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1
Putra, Ahmad. "METODE KONSELING INDIVIDU DALAM MENGATASI BOLOS SEKOLAH SISWA KELAS VIII SMPN 3 LENGAYANG SUMATERA BARAT (STUDI KASUS TERHADAP 1 SISWA)." Hisbah: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling dan Dakwah Islam 16, no. 2 (March 25, 2020): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/hisbah.2019.162-01.
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This study helps to understand what methods are used by counseling teachers in overcoming school skipping students. This research is descriptive qualitative with case study research. The data source of this study were two counseling teachers, namely Sartini Cut and Novrida Yanti and one class VIII student at SMPN 3 Lengayang West Sumatra. Data collection is done by interview method, and collection. The results of the study showed that the individual counseling method could overcome school absenteeism in the eighth grade students of SMPN 3 Lengayang West Sumatra by the directive, non directive and eclectic method. This third method is given twice to students and begins with directive counseling which is important is the guidance of counseling teachers, after that counseling is non-directive, namely students who are more suitable in discussing problems and eclectic counseling, while teachers with students are equally active in solving problems. With this method, the counseling teacher can make a diagnosis regarding the problems experienced by the student. Keywords: Individual Counseling, School Ballos
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Rumondor, Pingkan C. B. "Pengalaman Wanita Dewasa Muda Korban Child Sexual Abuse yang Telah Menikah: Studi Fenomenologis." Humaniora 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2012): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v3i1.3256.
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Article was aimed to clarify the young adult women’s experience as the victim of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) who have got married. Qualitative method was applied with phenomenological approach. Analyasis used Interpretative Phenomeniological Analysis (IPA). Data were compiled by semi structured interview having open-ended and non-directive interviews. The research indicates eight themes that can be grouped into two big groups, those are experince before marriage and experience after marriage. Before marriage experience consists of “It’s just a game”, “ Guilty/self-hatred feeling ”, “Self-Punishment”, “Emotion Focused Coping: Lupain”. After marriage experience expresses “Flashback, ” “Leave me alone”, “Aku butuh cerita” dan “Life must go on”. The research’s findings hopefully will be useful for coubncellors, the spouses of CSA victims, and the other CSA victims.
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Cummings, S., A. Pakilit, M. Stolley, and S. Khan. "Barriers and stimuli for genetic counseling among unaffected women at high risk for breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 6144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.6144.
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6144 Background: Genetic counseling (GC) is available to provide risk assessment and education about hereditary cancer, explore the medical and psychosocial impact of these risks, and to facilitate genetic testing (GT) and its complex interpretation. While the motivations for undergoing GT have been well documented, little is known about patient motives to initially seek GC. Current uptake of GC services does not match the number of eligible patients. This study attempted to characterize the barriers and stimuli for cancer GC among unaffected women at high risk for breast cancer. Methods: IRB approval was obtained for this qualitative interview study. 54 unaffected patients who received a cancer genetics referral from a high-risk breast clinic were invited to participate. 18 subjects completed written questionnaires and 60-min telephone interviews, which were audiotaped and transcribed. A detailed coding system was developed and N*Vivo software was used in order to identify themes in the factors affecting intent to pursue GC. Results: We identified four themes in the factors affecting uptake of GC: 1)patient understanding of GC, 2)patient awareness of increased cancer risk, 3) family-tied life events (e.g. reproduction, caretaking, death), and 4) support for GC from physicians and family. The most common theme was patient understanding of GC. Subjects did not seem to differentiate between GC and GT, and they deferred GC until they were prepared to undergo GT. Conclusion: We identified barriers and stimuli for GC that were similar to those previously described for GT. The misconception that GC automatically leads to GT, and the subsequent low uptake of GC referrals, may be influenced by the current practice of non-directive referrals. Providing more directive referrals for GC, without being directive about GT, may reduce barriers to GC. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Azevedo, Monique de Sales Norte, Isabel Cristina dos Santos Oliveira, Tania Vignuda de Souza, Juliana Rezende Montenegro Medeiros de Moraes, Elena Araujo Martinez, and Beatriz da Silva Araújo. "Empowerment of the mothers of children in a pediatric intensive care unit." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 71, no. 3 (May 2018): 998–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0689.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the process of empowerment of the mothers of children hospitalized in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) according to Cheryl H. Gibson’s framework. Method: a qualitative study with a non-directive interview in groups was carried out with 14 mothers in the PICU of a pediatric teaching hospital in the state of Rio de Janeiro, whose data were submitted to thematic analysis. Results: all mothers underwent at least one phase of the process of empowerment. Some of them achieved the phase of participatory competence in the care for their children, being heard by the team and expressing their needs, opinions, and questions. Final considerations: attentive listening and information sharing with mothers is necessary, in order to provide essential support so that they undergo the process of empowerment, thus involving themselves in care and decision-making regarding their children.
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Schweizer, Angélick, Sébastien Miserez, Maria del Rio Carral, and Marie Santiago-Delefosse. "Students’ experience of sustainability: health as a lever for action." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 19, no. 3 (March 5, 2018): 498–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-06-2017-0077.
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Purpose This study aims to deepen the authors’ understanding of higher education students’ perceptions about sustainability issues by focusing on their motivations to adopt (or not to adopt) sustainable practices in their lives. It mobilized the notion of “health” and the potential impacts of climate change on health. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative and participatory action approach, involving students acting as researchers, was implemented. All psychology students (bachelor’s degree) were trained to conduct semi-directive interviews with students from other faculties on the issues of sustainability and health. In total, 203 interviews were completed within two academic years. The authors performed a lexicographic analysis followed by a thematic analysis. Findings Analyses showed that the concept of sustainability was unclear for most student interviewees (SIs) and that only a few of them were able to spontaneously connect it with health. Only after being guided throughout the interview did these SIs, mainly geoscience students, become progressively aware of the direct links between sustainability and health issues, such as personal health. The perceived risks of non-sustainable practices were higher when they directly affected the body itself, and this encouraged adoption of more sustainable practices. Originality/value This research enables the authors to identify specific interventions to decrease the gap between awareness of sustainability and sustainable practices. These interventions may be more effective if they aim to sensitize students to the direct impacts of non-sustainable practices on their personal health. This can be made possible by using creative learning activities that involve active participation of students.
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Bhartiya, Shibal, and Nishant Kumar. "Domestic violence and COVID-19: the twin pandemic." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 2796. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211911.
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Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate why women inhabitants of the urban slums in Mumbai, Maharashtra are apprehensive and non-supportive of a second lock down.Methods: Our questionnaire-based study (October 2020 to February 2021) demonstrated that fewer women supported a re-lockdown. Individual, unstructured, non-directive interviews were carried out to ascertain why women of the urban slum were opposed to lockdown. Median and range were calculated for continuous variables, while categorical variables were represented as frequency and percentages. P value <0.05 was statistically significant.Results: 189 women (53 who were opposed to the lockdown, and 136 who responded with “I don’t know” to the question “If COVID-19 cases rise authorities should lockdown the city”, who had previously agreed to be part of the questionnaire-based survey, were approached for an interview. A total of 68 women agreed to talk to our researchers. Of these, 47 were opposed to the lockdown, and 21 had responded with a “I don’t know”. Forty three out of 47 (91.5%), and 13 out of 21 women (61.9) revealed that the main reason for their opposition to the lockdown was domestic and intimate partner violence. The others cited the loss of wages as their primary reason (4 women, 8.5% and 8 women, 38.1%, respectively).Conclusions: While lockdowns have been shown to help control the pandemic, authorities in charge of health policy must remember the consequences of domestic violence on the physical and emotional health of women, and their children, when planning the next lockdown.
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Cooper, Peter J., Lynne Murray, Anji Wilson, and Helena Romaniuk. "Controlled trial of the short- and long-term effect of psychological treatment of post-partum depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 182, no. 5 (May 2003): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.5.412.
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BackgroundPsychological interventions for postnatal depression can be beneficial in the short term but their longer-term impact is unknown.AimsTo evaluate the long-term effect on maternal mood of three psychological treatments in relation to routine primary care.MethodWomen with post-partum depression (n=193) were assigned randomly to one of four conditions: routine primary care, non-directive counselling, cognitive–behavioural therapy or psychodynamic therapy. They were assessed immediately after the treatment phase (at 4.5 months) and at 9, 18 and 60 months post-partum.ResultsCompared with the control, all three treatments had a significant impact at 4.5 months on maternal mood (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS). Only psychodynamic therapy produced a rate of reduction in depression (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–III–R) significantly superior to that of the control. The benefit of treatment was no longer apparent by 9 months post-partum. Treatment did not reduce subsequent episodes of post-partum depression.ConclusionsPsychological intervention for post-partum depression improves maternal mood (EPDS) in the short term. However, this benefit is not superior to spontaneous remission in the long term.
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Delarmelindo, Rita de Cássia Altino, Cristina Maria Garcia de Lima Parada, Rosalina Aparecida Partezani Rodrigues, and Silvia Cristina Mangini Bocchi. "Between suffering and hope: rehabilitation from urinary incontinence as an intervening component." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 18, no. 7 (July 2013): 1981–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232013000700013.
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This is a qualitative study seeking to understand Brazilian women's experience of urinary incontinence (UI) and design a representative theoretical model for the experience. Theoretical saturation occurred after analysis of the 18th non-directive interview in accordance with Grounded Theory. Two phenomena emerged: living with the challenges of UI and experiencing the hope and disappointment of rehabilitation from UI. Upon re-alignment of the components, the core category emerged, namely: between suffering and hope - rehabilitation from urinary incontinence as an intervening component. From the analysis in light of symbolic interactionism, pregnancy and vaginal birth were observed to be symbols of women's vulnerability to the suffering from living with the moral and physio-psychosocial challenges of UI. It is also inferred that the lack of consideration of the Unified Health System (SUS) in investing in the process of rehabilitation from UI may be having a negative effect on the incentive programs for promoting vaginal birth. Most of all, it reveals the ongoing suffering of women with UI, most of whom do not have access to rehabilitation due to the lack of programs geared to the real needs of these users of the Unified Health System.
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Asan, Selim, and İlhan Şen. "The Opinions of Preservice Physical Education Teachers Towards the Physical Education Teaching Field Knowledge Test." Journal of Educational Issues 7, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v7i1.18181.
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The aim of this study is to examine the opinions of preservice physical education teachers towards the teaching field knowledge test (TFKT). The test, which constitutes half of the score required to be appointed as a teacher is believed to determine the level of knowledge of preservice teachers in their fields of teaching. Preservice teachers’ opinions towards the field knowledge test are, therefore, noteworthy. The study was conducted with 18 preservice teachers (9 female, 9 male) who graduated from the physical education teaching departments of universities and took the teaching field knowledge testat least once. This study used the qualitative case design and the criterion sampling method, one of the purposive sampling types. Data were obtained using the interview technique, which included five semi-structured and non-directive, open-ended interview questions. MaxQDA 2020 qualitative data analysis program was used in the modelling of the research data. According to the results of the analysis, although the candidates stated positive opinions in relation to the function of the TFKT for discriminating between who is competent and who is not, choosing a well-equipped teacher, serving as a measurement tool and measuring professional competencies, the majority of the participants presented negative opinions about the field knowledge testin physical education teaching. The reasons for the negative opinions were that the test lacks a suitable distribution of questions, relies on memorization is too detailed, does not measure motor skills and does not match the undergraduate course content as well as having an excessively wide scope.
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Apriani, Rezita, and Rahmanelli Rahmanelli. "Environmental Utilization as Learning Resource by Geography Teacher to Apply Religius Characteristic in Public High School (SMAN) Lombok Timur." Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography Education 2, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/sjdgge.v2i1.125.
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This study is purposed to obtain objective data about environmental availability as a learning source and its relevance to Core Competency (KI) and Basic Competency (KD) of public senior high school (SMAN) in East Lombok; the use of environment as a learning source by geography teachers to shape religious characters and to know teacher barriers in using environment as a learning source, and also to determine priority of directive policy in utilizing environment as a learning source in geography subject at SMAN East Lombok. Type of research was qualitative research. Data were collected through observation, interview, and documentation. Data analysis consisted of data reduction, data presentation, verification, and ISM (Interpretative Structural Modeling). This study found out that: (1) in aspect of environmental availability as a learning source, physical and non physical environment are available to be used as a learning resource and it is relevant to KI and KD in SMAN East Lombok. (2) In utilization aspect, the form of physical and non physical utilization in religious characteristic application at school has been exploited by geography teacher to form religious character. However, environmental utilization outside the school is not optimal, because of the obstacles. (3) Constraints that teacher encounter are to coordinate students, infrastructure, to make plan, to understand parties that involved such as parent and family consent, to analyze the availability in the development of learning resources. (4) Policy priority that arise in utilizing the environment as a source of geography learning is improving skill development of geographic teacher implementation in collaboration with other offices and schools; structural planning by geography teachers to utilize the environment as a learning source and established a committee to explore the availability; analyzing condition and availability in the development of learning resources.
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Ponsford, J., N. K. Lee, D. Wong, A. McKay, K. Haines, Y. Alway, M. Downing, C. Furtado, and M. L. O'Donnell. "Efficacy of motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression symptoms following traumatic brain injury." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 5 (December 28, 2015): 1079–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002640.
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BackgroundAnxiety and depression are common following traumatic brain injury (TBI), often co-occurring. This study evaluated the efficacy of a 9-week cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program in reducing anxiety and depression and whether a three-session motivational interviewing (MI) preparatory intervention increased treatment response.MethodA randomized parallel three-group design was employed. Following diagnosis of anxiety and/or depression using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 75 participants with mild-severe TBI (mean age 42.2 years, mean post-traumatic amnesia 22 days) were randomly assigned to an Adapted CBT group: (1) MI + CBT (n = 26), or (2) non-directive counseling (NDC) + CBT (n = 26); or a (3) waitlist control (WC, n = 23) group. Groups did not differ in baseline demographics, injury severity, anxiety or depression. MI and CBT interventions were guided by manuals adapted for individuals with TBI. Three CBT booster sessions were provided at week 21 to intervention groups.ResultsUsing intention-to-treat analyses, random-effects regressions controlling for baseline scores revealed that Adapted CBT groups (MI + CBT and NDC + CBT) showed significantly greater reduction in anxiety on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [95% confidence interval (CI) −2.07 to −0.06] and depression on the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (95% CI −5.61 to −0.12) (primary outcomes), and greater gains in psychosocial functioning on Sydney Psychosocial Reintegration Scale (95% CI 0.04–3.69) (secondary outcome) over 30 weeks post-baseline relative to WC. The group receiving MI + CBT did not show greater gains than the group receiving NDC + CBT.ConclusionsFindings suggest that modified CBT with booster sessions over extended periods may alleviate anxiety and depression following TBI.
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Gorman, Mark, Chris Lochrin, Muhammad Adil Abbas Khan, and Fulvio Urso-Baiarda. "Waiting times and decision-making behind acute plastic surgery referrals in the UK." Journal of Hospital Administration 2, no. 1 (December 4, 2012): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v2n1p68.
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Over the past decade, Accident and Emergency (A&E) departments in the United Kingdom have struggled to cope with a doubling in patient attendances and the combined impacts of the ‘four-hour rule’, the European Working Time Directive and Modernising Medical Careers. Our previous prospective study suggested that A&E referrals to Plastic Surgery may not always be clinically motivated, but could have been affected by lack of blinding to the Plastic Surgery department participating in the study. The current study aims to corroborate those findings retrospectively, thereby overcoming this bias, and to conduct a detailed analysis of the reasons for observed referral behaviours. Medical notes of one hundred consecutive A&E referrals to a single Plastic Surgery Unit were retrospectively reviewed, documenting patient demographics, referral reason, time taken for referral and review, patient transfer time and referral appropriateness, defined by the need for hospital admission, surgery or senior review. ‘Appropriate’ and ‘inappropriate’ referrals were compared statistically for Referral Time, Transfer Time and Review Time using the independent samples t-test. To explore the reasons for observed referral patterns, six semi-structured interviews were carried out with all grades of A&E staff members using the previously-documented ‘framework analysis method’ of deductive analysis to investigate emerging and assumed themes systematically. 73 referrals from A&E to Plastic Surgery were included in the study, most commonly for adult males with upper limb injuries. The most frequent treatment outcomes were conservative management or wound exploration with no identifiable deep injury. Mean Referral Time and Review Time was 1:53 hours and 0:58 hours respectively. 69% of referrals were considered Appropriate according to the study definition. As in the previous study, inappropriate referrals were referred significantly more quickly than appropriate ones, whereas review time was similar irrespective of referral appropriateness. Interview themes analaysis revealed junior doctor inexperience, resource constraints and unintended consequences of targets and protocols to be major non-clinical determinants of whether a referral was made. This study confirms that priorities other than clinical need may influence A&E referral behavior and provides valuable insights into the challenges and drivers determining it. A significant proportion of referrals from A&E to Plastic Surgery are inappropriate and quicker referrals are more likely to be inappropriate. Many junior doctors currently lack the confidence and competence to manage routine cases that fall under the remit of Plastic Surgery. Significant change is needed to address the current situation. The insights of this study may help to inform such change.
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Ridlwan, Nurma Ali. "Komunikasi Konseling Lintas Budaya di MAN 2 Brebes Jawa Tengah." KOMUNIKA: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi 11, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 116–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/kom.v11i1.1282.
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In order to help the student as a young individual to be manifested into an adult, there is a concern from guidance and counseling sides to the development of this capabilities so that the student could live decently in the future. Effort from guidance and counseling in realizing this educational function, focusing on expanding, internalizing, updating and integrating this value into self-reliable attitude. In such efforts, there are many possibilities from guidance and counseling to utilizing various methods, approaches and techniques, to understand and facilitate the individual development which rests and leads to the human development according to its existensial nature. Because of the cultural diversity that grows and flourished in society, one of the communication approach in counseling which could be implemented is cross-cultural counseling. This research tries to explore and analyzed the data related to the cross cultural counseling conducted by the teacher at Madrasah Aliah Negeri (MAN) 2 Brebes towards students with Sundanese ethnic and Javanese ethnic background. This research is a fieldobservational research based, with the type of its data is interview, observation, and documentation. Data reduction techniques, data presentation and conclusion techniques is conducted to analyze the data. Result shows that: firstly, there were similarities of cross-cultural communication conducted by the teacher towards students with Java and Sundanese ethnic background. This similarities are: Bahasa as the same medium in communication, in a specific case using clinical approach, communication skill as empathy, asking, assertiuve and confrontation, posited teachers as a friend and even student’s parent. Secondly, if there is a difference between these two sundanese and Javanese ethnic occurred, it is on rational-emotive approach which is using on Javanese ethnic student, meanwhile non-directive approach is conducted on Sundanese ethnic student.
Dalam upaya membantu individu (siswa) mewujudkan pribadi utuh, bimbingan dan konseling peduli terhadap pengembangan kemampuan tersebut agar siswa dapat hidup lebih baik dan benar. Upaya bimbingan dalam merealisasikan fungsi-fungsi pendidikan, terarah kepada upaya membantu individu untuk memperluas, menginternalisasi, memperbaharui, dan mengintegrasikan sistem nilai ke dalam perilaku mandiri. Dalam upaya tersebut, bimbingan dan konseling amat mungkin menggunakan berbagai metode dan pendekatan serta teknik, untuk memahami dan memfasilitasi perkembangan individu yang bersandar dan terarah kepada pengembangan manusia sesuai dengan hakikat eksistensialnya. Oleh karena tampak keragaman budaya yang tumbuh dan berkembang di masyarakat, maka salah satu pendekatan komunikasi dalam konseling yang dapat digunakan yaitu komunikasi konseling lintas budaya. Penelitian ini berupaya menggali dan menganalisis data terkait dengan komunikasi konseling lintas budaya yang dilakukan oleh guru Madrasah Aliah Negeri (MAN) 2 Brebes kepada siswa yang berlatar belakang etnis Sunda dan etnis Jawa. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian lapangan dengan metode pengumpulan data berupa wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Analisis datan menggunakan teknik reduksi data, penyajian data dan pengambilan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui bahwa, Pertama; terdapat persamaan komunikasi konseling lintas budaya yang dilakukan oleh guru kepada siswa berlatar belakang etnis Sunda dan Jawa yaitu; secara bahasa menggunakan bahasa Indonesia sebagai sarana komunikasi, pada kasus tertentu menggunakan pendekatan klinikal, menggunakan keterampilan komunikasi seperti keterampilan empatik, bertanya, asertif dan konfrontasi, menempatkan posisi guru sebagai teman bahkan orangtua siswa, dan memperlakukan siswa sama sesuai dengan hak dan kewajibannya. Kedua, perbedaan komunikasi konseling lintas budaya kepada keduanya (siswa Sunda dan Jawa) hanya tampak pada penggunaan pendekatannya, yaitu pendekatan pada siswa etnis Jawa menggunakan pendekatan rasional-emotif, sedangkan pada siswa etnis Sunda menggunakan pendekatan non-direktif.
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Mengual, Rose P., Michael J. Feldman, and Gord R. Jones. "Implementation of a novel prehospital advance directive protocol in southeastern Ontario." CJEM 9, no. 04 (July 2007): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s148180350001513x.
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ABSTRACTIntroduction:Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders are commonly accepted in most health care settings, but are less widely recognized in the prehospital setting. We describe the implementation of and satisfaction with a prehospital DNR protocol that allows paramedics to honour verbal and non-standard written DNR requests.Methods:This prospective observational study reviewed all cardiac arrests in southeastern Ontario between March 1, 2003 and September 31, 2005. Following a verbal or non-standard written DNR request, paramedics completed a questionnaire and a follow-up structured telephone interview was conducted with surrogate decision makers (SDMs).Results:There were 1890 cardiac arrests during the study period, of which 86 met our inclusion criteria. Paramedic surveys were available for 82 cases (95%), and surrogate decision makers (SDMs) were successfully contacted in 50 (58%) of them. Two SDMs declined to be interviewed. The mean patient age was 72.7 (standard deviation 13.8) years and 65% were male. Sixty-three (73%) of DNR requests were verbal, and 23 (27%) were written. The mean paramedic comfort was rated 4.9 on a 5-point Likert scale (with 5 being “very comfortable” ) (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9–5.0). The mean SDM comfort was rated by paramedics as 4.9 (95% CI 4.8 –4.9). SDMs reported comfort in withholding CPR in 47 of 48 cases (98%), and with paramedic care in all cases. One SDM stated that although it was consistent with the patient's wishes, she was uncomfortable having to make the DNR request.Conclusions:Satisfaction with this novel prehospital DNR protocol was uniformly high among paramedic and SDM respondents. It appears that such a protocol is feasible and acceptable for the prehospital setting. Our conclusions are limited by a small sample size, the lack of a comparison group, and limited follow-up.
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LaRoche, Kathryn J., and Angel M. Foster. "“I kind of feel like sometimes I am shoving it under the carpet”: Documenting women’s experiences with post-abortion support in Ontario." FACETS 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 754–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0059.
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Background: Abortion has been available without criminal restriction in Canada since 1988, and approximately 33 000 terminations take place in Ontario each year. Objectives: This study aimed to explore women’s expressed desire for post-abortion support services, document the priorities expressed by women in seeking post-abortion support, and identify actionable strategies to improve post-abortion support services in Ontario. Methods: Between 2012 and 2014 we conducted in-depth, open-ended interviews with 60 Anglophone women from across Ontario who had recently had an abortion. We aimed to rigorously explore the compounding issues of age and geography on women’s abortion experiences. We analyzed our data for content and themes and reported on the findings related to post-abortion support. Results: One third of our participants expressed a desire for post-abortion support, yet few were able to access a timely, affordable, non-directive service. Women were uncertain about how to find services; most contacted a provider recommended by the clinic or searched online. Women were enthusiastic about a talkline format citing anonymity and convenience as the main advantages. Conclusion: Our results suggest that exploring ways to expand post-abortion support services in Ontario is warranted. A talkline format could provide an anonymous, convenient, non-judgmental, and non-directive way to address this unmet need.
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Levene, Frank, and Malcolm Higgs. "Leadership and change implementation in a Russian context." Journal of General Management 44, no. 1 (October 2018): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306307018780406.
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Leadership literature suggests that the transfer of leadership theory to non-US/Anglo-centric cultures may lead to findings that are different from current ones. Indeed, it is proposed that a dominant national culture will impact both the enacted leadership style and the followers’ expectations and acceptance of such a leadership style. Within the emerging literature on relational and change leadership, there is little consideration of the differing impact of leader behaviours in non-Western cultures. This study addresses both these gaps, through a case study that explores leadership styles and strategic change implementation within a Russian context that is seen as being directive and autocratic. The nature and impact of leadership in the context of change in Russian organizations is explored in this article, using a case-study design. Based on 20 interviews conducted in three organizations, we report findings which suggest, in a Russian context, that a more relational leadership style is more effective, and more likely to be accepted by followers, in implementing strategic change than a more ‘typical’ autocratic and directive style. The article contributes to leadership theory by providing clear empirical evidence of the value of a relational style in non-Western settings in ensuring effective change implementation.
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Meeuwesen, Ludwien. "Verschillen in Conversatieregels Tussen Mannen en Vrouwen?" Spreken in moedertaal en vreemde taal 54 (January 1, 1996): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.54.05mee.
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Do men and women make use of different strategies in communication? According to the theory of gender subcultures of Maltz and Borker, differences refer to relational orientation in women and task-orientedness in men (affiliation vs control). Verbatim transcripts of 85 medical interviews were analysed, using Stiles' Verbal Response Mode coding systemm (VRM), and notions of topic shift. In agreement with the hypothesis male doctors were more imposing and presump-tuous (more often giving advice and interpretations). Female doctors were more attentive and non-directive (giving more subjective and objective information and backchannels). The interviews of female doctors took more time than the interviews of their male colleagues. The topic shifts were more coherent among the female doctors. The results support the idea of the existence, to a certain degree, of different subcultures for men and women.
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Goujon Belghit, Anne. "An Examination of Social Regulation in the Context of the Restructuring of State-Owned Companies." Journal of International Business and Economy 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 62–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2011.2.4.
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As a result of new internal regulations, public bodies are currently changing their structures, their strategies and the ways in which they function. We are going to analyze these transformations using the theory of social regulation and the theory of change. We have carried out two case studies (France T챕l챕com and the SNCB) in two different countries (France and Belgium). We performed semi-directive interviews of management-level and non-management level employees. Taking as our context a public body in the process of restructuring: What is the nature of the relationship between the public body, its employees and rules and regulations?
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Borysow, Igor da Costa, and Juarez Pereira Furtado. "Access, equity and social cohesion: evaluation of intersectoral strategies for people experiencing homelessness." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 48, no. 6 (December 2014): 1069–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420140000700015.
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Objective To understand and evaluate the work of intersectoral assistance on the insertion and the flow of people in situation of street with severe mental illness in public services of Mental Health. Method A case study developed from ten visits to a night shelter between March and April 2012. For data collection, the participant observation and semi-structured interviews were carried out with four sheltered individuals, as well as non-directive group interviews with five technicians of the social-assistance services. Results Were analyzed using Content Analysis and developing a Logic Model validated with the professionals involved. Conclusion The social assistance services are the main entry of this clientele in the public network of assistance services, and the Mental Health services have difficulty in responding to the specificities of the same clientele and in establishing intersectoral work.
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Macedo, Juliana Lopes de. "The multiple meanings of 'risk': views on the abortion of non-viable fetuses among Brazilian medical doctors and magistrates." Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 12, no. 1 (June 2015): 204–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43412015v12n1p204.
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The article seeks to understand the conceptions of 'risk' produced in the medical field as they come to be interpreted in the legal field. It draws on legal decisions concerning authorization for aborting fetuses bearing anomalies incompatible with life, and on non-directive interviews with medical doctors and magistrates. The category of 'risk' was found to be subject to considerable manipulation by both doctors and magistrates in being deployed as moral justification for the abortion of non-viable fetuses. Abortion is thus displaced from the sphere of individual choice to the domain of therapeutic abortion. The article also highlights the polyvalence of risk discourse, since this notion is deployed both to affirm and to deny legal authorizations for abortion, and to attribute responsibility for abortion decisions to doctors.
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Nedelkov, N., E. Yordanov, E. Hristov, V. Petkova, S. Ognianov, K. Andreevska, Tz Delyiski, and I. Parvova. "Serialization and Verification of Medicinal Products – A Pilot Study Among Pharmacists in Bulgaria." Acta Medica Bulgarica 46, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amb-2019-0024.
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Abstract Background. In an attempt to stop the distribution of falsified medicinal products, the EU has adopted Directive 2011/62/EU. Since 9th February 2019, each package of medicinal product must be given a unique number in combination with a mandatory indicator of integrity. The Directive requires the creation of a system of serialization and verification of the medicinal products. Aim of the study: To determine the level of awareness about the serialization and verification system among masters of pharmacy and the preparedness of Bulgarian pharmacies to meet the new challenges. Materials and methods: A pilot survey was conducted in 25 pharmacies in Sofia. 41 specialists in pharmacy holding a master degree were interviewed using the “direct individual survey” method. Results and discussion: The knowledge about the availability of new regulatory requirements is in serious dissonance with the established high level of non-awareness of the forthcoming initiatives. Over 2/3 (78%) of the respondents do not know what the practical challenges to their pharmacy practices will be.
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Silva, Vanessa Carvalho da. "Dispositions of Adults with Low Education Levels, and Who Haven't Returned to Formal Education, Towards Lifelong Learning." European Journal of Education 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejed-2019.v2i2-66.
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This study aims to determine how adults with low education levels perceive lifelong education by analysing a set of interconnected and complementary aspects. The methodological strategy focussed on a qualitative analysis based on semi-directive interviews of a biographical nature. Identifying the reasons for the abandonment of initial (formal) education and obstacles faced by these adults over time revealed a myriad of factors justifying their disengagement from available education offers. To understand the amplitude of a phenomenon that links lifelong learning, knowledge, literacy and education level, in situations of a non-return to formal education, the study involved an in-depth analysis of the dispositions of persons who have “remained outside” of this relation with learning.Keywords: Lifelong learning, knowledge society, adults with a low education level, dispositions.
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Gaudreau, Joëlle, and Christine Brabant. "The experience of adults who were “unschooled” during their youth: A phenomenological approach." Journal of Pedagogy 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jped-2021-0002.
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Abstract To better understand the experience of unschooling, non-directive in-depth interviews with five Quebec adults who had experienced it were conducted according to a phenomenological approach, revealing their perceptions of their educational experiences and their families, as well as their views of the world. Certain aspects of the testimonies corroborate the results of previous studies concerning self-directed learning, use of information technology, development of interests, and participation in a support group; others reveal limits when it comes to learning perseverance, pursuit of complex learning goals, school integration, and evaluation. The participants also spoke of family conflicts, parental control, negligence, and the influence of this experience on their views of society, work, the school system, and the role of government in education.
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Kashif Imran, Muhammad, Tehreem Fatima, Usman Aslam, and Syed Muhammad Javed Iqbal. "Exploring the Benefits of Social Media Towards Knowledge Sharing Among Doctors." Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research 34, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 331–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2019.34.2.18.
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This exploratory study investigated the benefits of social media and to enhance knowledge sharing in the healthcare settings along with identification of challenges and possible solutions. Furthermore, the study elaborated the orientation of doctors about social media applications and in-role and extra-role knowledge sharing in their work settings. Fifteen semi-structured and non-directive interviews with the doctors in healthcare institutions operating in Southern Punjab, Pakistan were carried out under constructionism perspective. The interviews resulted in five major themes. The social media applications were found to advance knowledge sharing by promoting job related information transfer and voluntary sharing of tacit knowledge and experiences among doctors. Furthermore, the challenges faced in using social media as a knowledge sharing mechanism, and suggestions for improvement of its use among doctors were also brought to surface. The results added to the existing literature on social media and knowledge sharing in light of ‘dynamic theory of knowledge creation’ and ‘social network theory’. This study offered beneficial practical insights for practitioners and management of healthcare organizations for promotion of knowledge sharing through social media applications.
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Compin, Frederic. "Do financial criminals commit perfect crimes?" Journal of Financial Crime 23, no. 3 (July 4, 2016): 624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-03-2015-0018.
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Purpose Financial criminals commit crimes with such disconcerting ease that economic and social stability is threatened. Armed with intangible knowledge and backed by legal, financial and accounting expertise, criminals use their intellectual weapons to carry out their activities with impunity by operating in extra-territorial spaces such as tax havens. The purpose of this paper is based on interviews with key figures in the French judiciary and also French tax officials. Design/methodology/approach A survey in the form of semi-directive interviews was conducted from March to July 2012 with auditors, judicial magistrates and a representative of a large trade union of the French Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry. Questioning this panel of persons from different but associated horizons enabled the collection of practical, technical and professional information on how they perceive acts of financial crime in the practice of their mission. Findings It was possible to observe that financial crime is motive-driven and develops in specific spaces and contexts, aided by informational weapons. Research limitations/implications By promoting both financial optimisation and tax minimisation, non-cooperative territories provide the perfect breeding ground for innovative minds to distort social norms which uphold equal tax treatment and a common effort. Financial information is the recurring theme throughout, allowing ever more cunning offenders to distort the value of words and the meaning of economic results. Practical implications The ease with which financial crimes are committed remains striking. Understanding the reasons why financial criminals appear to enjoy relative impunity requires questioning the magistrates and actors involved in the combat against financial crime. The interviews conducted with these key players show that financial crime develops and flourishes on the basis of a threefold specificity: a specific motive linked to absolute enrichment without economic foundation, diffuse and imprecise spaces where economic crimes proliferate with total impunity and an intangible weapon in the form of financial information. Social implications The private appropriation of financial information leads to the misappropriation of public goods and its capture by private operators, thereby depriving the community of a source of knowledge and expertise. Originality/value This paper is based on interviews with key figures in the French judiciary and also French tax officials. A survey in the form of semi-directive interviews was conducted from March to July 2012 with auditors, judicial magistrates and a representative of a large trade union of the French Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry.
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Spagnuolo, Regina Stella, and Silvia Cristina Mangini Bocchi. "Between the processes of strengthening and weakening of the Family Health Strategy." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 66, no. 3 (June 2013): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71672013000300010.
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This was a qualitative study with the purpose of designing a meta-model for the work process of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) team. It was based on the experience of six sample groups, composed of their members (physicians, professional nurses, dentists, dental assistants, licensed technical nurses and community health agents) in a city in São Paulo state, Brazil, totaling 54 subjects. Six theoretical models emerged from non-directive interviews. These were analyzed according to Grounded Theory and submitted to the meta-synthesis strategy, which produced the meta-model "between the processes of strengthening and weakening of the FHS model: professional-team-community reciprocity as an intervening component". When analyzed in light of the Theory of Complexity (TC), it showed to be a work with a vertical and authoritarian tendency, which is largely hegemonic in the tradition of public health care policies.
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Dor, Asnat. "Single Mothers by Choice: True Choice or Realistic Compromise?" World Journal of Social Science Research 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): p34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v8n1p34.
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This qualitative phenomenological study focuses on the process undergone by never-married Single Mothers by Choice (SMC) in their decision to raise a child on their own. The issue examined is whether the choice of this family structure reflects a social change or a personal compromise, a decision not to wait for a marriage partner. Semi-structured, in-depth, non-directive interviews were conducted. The findings reveal that SMC took the step as a compromise, having preferred to marry. While they are willing to compromise on family structure, SMC are not willing to compromise on a partner, nor are they willing to forego their intention to become mothers. Thus, marriage is still the most desired family structure for having children, but social change is manifested in the choice that women make to choose motherhood without a partner.
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Rosa, Vítor. "Análise sociológica sobre o karaté em Portugal." Journal of Sport Pedagogy & Research 6, no. 1 (June 2020): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47863/rfyd7442.
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In analysis of the cultures of graduated karatekas, we intend to analyze that the mythical warrior traditions of Japan Samurai is present in a dominant way in karate globalization process, constitutive by an eastern philosophy, an identity lifestyle, and private organizational involvements as a form of resistance to Western sports competition model. We set three hypotheses and construct an analysis model. We have used extensive methodology and the application of various techniques of social research: direct observation, participant observation, semi-directive interviews and survey. The universe was 244 practitioners of advanced karate (brown and black belts), at national level. 31 interviews have been made. The results show that there are an identity lifestyle among experienced practitioners of karate, although due to particular uses and social provisions. The analysis of the information mobilized points out the existence of a character multidimensional of orientation. The data also point out that the relationships between the experience apprentices of karate of the non-competition and sport competition have been becoming characterized for tensions, resistance and conflicts dynamics, generators of scissions among teaching agents, practice spaces or clubs and federal structure.
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Andrade, Gisele Nepomuceno de, Tércia Maria Ribeiro Lima Rezende, and Anézia Moreira Faria Madeira. "Child Health Booklet: experiences of professionals in primary health care." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 48, no. 5 (October 2014): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-6234201400005000012.
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Objective: Understanding the experiences of health professionals in primary care with the Child Health Booklet in child health care. Method: A qualitative study with a phenomenological approach, in which participated nurses and doctors from six teams of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Belo Horizonte, MG. In total, were carried out 12 non-directive interviews, using two guiding questions. Results: A comprehensive analysis of the speeches enabled the construction of three categories that signal the experiences of the professionals with the booklet. The experiments revealed difficulties arising from the limitations of knowledge about the instrument; incomplete filling out of the booklet by many professionals that care for children; the daily confrontations of the process and the organization of work teams; disinterest of families with the instrument. Conclusion: The research points possible and necessary ways to improve the use of booklets as an instrument of full child health surveillance.
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Wiard, Victor, and Mathieu Simonson. "‘The city is ours, so let’s talk about it’: Constructing a citizen media initiative in Brussels." Journalism 20, no. 4 (May 23, 2018): 617–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884918770556.
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This article investigates the relationships between citizen media and constructive journalism. It focuses on ‘Dewey’, a nonprofit organization producing citizen content on four hyperlocal online platforms. With an action research approach, the activities, interactions among members, and productions are critically assessed with participants. To do so, semi-directive interviews were conducted among 12 contributors to the platforms. Active participation of 2 years to the Dewey project as well as news pieces produced enriched the analysis. Results indicate that participants’ specific writing practices produce constructive news against stereotypes or against a lack of coverage of certain issues. Furthermore, Dewey’s open (and non-institutional) structure allows individuals to develop their own identities as participants, resulting in different writing styles and approaches to news production. However, this openness created an uneven repartition of responsibilities and a high dependence toward a small number of individuals making the process fragile and slow.
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Naeem, Muhammad. "Uncovering and Addressing the Challenges in the Adoption of E-Procurement System." International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 14, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisscm.2021010101.
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Small businesses have many challenges that must be resolved before adoption of e-procurement systems. The present study aims to understand the various financial, technological, educational, organizational, banking, and customers challenges in the adoption of e-procurement system in SME. Based on these challenges, this study has recommended how SME can adopt e-procurement systems. The study followed an interpretivist approach based on qualitative design using 30 non-directive and semi-structured interviews from the various stakeholders of SME. Results reveal the financial, technological, educational, organizational, banking, and suppliers' challenges in the adoption of e-procurement system. Findings emerged with various themes such as limited financial budget and support, high cybercrime rate and lower level of privacy, lack of e-commerce educational programs, and lower level of learning opportunities. Top management must address employee, financial, organizational, and educational challenges before adoption of e-procurement system in SME.
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Urea, Ionela Roxana, and Cristina Cora Pirvu. "THE IMPACT OF THE TRAINER’ COMMUNICATIONAL STYLE ON ADULT LEARNERS ‘LEARNING STYLES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 5 (June 1, 2020): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i5.2020.110.
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Today, it is clear to everyone that regardless of the studies completed, the process of continuous improvement is necessary depending on the field in which they work. Each country has designed specific strategies in the field of adult education, as part of lifelong learning.
Our research had the aim to highlight, beyond the type of training program for adults, the relationship between the communication style of trainers involved in adult education and the learning style of adult learners.
In our research we used: a) the “Questionnaire S.C. (Analysis of Communication Style) b) the Romanian version of “Learning style Questionnaire”; c) non-directive interviews; d) statistical processing methods.
The results that came from the data allow us to see the influences of the trainers’ communicational style upon the learning style of adult learners during the training sessions.
The conclusions are significant for developing proper vocational counselling programs for trainers that are involved in training adult learners.
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Timmerman, Ruben I., Arjen Leerkes, Richard Staring, and Nicola Delvino. "‘Free In, Free Out’: Exploring Dutch Firewall Protections for Irregular Migrant Victims of Crime." European Journal of Migration and Law 22, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 427–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340082.
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Abstract Real and perceived risks of deportation may compromise the effective right of irregular migrants to report to the police if they have been a victim of crime. Some localities have therefore introduced so-called ‘firewall protection’, providing a clear separation between the provision of public services and immigration enforcement. This article explores one such policy in the Netherlands: ‘free in, free out’. While the policy began as a local pilot project, in 2015 it was introduced at the national-level alongside implementation of EU Victim’s Rights Directive, and currently represents the only national-level example of ‘firewall protection’ for victims of crime in Europe. This article is based on a socio-legal study that included interviews with informants from governmental and non-governmental organisations. It documents the legal and social reasons for instituting the policy, while critically assessing the challenges in implementation. Finally, it discusses the lessons and opportunities for expanding firewall protection more broadly in a European context.
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Dor, Asnat. "Single Motherhood by Choice: Difficulties and Advantages." Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 11, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v11n1p18.
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This qualitative phenomenological study focuses on the advantages and difficulties encountered by 20 single mothers by choice (SMC). Research has addressed the difficulties that single mothers face, and the present study will discuss these, as well as the advantages that SMC see in this family structure. The research tool was semi-structured in-depth, non-directive interviews. Findings revealed that the difficulties SMCs face are similar to those faced by women who are single mothers due to life circumstances. The fact that they are solely responsible for their child/ren is a source of emotional stress, and they must deal with society’s ambivalent attitudes. At the same time, SMCs emphasized their freedom to decide exclusively, and their success in maintaining a calm atmosphere at home, devoid of possible tension with a partner. This study suggests that although the women had chosen to become single mothers, the choice does not ease their difficulties. However, it allows SMCs to acknowledge the advantages of this family structure.
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Aldosari, Dalal M., and Ali S. Ibrahim. "The Relationship Between Interpersonal Approaches of Thesis Supervisors and Graduate Student Satisfaction." International Education Studies 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n10p96.
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The purpose of this explanatory mixed method study is to describe students’ perceptions of the thesis supervision approaches used, their satisfaction with these approaches, and whether their satisfaction differed based on students’ gender, degree sought, and concentration. The study comprised two parts. First, a questionnaire was distributed to all graduate students who had written a thesis/dissertation during 2015-2017 (N=213) at one of the universities in the United Arab Emirates. Second, a group of students from among those mentioned above (N=16) were interviewed. The study revealed that the most commonly used approach by the supervisors was the collaborative interpersonal approach and the least used one was the directive informational approach. There was no significant difference according to the degree sought and concentration. However, when it came to gender, female students believed that the supervisors had used the collaborative approach more than the male students. Overall, graduate students were satisfied with their supervisors’ approaches, while some were highly satisfied. The findings indicated a pattern where the more collaborative the supervisor was, the more satisfied the student became and the more the supervisor used the non-directive interpersonal approach, the less satisfied the students became. The study recommends that faculty supervisors attend to the various needs and preferences of their students and be ready to shift away from their preferred approach to suit the diverse needs and abilities of their students.
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Finlay, Linda. "Good Patients and Bad Patients: How Occupational Therapists View Their Patients/Clients." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 60, no. 10 (October 1997): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269706001004.
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Many studies have highlighted how health professionals tend to categorise their patients in terms of moral evaluations, in particular perceiving patients as ‘good’ and ‘bad’. This article reports on a qualitative study which explored how occupational therapists experienced their patients/clients, investigating what social evaluations were made. Nine occupational therapists were interviewed using a relatively non-directive, phenomenological approach. Although the therapists were reluctant to stereotype their patients/clients, the use of moral and social evaluations was widespread. ‘Good’ patients were warmly responsive and made the therapists feel valued and effective. ‘Bad’ patients were manipulative, threatening and resisted change. An additional category of ‘difficult’ patients emerged which reflected the therapists' ambivalent responses to this patient/client group, who were experienced as positively challenging but hard work. The discussion emphasises how social evaluations are complex and involve multiple meanings which emerge in different contexts with different individuals.
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Ward, Emma, Claudia Anholt, Sarah Gentry, Lynne Dawkins, Richard Holland, and Caitlin Notley. "A Qualitative Exploration of Consumers’ Perceived Impacts, Behavioural Reactions, and Future Reflections of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2017) as Applied to Electronic Cigarettes." Tobacco Use Insights 13 (January 2020): 1179173X2092545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179173x20925458.
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Background: Electronic cigarette regulations included in the Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), Article 20, implemented in Europe by May 2017, aimed to improve safety for e-cigarette consumers, and prevent uptake among non-smokers, particularly young people. Before implementation, there were significant concerns from consumers, industry, and some in the scientific community about the potential negative impact of the TPD on people using e-cigarettes to remain abstinent from smoking. To date, there is limited evidence on how the TPD has affected consumers. This study aimed to add insight into how consumers perceived and experienced the regulations. Methods: Qualitative data, collected between March 2018 and March 2019, relating to participant views of the TPD were extracted from 160 interviews/extended surveys of e-cigarette consumers as part of a wider study into e-cigarette use trajectories (ECtra study). Data were thematically analysed. Results: Awareness of the TPD among consumers was not universal. Participants’ smoking behaviour did not appear to be influenced by the legislation. Participants were reassured by manufacturing regulations and requirements for ingredients labels. Participants responded negatively to changes perceived to cause inconvenience and extra plastic waste. The product restrictions prompted some participants to purchase non-compliant products illegally, potentially putting their safety at risk. Conclusions: E-cigarette regulation should focus on ensuring product safety. Raising awareness of the TPD among consumers and smokers could be beneficial.
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Nguyen, Thi My Linh, Ky Trung Phan, Van Be Nguyen, and Pham Dang Tri Van. "Assessing the surface water resources management for agricultural activities in the Soc Trang Province, Vietnamese Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Journal of Vietnamese Environment 10, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol10.no1.pp4-10.
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Climate change has been affecting to livelihoods of communities in the coastal plain of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). Surface water management in the coastal plain was considered to be limited, especially in enforcement. Therefore, the research aimed to assess the stakeholder involvement, identify the conflict in using the surface water and mechanism to solve and avoid the conflict. The directive interview farmers and governmental staffs was implemented to collect the necessary data. The descriptive statistic was applied in order to analyze the collecting data through farmer survey. The questionnaire was built based on the governance assessment framework “Ten-building Block”. The results showed that the governmental group (including the people committee and the Provincial department) was the highest participatory in the management process both in decision-making level and interested level. The surface water users, especially the farmers participated with the average rate because of their low capacity in making the decision for a new policy or a new agricultural model. Besides, different groups of stakeholders as the non-governmental organization and governmental organization (the local Youth Union, Famer’s and Women’s Association) played an important role in raising the water user’s awareness. The remaining group, including non-agricultural company or traders, nearly were not concerned about the surface water changes. In addition, there were two main types of conflicts identified: between the farmers in the same kind (1) and different kind (2) of cultivation. As the consequence of the natural salinity and the impacts of output water from shrimp pond to the rice cultivation zone, the conflict was about the inefficient water regulation and distribution for each water user. These conflicts were mostly solved through self-negotiating and self-engaging between the farmers. In fact, there was no rule or principle to solve and prevent the potential water use conflict. Thus, this could be a great challenge for the surface water management in the agricultural zone as Soc Trang in the context of increasing the extreme climatic phenomenon.
Biến đổi khí hậu đã và đang tác động lớn đến sinh kế của các cộng đồng ven biển đồng bằng sông Cứu Long (ĐBSCL). Công tác quản lý tổng hợp tài nguyên nước mặt tại vùng ven biển được cho rằng còn tồn tại nhiều hạn chế, nhất là trong triển khai và thực thi. Vì vậy, nghiên cứu được thực hiện tại Sóc Trăng (một tỉnh ven biển ĐBSCL) nhằm đánh giá sự tham gia của các thành phần có liên quan, xác định các mâu thuẫn trong sử dụng nguồn nước mặt cũng như các giải pháp giải quyết và phòng tránh mâu thuẫn. Phương pháp phỏng vấn trực tiếp nông hộ, tham vấn chuyên gia quản lý và thống kê mô tả được áp dụng để đánh giá các mục tiêu đặt ra của đề tài. Các thông tin khảo sát được xây dựng dựa trên bộ mười tiêu chí đánh giá quản trị tài nguyên nước (van Rijswick et al., 2014). Kết quả cho thấy nhóm chính quyền địa phương (bao gồm UBND và các Sở/Ngành) có vai trò và mức độ tham gia cao nhất trong chu trình quản lý. Người sử dụng nước mặt, nhất là nông dân đóng góp sự tham gia tương đối do mức đô ra quyết định về thiết lập chính sách và lựa chọn mô hình canh tác thấp. Mặt khác, các nhóm đối tượng khác như các tổ chức phi chính phủ, Đoàn thể, Hội nông dân và Hội phụ nữ đóng góp vai trò quan trọng trong nâng cao nhận thức và kêu gọi cộng đồng sử dụng hiệu quả nguồn nước mặt. Các nhóm tổ chức kinh tế như doanh nghiệp, tiểu thương gần như không quan tâm đến nguồn nước mặt. Bên cạnh đó, các mâu thuấn về sử dụng nước mặt cũng được xác định. Các mâu thuẫn được phân chia thành 2 nhóm: cùng loại hình canh tác và giữa các loại hình canh tác khác nhau. Các mâu thuẫn chủ yếu về vấn đề điều tiết nguồn nước không hợp lý và thiếu cân bằng trong phân phối nước ngọt cho các đơn vị canh tác do xâm nhập mặn tự nhiên, xả thải nước mặn vào vùng ngọt và khai thác không đồng đều. Các mâu thuẫn này chủ yếu được giải quyết thông qua thương lượng và thỏa thuân giữa các đối tượng có liên quan chứ chưa có bất kỳ một cơ chế hay quy định nào nhằm giải quyết cũng như phòng tránh các mâu thuẫn tiềm tàng. Vì vậy, đây sẽ là một thách thức lớn cho công tác quản lý nguồn nước mặt tại vùng sản xuất nông nghiệp thâm canh như Sóc Trăng trong bối cảnh gia tăng cực đoan khí hậu.
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Duarte, José, and João Robert Nogueira. "From the Hidden Protest of Students towards Problem-Based Learning." Education Sciences 9, no. 3 (August 13, 2019): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci9030215.
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This paper presents protests from academically successful students who privately conveyed to the researchers their feelings of personal discontent with schools. The criterion to select this “sample” was that these students, dissatisfied with school but having good marks, would reveal what others, academically less successful, could not express, by not knowing the syllabus as well as those students. However, their complaints are followed by suggestions of changes to be analyzed in this study. Our questions focused especially on the tenth grade, as this grade starts the three-year-cycle preceding university. We attempt to contribute to the issue of teacher education, by focusing on the stream of participative research in educational institutions, conducted by external researchers in cooperation with the institution’s stakeholders, students, and teachers in this study. The data analyzed for this paper came from in-depth interviews conducted, in a non-directive way, with students and their teachers. From the proposals of the students and the comments from teachers, we conclude it is crucial to substantially reduce the predominant teacher-centered methodology of verbal presentation by engaging in students’ activities, including the model of problem-based learning or alike in opposition, in order to rote memorization activities.
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Makrogiannaki, Aikaterini, and Ionela Roxana I. Urea. "THE ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE THE PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT OF TEACHERS INVOLVED IN EARLY EDUCATION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i4.2019.896.
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Teachers that work with little children provide the first educational services and constantly have to pay attention to accomplish the educational goals that are suitable for these children. Therefore, they develop, according with their professional experience, a specific conduct which is reflected in all their actions.
Our research had the aim to identify the elements that have impact upon professional conduct of teachers involved in early education and are relevant for quality of the early education
The paper tries to reveal the elements the influence the conduct of teachers that are involved in early education of the children.
In our research we used the “Questionnaire for assessing teachers professional conduct” b) the “Questionnaire for assessing conditions of teachers quality services provided”, non-directive interviews; statistical processing methods.
The results that came from the data allow us to see the factors that have high impact upon the teachers ‘professional conduct and also the conditions of objectifying this professional conduct.
The conclusions are significant for developing proper counselling programs addressed to parents that have child enrolled in kindergartens and to teachers that provided educational services for preschool children.
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Catela, Joana. "“Lending a hand”: the well-intentioned work of a non-profit organisation on the outskirts of neoliberal Lisbon." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 13, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-03-2019-0021.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the mental health of two immigrants supported by a non-profit organisation on the outskirts of Lisbon. The ethnography sets out the discourse of these users who are also residents of Terraços da Ponte, a social housing neighbourhood, and the workers who try to help them in the context of the non-profit organisation’s endeavours. Design/methodology/approach In order to explore the intersections between these users and state and non-state structures, this investigation relied on intensive fieldwork at a rehabilitated neighbourhood in Lisbon, as well as semi-directive interviews and life stories taken with workers of the institution and the people they were trying to help. Findings This paper shows how vulnerability has been produced in a social housing neighbourhood on the outskirts of Lisbon and how it connects to neoliberal policies employed by NGOs acting on the field. Research limitations/implications Any general conclusions about the subject need to take into consideration that this research looks at the work of a specific non-profit organisation during a particular period in time. Practical implications This research seeks not only to promote a critical approach to the subject, but also to contribute to the production of appropriate health policies for the immigrant population residing in Portugal. Originality/value The analysis of health and social care practices regarding so-called vulnerable subjects relies heavily on “a mix of good intentions, developmental ambitions, paternalistic attitudes and desire to control deviant populations” (Pussetti and Barros, 2012, p. 47). Although there is not a single solution to this problem, several levels of analysis were explored: the non-profits’ goals and inspirations, the workers motivations, the subjects’ expectations regarding the kind of help they can get from these services and their ability to exert their own agency despite the conditions governing their lives.
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Alrø, Helle, and Poul Nørgård Dahl. "Dialogic group coaching – inspiration from transformative mediation." Journal of Workplace Learning 27, no. 7 (September 14, 2015): 501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jwl-10-2014-0073.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to group coaching in the workplace that can enhance shared learning in groups and teams through dialogue as opposed to group members’ individual positioning through discussion and debate. Design/methodology/approach – An action research project conducted throughout one year in collaboration between the management groups of the Elderly Care in a Danish municipality, two organizational consultants and two researchers from the Department of Communication and Psychology at Aalborg University. The dialogical approach to group coaching is developed in the interaction between dialogue theory and the performance and close analysis of 12 video-taped coaching sessions with four management groups. The development of the dialogic group coaching concept is further supported through common reflections between researchers and groups in initial meetings as well as during the coaching sessions and final interviews, reflections between researchers and groups in initial meetings as well as during the coaching sessions and final interviews. Findings – The non-directive approach of dialogic group coaching is inspired by Transformative Mediation. This approach includes a focus on empowerment and recognition within the group in terms of promoting common reflection and learning. This also appears to diminish conflict talk and conflict-based relationships. Further, the dialogic approach emphasizes the importance of a coaching contract to create a common basis for reflection and action, which is found to reduce individual positioning. Originality/value – The paper develops a dialogic concept of group coaching in theory and practice, while focusing on the learning processes and development of the participating management groups.
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Rinaudo, Jean Daniel, and Patrice Garin. "The benefits of combining lay and expert input for water-management planning at the watershed level." Water Policy 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0018.
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With the promulgation of the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD), stakeholders’ involvement in water management planning and public consultation has become mandatory for member states. This paper investigates the case of France, where water management has been based on a distinctive form of “participatory democracy” for over 40 years. It first analyses how public participation and expert opinion fit into the water-management planning procedure and compares this to what occurs elsewhere in Europe and the United States. It then proposes an operational method for initiating the participatory process with an analysis of the stakeholders' viewpoint at the watershed level. The method, which relies on interviews, is applied to two watersheds located in southern France. The results of the two case studies illustrate how the stakeholders' viewpoint analysis can give access to practical knowledge and experience and to a wider range of perspectives and options. The case studies highlight the idea that the mobilisation of non-scientific (or lay) knowledge, values and preferences can improve the quality of the identification of the issues at stake, the formulation of a generally complex and unstructured problem and the identification of a large panel of alternative solutions. The paper then proposes some recommendations for implementing the provisions of the WFD.
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Spasova, Deyana, and Sibylle Braungardt. "Building a Common Support Framework in Differing Realities—Conditions for Renewable Energy Communities in Germany and Bulgaria." Energies 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 4693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154693.
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The revised EU Renewable Energy Directive first introduced renewable energy communities into the EU policy framework and requires Member States to implement a support framework for them. Given the broad scientific evidence showing the benefits of community energy for a just energy transition, a successful implementation across all Member States is essential. However, the preconditions for developing support frameworks differ largely between EU nations, as some countries have long-term experiences with supporting renewable energy communities (i.e., Germany and Denmark), while in other Member States, renewable energy communities are notably non-existent (i.e., Eastern European nations). With the purpose of providing scientific evidence to support the development of a policy framework for renewable energy communities in Eastern European Member States, this article compares key factors for the development of such communities in Bulgaria and Germany, combining a literature review with expert interviews to collect primary information on Bulgaria. A country analysis puts these factors into the contexts of both countries, while a cross-country comparison demonstrates that there are significant gaps in the support framework of Bulgaria, although these gaps are, to a lesser extent, also present in Germany. We discuss these shortcomings, derive policy recommendations and identify further research needs.
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Bragagnolo, Sandra Mara, Joel Haroldo Baade, and Leonardo Passarin. "FORMAÇÃO EDUCACIONAL E IDENTIDADE: ESTUDO DE CASO JUNTO A REPRESENTANTES DE UMA CIDADE DO MEIO-OESTE CATARINENSE." Professare 7, no. 1 (September 7, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33362/professare.v7i1.1452.
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<p class="resumoabstract">Esse artigo é parte de uma pesquisa feita sobre traços identitários de sujeitos da cidade de Caçador, SC, sob diferentes aspectos. Neste, apresenta-se análise sobre como a formação educacional está vinculada à construção de traços de identidade da população em estudo. O levantamento de dados foi feito a partir de duas fontes: referências bibliográficas e entrevistas não diretivas gravadas que possibilitaram a descrição de alguns traços identitários da população em estudo. Essas entrevistas foram analisadas, utilizando-se de abordagem qualitativa empírica, de cunho interpretativo. Foram entrevistadas pessoas de três gerações de cinco famílias residentes em diferentes bairros da cidade, totalizando 15 sujeitos, entre homens e mulheres. Os resultados apontaram para traços recorrentes de como as pessoas entrevistadas se preocupam com a formação educacional, relacionando-a a assegurar o futuro e garantir melhorias na qualidade de vida. Para os entrevistados, a formação educacional concorre com algumas dificuldades. Para os integrantes da primeira geração, registrou-se a distância física entre escola e residência e a falta de incentivo dos pais. Para os membros da segunda geração, as dificuldades se associam à escassez de recursos financeiros e obrigações com trabalho e com a ocorrência de gravidez não planejada. Os integrantes da terceira geração entrevistada demonstram acesso facilitado à formação educacional e demonstram consciência de sua importância. Entretanto, não somente para essa geração, mas também para as duas anteriores, percebe-se que existem diferentes concepções sobre a validade da formação, de acordo com a cultura que predomina no âmbito familiar de cada indivíduo.</p><p class="resumoabstract"><strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: Identidade. Formação educacional. Cultura regional. Caçador – Santa Catarina.</p><h3>ABSTRACT</h3><p class="resumoabstract">This article is part of a research about identity traits of subjects from the city of Caçador, SC, under different aspects. In this, an analysis is presented on how the educational training is linked to the formation of traces of identity of the study population. Data collection was done from two sources: bibliographical references and recorded non-directive interviews that enabled the description of some identity traits of the study population. These interviews were analyzed, using an empirical qualitative approach, with an interpretative character. People from three generations of five families living in different neighborhoods of the city were interviewed, totaling 15 subjects, among men and women. The results pointed to recurrent traits of how the interviewed people are concerned with the educational training, relating it to ensuring the future and improvements in quality of life. For the interviewees, educational training competes with some difficulties. For the members of the first generation, the physical distance between school and residence and the lack of incentive from the parentes was recorded. For the second-generation members, the difficulties associate with shortage of financial resources, with obligations related to work and with the occurance of unplanned pregnancy. The members of the third generation interviewed demonstrate easy access to education, and awareness of its importance. However, not only for this generation, but also for the two previous ones, different conceptions about the validity of educational training can be perceived, according to the culture that predominates in the family background of each individual.</p><p class="resumoabstract"><strong>Keywords</strong>: Identity. Educational training. Regional culture. Caçador – Santa Catarina.</p>
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Imran, Muhammad Kashif, Syed Muhammad Javed Iqbal, Usman Aslam, and Tehreem Fatima. "Does social media promote knowledge exchange? A qualitative insight." Management Decision 57, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 688–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-05-2017-0477.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the benefits of social media to enhance knowledge exchange in the organizations. Moreover, the current qualitative inquiry elaborates the orientation of doctors about social media applications and knowledge exchange in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach The constructionism approach based on grounded theory followed by qualitative design is used to investigate the exposition with the help of 22 non-directive and semi-structured interviews from the doctors of Bahawal Victoria Hospital. The cases are selected by using convenience sampling and thematic analysis is done using NVivo-11 plus. Findings The results end up with four major themes. The social media applications, at the first door, extend communication and relationship among employees. Moreover, these applications are equally beneficial for acquiring existing and new knowledge. Additionally, social media applications advance knowledge exchange by promoting knowledge sharing and transfer. Research limitations/implications This study is equally beneficial for employees and management to promote knowledge exchange through social media applications. The effective and efficient use of social media applications helps organizations to boost knowledge strength among employees and can address various critical issues. Originality/value This is an attempt to sightsee the unattended dimension (i.e. knowledge exchange) in the context with social media. The social media applications are popular all over the world and pace of their usage is increasing day by day but their real contribution toward organizational well-being is still lacking in contemporary literature.
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Martino, Luis Mauro Sá, Vitória P. Amá, Rafaela Artero do Nascimento, and Fabíola Balaratti Chechetto. "INICIAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA E EPISTEMOLOGIA DA COMUNICAÇÃO: subjetividade e afetividade na pesquisa." Revista Observatório 4, no. 6 (October 8, 2018): 574–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2018v4n6p574.
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Este texto delineia o processo de tomada de decisões epistemológicas por alunas e alunos de graduação na elaboração de pesquisas de Iniciação Científica realizadas na Faculdade Cásper Líbero, em São Paulo, entre 2016 e 2017. Catorze pesquisadores discentes foram entrevistados, focalizando três momentos: (a) a escolha do objeto de pesquisa; (b) a definição do referencial teórico e (c) a experiência de pesquisa como um todo. Os resultados sugerem a presença de um forte componente subjetivo e afetivo nas escolhas articulado com as dinâmicas de campo e demandas formais de pesquisa. Além disso, os pesquisados indicam o potencial de desafio e transformação no todo da experiência.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Iniciação Científica; Comunicação; Epistemologia; Pesquisa
ABSTRACT
This text presents the results of interviews conducted to understant some epistemological aspects of research developed at Casper Libero Faculty of Media by undergraduates. The in-depth interviews with the junior researchers focused on three main research aspects: (a) the definition of the research object, (b) the choice of the theoretical frame and (c) the moment of writing. Main findings have shown that students highlight as “good experiences” a high degree of autonomy in the subject’s choice blended with a supportive, non-directive, supervision for theory and writing.
KEYWORDS: Theory; Epistemology; Junior Research; Communication
RESUMEN
Este texto delinea el proceso de toma de decisiones epistemológicas por estudiantes de graduación en la elaboración de investigaciones de Iniciación Científica realizadas en la Facultad Cásper Líbero, en São Paulo, entre 2016 y 2017. Catorce investigadores discentes fueron entrevistados, enfocando tres momentos: (a) la elección del objeto de pesquisa; (b) la definición del referencial teórico y (c) la experiencia de investigación como un todo. Los resultados sugieren la presencia de un fuerte componente subjetivo y afectivo en todo proceso, articulado con las dinámicas de campo y demandas formales de investigación. Además, los encuestados indican el potencial de desafío y transformación en el todo de la experiencia.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Iniciación Cientifica; Pesquisa; Epistemologia; Comunicación
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Biswas, D., A. Rafferty, and P. Jassar. "Night emergency cover for ENT in England: a national survey." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 123, no. 8 (August 2009): 899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510900471x.
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AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the quality of out-of-hours ENT on-call cover by junior doctors, in view of the European Working Time Directive and the recent changes in the National Health Service workforce due to the ‘Modernising Medical Careers’ initiative, in England.Methods:We performed a national survey of first-on-call doctors for ENT, using a telephone questionnaire. Hospital contact details were sourced from the National Health Service website. The inclusion criterion was hospitals providing acute ENT facilities overnight in England.Results:One hundred and nineteen hospitals were contacted; 91 were eligible, and 83 interviews were conducted. The grade of the first-on-call ENT doctor ranged from foundation year two (19 per cent) to registrar level or above (13 per cent). Forty-nine respondents (68 per cent) reported having no previous ENT experience. Fifty-three respondents (74 per cent) covered more than one speciality at night, with seven (10 per cent) covering four or more specialities. The second-on-call doctor was non-resident in 63 cases (88 per cent). Thirty respondents (42 per cent) stated that they did not feel comfortable managing common ENT emergencies as the first doctor on call. Otorhinolaryngology induction courses were offered in 37 of the respondents’ hospitals (51 per cent), these courses were of varying duration.Conclusion:Night-time ENT care is often provided by junior doctors with little experience of the speciality, who are often also responsible for covering multiple specialities. Many reported not feeling comfortable managing common ENT emergencies. Structured induction programmes would help to provide basic knowledge and should be mandatory for all doctors covering ENT.
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Naeem, Muhammad. "Understanding the role of social media in organizational change implementation." Management Research Review 43, no. 9 (March 20, 2020): 1097–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-07-2019-0336.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the role of social media in implementing effective organizational change. The study illuminates how social media applications support the antecedents of organizational change in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach The study followed an interpretive approach based on qualitative design and grounded theory using 41 non-directive and semi-structured interviews with change leaders and change recipients. These respondents were chosen using purposive sampling and thematic analysis was then performed using NVivo 11-Plus software. Findings This research highlights how social media applications can be used to overcome the challenges of organizational change implementation. The findings of the study illuminate various emerging themes such as social media applications are beneficial for fostering knowledge sharing about change processes and enhancing effective communication during change formulation and implementation. It can increase the level of trust and participation in decision-making and decrease the level of resistance to change. Also, it can enhance the level of support for change acceptance in the workplace. Practical implications Social media application (SMAs) are helpful to foster informal, constructive and relevant discussion with respect to routines organizational tasks, employee concerns about new changes, information about job security and financial and non-financial benefits after change implementation. The effective and efficient use of SMAs helps organizations to foster knowledge amongst employees and they can address various critical issues i.e. employee uncertainties about change initiatives, social consensus on the solution of problems and interactive communication among social actors within a network. Originality/value The study represents an effort to explore seldom-researched aspects such as the role of social media in the context of change formulation and implementation at the workplace. Social media applications have become popular across the world and the speed of their usage is rising day by day, but their real contribution toward organizational change has not yet been fully understood.
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Warren, Janet M., C. Jeya K. Henry, M. Barbara E. Livingstone, Helen J. Lightowler, Suzanne M. Bradshaw, and Sylvia Perwaiz. "How well do children aged 5–7 years recall food eaten at school lunch?" Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 1 (February 2003): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2002346.
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AbstractObjective:This study aimed to determine the accuracy with which children aged 5 to 7 years were able to report the food eaten at a school lunch.Subjects/setting:Two hundred and three children (103 boys, 100 girls) aged 5–7 years were recruited from three primary schools in Oxford.Design:Trained investigators made observational records of the school dinner and packed lunch intakes of four or five children per session. Children were interviewed within two hours of finishing the lunchtime meal and asked to provide a free recall of their meal. When the child had completed the recall, non-directive prompts were used to assess if the child was able to remember anything else. Foods recalled were classified as matches (recalled food agreed with observation), omissions (failed to report a food observed) or phantoms (recalled food was not observed).Results:The percentage of accurate recall was significantly higher (P<0.01) in children eating packed lunch (mean 70±29%) than in children consuming school dinners (mean 58±27%). This difference may have been due to increased familiarity of foods in packed lunches. Leftovers were not readily reported in this age group. Prompts and cues enhanced recall by all children.Conclusions:This study indicated that there was a wide range in the ability of children aged 5–7 years to recall intake from a packed lunch and/or school dinner. This dietary assessment method is unlikely to be suitable at an individual level. Investigators using dietary recall to estimate food intake in children aged 5–7 years need to be aware of the limitations of this method.