalan, 2008). The evaluation of gait alterations is carried out in 2 diametrically opposed environments, the first one is research, where assessment is carried out with tools such as gait analysis or dynamic goniometry, and the second one is the clinical environment, where it is done a subjective and poorly standardized assessment that does not allow adequate integration of diagnosis and treatment. Joint stability assessment and diagnosis strategies are found in a wide range of options, from the assessment of subjective parameters, referred by the patient, static and passive measurements of joint laxity, or postural balance tests (Hatfield, Hammond, & Hunt, 2015), but none of these strategies allows a quantification of stability during activities such as walking (Knoop et al., 2012). Gait analysis allows assessment of knee function and estimating joint stability (Protopapadaki, Drechsler, Cramp, Coutts, & Scott, 2007). The interpretation of joint mobility implies a challenge since analyzing joint dynamics in vivo requires invasive methods, also in joints such as the knee that have intrinsic and extrinsic stability mechanisms, as well as involuntary compensatory mechanisms, which depend on the supported nervous system (Van Tunen et al., 2018). Assessing the joint stability of the knee in clinical practice, and research scenarios, is widely supported by the subjective instability reported by patients, this symptom, although subjective, is one that is related to gait disturbances, due to pain, and instability (Schrijvers et al., 2019), however, the lack of generally accepted parameters for assessing stability makes it difficult to compare results between studies (Farrokhi et al., 2014). The implementation of biosensors, to improve and simplify the Knee movement and clinical assessment has a potential huge impact in the clinical environment due to its high incidence, and on the cost to the Health system not only because the proposed system is inexpensive, but also because of the high incidence of underdiagnosis as a frequent cause of surgery failure. Contrasting all these perspectives (Ahldén et al., 2012) indicates that one of the biggest problems is the lack of a gold standard, since clinical manual evaluation is the basis for diagnosis and treatment, but is subjective in interpretation and performance, and the integration of different dynamic analysis models have not provided a standardized, validated and reproducible pattern. The objective of this study was to assess an electro goniometer used combining different biosensors including a multidirectional electro goniometry and surface electromyography to allow an evaluation not only of the movement and displacement of the knee, in a wholesome manner, but also have information about compensation mechanisms, and reflex and involuntary activation of the quadriceps, and How efficient it is, which will help evaluate not only the instability itself but also when it is successfully compensated and when it should be necessary a surgical intervention. The interaction between multiple biosensors allows us to get a reading that is not only dynamic but also more accurate and allows assessment of different activities, and a better comprehension of the individual evaluation of each knee, and different instability patterns due to the multiple possible combination of simultaneous ligamentary, chondral, meniscal, and capsular injuries.
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Dudani, Jaideep S., Maria Ibrahim, Jesse Kirkpatrick, Andrew D. Warren, and Sangeeta N. Bhatia. "Classification of prostate cancer using a protease activity nanosensor library." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 36 (August 20, 2018): 8954–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805337115.
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Improved biomarkers are needed for prostate cancer, as the current gold standards have poor predictive value. Tests for circulating prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels are susceptible to various noncancer comorbidities in the prostate and do not provide prognostic information, whereas physical biopsies are invasive, must be performed repeatedly, and only sample a fraction of the prostate. Injectable biosensors may provide a new paradigm for prostate cancer biomarkers by querying the status of the prostate via a noninvasive readout. Proteases are an important class of enzymes that play a role in every hallmark of cancer; their activities could be leveraged as biomarkers. We identified a panel of prostate cancer proteases through transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Using this panel, we developed a nanosensor library that measures protease activity in vitro using fluorescence and in vivo using urinary readouts. In xenograft mouse models, we applied this nanosensor library to classify aggressive prostate cancer and to select predictive substrates. Last, we coformulated a subset of nanosensors with integrin-targeting ligands to increase sensitivity. These targeted nanosensors robustly classified prostate cancer aggressiveness and outperformed PSA. This activity-based nanosensor library could be useful throughout clinical management of prostate cancer, with both diagnostic and prognostic utility.
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Zharskaia, Nina A., Anastasia I. Solomatina, Yu-Chan Liao, Ekaterina E. Galenko, Alexander F. Khlebnikov, Pi-Tai Chou, Pavel S. Chelushkin, and Sergey P. Tunik. "Aggregation-Induced Ignition of Near-Infrared Phosphorescence of Non-Symmetric [Pt(C^N*N’^C’)] Complex in Poly(caprolactone)-based Block Copolymer Micelles: Evaluating the Alternative Design of Near-Infrared Oxygen Biosensors." Biosensors 12, no. 9 (August 28, 2022): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12090695.
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In the present work, we described the preparation and characterization of the micelles based on amphiphilic poly(ε-caprolactone-block-ethylene glycol) block copolymer (PCL-b-PEG) loaded with non-symmetric [Pt(C^N*N’^C’)] complex (Pt1) (where C^N*N’^C’: 6-(phenyl(6-(thiophene-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)-2-(tyophene-2-yl)nicotinate). The obtained nanospecies displayed the ignition of near-infrared (NIR) phosphorescence upon an increase in the content of the platinum complexes in the micelles, which acted as the major emission component at 12 wt.% of Pt1. Emergence of the NIR band at 780 nm was also accompanied by a 3-fold growth of the quantum yield and an increase in the two-photon absorption cross-section that reached the value of 450 GM. Both effects are believed to be the result of progressive platinum complex aggregation inside hydrophobic poly(caprolactone) cores of block copolymer micelles, which has been ascribed to aggregation induced emission (AIE). The resulting phosphorescent (Pt1@PCL-b-PEG) micelles demonstrated pronounced sensitivity towards molecular oxygen, the key intracellular bioanalyte. The detailed photophysical analysis of the AIE phenomena revealed that the NIR emission most probably occurred due to the excimeric excited state of the 3MMLCT character. Evaluation of the Pt1@PCL-b-PEG efficacy as a lifetime intracellular oxygen biosensor carried out in CHO-K1 live cells demonstrated the linear response of the probe emission lifetime towards this analyte accompanied by a pronounced influence of serum albumin on the lifetime response. Nevertheless, Pt1@PCL-b-PEG can serve as a semi-quantitative lifetime oxygen nanosensor. The key result of this study consists of the demonstration of an alternative approach for the preparation of NIR biosensors by taking advantage of in situ generation of NIR emission due to the nanoconfined aggregation of Pt (II) complexes inside the micellar nanocarriers.
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Park, Yunjeong, Min-Sung Hong, Woo-Hyuk Lee, Jung-Gu Kim, and Kyunghoon Kim. "Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Aptasensor for Detecting the VEGF165 Tumor Marker with PANI/CNT Nanocomposites." Biosensors 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11040114.
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Sensing targeted tumor markers with high sensitivity provides vital information for the fast diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. A vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) have recently emerged as a promising biomarker of tumor cells. The electrochemical aptasensor is a promising tool for detecting VEGF165 because of its advantages such as a low cost and quantitative analysis. To produce a sensitive and stable sensor electrode, nanocomposites based on polyaniline (PANI) and carbon nanotube (CNT) have potential, as they provide for easy fabrication, simple synthesis, have a large surface area, and are suitable in biological environments. Here, a label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on nanocomposites of CNT and PANI was prepared for detecting VEGF165 as a tumor marker. The nanocomposite was assembled with immobilized VEGF165 aptamer as a highly sensitive VEGF165 sensor. It exhibited stable and wide linear detection ranges from 0.5 pg/mL to 1 μg/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.4 pg/mL because of the complementary effect of PANI/CNT. The fabricated aptasensor also exhibited good stability in biological conditions, selectivity, and reproducibility after several measurement times after the dissociation process. Thus, it could be applied for the non-invasive determination of VEGF, in biological fluid diagnosis kits, or in an aptamer-based biosensor platform in the near future.
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Momeni, Nika, Kayla Javadifar, Maria A. Patrick, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan, and Farhana Chowdhury. "Review on Gold Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors in Clinical and Non-Clinical Applications." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.07.01.2022.01.
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Gold nanoparticles (GNP) acquire unique properties that have made significant contributions to clinical and non-clinical fields, specifically in the application of GNP’s for designing biosensor devices in which exhibit novel functional properties. Many properties of GNP’s are reviewed in this literature including optical properties, biocompatibility, conductivity, catalytic properties, high surface-to-volume ratio, and high density of the GNPs, that make them excellent in the application of constructing GNP-based biosensors. This literature review covers a specific comparison between the optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors, as these are the three most common GNP-based biosensors. Optical biosensors are optimal due to their ability to cater to surface modification, which then leads to the ability for selective bonding. Furthermore, with the use of GNP and the sensor's non-invasive and non-toxic method of use, high-resolution images and signals can be formed. The sensitivity and specificity of electrochemical biosensors with the conductivity of GNPs, the electrodes of this stable biosensor can detect tumour markers in the human body. Piezoelectric biosensors are mass sensitive sensors and with the use of GNP, it amplifies the changes in mass. Through this, these sensors progress to be immunosensors which determine microorganisms and macromolecular compounds. As well, this review will conclude with an outline of present and future research recommendations for real-world application of the three GNP-based biosensors discussed.
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NAGAMINE, Kuniaki, Ayako NOMURA, Yusuke ICHIMURA, Ryota IZAWA, Shiori SASAKI, Hiroyuki FURUSAWA, Hiroyuki MATSUI, and Shizuo TOKITO. "Printed Organic Transistor-based Biosensors for Non-invasive Sweat Analysis." Analytical Sciences 36, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.19r007.
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Li, Bowen. "Recent Progress on Non-invasive Wearable Epidermal Biosensors." Theoretical and Natural Science 4, no. 1 (April 28, 2023): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/4/20220536.
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Wearable biosensors have the potential to provide valuable information about our physiological states and transform traditional healthcare. Compared to traditional blood sampling, on-body analysis of non-invasive biofluids can offer continuous and painless monitoring of relevant biomarkers. Recent developments in epidermal sensors feature integrated systems capable of sensing multiple factors while providing easy readout and great skin conformity. Innovative solutions based on advanced material fabrication and novel designs have also emerged to address challenges such as power, sensor sensitivity and selectivity, and communication. As a result, more possibilities have emerged to develop sophisticated integrations with more functionalities, optimized skin conformity, and less disruption of daily routine. While sensing performance and functions continue to improve, attention should also be drawn to practical problems such as biofouling, contamination, and complex composition dynamics. Moreover, although past and current research have highlighted studies investigating the use of sweat in diagnostics, more evidence of correlations between sweat biomarker levels and physiological conditions is needed to promote the utility of these systems.
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Falk, Magnus, Carolin Psotta, Stefan Cirovic, and Sergey Shleev. "Non-Invasive Electrochemical Biosensors Operating in Human Physiological Fluids." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 7, 2020): 6352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216352.
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Non-invasive healthcare technologies are an important part of research and development nowadays due to the low cost and convenience offered to both healthcare receivers and providers. This work overviews the recent advances in the field of non-invasive electrochemical biosensors operating in secreted human physiological fluids, viz. tears, sweat, saliva, and urine. Described electrochemical devices are based on different electrochemical techniques, viz. amperometry, coulometry, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy. Challenges that confront researchers in this exciting area and key requirements for biodevices are discussed. It is concluded that the field of non-invasive sensing of biomarkers in bodily fluid is highly convoluted. Nonetheless, if the drawbacks are appropriately addressed, and the pitfalls are adroitly circumvented, the approach will most certainly disrupt current clinical and self-monitoring practices.
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Yadav, Amit K., Damini Verma, Reena K. Sajwan, Mrinal Poddar, Sumit K. Yadav, Awadhesh Kumar Verma, and Pratima R. Solanki. "Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Nanodiagnostics for Human and Gut Metabolites Diagnostics: Recent Advances and Challenges." Biosensors 12, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12090733.
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Metabolites are the intermediatory products of metabolic processes catalyzed by numerous enzymes found inside the cells. Detecting clinically relevant metabolites is important to understand their physiological and biological functions along with the evolving medical diagnostics. Rapid advances in detecting the tiny metabolites such as biomarkers that signify disease hallmarks have an immense need for high-performance identifying techniques. Low concentrations are found in biological fluids because the metabolites are difficult to dissolve in an aqueous medium. Therefore, the selective and sensitive study of metabolites as biomarkers in biological fluids is problematic. The different non-electrochemical and conventional methods need a long time of analysis, long sampling, high maintenance costs, and costly instrumentation. Hence, employing electrochemical techniques in clinical examination could efficiently meet the requirements of fully automated, inexpensive, specific, and quick means of biomarker detection. The electrochemical methods are broadly utilized in several emerging and established technologies, and electrochemical biosensors are employed to detect different metabolites. This review describes the advancement in electrochemical sensors developed for clinically associated human metabolites, including glucose, lactose, uric acid, urea, cholesterol, etc., and gut metabolites such as TMAO, TMA, and indole derivatives. Different sensing techniques are evaluated for their potential to achieve relevant degrees of multiplexing, specificity, and sensitivity limits. Moreover, we have also focused on the opportunities and remaining challenges for integrating the electrochemical sensor into the point-of-care (POC) devices.
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Ye, Shun, Shilun Feng, Liang Huang, and Shengtai Bian. "Recent Progress in Wearable Biosensors: From Healthcare Monitoring to Sports Analytics." Biosensors 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10120205.
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Recent advances in lab-on-a-chip technology establish solid foundations for wearable biosensors. These newly emerging wearable biosensors are capable of non-invasive, continuous monitoring by miniaturization of electronics and integration with microfluidics. The advent of flexible electronics, biochemical sensors, soft microfluidics, and pain-free microneedles have created new generations of wearable biosensors that explore brand-new avenues to interface with the human epidermis for monitoring physiological status. However, these devices are relatively underexplored for sports monitoring and analytics, which may be largely facilitated by the recent emergence of wearable biosensors characterized by real-time, non-invasive, and non-irritating sensing capacities. Here, we present a systematic review of wearable biosensing technologies with a focus on materials and fabrication strategies, sampling modalities, sensing modalities, as well as key analytes and wearable biosensing platforms for healthcare and sports monitoring with an emphasis on sweat and interstitial fluid biosensing. This review concludes with a summary of unresolved challenges and opportunities for future researchers interested in these technologies. With an in-depth understanding of the state-of-the-art wearable biosensing technologies, wearable biosensors for sports analytics would have a significant impact on the rapidly growing field—microfluidics for biosensing.
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Nagamine, Kuniaki, Hiroyuki Matsui, and Shizuo Tokito. "(Invited) Development of the Hydrogel-Based Biosensors for Non-Invasive Perspiration Analysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, no. 44 (November 23, 2020): 2798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-02442798mtgabs.
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Senf, Brian, Woon-Hong Yeo, and Jong-Hoon Kim. "Recent Advances in Portable Biosensors for Biomarker Detection in Body Fluids." Biosensors 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10090127.
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A recent development in portable biosensors allows rapid, accurate, and on-site detection of biomarkers, which helps to prevent disease spread by the control of sources. Less invasive sample collection is necessary to use portable biosensors in remote environments for accurate on-site diagnostics and testing. For non- or minimally invasive sampling, easily accessible body fluids, such as saliva, sweat, blood, or urine, have been utilized. It is also imperative to find accurate biomarkers to provide better clinical intervention and treatment at the onset of disease. At the same time, these reliable biomarkers can be utilized to monitor the progress of the disease. In this review, we summarize the most recent development of portable biosensors to detect various biomarkers accurately. In addition, we discuss ongoing issues and limitations of the existing systems and methods. Lastly, we present the key requirements of portable biosensors and discuss ideas for functional enhancements.
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Kim, Namdoo, Seunghan Shin, and Se Won Bae. "cAMP Biosensors Based on Genetically Encoded Fluorescent/Luminescent Proteins." Biosensors 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11020039.
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a key role in signal transduction pathways as a second messenger. Studies on the cAMP dynamics provided useful scientific insights for drug development and treatment of cAMP-related diseases such as some cancers and prefrontal cortex disorders. For example, modulation of cAMP-mediated intracellular signaling pathways by anti-tumor drugs could reduce tumor growth. However, most early stage tools used for measuring the cAMP level in living organisms require cell disruption, which is not appropriate for live cell imaging or animal imaging. Thus, in the last decades, tools were developed for real-time monitoring of cAMP distribution or signaling dynamics in a non-invasive manner. Genetically-encoded sensors based on fluorescent proteins and luciferases could be powerful tools to overcome these drawbacks. In this review, we discuss the recent genetically-encoded cAMP sensors advances, based on single fluorescent protein (FP), Föster resonance energy transfer (FRET), single luciferase, and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) for real-time non-invasive imaging.
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Shen, Yutong, Chengkun Liu, Haijun He, Mengdi Zhang, Hao Wang, Keyu Ji, Liang Wei, Xue Mao, Runjun Sun, and Fenglei Zhou. "Recent Advances in Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Detection of Human Lactate." Biosensors 12, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12121164.
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Lactate, a crucial product of the anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates in the human body, is of enormous significance in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and scientific exercise management. The level of lactate in the bio-fluid is a crucial health indicator because it is related to diseases, such as hypoxia, metabolic disorders, renal failure, heart failure, and respiratory failure. For critically ill patients and those who need to regularly control lactate levels, it is vital to develop a non-invasive wearable sensor to detect lactate levels in matrices other than blood. Due to its high sensitivity, high selectivity, low detection limit, simplicity of use, and ability to identify target molecules in the presence of interfering chemicals, biosensing is a potential analytical approach for lactate detection that has received increasing attention. Various types of wearable lactate biosensors are reviewed in this paper, along with their preparation, key properties, and commonly used flexible substrate materials including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), paper, and textiles. Key performance indicators, including sensitivity, linear detection range, and detection limit, are also compared. The challenges for future development are also summarized, along with some recommendations for the future development of lactate biosensors.
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Ullah, Sana, Riazul Islam, Ahasanun Nessa, Yingji Zhong, and Kyung Sup Kwak. "Performance Analysis of Preamble-Based TDMA Protocol for Wireless Body Area Network." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 4, no. 3 (September 22, 2008): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v4i3.221.
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A wireless body area network (WBAN) allows the integration of low power, invasive or non-invasive miniaturized sensors around a human body. Each intelligent sensor has enough capability to analyze and process the physiological parameters and to forward all the information to a central intelligent node for disease management, diagnosis and prescription. The data transmission rate of various biosensors is heterogeneous. Furthermore, the limited energy resources and computational power of these sensors have urged the development of low power energy efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol. This paper studies the performance of Preamble-Based time division multiple access (PB-TDMA) protocol for a heterogeneous non-invasive WBAN. Simulation results show that the performance of PB-TDMA protocol outperforms S-MAC and IEEE 802.11 DCF in terms of throughput and power consumption.
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Tang, Liu, Shwu Jen Chang, Ching-Jung Chen, and Jen-Tsai Liu. "Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Technology: A Review." Sensors 20, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 6925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236925.
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In recent years, with the rise of global diabetes, a growing number of subjects are suffering from pain and infections caused by the invasive nature of mainstream commercial glucose meters. Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technology has become an international research topic and a new method which could bring relief to a vast number of patients. This paper reviews the research progress and major challenges of non-invasive blood glucose detection technology in recent years, and divides it into three categories: optics, microwave and electrochemistry, based on the detection principle. The technology covers medical, materials, optics, electromagnetic wave, chemistry, biology, computational science and other related fields. The advantages and limitations of non-invasive and invasive technologies as well as electrochemistry and optics in non-invasives are compared horizontally in this paper. In addition, the current research achievements and limitations of non-invasive electrochemical glucose sensing systems in continuous monitoring, point-of-care and clinical settings are highlighted, so as to discuss the development tendency in future research. With the rapid development of wearable technology and transdermal biosensors, non-invasive blood glucose monitoring will become more efficient, affordable, robust, and more competitive on the market.
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Quinchia, Jennifer, Danilo Echeverri, Andrés Cruz-Pacheco, María Maldonado, and Jahir Orozco. "Electrochemical Biosensors for Determination of Colorectal Tumor Biomarkers." Micromachines 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11040411.
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The accurate determination of specific tumor markers associated with cancer with non-invasive or minimally invasive procedures is the most promising approach to improve the long-term survival of cancer patients and fight against the high incidence and mortality of this disease. Quantification of biomarkers at different stages of the disease can lead to an appropriate and instantaneous therapeutic action. In this context, the determination of biomarkers by electrochemical biosensors is at the forefront of cancer diagnosis research because of their unique features such as their versatility, fast response, accurate quantification, and amenability for multiplexing and miniaturization. In this review, after briefly discussing the relevant aspects and current challenges in the determination of colorectal tumor markers, it will critically summarize the development of electrochemical biosensors to date to this aim, highlighting the enormous potential of these devices to be incorporated into the clinical practice. Finally, it will focus on the remaining challenges and opportunities to bring electrochemical biosensors to the point-of-care testing.