Journal articles: 'Non-Embryonic development'

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Hanlon, Caitlin D., and Deborah J. Andrew. "Drosophila FoxL1 non-autonomously coordinates organ placement during embryonic development." Developmental Biology 419, no. 2 (November 2016): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.007.

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Yamauchi, Yasuhiro, Jeffrey A. Shaman, and W. Steven Ward. "Non-genetic contributions of the sperm nucleus to embryonic development." Asian Journal of Andrology 13, no. 1 (October 18, 2010): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/aja.2010.75.

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Silva, Elisa Sant'Anna Monteiro da, José Carlos de Figueiredo Pantoja, José Nicolau Próspero Puoli, and Cezinande Meira. "Ultrasonography of the conceptus development from days 15 to 60 of pregnancy in non-cyclic recipient mares." Ciência Rural 45, no. 3 (March 2015): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140517.

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The present study evaluated the development of equine conceptus transferred to non-cyclic recipient mares treated with altrenogest. Twenty four mares were used as embryo recipients during the ovulatory phase (Control group; n=8) or anestrus/transitional phases (Altrenogest group; n=16) and were evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography, at five day intervals, to monitor the development of embryonic vesicles from 15 to 45 days of pregnancy and embryo proper/fetus from 20 to 60 days. Embryonic vesicle's features such as shape, embryo location within the vesicle and umbilical cord development were similar between cyclic and non-cyclic recipient mares. The embryonic vesicle and embryo proper/fetus growth was significant (P<0.05) between 15 and 60 days of gestation in Altrenogest and Control groups, except for days 20 to 30, where embryonic vesicle growth decrease was observed (P>0.05). The embryonic vesicle and embryo proper/fetus growth was similar (P>0.05) when gestational days were compared between groups. The similarity in conceptus growth between cyclic and non-cyclic recipient mares during early pregnancy indicates that the uterine environment of non-cyclic recipient mares treated with progestins provides similar conditions for the development of transferred embryos

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Al-Roubaie, Sarah, Espen D. Jahnsen, Masud Mohammed, Caitlin Henderson-Toth, and Elizabeth A. V. Jones. "Rheology of embryonic avian blood." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 301, no. 6 (December 2011): H2473—H2481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00475.2011.

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Shear stress, a mechanical force created by blood flow, is known to affect the developing cardiovascular system. Shear stress is a function of both shear rate and viscosity. While established techniques for measuring shear rate in embryos have been developed, the viscosity of embryonic blood has never been known but always assumed to be like adult blood. Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid, where the relationship between shear rate and shear stress is nonlinear. In this work, we analyzed the non-Newtonian behavior of embryonic chicken blood using a microviscometer and present the apparent viscosity at different hematocrits, different shear rates, and at different stages during development from 4 days (Hamburger-Hamilton stage 22) to 8 days (about Hamburger-Hamilton stage 34) of incubation. We chose the chicken embryo since it has become a common animal model for studying hemodynamics in the developing cardiovascular system. We found that the hematocrit increases with the stage of development. The viscosity of embryonic avian blood in all developmental stages studied was shear rate dependent and behaved in a non-Newtonian manner similar to that of adult blood. The range of shear rates and hematocrits at which non-Newtonian behavior was observed is, however, outside the physiological range for the larger vessels of the embryo. Under low shear stress conditions, the spherical nucleated blood cells that make up embryonic blood formed into small aggregates of cells. We found that the apparent blood viscosity decreases at a given hematocrit during embryonic development, not due to changes in protein composition of the plasma but possibly due to the changes in cellular composition of embryonic blood. This decrease in apparent viscosity was only visible at high hematocrit. At physiological values of hematocrit, embryonic blood viscosity did not change significantly with the stage of development.

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Coomans, August, Gaëtan Borgonie, and Kim Jacobsen. "Embryonic lineage evolution in nematodes." Nematology 2, no. 1 (2000): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100508908.

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AbstractBecause of the high number of species and its ancient roots in evolution, the phylum Nematoda is well suited for comparative embryonic study. Using 4D microscopy we have reconstructed the embryonic lineages of several nematodes. This allows us to identify changing developmental strategies in the phylum Nematoda. Generally there has been a shift in the phylum from a non-determined, non-strict development to a faster, highly determined embryonic development. En raison du nombre élevé d’espèces et de ses racines anciennes dans l’évolution, le phylum Nematoda est bien approprié à des études d’embryologie comparée. A l’aide d’un microscope 4D, les lignages embryonnaires de plusieurs nématodes ont été reconstruits. Cela nous a permis d’identifier les modifications de stratégie développementales dans le phylum. Généralement, il y a eu un changement dans le phylum depuis un développement non déterminé et non précis jusqu’à un développement embryonnaire très rapide et hautement déterminé.

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Rossant, Janet. "Stem cells and lineage development in the mammalian blastocyst." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 1 (2007): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd06125.

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The mammalian blastocyst is the source of the most pluripotent stem cells known: embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, ES cells are not totipotent; in mouse chimeras, they do not contribute to extra-embryonic cell types of the trophectoderm (TE) and primitive endoderm (PrE) lineages. Understanding the genetic pathways that control pluripotency v. extra-embryonic lineage restriction is key to understanding not only normal embryonic development, but also how to reprogramme adult cells to pluripotency. The trophectoderm and primitive endoderm lineages also provide the first signals that drive patterned differentiation of the pluripotent epiblast cells of the embryo. My laboratory has produced permanent mouse cell lines from both the TE and the PrE, termed trophoblast stem (TS) and eXtra-embryonic ENdoderm (XEN) cells. We have used these cells to explore the genetic and molecular hierarchy of lineage restriction and identify the key factors that distinguish the ES cell v. the TS or XEN cell fate. The major molecular pathways of lineage commitment defined in mouse embryos and stem cells are probably conserved across mammalian species, but more comparative studies of lineage development in embryos of non-rodent mammals will likely yield interesting differences in terms of timing and details.

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Zhou, Chune. "Knockdown of Novel lncRNA TCONS_00028652 in Zebrafish Affects Embryonic Vasculature Development." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 04 (April 1, 2021): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1735.

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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are increasingly being regard as potential key regulators of biological process, however, little is known about the function of most of them. The involvement of a novel lncRNA (ENSDART000000150571), previously named TCONS_00028652, in intersegmental vessel development was investigated in this study. TCONS_00028652, having a single exon (568 bp), is located in chromosome 16 at position from 15786804 to 15786237, which was previously identified as an embryonic and adult heart-enrichedlncRNA. Bioinformatics analysis and annotation of TCONS_00028652 was performed using online databases. Its protein-coding potential was assessed using online softwares: the Coding Potential Assessing Tool (CPAT) and the Coding Potential Calculator (CPC). To verify its real existence, a cloned fragment was proliferated by designing primers against 5’ and 3’ exon-flanking sequence. Subsequently, spatiotemporal expression during zebrafish embryonic development was determined using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and whole mount in situ hybridization. We found that lncRNA TCONS_00028652 was generally expressed throughout early stages of zebrafish embryonic development and predominantly in embryonic brain, tail, and heart. Knockdown of TCONS_00028652 using morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) resulted in intersegmental vessel defects, suggesting that TCONS_00028652 is indispensable for embryonic vascular development in zebrafish. Using Tg (flil:EGFP) transgenic fish expressing a cardiovascular marker gene, loss of function experiments confirmed that TCONS_00028652 was involved in embryonic intersegmental vessel development. Our results may lead to valuable understanding of lncRNAs functions in zebrafish embryonic development and molecular mechanisms of embryonic cardiovascular development. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

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Roeszler, Kelly. "Analysis of the long non-coding RNA, MHM, in avian embryonic development." Developmental Biology 356, no. 1 (August 2011): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.186.

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Li, An, and Zhang. "The Dynamic 3D Genome in Gametogenesis and Early Embryonic Development." Cells 8, no. 8 (July 29, 2019): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8080788.

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During gametogenesis and early embryonic development, the chromatin architecture changes dramatically, and both the transcriptomic and epigenomic landscape are comprehensively reprogrammed. Understanding these processes is the holy grail in developmental biology and a key step towards evolution. The 3D conformation of chromatin plays a central role in the organization and function of nuclei. Recently, the dynamics of chromatin structures have been profiled in many model and non-model systems, from insects to mammals, resulting in an interesting comparison. In this review, we first introduce the research methods of 3D chromatin structure with low-input material suitable for embryonic study. Then, the dynamics of 3D chromatin architectures during gametogenesis and early embryonic development is summarized and compared between species. Finally, we discuss the possible mechanisms for triggering the formation of genome 3D conformation in early development.

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Ohazama, A., S. A. C. Modino, I. Miletich, and P. T. Sharpe. "Stem-cell-based Tissue Engineering of Murine Teeth." Journal of Dental Research 83, no. 7 (July 2004): 518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300702.

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Teeth develop from reciprocal interactions between mesenchyme cells and epithelium, where the epithelium provides the instructive information for initiation. Based on these initial tissue interactions, we have replaced the mesenchyme cells with mesenchyme created by aggregation of cultured non-dental stem cells in mice. Recombinations between non-dental cell-derived mesenchyme and embryonic oral epithelium stimulate an odontogenic response in the stem cells. Embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, and adult bone-marrow-derived cells all responded by expressing odontogenic genes. Transfer of recombinations into adult renal capsules resulted in the development of tooth structures and associated bone. Moreover, transfer of embryonic tooth primordia into the adult jaw resulted in development of tooth structures, showing that an embryonic primordium can develop in its adult environment. These results thus provide a significant advance toward the creation of artificial embryonic tooth primordia from cultured cells that can be used to replace missing teeth following transplantation into the adult mouth.

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Trofimenko, A. I., D. A. Pevzner, V. V. Lazarev, E. E. Lysov, and T. R. Parasunko. "MAJOR EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT VISUALIZATION METHODS REVIEW." NAUKA MOLODYKH (Eruditio Juvenium) 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23888/hmj202191121-135.

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Embryonic development is one of the most important stages in the formation of the animal organism, so its study never lost its relevance. However, today, the detailed process of embryo development remains behind the «screen» that nature created by itself, which in turn creates certain technical difficulties that can be coped with by various methods of visualization of the embryo that are presented in this article. These are not only relatively simple 2D techniques that permit to see the embryo in the plane, but also novel 3D techniques that permit observation of an embryo in its volumetric structure. Since invasive methods are associated with unfavourable consequences during observation of the embryo, which produce a negative effect on the obtained scientific data and can lead to their misinterpretation, recently, non-invasive methods are more often used that allow to preserve the integrity of the structures of the embryo and reduce the risk of developmental disorders that occur during the observation process. The time-lapse technology was an innovative discovery which permits to visualize real-time events during embryonic development. Time-lapse is a frame-by-frame shooting, which collects the obtained static images into one continuous video. Frame montage is carried out using special equipment. This system has found application in a large number of scientific experiments. High resolution of modern technical devices permits to observe the formation of embryonic structures, to make a real assessment of an embryo growth and development according to the established parameters, and to observe changes induced by different factors.

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Dahlen, Carl R., Pawel P. Borowicz, Alison K. Ward, Joel S. Caton, Marta Czernik, Luca Palazzese, Pasqualino Loi, and Lawrence P. Reynolds. "Programming of Embryonic Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 11668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111668.

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Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) and parental nutritional status have profound effects on embryonic/fetal and placental development, which are probably mediated via “programming” of gene expression, as reflected by changes in their epigenetic landscape. Such epigenetic changes may underlie programming of growth, development, and function of fetal organs later in pregnancy and the offspring postnatally, and potentially lead to long-term changes in organ structure and function in the offspring as adults. This latter concept has been termed developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), or simply developmental programming, which has emerged as a major health issue in animals and humans because it is associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases in the offspring, including metabolic, behavioral, and reproductive dysfunction. In this review, we will briefly introduce the concept of developmental programming and its relationship to epigenetics. We will then discuss evidence that ART and periconceptual maternal and paternal nutrition may lead to epigenetic alterations very early in pregnancy, and how each pregnancy experiences developmental programming based on signals received by and from the dam. Lastly, we will discuss current research on strategies designed to overcome or minimize the negative consequences or, conversely, to maximize the positive aspects of developmental programming.

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Koseki, C., D. Herzlinger, and Q. al-Awqati. "Apoptosis in metanephric development." Journal of Cell Biology 119, no. 5 (December 1, 1992): 1327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.119.5.1327.

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During metanephric development, non-polarized mesenchymal cells are induced to form the epithelial structures of the nephron following interaction with extracellular matrix proteins and factors produced by the inducing tissue, ureteric bud. This induction can occur in a transfilter organ culture system where it can also be produced by heterologous cells such as the embryonic spinal cord. We found that when embryonic mesenchyme was induced in vitro and in vivo, many of the cells surrounding the new epithelium showed morphological evidence of programmed cell death (apoptosis) such as condensed nuclei, fragmented cytoplasm, and cell shrinking. A biochemical correlate of apoptosis is the transcriptional activation of a calcium-sensitive endonuclease. Indeed, DNA isolated from uninduced mesenchyme showed progressive degradation, a process that was prevented by treatment with actinomycin-D or cycloheximide and by buffering intracellular calcium. These results demonstrate that the metanephric mesenchyme is programmed for apoptosis. Incubation of mesenchyme with a heterologous inducer, embryonic spinal cord prevented this DNA degradation. To investigate the mechanism by which inducers prevented apoptosis we tested the effects of protein kinase C modulators on this process. Phorbol esters mimicked the effects of the inducer and staurosporine, an inhibitor of this protein kinase, prevented the effect of the inducer. EGF also prevented DNA degradation but did not lead to differentiation. These results demonstrate that conversion of mesenchyme to epithelial requires at least two steps, rescue of the mesenchyme from apoptosis and induction of differentiation.

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Gao, Peng, Cheng Chang, Jieling Liang, Fen Du, and Ruilin Zhang. "Embryonic Amoxicillin Exposure Has Limited Impact on Liver Development but Increases Susceptibility to NAFLD in Zebrafish Larvae." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 5 (February 27, 2024): 2744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052744.

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Amoxicillin is commonly used in clinical settings to target bacterial infection and is frequently prescribed during pregnancy. Investigations into its developmental toxicity and effects on disease susceptibility are not comprehensive. Our present study examined the effects of embryonic amoxicillin exposure on liver development and function, especially the effects on susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) using zebrafish as an animal model. We discovered that embryonic amoxicillin exposure did not compromise liver development, nor did it induce liver toxicity. However, co-treatment of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid diminished BESP expression, caused bile stasis and induced liver toxicity. Embryonic amoxicillin exposure resulted in elevated expression of lipid synthesis genes and exacerbated hepatic steatosis in a fructose-induced NAFLD model, indicating embryonic amoxicillin exposure increased susceptibility to NAFLD in zebrafish larvae. In summary, this research broadens our understanding of the risks of amoxicillin usage during pregnancy and provides evidence for the impact of embryonic amoxicillin exposure on disease susceptibility in offspring.

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Gu, Tiantian, Hongjuan He, Zhengbin Han, Tiebo Zeng, Zhijun Huang, Qi Liu, Ning Gu, et al. "Expression of macro non-coding RNAs Meg8 and Irm in mouse embryonic development." Acta Histochemica 114, no. 4 (July 2012): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2011.07.009.

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Choudhuri, Avik, Todd Evans, and Umadas Maitra. "Non-core subunit eIF3h of translation initiation factor eIF3 regulates zebrafish embryonic development." Developmental Dynamics 239, no. 6 (April 9, 2010): 1632–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.22289.

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Ong, Kelly, Wendy Horsfall, Edward Conway, and Andre Schuh. "Early Embryonic Expression of Murine Coagulation System Components." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 84, no. 12 (2000): 1023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1614166.

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SummaryThe development of the embryonic coagulation system, and its contribution to the maintenance of vascular integrity during the formation of embryonic blood vessels, remain poorly understood. We have characterized the temporal expression patterns of 27 hemostasis-related genes during murine development. We show that, although most coagulation and fibrinolysis-related factors are expressed coordinately b 7.5 dpc, several, including FIX, FXII and PAI2, are not detectable until later developmental timepoints. The expression of hemostasis-specific genes prior to the formation of a functional circulatory system supports the view that some coagulation factors have additional non-hemostatic functions during development. In addition, the discordant expression of some factors suggests that the embryonic hemostatic system may be distinct from that of the adult. These analyses will help to elucidate the regulation of hemostasis during embryonic/vascular development, and will provide a framework to facilitate the interpretation of gene inactivation studies.

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Liu, Lingbin, Lingtong Ren, Anfang Liu, Jinxin Wang, Jianhua Wang, and Qigui Wang. "Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Embryo Muscle of Chicken." Animals 12, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12101274.

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Embryonic muscle development determines the state of muscle development and muscle morphological structure size. Recent studies have found that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) could influence numerous cellular processes and regulated growth and development of flora and fauna. A total of 1056 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified by comparing the different time points during embryonic muscle development, which included 874 new lncRNAs. Here, we found that there were different gene expression patterns on the 12th day of embryo development (E12). Herein, WGCNA and correlation analyses were used to predict lncRNA function on E12 through the screening and identification of lncRNAs related to muscle development in the embryo leg muscles of Chengkou mountain chickens at different times. GO and KEGG functional enrichment analysis was performed on target genes involved in cis-regulation and trans-regulation. An interaction network diagram was constructed based on the muscle development pathways, such as Wnt, FoxO, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways, to determine the interaction between mRNAs and lncRNAs. This study preliminarily determined the lncRNA expression pattern of muscle development during the middle and late embryonic stages of Chengkou mountain chickens, and provided a basis to analyze the molecular mechanism of muscle development.

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Calle, E. W., M. L. García, A. Blasco, and M. J. Argente. "Correlated response in early embryonic development in rabbits selected for litter size variability." World Rabbit Science 25, no. 4 (December 28, 2017): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2017.6340.

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<p>A divergent selection experiment for litter size variability was carried out in rabbits. The litter size variability was estimated as the phenotypic variance of litter size within female. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of selecting for litter size variability on early embryonic development and survival after 7 generations of divergent selection (high and low variability lines). A total of 30 non-lactating multiparous does per line were used. The ovulation rate and early embryonic development were analysed using Bayesian methodology. Ovulation rate was not affected by the selection process. At 28 h of gestation, embryonic development and survival were similar in both lines. At 48 h of gestation, the majority of embryos in the high line were in the early morulae stage. The high line had a higher proportion of early morulae (79.54 vs. 53.43%; P=0.94) and a lower proportion of compacted morulae (20.46 vs. 46.57%; P=0.93%) than the low line. At 72 h of gestation, the high line had 1.59 fewer embryos than the more homogeneous line (P=0.85), due to reduced embryonic survival (0.60 vs. 0.74; P=0.93). The high line continued to show a higher proportion of early morulae (21.01 vs. 3.69%; P=0.93) and a lower proportion of compacted morulae and blastocysts (78.99 vs. 96.31%; P=0.94) than the low line at 72 h of gestation, indicative of reduced embryonic development. In conclusion, selection for homogeneity in litter size had a positive impact on embryonic traits.</p>

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MacGregor, G. R., B. P. Zambrowicz, and P. Soriano. "Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase is expressed in both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages during mouse embryogenesis but is not required for migration of primordial germ cells." Development 121, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 1487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.5.1487.

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Mouse primordial germ cells express tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) during development, but the widespread expression of another alkaline phosphatase gene in the early embryo limits the potential use of this marker to trace germ cells. To attempt to identify germ cells at all stages during embryonic development and to understand the role of TNAP in germ cell ontogeny, mice carrying a beta geo (lacZ/neor) disrupted allele of the TNAP gene were generated by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Using beta-galactosidase activity, the embryonic pattern of TNAP expression was examined from the blastocyst stage to embryonic day 14. Results indicate that primordial germ cell progenitors do not express TNAP prior to gastrulation although at earlier times TNAP expression is found in an extraembryonic lineage destined to form the chorion. In homozygous mutants, primordial germ cells appear unaffected indicating that TNAP is not essential for their development or migration.

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Ann S. Arndt, Mary, and William D. Wheaton. "Critical role of high-mobility-group proteins in kidney development/cross-talk Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway." American Journal of BioMedicine 9, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18081/2333-5106/021-01/123-134.

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The treatment of severe acute kidney injury with dialytic support for renal replacement therapy can be life sustaining and permit recovery from critical illness. The high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins are the most abundant non-histone chromatin-associated proteins. HMG proteins are present at high levels in various undifferentiated tissues during embryonic development and reduced in the corresponding adult tissues. We used used in study C57BL/6, HMG+/− and HMG−/− mice and found that HMG is expressed in the mouse embryonic kidney at the cortex area. HMG knockout led to enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Analysis of siRNA-mediated loss-of-function experiments in embryonic kidney culture confirmed the role of HMG as a key regulator of cortex epithelium differentiation.

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Warner, Anne E. "The role of gap junctions in amphibian development." Development 89, Supplement (November 1, 1985): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.89.supplement.365.

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The possibility that communication through gap junctions may be important during embryonic development has often been raised since gap junctions were first described between early embryonic cells. It is now known that this direct cell-to-cell communication pathway disappears between groups of embryonic cells with different developmental fates as the embryo progresses through development, suggesting that transfer through the gap junctional pathway may play some part in controlling events during development. Supportive evidence for a role for gap junctions comes from experiments demonstrating that the properties of gap junctions differ at the border separating each segment in insect epidermis. Recently it has been shown that the ability to exchange small dyes between cells in the amphibian embryo depends on the position of each cell with respect to the grey crescent. When communication through gap junctions is prevented, by injecting antibodies to gap junctions protein, pattern formation is severely disturbed in the non-communicating region. The paper describes experiments on the pattern of junctional communication at early stages of development of the amphibian embryo and illustrates how anti-gap junction antibodies are being used to determine when and where communication through gap junctions may play an important role during development.

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IV, Sainova. "Development of Techniques about Production of Recombinant vaccines and cells with Activated Immunogenic potential." Virology & Immunology Journal 4, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000232.

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Methods about derivation of myeloid-like and lymphoid-like cells from normal embryonic fibroblasts were developed and tested. Balb/c mice normal mouse embryonic cells from line 3T3 were co-cultivated with mouse malignant myeloma cells, containing inserted. Murine Leukemia Virus (MuLV) (with RNA-genome, Retroviridae family). For this goal, separate subpopulation of normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts were pre-incubated in cultural fluid, supplemented by previous incubation of myeloma cells in it, after subsequent centrifugation and filtration. Other sub-populations of 3T3 cells were co-cultivated with myeloma cells, by addition of cultural fluids plus cellular suspensions of both types. Subsequently, all mixed cultures were freezed after addition of cryo-protector Dimethylsufoxide (DMSO), subsequently thawed and re-incubated in standard laboratory conditions. In the cultures, pre-incubated in cultural fluid, supplemented by previous incubation of mouse malignant myeloma cells, cells in different stages of myeloid/phagocyte and lymphoid/plasmatic cell differentiation were observed, but in addition of suspensions of cells from both types, appearance of hybrid cells of myeloid-like and phagocyte-like, as well as of lymphoid-like and plasmatic cells-like with mouse malignant myeloma cells were noted. The established changes could be explained with the eventual existence of capable to differentiate to various lineages stem-like cellular sub-populations in the general 3T3 cell line. Also, activated fusion between different cells, as well as between cells and viral particles on the influence of DMSO and of the drastic temperature changes was proposed, which could also lead to transfer of nucleotide sequences. On this principle, a possibility for production of recombinant viral vaccines by exchange of nucleotide sequences between cells and viral particles could be suggested. Furthermore, in confirmation of the literature findings, a capability of non-myeloid and non-lymphoid cells to produce membrane receptor glycoproteins was proposed.

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Breckenridge, Ross A., Robert H. Anderson, and Perry M. Elliott. "Isolated left ventricular non-compaction: the case for abnormal myocardial development." Cardiology in the Young 17, no. 2 (February 26, 2007): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951107000273.

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Isolated ventricular non-compaction is an increasingly commonly diagnosed myocardial disorder characterised by excessive and prominent trabeculation of the morphologically left, and occasionally the right, ventricle. This is associated with high rates of thromboembolism, cardiac failure, and cardiac arrhythmia. Recent improvements in understanding the embryonic processes underlying ventricular formation have led to the hypothesis that ventricular non-compaction is due to a failure of normal ventriculogenesis, leading to abnormal myocardium which may present clinically many years later. Experimental work in animal models provides several candidate transcription factors and signalling molecules that could, in theory, cause ventricular non-compaction if disrupted.

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Shimizu, Keisuke, Yi-Jyun Luo, Noriyuki Satoh, and Kazuyoshi Endo. "Possible co-option of engrailed during brachiopod and mollusc shell development." Biology Letters 13, no. 8 (August 2017): 20170254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0254.

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In molluscs, two homeobox genes, engrailed ( en ) and distal-less ( dlx ), are transcription factors that are expressed in correlation with shell development. They are expressed in the regions between shell-forming and non-shell-forming cells, likely defining the boundaries of shell-forming fields. Here we investigate the expression of two transcription factors in the brachiopod Lingula anatina . We find that en is expressed in larval mantle lobes, whereas dlx is expressed in larval tentacles. We also demonstrate that the embryonic shell marker mantle peroxidase ( mpox ) is specifically expressed in mantle lobes. Our results suggest that en and mpox are possibly involved in brachiopod embryonic shell development. We discuss the evolutionary developmental origin of lophotrochozoan biomineralization through independent gene co-option.

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Wanaka, A., J. Milbrandt, and E. M. Johnson. "Expression of FGF receptor gene in rat development." Development 111, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.111.2.455.

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We examined the expression of FGF-receptor (FGF-R) mRNA during rat development with in situ hybridization histochemistry. Embryonic tissues (E9, E12, E14, E17) and postnatal neural tissues (P1, P7, P14, adult) were examined. We detected significant levels of FGF-R mRNA in various tissues at different developmental stages. As postulated by previous studies using other methods, FGF-R gene expression was observed primarily in mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived tissues. In the nervous system, the pattern of gene expression was developmentally regulated; in embryos, FGF-R mRNA was mainly detected in the ependymal layer of the central nervous system (CNS). Postnatally, FGF-R transcripts were observed in specific neuronal populations, such as hippocampal neurons. FGF-R mRNA was also found in sensory systems such as trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia in late stage embryos; however, FGF-R mRNA decreased in the postnatal period. FGF-R mRNA expression was modulated in the developing retina: FGF-R messages were observed in the pigment epithelium and neuroblast layer at embryonic stages; in the postnatal period, they were found in the ganglion cell and inner granular layer. In non-neuronal embryonic tissues, a wide variety of organs expressed FGF-R message. Particularly, the prevertebral column, bone, kidney and skin showed high levels of expression. These observations reinforce the idea that FGF exerts effects on the development of various tissues.

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Bouckenheimer, Julien, Said Assou, Sébastien Riquier, Cyrielle Hou, Nicolas Philippe, Caroline Sansac, Thierry Lavabre-Bertrand, et al. "Long non-coding RNAs in human early embryonic development and their potential in ART." Human Reproduction Update 23, no. 1 (September 21, 2016): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmw035.

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Karabulut, A. K., R. Reisli, I. I. Uysal, J. B. Çelik, and T. Ziylan. "An investigation of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants on embryonic development in cultured rat embryos." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 21, no. 9 (September 2004): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265021504009081.

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Park, Y., S. Lee, S. Choi, S. Song, H. Byun, and M. Koong. "Embryonic Development Using Fresh- Vs. Frozen Testicular Sperm in Obstructive- and Non-Obstructive Azoospermia." Fertility and Sterility 84 (September 2005): S374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.978.

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Werneburg, Ingmar, Athanasia C. Tzika, Lionel Hautier, Robert J. Asher, Michel C. Milinkovitch, and Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra. "Development and embryonic staging in non-model organisms: the case of an afrotherian mammal." Journal of Anatomy 222, no. 1 (April 27, 2012): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01509.x.

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Karabulut, A. K., R. Reisli, I. I. Uysal, J. B. Çelik, and T. Ziylan. "An investigation of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants on embryonic development in cultured rat embryos." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 21, no. 9 (September 2004): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-200409000-00008.

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Faucherre, A., G. S. Taylor, J. Overvoorde, J. E. Dixon, and J. den Hertog. "Zebrafish pten genes have overlapping and non-redundant functions in tumorigenesis and embryonic development." Oncogene 27, no. 8 (August 20, 2007): 1079–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210730.

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Endo, Akira, and Toshiaki Watanabe. "Effects of non-24-hour days on reproductive efficacy and embryonic development in mice." Gamete Research 22, no. 4 (April 1989): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120220409.

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Piotrowska, Karolina, Florence Wianny, Roger A. Pedersen, and Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz. "Blastomeres arising from the first cleavage division have distinguishable fates in normal mouse development." Development 128, no. 19 (October 1, 2001): 3739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.19.3739.

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Two independent studies have recently suggested similar models in which the embryonic and abembryonic parts of the mouse blastocyst become separated already by the first cleavage division. However, no lineage tracing studies carried out so far on early embryos provide the support for such a hypothesis. Thus, to re-examine the fate of blastomeres of the two-cell mouse embryo, we have undertaken lineage tracing studies using a non-perturbing method. We show that two-cell stage blastomeres have a strong tendency to develop into cells that comprise either the embryonic or the abembryonic parts of the blastocyst. Moreover, the two-cell stage blastomere that is first to divide will preferentially contribute its progeny to the embryonic part. Nevertheless, we find that the blastocyst embryonic-abembryonic axis is not perfectly orthogonal to the first cleavage plane, but often shows some angular displacement from it. Consequently, there is a boundary zone adjacent to the interior margin of the blastocoel that is populated by cells derived from both earlier and later dividing blastomeres. The majority of cells that inhabit this boundary region are, however, derived from the later dividing two-cell stage blastomere that contributes predominantly to the abembryonic part of the blastocyst. Thus, at the two-cell stage it is already possible to predict which cell will contribute a greater proportion of its progeny to the abembryonic part of the blastocyst (region including the blastocyst cavity) and which to the embryonic part (region containing the inner cell mass) that will give rise to the embryo proper.

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Lozano-Velasco, Estefania, Carlos Garcia-Padilla, Maria del Mar Muñoz-Gallardo, Francisco Jose Martinez-Amaro, Sheila Caño-Carrillo, Juan Manuel Castillo-Casas, Cristina Sanchez-Fernandez, Amelia E. Aranega, and Diego Franco. "Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Molecular Determinants during Cardiogenesis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 2839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052839.

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Cardiovascular development is initiated soon after gastrulation as bilateral precardiac mesoderm is progressively symmetrically determined at both sides of the developing embryo. The precardiac mesoderm subsequently fused at the embryonic midline constituting an embryonic linear heart tube. As development progress, the embryonic heart displays the first sign of left-right asymmetric morphology by the invariably rightward looping of the initial heart tube and prospective embryonic ventricular and atrial chambers emerged. As cardiac development progresses, the atrial and ventricular chambers enlarged and distinct left and right compartments emerge as consequence of the formation of the interatrial and interventricular septa, respectively. The last steps of cardiac morphogenesis are represented by the completion of atrial and ventricular septation, resulting in the configuration of a double circuitry with distinct systemic and pulmonary chambers, each of them with distinct inlets and outlets connections. Over the last decade, our understanding of the contribution of multiple growth factor signaling cascades such as Tgf-beta, Bmp and Wnt signaling as well as of transcriptional regulators to cardiac morphogenesis have greatly enlarged. Recently, a novel layer of complexity has emerged with the discovery of non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs and lncRNAs. Herein, we provide a state-of-the-art review of the contribution of non-coding RNAs during cardiac development. microRNAs and lncRNAs have been reported to functional modulate all stages of cardiac morphogenesis, spanning from lateral plate mesoderm formation to outflow tract septation, by modulating major growth factor signaling pathways as well as those transcriptional regulators involved in cardiac development.

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Chiu, Jasper Z. S., Isabella Hold, Trent A. C. Newman, Julia A. Horsfield, and Arlene McDowell. "Chlorogenic Acid Supplementation Benefits Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Auranofin." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121199.

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Antioxidant supplementation may potentially be beneficial for embryonic development to reduce complications associated with increased levels of oxidative stress. Chlorogenic acid, one of the key polyphenolic antioxidants in S. oleraceus, was evaluated for potential protective effects during embryonic development of zebrafish exposed to the teratogen auranofin. Zebrafish embryos were transiently exposed to auranofin to induce developmental abnormalities. Phenotypic abnormalities were scored based on their severity at day 5 post-fertilization. The embryos supplemented with 250 µM chlorogenic acid showed a significantly lower score in phenotypic abnormalities compared to non-supplemented embryos after auranofin exposure. Therefore, supplementation with a low dose of chlorogenic acid showed a protective effect from auranofin-induced deformities and encouraged normal growth in zebrafish embryos. This study provides further support for the potential of using antioxidant supplementation during embryonic development for protection against malformation.

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Pimtong, Wittaya, Wannakarn Kitipaspallop, Hang-Suk Chun, and Woo-Keun Kim. "Effects of α-mangostin on embryonic development and liver development in zebrafish." Molecular & Cellular Toxicology 16, no. 4 (September 11, 2020): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13273-020-00099-1.

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Abstract Background Alpha-mangostin has potential as a chemopreventive agent but there is little information on its toxicological profile and developmental toxicity. Objective We evaluated the effects of α-mangostin on embryonic development and hepatogenesis in zebrafish. Result Exposure of embryos to 0.25–4 μM α-mangostin from 4–120 h post-fertilization (hpf) caused mortality of embryos with LC50 1.48 ± 0.29 μM. The compound also caused deformities, including head malformation, pericardial oedema, absence of swim bladder, yolk oedema, and bent tail. Exposure of zebrafish embryos to α-mangostin during early hepatogenesis (16–72 hpf) decreased the transcript expression levels of liver fatty acid-binding protein 10a (Fabp10a), but increased gene markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. In Fabp10a:DsRed transgenic zebrafish, the intensity and the area of fluorescence in the liver of the treated group were decreased (non-significantly) relative to controls. Conclusion These effects were more marked during early hepatogenesis (16–72 hpf) than during post-hepatogenesis (72–120 hpf).

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Yang, Seul-Gi, Jae-Hun Choi, Young-Seo Jo, Ye-Won Kim, Dong-Mok Lee, Hyo-Jin Park, and Deog-Bon Koo. "Effect of Ovarian Extract on Oocyte Maturation and Early Embryonic Development in Pigs." Korean Society for Veterinary Nursing 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56878/jvn.2022.1.2.51.

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Various factors in the ovary are known to regulate oocyte maturation and hormone secretory functions; however, the effect of ovarian extract (OE) on oocyte maturation and embryonic development in pigs remains unknown. In this study, we first evaluated whether OE supplementation in the in vitro maturation (IVM) medium alters the oocyte maturation capacity by affecting glucose/amino acid metabolites, meiotic maturation, cumulus cell (CC) expansion, and antioxidants. Various OE concentrations (50, 100, 200, 500, and 5000 μg/mL) were included in the IVM medium. Only the oocytes treated with 100 μg/mL OE exhibited an improved meiotic maturation rate when compared with that of the other groups (non-treated group, 78.6 ± 3.0% vs. 100 μg/mL OE-treated group, 81.6 ± 4.3%); however, the difference was not significant. To observe the changes in glucose and amino acid metabolism in the OE-treated oocytes, we measured the amounts of diverse constituents (glucose, lactate, glutamine, and ammonia) in the IVM medium containing OE. Lactate and ammonia levels in the OE-treated group after 44 h of IVM were higher (p < 0.01) than those in the non-treated group. In addition, the expression of the CC expansion factors (Has2 and Tnfaip6) significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas the mRNA expression levels of antioxidative enzymes (Sod1, Cat, and Gpx1) significantly diminished (p < 0.05) in the OE-treated group. Moreover, mature oocytes treated with 100 μg/mL OE demonstrated increased subsequent embryonic development rates after 144 h of IVM. Thus, the addition of OE in IVM mediums may improve oocyte maturation capacity which could enhance antioxidative enzyme activation, energy metabolism, and expression of the CC expansion factors in porcine oocytes.

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Hu, Shenqiang, Li Li, Xufang Ren, Enhua Qing, Donghang Deng, Hua He, Liang Li, and Jiwen Wang. "Evidence for the Existence of Two Prolactin Isoforms in the Developing Pituitary Gland of the Goose (Anser cygnoides)." Folia Biologica 70, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/fb_70-1.01.

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Compared to Galliformes such as chicken and turkey, very little is known about the existence and expression of isoforms of prolactin (PRL) in the pituitary glands of Anseriformes. In this study, by generating a rabbit-anti-goose (Anser cygnoides) PRL polyclonal antibody, we analysed the expression patterns of goose PRL isoforms in the embryonic and post-hatch development of the pituitary gland. Our results showed that two immunoreactive bands with molecular weights of about 23 and 26 kDa were detected using the Western blot technique, corresponding to the non-glycosylated (NG-) and the glycosylated (G-) isoform of PRL, respectively. The protein levels of the total PRL in a goose increased gradually from the embryonic day (ED) 22 to the post-hatch day (PD) 28, with a non-significant decrease on PD6. Furthermore, the percentage of G-PRL in the pituitary gland of the goose fluctuated from about 30.3% to 54.7% throughout the embryonic and post-hatch development. At the mRNA level, the expression of PRL increased steadily during the development and reached the highest levels on PD12, but later showed a non-significant decrease on PD28. The inconsistent expression patterns between the PRL mRNA and protein during the stages from PD6 to PD28 indicated that the PRL gene expression involves both transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Taken together, our data unequivocally demonstrated the existence of NG- and G-PRL in the pituitary gland of a goose and that the expression of the total PRL as well as the percentage of G-PRL significantly changed during embryonic and post-hatch development, indicating that the versatile biological functions of PRL during the ontogenesis of a goose could be closely related to changes in both its total expression and the degree of glycosylation in the pituitary gland.

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Tian, Lipeng, Yichen Wang, and Yoon Young Jang. "Wnt signaling in biliary development, proliferation, and fibrosis." Experimental Biology and Medicine 247, no. 4 (December 3, 2021): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15353702211061376.

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Biliary fibrosis is an important pathological indicator of hepatobiliary damage. Cholangiocyte is the key cell type involved in this process. To reveal the pathogenesis of biliary fibrosis, it is essential to understand the normal development as well as the aberrant generation and proliferation of cholangiocytes. Numerous reports suggest that the Wnt signaling pathway is implicated in the physiological and pathological processes of cholangiocyte development and ductular reaction. In this review, we summarize the effects of Wnt pathway in cholangiocyte development from embryonic stem cells, as well as the underlying mechanisms of cholangiocyte responses to adult ductal damage. Wnt signaling pathway is regulated in a step-wise manner during each of the liver differentiation stages from embryonic stem cells to functional mature cholangiocytes. With the modulation of Wnt pathway, cholangiocytes can also be generated from adult liver progenitor cells and mature hepatocytes to repair liver damage. Non-canonical Wnt signaling is triggered in the active ductal cells during biliary fibrosis. Targeted control of the Wnt signaling may hold the great potential to reduce and/or reverse the biliary fibrogenic process.

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Bragança, José, Rute Pinto, Bárbara Silva, Nuno Marques, Helena S. Leitão, and Mónica T. Fernandes. "Charting the Path: Navigating Embryonic Development to Potentially Safeguard against Congenital Heart Defects." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 8 (August 15, 2023): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13081263.

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Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are structural or functional defects present at birth due to improper heart development. Current therapeutic approaches to treating severe CHDs are primarily palliative surgical interventions during the peri- or prenatal stages, when the heart has fully developed from faulty embryogenesis. However, earlier interventions during embryonic development have the potential for better outcomes, as demonstrated by fetal cardiac interventions performed in utero, which have shown improved neonatal and prenatal survival rates, as well as reduced lifelong morbidity. Extensive research on heart development has identified key steps, cellular players, and the intricate network of signaling pathways and transcription factors governing cardiogenesis. Additionally, some reports have indicated that certain adverse genetic and environmental conditions leading to heart malformations and embryonic death may be amendable through the activation of alternative mechanisms. This review first highlights key molecular and cellular processes involved in heart development. Subsequently, it explores the potential for future therapeutic strategies, targeting early embryonic stages, to prevent CHDs, through the delivery of biomolecules or exosomes to compensate for faulty cardiogenic mechanisms. Implementing such non-surgical interventions during early gestation may offer a prophylactic approach toward reducing the occurrence and severity of CHDs.

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Kapur, R. P., C. Yost, and R. D. Palmiter. "A transgenic model for studying development of the enteric nervous system in normal and aganglionic mice." Development 116, no. 1 (September 1, 1992): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.1.167.

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The dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter has been shown to direct expression of the reporter gene product, beta-galactosidase, to enteric neurons and putative embryonic neuroblasts in transgenic mice (Mercer et al., 1991; Kapur et al., 1991). In this paper, expression of the transgene, D beta H-nlacZ, in the gastrointestinal tract is characterized in more detail in wild-type mice and mice which are also homozygous for the lethal spotted allele (ls). Expression of the transgene in wild-type embryos was first detected in scattered mesenchymal cells in the proximal foregut on embryonic day 9.5, and progressed distally until embryonic day 13.5 when the entire length of the gut was colonized by such cells. Several observations suggest that the mesenchymal cells which express the transgene (MCET) are, in fact, enteric neuroblasts, probably derived from the vagal neural crest. (1) The presence of MCET in progressively more caudal portions of the embryonic gut correlated with the neurogenic potential of isolated gastrointestinal segments grafted under the renal capsule. (2) Mitotic activity of MCET was demonstrated by incorporation of [3H]thymidine in utero. (3) The migratory behavior of MCET and/or their precursors was revealed in anastomotic subcapsular grafts of gut from transgenic and non-transgenic embryos; enteric ganglia of the latter were populated by MCET from the former. (4) Enteric expression of the transgene postnatally was restricted to intrinsic neurons that coexpressed other phenotypic markers of neuronal differentiation. The pattern of transgene expression in ls/ls mice was identical to that seen in ls/+ and +/+ mice until embryonic day 12.5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Ben Michael, Tomer E., Liraz Rozenblat, Adi Faigenboim, Einat Shemesh-Mayer, Itzhak Forer, Ross Peters, Joshua D. Klein, Haim D. Rabinowitch, and Rina Kamenetsky Goldstein. "From Embryo to Adult: Low Temperatures Affect Phase Transitions of Allium sativum L. from Germination to Flowering." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111651.

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Juvenile and vegetative adult shoot apical meristems (SAM) are actively involved in acquisition of flowering competence, while the embryonic SAM is regarded as “responsible” only for germination. Comparative analyses of imbibed and stratified seeds of garlic Allium sativum show that only stratified seedlings produced bulbs and flower stems at the end of the season. Since the seed morphology of stratified and non-stratified seeds prior to sowing was similar, the differences are attributed to the molecular alterations in the embryonic SAM. Functional annotation analysis of 3000 differentially expressed genes suggests that seed imbibition reactivates the embryonic cell cycle, initiates the metabolism, and primes garlic seed germination. Stratification enhances DNA modifications, biosynthesis, cellular transport, and tissue development. Similar to vernalization of the vegetative buds, stratification of the embryonic SAM resulted in altered expression of meristem-identity and flowering homologs. Phase transitions from seed germination to flowering and bulbing in A. sativum are tightly connected, and possibly associated with downregulation of specific flowering repressor(s). The embryonic SAM plays an important role not only in seed germination, but in the entire plant life cycle, providing the foundation for the genetic regulation of major functional shifts in metabolism and development.

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Costa, Marcus Vinícius Silva, Márcia Cristina de Alencastro, Samyra Braz de Linica, Tiago dos Santos Ferreira, Edson Soares Bezerra, and Sérgio Bisogni. "Intestinal Malrotation, Mesocolic Hernia, and Meckel Diverticulum – Differential Diagnosis of Abdominal Pain in Adults: Case Report and Literature Review." Journal of Coloproctology 41, no. 03 (September 2021): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1732327.

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AbstractIntestinal malrotation is a congenital anomaly caused by incomplete rotation or absence of rotation of the primitive intestine along the axis of the upper mesenteric artery during embryonic development. Embryonic development and its anatomical variations were described by Dott in 1923.Intestinal malrotation is a rare condition among adults – prevalent in a mere 0.0001% to 0.19% of the population –, and it may be associated with other anatomical deformities. It can be asymptomatic or manifest with varying intensity, from obstruction to necrosis of intestinal segments. In general, this abnormality is diagnosed in the first year of life; however, symptoms may appear later in life, making diagnosis in adults difficult on account of non-specific symptoms.In the present study, we report a case of intestinal malrotation associated with chronic non-specific symptoms progressing to mesenteric angina.

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Roeszler, Kelly N., Catherine Itman, Andrew H. Sinclair, and Craig A. Smith. "The long non-coding RNA, MHM, plays a role in chicken embryonic development, including gonadogenesis." Developmental Biology 366, no. 2 (June 2012): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.03.025.

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Mulder, Hindrik, Ulrika Myrsén-Axcrona, Samuel Gebre-Medhin, Eva Ekblad, and Frank Sundler. "Expression of non-classical islet hormone-like peptides during the embryonic development of the pancreas." Microscopy Research and Technique 43, no. 4 (November 15, 1998): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19981115)43:4<313::aid-jemt5>3.0.co;2-c.

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Leitch, B., R. M. Pitman, W. J. Hehler, and J. L. S. Cobb. "Structural and functional post-embryonic development of a non-rectifying electrical synapse in the crayfish." Journal of Neurocytology 21, no. 2 (February 1992): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01189010.

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Booth, G. E., E. F. Kinrade, and A. Hidalgo. "Glia maintain follower neuron survival during Drosophila CNS development." Development 127, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.2.237.

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While survival of CNS neurons appears to depend on multiple neuronal and non-neuronal factors, it remains largely unknown how neuronal survival is controlled during development. Here we show that glia regulate neuronal survival during formation of the Drosophila embryonic CNS. When glial function is impaired either by mutation of the glial cells missing gene, which transforms glia toward a neuronal fate, or by targeted genetic glial ablation, neuronal death is induced non-autonomously. Pioneer neurons, which establish the first longitudinal axon fascicles, are insensitive to glial depletion whereas the later extending follower neurons die. This differential requirement of neurons for glia is instructive in patterning and links control of cell number with axon guidance during CNS development.

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Phuphanin, Akkachai, Lawan Sampanporn, and Boonsong Sutapun. "Smartphone-Based Device for Non-Invasive Heart-Rate Measurement of Chicken Embryos." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 4843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224843.

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Heart rate (HR) is an important parameter in the study of the developmental physiology of chicken embryos and a crucial indicator of dead or live embryo grading in artificial incubation processes. A non-invasive HR measurement technique is required for long-term and routine HR assessment with minimal influence on embryo development. Accordingly, in this study, a non-invasive HR measurement technique of chicken embryos using a smartphone is demonstrated. The detection method of the proposed device is based on the photoplethysmography principle in which a smartphone camera is used for video recording, and the chicken embryonic HR is obtained from the recorded video images using a custom Android application. We used a smartphone to measure the embryonic HR of 60 native chicken eggs and found that it can measure the chicken embryonic HR from day 4 to day 20. The proposed smartphone HR device will be beneficial for scientific research and industrial applications. With internet connectivity, users can utilize their smartphone to measure the HR, display, share, and store the results.

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Gotoh, Yukiko. "IL2 Neural stem cell regulation and brain development." Neuro-Oncology Advances 3, Supplement_6 (December 1, 2021): vi1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdab159.001.

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Abstract Quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mouse brain are the source of neurogenesis that regulates innate and adaptive behaviors. Adult NSCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are derived from a subpopulation of embryonic neural stem-progenitor cells (NPCs) that is characterized by a slower cell cycle relative to the more abundant rapid cycling NPCs that build the brain. We have previously shown that slow cell cycle can cause the establishment of adult NSCs at the SVZ, although the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We found that Notch and an effector Hey1 form a module that is upregulated by cell cycle arrest in slowly dividing NPCs. In contrast to the oscillatory expression of the Notch effectors Hes1 and Hes5 in fast cycling progenitors, Hey1 displays a non-oscillatory stationary expression pattern and contributes to the long-term maintenance of NSCs. These findings reveal a novel division of labor in Notch effectors where cell cycle rate biases effector selection and cell fate. I will also discuss the heterogeneity of slowly dividing embryonic NPCs and the lineage relationship between adult NSCs and ependymal cells, which together form the niche for adult neurogenesis at the SVZ.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-Embryonic development'

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