Academic literature on the topic 'Non conservative loads'
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Journal articles on the topic "Non conservative loads"
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Luongo, A., and F. D'Annibale. "Double zero bifurcation of non-linear viscoelastic beams under conservative and non-conservative loads." International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 55 (October 2013): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2013.05.007.
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Glabisz, W. "Stability of non-prismatic rods subjected to non-conservative loads." Computers & Structures 46, no. 3 (February 1993): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(93)90217-2.
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Kim, Min-Geun, Bonyong Koo, You-Sung Han, and Minho Yoon. "Asymmetric Design Sensitivity and Isogeometric Shape Optimization Subject to Deformation-Dependent Loads." Symmetry 13, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13122373.
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We present a design sensitivity analysis and isogeometric shape optimization with path-dependent loads belonging to non-conservative loads under the assumption of elastic bodies. Path-dependent loads are sometimes expressed as the follower forces, and these loads have characteristics that depend not only on the design area of the structure but also on the deformation. When such a deformation-dependent load is considered, an asymmetric load stiffness matrix (tangential operator) in the response region appears. In this paper, the load stiffness matrix is derived by linearizing the non-linear non-conservative load, and the geometrical non-linear structure is optimally designed in the total Lagrangian formulation using the isogeometric framework. In particular, since the deformation-dependent load changes according to the change and displacement of the design area, the isogeometric analysis has a significant influence on the accuracy of the sensitivity analysis and optimization results. Through several numerical examples, the applicability and superiority of the isogeometric analysis method were verified in optimizing the shape of the problem subject to deformation-dependent loads.
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Adela Mejia-Nava, Rosa, Ismar Imamovic, Emina Hajdo, and Adnan Ibrahimbegovic. "Nonlinear instability problem for geometrically exact beam under conservative and non-conservative loads." Engineering Structures 265 (August 2022): 114446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114446.
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Sasaki, M., and S. Chonan. "Vibration and stability of elasticity supported circular plates under conservative and non-conservative loads." Journal of Sound and Vibration 103, no. 1 (November 1985): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-460x(85)90249-4.
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Guo, X. X. "Vibration Characteristics of the Non-Conservative Thermoelastic Coupling Plate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.551.
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The vibration characteristics of the thermoelastic coupling rectangular plate under the action of uniformly distributed tangential follower force are investigated. The coupled thermoelastic differential equation of the plate under the action of uniformly distributed tangential follower force was derived. Dimensionless complex frequencies of the thermoelastic coupling rectangular plate with one edge clamped and other three edges simply supported, two opposite edges simply supported and other two edges clamped were calculated by the differential quadrature method. The effects of the dimensionless thermoelastic coupling factor on the stability and critical load of the thin plate were analyzed. The results show that the flutter loads of the coupled modes increase with the increase of the dimensionless coupled thermoelastic factor and the aspect ratio.
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Chonan, S., and M. Sasaki. "Vibration and stability of elastically supported multi-span beams under conservative and non-conservative loads." Journal of Sound and Vibration 99, no. 4 (April 1985): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-460x(85)90539-5.
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Radin, V. P., V. P. Chirkov, E. V. Poznyak, and O. V. Novikova. "Stability of a rod with the elastic joint exposed to distributed non-conservative load." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 5 (758) (May 2023): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2023-5-3-13.
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Numerous features of non-conservative mechanical systems identified in studying their stability determine significant theoretical and practical interest to analyze various options of the calculation schemes. The paper considers stability of a rectilinear rod connected at one end to a joint and loaded with follower and potential loads uniformly distributed along the rod length. The joint was rigid with respect to rotation of the rod end. In order to apply the method of expanding solution to the perturbed motion equation into a series in terms of eigenmodes, the problem of determining the system eigenfrequencies and modes was solved. The cases of separate and combined action of the follower and potential loads were considered. A study was made on the influence of rigidity of the rod fastening and damping in the system on the loads critical values and on the position of the stability region boundaries on the loading parameters plane.
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Mpimpas, H., P. Anagnostopoulos, and J. Ganoulis. "Uncertainty of model parameters in stream pollution using fuzzy arithmetic." Journal of Hydroinformatics 10, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2008.037.
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Fuzzy arithmetic is employed for the analysis of uncertainties in water-stream pollution, when the various model parameters involved are imprecise. The one-dimensional advection–dispersion equation, for both a conservative and a non-conservative substance, was solved analytically for point and Gaussian-hill input loads of pollution, considering the dispersion and decay coefficients involved as fuzzy numbers. The solution of the advection–dispersion equation was also conducted numerically for the same input loads with the finite-difference method, employing a Lagrangian–Eulerian scheme. The good agreement between analytical and numerical results presented in the form of fuzzy numbers confirms the reliability of the numerical scheme. The advection–dispersion equation of a non-conservative substance was then solved numerically for ten different water quality parameters, in order to study the water pollution in a water stream. The dispersion coefficient, the source terms and the input loads were expressed as fuzzy numbers, and the concentration of each quality parameter was obtained in fuzzy-number form. With fuzzy modeling, imprecise data can be represented and imprecise output produced, with minimal input data requirements and without the need of a large number of computations.
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Oliveira, D. C., R. B. Gomes, and G. S. Melo. "Punching shear in reinforced concrete flat slabs with hole adjacent to the column and moment transfer." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 7, no. 3 (June 2014): 414–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952014000300006.
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The structural behavior and the ultimate punching shear resistance of internal reinforced concrete flat slab-column connections, with one hole adjacent to the column, with or without flexural moment transfer of the slab to the column was investigated. Main variables were: the existence whether or not hole, flexural reinforcement layout and ratio, the direction and sense of the moment transferred and the eccentricity of the load (M (moment transferred to column) / V (shear)) ratio at the connection - 0,50 m or 0,25 m. Seven internal slab-column joining were tested and ultimate loads, cracking, deflections, concrete and reinforcement strains were analyzed. The existence of hole adjacent to the smaller column dimension, the hole dimension, flexural reinforcement rate and placing, the variation of relation Mu/Vu in function of the load, and, than, of eccentricity of the load, influenced the slabs behavior and rupture load. Test results were compared with the estimations from CEB-FIP/MC1990 [7], EC2/2004 [12], ACI-318:2011 [1] and NBR 6118:2007 [5]. ACI [1] and EC2 [12] presented most conservative estimates, although have presented some non conservative estimates. Brazilian NBR [5], even though being partly based in EC2 [12], presented smaller conservative estimates and more non conservative estimates. A modification on all codes is proposed for taking in account the moment caused by the eccentricity at the critical perimeter for slabs with holes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non conservative loads"
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Mejia, Nava Rosa Adela. "Contrôle de l'instabilité et des vibrations de la structure pour les charges non conservatrices." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2577.
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Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous étudions l'instabilité et le contrôle des vibrations des structures élancées sous des charges conservatrices. La première difficulté que nous étudions concerne le problème de l'instabilité géométrique non linéaire, illustrée par un treillis bas ou profond, voire une structure en portique. La stratégie de contrôle choisie considère l'ajout d'un amortissement à partir d'un amortisseur visqueux ou d'un dispositif à friction. Ce type de contrôle appartient au concept bien connu de passivité. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous proposons des procédures de résolution numérique pour résoudre des problèmes d'instabilité sous des charges conservatrices et non conservatrices. La procédure proposée est validée par rapport aux solutions analytiques et semi-analytiques disponibles pour certains cas académiques, précédemment étudiés dans les travaux classiques d'Euler et Bolotin. Dans la dernière partie de ce travail, nous explorons la stratégie de contrôle des phénomènes d'instabilité en ajoutant des amortisseurs visqueux. La procédure est illustrée pour une poutre fixe soumise à une charge de compression non conservatrice et à une petite perturbation transversale, toutes deux appliquées à l'extrémité libre de la poutre. Les détails des développements théoriques sont donnés en termes d'équations dynamiques non linéaires obtenues en utilisant le principe des travaux virtuels. Tous les modèles structuraux utilisés pour résoudre des problèmes plus complexes sont construits avec une approche numérique basée sur la méthode des éléments finis et des modèles de poutre géométriquement exacts capables de décrire des rotations finies. Il est également montré que les modèles proposés peuvent gérer avec succès un grand mouvement global sous instabilité statique et dynamique (ou flottement) sous des charges conservatrices et non conservatrices. Différentes simulations numériques sont présentées pour illustrer les performances des modèles géométriquement exacts proposés dans cette thèseIn the first part of this thesis we study the control of instability and vibrations of slender structures under conservative loads. The first difficulty we study pertains to nonlinear geometric instability problem, asillustrated with a deep and a shallow truss, or yet a frame structure. The corresponding control strategy considers adding damping from either a viscous damper or a friction device. This kind of control belongs to the well-known concept of passivity. In the second part of the thesis we propose numerical solution procedures for solving the instability problems under both conservative and non-conservative loads. The proposed procedure is validated against the known analytical and semianalytic solutions when available for few academic cases, previously studied in classical works by Euler and by Bolotin. In the last part of this work, we explore the control strategy of instability phenomena by adding viscous dampers. The procedure is illustrated for a cantilever beam under a non-conservative compressive load and a small transverse disturbance both applied at the free end of the cantilever. The details of theoretical developments are given in terms of the non-linear dynamical equations obtained by using the principle of virtual work. All the structural models used for solving more complex problems are built with a numerical approach based upon the finite element method and the geometrically exact beam models capable of describing finite rotations. It is show as well that the proposed models can successfully handle large overall motion under static and dynamic instability (or utter) under both conservative and non-conservative loads. Different numerical simulations are presented in order to illustrate the performance of the geometrically exact models proposed in this thesis
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Carr, Daniel. "Non-intrusive load monitoring with canopy clustering." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2012. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/nonintrusive-load-monitoring-with-canopy-clustering(14629d2f-4fdf-47c0-aa3e-9cb7924ce5df).html.
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Dwindling fossil fuels and the rising price of energy has meant that attitudes towards energy usage have changed in both domestic and commercial settings. This change in attitude has led to the development of smart metering technologies that are currently being rolled out across the world. The research has been developed to be able to add functionality to smart metering devices by providing information about energy usage within the premises through Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM). The thesis provides a detailed description of the work undertaken to develop a novel method of load disaggregation within NILM to aid in the monitoring of energy usage and the provision of consumer feedback which can be integrated into smart metering technologies. The research aims to provide a novel approach to NILM through the use of canopy clustering for its main process of load disaggregation. Canopy clustering provides the necessary tools for separating out appliances and groups of appliances for later classification into individual loads, which brings many benefits compared to other technologies. The research methodology has been developed with robust techniques of data gathering, model development and validation through a rigorous testing approach. Real world examples of loads have been used for the creation and development of the models. The use of contemporary appliances within the research has meant that the NILM algorithm developed is current and usable. In the final implementation it could be commercialised for use by the general public. The full procedures of the algorithm have been explained in detail with the addition of information on the final classification methods that could be used when implemented within smart metering devices. Further work and improvements to the research have also been included for consideration.
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Mašek, Jan. "Modelování postkritických stavů štíhlých konstrukcí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-239983.
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The aim of the presented thesis is to create a compact publication which deals with properties, solution and examination of behavior of dynamical systems as models of mechanical structures. The opening portion of the theoretical part leads the reader through the subject of description of dynamical systems, offers solution methods and investigates solution stability. As the introduction proceeds, possible forms of structure loading, damping and response are presented. Following chapters discuss extensively the possible approaches to system behavior observation and identification of nonlinear and chaotic phenomena. The attention is also paid to displaying methods and color spaces as these are essential for the examination of complex and sensitive systems. The theoretical part of the thesis ends with an introduction to fractal geometry. As the theoretical background is laid down, the thesis proceeds with an application of the knowledge and shows the approach to numerical simulation and study of models of real structures. First, the reader is introduced to the single pendulum model, as the simplest model to exhibit chaotic behavior. The following double pendulum model shows the obstacles of observing systems with more state variables. The models of free rod and cantilever serve as examples of real structure models with many degrees of freedom. These models show even more that a definite or at least sufficiently relevant monitoring of behavior of such deterministic systems is a challenging task which requires sophisticated approach.
Books on the topic "Non conservative loads"
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Todd, David. A Velvet Empire. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691171838.001.0001.
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After Napoleon's downfall in 1815, France embraced a mostly informal style of empire, one that emphasized economic and cultural influence rather than military conquest. This book is a global history of French imperialism in the nineteenth century, providing new insights into the mechanisms of imperial collaboration that extended France's power from the Middle East to Latin America and ushered in the modern age of globalization. The book shows how French elites pursued a cunning strategy of imperial expansion in which conspicuous commodities, such as champagne and silk textiles, together with loans to client states, contributed to a global campaign of seduction. French imperialism was no less brutal than that of the British. But while Britain widened its imperial reach through settler colonialism and the acquisition of far-flung territories, France built a “velvet” empire backed by frequent military interventions and a broadening extraterritorial jurisdiction. The book demonstrates how France drew vast benefits from these asymmetric, imperial-like relations until a succession of setbacks around the world brought about their unravelling in the 1870s. It sheds light on France's neglected contribution to the conservative reinvention of modernity and offers a new interpretation of the resurgence of French colonialism on a global scale after 1880. It also highlights the crucial role of collaboration among European empires during this period and cooperation with indigenous elites in facilitating imperial expansion and the globalization of capitalism.
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Anderson, E. N. Ecologies of the Heart. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090109.001.0001.
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There is much we can learn about conservation from native peoples, says Gene Anderson. While the advanced nations of the West have failed to control overfishing, deforestation, soil erosion, pollution, and a host of other environmental problems, many traditional peoples manage their natural resources quite successfully. And if some traditional peoples mismanage the environment--the irrational value some place on rhino horn, for instance, has left this species endangered--the fact remains that most have found ways to introduce sound ecological management into their daily lives. Why have they succeeded while we have failed? In Ecologies of the Heart, Gene Anderson reveals how religion and other folk beliefs help pre-industrial peoples control and protect their resources. Equally important, he offers much insight into why our own environmental policies have failed and what we can do to better manage our resources. A cultural ecologist, Gene Anderson has spent his life exploring the ways in which different groups of people manage the environment, and he has lived for years in fishing communities in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Tahiti, and British Columbia--as well as in a Mayan farmtown in south Mexico--where he has studied fisheries, farming, and forest management. He has concluded that all traditional societies that have managed resources well over time have done so in part through religion--by the use of emotionally powerful cultural symbols that reinforce particular resource management strategies. Moreover, he argues that these religious beliefs, while seeming unscientific, if not irrational, at first glance, are actually based on long observation of nature. To illustrate this insight, he includes many fascinating portraits of native life. He offers, for instance, an intriguing discussion of the Chinese belief system known as Feng-Shui (wind and water) and tells of meeting villagers in remote areas of Hong Kong's New Territories who assert that dragons live in the mountains, and that to disturb them by cutting too sharply into the rock surface would cause floods and landslides (which in fact it does). He describes the Tlingit Indians of the Pacific Northwest, who, before they strip bark from the great cedar trees, make elaborate apologies to spirits they believe live inside the trees, assuring the spirits that they take only what is necessary. And we read of the Maya of southern Mexico, who speak of the lords of the Forest and the Animals, who punish those who take more from the land or the rivers than they need. These beliefs work in part because they are based on long observation of nature, but also, and equally important, because they are incorporated into a larger cosmology, so that people have a strong emotional investment in them. And conversely, Anderson argues that our environmental programs often fail because we have not found a way to engage our emotions in conservation practices. Folk beliefs are often dismissed as irrational superstitions. Yet as Anderson shows, these beliefs do more to protect the environment than modern science does in the West. Full of insights, Ecologies of the Heart mixes anthropology with ecology and psychology, traditional myth and folklore with informed discussions of conservation efforts in industrial society, to reveal a strikingly new approach to our current environmental crises.
Book chapters on the topic "Non conservative loads"
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Bogacz, Roman. "Stabilization of Structures under Non-Conservative Loads." In Structural Control, 64–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3525-9_5.
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Morris, Gareth, Mark Browne, Kirsti Murahidy, and Mike Jacka. "Christchurch Town Hall Complex: Post-Earthquake Ground Improvement, Structural Repair, and Seismic Retrofit." In Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures, 145–72. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.145.
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<p>The Christchurch Town Hall (CTH) complex contains six reinforced concrete buildings constructed circa 1970 in Christchurch, New Zealand (NZ). The complex is used for performing arts and entertainment, with an Auditorium that is internationally recognized for its acoustics. It is listed as a Grade-1 heritage building due to its cultural and historical significance. Unfortunately, the CTH foundation system was not originally designed to accommodate liquefaction-induced differential settlement and lateral spreading effects, as highlighted by the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. Although the most extreme ground motions exceeded the NZS 1170.5 code-defined 1/2500 year earthquake loads, the CTH structures performed remarkably well for a design that pre-dated modern seismic codes. Most of the observed structural damage was a result of the differential ground deformations, rather than in response to inertial forces. The post-earthquake observations and signs of distress are presented herein. The primary focus of this paper is to describe two major features of the seismic retrofit project (initiated in 2013) which were required to upgrade the CTH complex to meet 100% of current NZS 1170.5 seismic loadings. Firstly, the upgrade required extensive ground improvement and a new reinforce concrete mat slab to mitigate the impacts future ground deformations. Soil stabilization was provided by a cellular arrangement of jet-grout columns, a relatively new technique to NZ at the time. The new mat slab (typically 600-900 mm) was constructed over the stabilized soils. Secondly, upgrading the superstructure had many constraints that were overcome via a performance-based design approach, using non-linear time-history analysis. Recognizing the heritage significance, the superstructure “resurrection” as a modern building was hidden within the original skin minimized disruption of heritage fabric. Retrofit solutions were targeted, which also minimized the overall works. The 2015–2019 construction phase is briefly discussed within, including jet-grout procedures and sequencing considerations.</p>
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Ou, Zhixin, Juan Chen, Yuyang Sun, Tao Xu, Guodong Jiang, Zhengyuan Tan, and Xinxin Qi. "AOA: Adaptive Overclocking Algorithm on CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Platforms." In Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, 253–72. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22677-9_14.
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AbstractAlthough GPUs have been used to accelerate various convolutional neural network algorithms with good performance, the demand for performance improvement is still continuously increasing. CPU/GPU overclocking technology brings opportunities for further performance improvement in CPU-GPU heterogeneous platforms. However, CPU/GPU overclocking inevitably increases the power of the CPU/GPU, which is not conducive to energy conservation, energy efficiency optimization, or even system stability. How to effectively constrain the total energy to remain roughly unchanged during the CPU/GPU overclocking is a key issue in designing adaptive overclocking algorithms. There are two key factors during solving this key issue. Firstly, the dynamic power upper bound must be set to reflect the real-time behavior characteristics of the program so that algorithm can better meet the total energy unchanging constraints; secondly, instead of independently overclocking at both CPU and GPU sides, coordinately overclocking on CPU-GPU must be considered to adapt to real-time load balance for higher performance improvement and better energy constraints. This paper proposes an Adaptive Overclocking Algorithm (AOA) on CPU-GPU heterogeneous platforms to achieve the goal of performance improvement while the total energy remains roughly unchanged. AOA uses the function $$F_k$$ F k to describe the variable power upper bound and introduces the load imbalance factor W to realize the CPU-GPU coordinated overclocking. Through the verification of several types convolutional neural network algorithms on two CPU-GPU heterogeneous platforms (Intel$$^\circledR $$ ® Xeon E5-2660 & NVIDIA$$^\circledR $$ ® Tesla K80; Intel$$^\circledR $$ ® Core™i9-10920X & NIVIDIA$$^\circledR $$ ® GeForce RTX 2080Ti), AOA achieves an average of 10.7% performance improvement and 4.4% energy savings. To verify the effectiveness of the AOA, we compare AOA with other methods including automatic boost, the highest overclocking and static optimal overclocking.
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Loveland, Ian. "6. The House of Lords." In Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198804680.003.0006.
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This chapter examines whether the House of Lords plays an effective anti-majoritarian legislative role. The variations on the theme of reforming the powers and composition of the House of Lords qua legislative body are legion, as are the pros and cons of each scheme proposed, but most reform plans present a paradox. The more we ask a second chamber to perform functions complementary to those of the Commons, the more we demand of its members that they be (as individuals and as a body) ‘expert’, ‘experienced’, and ‘nonpartisan’, and so the more we reveal the crushing dominance of party politics in the lower house, and the incapacity and/or unwillingness of backbench MPs to exert a restraining influence on government activities. This suggests that the key division within the legislative process is now not Lords versus Commons, nor Labour versus Conservative, but party versus national interest.
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Loveland, Ian. "6. The House of Lords." In Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights, 135–67. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198860129.003.0006.
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This chapter examines whether the House of Lords plays an effective anti-majoritarian legislative role. The chapter begins by discussing the changing nature of the relationship between the Commons and the Lords in the post-revolutionary era, focusing in particular on the emergence in the early nineteenth century of a political presumption that the Lords was becoming the inferior partner within Parliament and on the passage of the Parliament Act 1911 in which legal force was given to that political presumption. The chapter also addresses the various proposals put forward in the modern era to reform both the composition and the powers of the House of Lords, and suggests that most reform plans present a paradox. The more we ask a second chamber to perform functions complementary to those of the Commons, the more we demand of its members that they be (as individuals and as a body) ‘expert’, ‘experienced’, and ‘nonpartisan’, and so the more we reveal the crushing dominance of party politics in the lower house, and the incapacity and/or unwillingness of backbench MPs to exert a restraining influence on government activities. This suggests that the key division within the legislative process is now not Lords versus Commons, nor Labour versus Conservative, but party versus national interest. The final part of the chapter explores a more obviously ‘legal’ question; namely the implications of the Parliament Act 1911 for traditional understandings of the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty.
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Contreras, Ayana. "All This Talk about Freedom." In Energy Never Dies, 51–58. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252044069.003.0005.
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Playwright-singer-activist Oscar Brown Jr. believed in not giving up on young people that society had given up on, so when a group of young gang-affiliated youths began loitering in front of a theater where his play was running, rather than call for police intervention, he built a revue around their talent. Meanwhile, on the other side of town, the Conservative Vice Lords, who had rechristened themselves as a street organization, rather than a gang, were concentrating on enterprising hustles that married culture and entrepreneurship, even partnering with Sears & Roebuck and purchasing a Tastee-Freez franchise.
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"Fishery Resources, Environment, and Conservation in the Mississippi and Yangtze (Changjiang) River Basins." In Fishery Resources, Environment, and Conservation in the Mississippi and Yangtze (Changjiang) River Basins, edited by Michael A. Eggleton, Quenton C. Fontenot, and John R. Jackson. American Fisheries Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874448.ch12.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—The lower Mississippi River encompasses the 1,535-km reach extending from the confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. Waters of the lower Mississippi River have historically inundated vast areas of adjacent floodplain during spring flood pulses. Additionally, processes of land building within the river’s deltaic plain supported vast forests and diverse freshwater and salt-marsh habitats. Flood pulses provided a mechanism of lateral exchange of energy and nutrients between the aquatic and terrestrial habitats, while sediment loads continually rebuilt and supported the deltaic plain. As human populations and agriculture expanded throughout the lower Mississippi Valley, construction of flood-protection levee systems and commercial navigational structures severely decreased the connectivity between the lower Mississippi River and its floodplain. The current lower Mississippi River floodplain is more than 90% reduced in area compared to historical conditions. Fluvial dynamics, which are the driving forces that stimulate floodplain function and create diverse habitats, appear to have been altered throughout approximately 80% of the river. As a result, the hydrograph, thermograph, sedimentation patterns, nutrient dynamics, and vegetation communities within the lower Mississippi River floodplain have experienced major changes through time, with many large alterations occurring during the past century. In addition, because most of the sediment load of the lower Mississippi River now enters the northern Gulf of Mexico, land building and associated processes are much reduced in the river’s deltaic plain. This process has allowed intrusion of saltwater into coastal habitats, which has heavily impacted vegetation communities. This paper reviews the consequences of river modification to lower Mississippi River floodplain, current efforts towards restoring the floodplain and deltaic plain, and proposes future strategies towards restoring portions of the historical floodplain.
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Thackeray, David, and Richard Toye. "Facing the future, 1940–1964." In Age of Promises, 88–118. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843030.003.0004.
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Let Us Face the Future became the archetype of manifestos, which the Conservatives in due course felt obliged to follow in form or method, however much they disliked its policy content. In turn, the technique of promise-making that it represented affected expectations of how government should be conducted. Winston Churchill was a reluctant supporter of programmatic politics, often employing an anti-promise rhetoric. However, the Conservatives came to embrace a programmatic politics in the 1950s. The Salisbury–Addison Convention meant that the Lords would not attempt to frustrate policies that had been included in the governing party’s manifesto. While the growing word count of manifestos made them less accessible to voters, their contents were increasingly summarized in shortened popular versions and discussed in TV election broadcasts. While election addresses remained an important means for candidates to outline their character, principles, and record, the local campaign declined in significance.
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Kazmi, Aqeel H., Michael J. O'Grady, and Gregory M. P. O' Hare. "Towards Low-Cost Energy Monitoring." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Third Edition, 2965–70. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5888-2.ch289.
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A number of energy problems including limited energy resources, increased energy demand, and rising energy prices, have motivated energy conservation in the residential and commercial sectors. Access to real-time energy usage information is perceived as a prerequisite for energy usage reductions. A variety of computational approaches have been proposed to monitor energy usage within buildings. Currently, Non-intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is perceived as the most cost-effective and scalable solution. In this article, a technological profile of this technique is constructed through the provision of key background developments, revision of existing solutions, consideration of outstanding problems, and identification of some pertinent future research directions.
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Morgan, Alison. "‘Those true sons of Mars’: chivalry, cowardice and the power of satire." In Ballads and songs of Peterloo, 150–93. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781784993122.003.0006.
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This is the longest section in the book and comprises seventeen poems, many of which use satire not only to delight a sympathetic readership but also as a way of demonstrating defiance and voicing outrage at the actions of the authorities both during and after Peterloo. The introduction explores how writers in the Romantic period, from the full range of the cultural spectrum, used satire as a form of cultural defiance and challenge to authority at a time when any form of opposition was deemed seditious. Another theme evident is that of chivalry, a contentious issue during the eighteenth century with its revival by conservatives such as Edmund Burke fuelling a radical counter-revival focussed on a new age of political chivalry. As a consequence, the language and symbolism of chivalry was adopted by both conservatives and radicals in support of their cause. The Manchester Yeomanry Cavalry is the target of many of thesatirical poems in this section, alongside the detested politicans, Lords Castlereagh and Sidmouth and the Manchester Magistrate, Reverend Ethelstone. It includes poems written by the radical writers, Robert Shorter and Allen Davenport.
Conference papers on the topic "Non conservative loads"
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To, Cho W. S., and Meilan L. Liu. "Non-Conservative and Conservative Loads in Geometrically Nonlinear Shells." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/cie-48214.
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Responses of geometrically nonlinear shell structures under combined conservative and non-conservative loads are investigated and presented in this paper. The shell structures are discretized by the finite element method and represented by the hybrid strain based three node flat triangular shell elements that were developed previously by the authors. The updated Lagrangian formulation and the incremental Hellinger-Reissner variational principle are employed. Features such as large or small strain deformation, finite rotation, updated thickness so as to account for the “thinning effect” due to large strain deformation, and inclusion or exclusion of the mid-surface director field are incorporated in the finite element formulation. Representative results of two examples are included to demonstrate the capability, accuracy and efficiency of the computational strategy proposed.
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Brown, Warren. "Improved Analysis of External Loads on Flanged Joints." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97814.
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External loads on bolted flanged joints must be assessed in order to be in compliance with ASME and other international pressure vessel and piping codes. However, in the case of the ASME B31.3 piping code or ASME VIII, Division 1 pressure vessel code, there is not specific guidance on how to assess these loads. This has created a situation where piping designers have employed a variety of methods, ranging from very conservative to possibly non-conservative. A review of historical joint external load experiments is made in this paper, which highlights the relatively low risk of joint leakage due to external loads. In addition, an improved method of assessing the acceptability of external loads for any given joint is introduced and compared to both test results and existing assessment methods. The method presented is based on probability of leakage for standard piping joints using the method outlined in Appendix O of ASME PCC-1 [1]. This allows, in some cases, a much higher acceptable load than typically employed when using traditional methods such as the Equivalent Pressure method. By allowing higher external loads, it is possible to reduce the footprint of a process unit, which saves money, while maintaining safety.
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Frost, Peter A. "Assessment Techniques Using the R6 Procedure: Investigation of Limit Load Approach for Pipe Branch Connections." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25011.
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The R6 Revision 4 Procedure ‘Assessment of the Integrity of Structures Containing Defects’, states that the use of the finite element ‘global’ limit load derived for pipe branch components can be non-conservative when used with the Option 1 and 2 failure assessment curves but that ‘local’ limit loads, based on the spread of plasticity through the pipe wall, should lead to conservative results. The current advice of R6 is based on separate studies by Fox and Connors of pipe branch components with fully extended surface defects. Their studies provide two distinct methods for calculating a suitably conservative local limit load. However, there is concern that these two methods may provide an overly conservative local limit load with therefore a less realistic prediction of defect tolerance. Furthermore, typical defectiveness is perhaps most commonly characterised as a semi-elliptic surface defect and it is therefore necessary to adapt both these methods in order to accommodate such defects. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate local limit load approaches for pipe branch components with postulated semi-elliptic surface defects. A typical pipe branch component was chosen for assessment during this study, as part of a series of separate studies on a variety of pipe branch components. Local limit loads were calculated using two approaches. The first approach adapted the ‘Connors’ method by applying an adjustment to allow for the semi-elliptic surface defect; this is referred to as the ‘Modified Connors’ approach. The second approach used cracked body finite element analysis and evaluated the local limit load by consideration of the onset of plasticity at the crack ligament. The global limit load was also derived from the cracked body finite element analysis. Assessment points were developed using global and local limit loads, both obtained by cracked body finite element analysis, and also by using the ‘Modified Connors’ local limit load approach. R6 Option 3 failure assessment curves were produced for each limit load approach in order to investigate the extent of any non-conservatism in the Option 1 and 2 failure assessment curves with the chosen limit load approach.
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Huh, Nam-Su, Do-Jun Shim, Yun-Jae Kim, and Young-Jin Kim. "Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics Assessment of Test Data for Circumferential Cracked Pipes." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1992.
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This paper presents experimental validation of two reference stress based methods for circumferential cracked pipes. One is the R6 method where the reference stress is defined by the plastic limit load. The other is the enhanced reference stress method, recently proposed by the authors, where the reference stress is defined by the optimized reference load. Using thirty-eight published pipe test data, the predicted maximum instability loads according to both methods are compared with the experimental ones for pipes with circumferential through-thickness cracks and with part circumferential surface cracks. It is found that the R6 method gives conservative estimates of the maximum loads for all cases. Ratios of the experimental maximum load to the predicted load range from 0.54 to 0.98. On the other hand, the proposed method gives overall closer maximum loads than R6, compared to the experimental data. However, for part through-thickness surface cracks, the estimated loads were slightly non-conservative for four cases, and possible reasons were fully discussed.
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Kardomateas, George A. "Orthotropic Column Buckling: The Euler and Engesser/Haringx/Timoshenko Formulas Versus an Elasticity Solution." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0707.
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Abstract The well known column buckling formulas of Euler and these of Engesser / Haringx / Timoshenko (which correct for transverse shear) were derived for isotropic materials, and are routinely used in composite structural applications. The accuracy of these formulas, when orthotropic composite material and moderate thickness are involved, is investigated in the present study by comparing the critical loads from these formulas with the predictions of a three-dimensional orthotropic elasticity solution. The column is assumed to be in the form of a hollow circular cylinder and the Euler or Timoshenko loads are based on the axial modulus. As an example, the cases of an orthotropic material with stiffness constants typical of glass/epoxy or graphite/epoxy and the reinforcing direction along the periphery or along the cylinder axis are considered. First, it is found that the elasticity approach predicts in all cases a lower than the Euler value critical load. Moreover, the degree of non-conservatism of the Euler formula is strongly dependent on the reinforcing direction; the axially reinforced columns show the highest deviation from the elasticity value. Second, the Engesser or first Timoshenko shear correction formula is conservative in all cases examined, i.e. it predicts a lower critical load than the elasticity solution. The Haringx or second Timoshenko shear correction formula is in most cases (but not always) conservative. However, in all cases considered, the second estimate is always closer to the elasticity solution than the first one. For the isotropic case both Timoshenko formulas are conservative estimates.
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Meggiolaro, Marco Antonio, Jaime Tupiassú Pinho de Castro, and Hao Wu. "Issues With Multiaxial Fatigue Assessment in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84979.
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This work analyzes the applicability of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code procedures to calculate fatigue crack initiation under multiaxial stresses and/or strains, in particular when caused by non-proportional loads that lead the principal directions at the critical point to vary with time, e.g. due to out-of-phase bending and torsion loads induced by independent sources. Classic uniaxial fatigue damage models are usually inappropriate for analyzing multiaxial loads, since they can generate highly inaccurate predictions. Moreover, it is shown that the ASME procedures can lead to non-conservative results for non-proportional load histories.
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Lerbet, Jean, and Elie Absi. "About the Links Between the Static and Dynamic Stabilities." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84130.
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The paper aims to present a new approach of the static stability of a structure and to compare it with spectral analysis (dynamic stability). Its is well-known that for conservative systems divergence (classical static instability) and flutter (classical dynamic instability) give same critical values of loads. It is well known too that for non conservative systems, particulary for undamped non conservative systems, (classical example of Beck column subjected to a follower force) the static approach fails: for all values of the force, the (non-symmetric) matrix of rigidity is regular. The only spectral analysis gives a critical value of the load. Introducing the concept of mixed perturbation of a structure, we propose a new criterion of (static) stability. We apply this criterion to the classical example previously cited (Beck column) and in a third part a general result about applications to flutter is proposed.
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Han, Tae-Song, Nam-Su Huh, and Do-Jun Shim. "Estimates of Plastic Limit Loads of Thick-Walled Cylinders With Non-Idealzied Through-Wall Cracks." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97610.
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In order to assess a structural integrity of cracked components made of highly ductile material based on fully plastic fracture mechanics concept, an accurate plastic limit load of components of interest is crucial element. Such a plastic limit load can also be applied to estimate elastic-plastic J-integral based on the reference stress concept. In this context, during last several decades, many efforts have been made to suggest plastic limit load solutions of cracked cylinder. Recent works for evaluating rupture probabilities of nuclear piping indicate that the only use of idealized circumferential through-wall crack leads to very conservative results which in turn gives higher rupture probabilities of nuclear piping, thus the considerations of more realistic crack shape during crack growth due to primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) and fatigue and axial through-wall crack were recommended to come up with more realistic rupture probabilities of nuclear piping. Then, the needs of fracture mechanics parameters of non-idealized through-wall cracks both in axial and circumferential directions have been raised. In the present work, the plastic limit loads of thick-walled cylinder with non-idealized axial and circumferential through-wall cracks are proposed based on detailed 3-dimensional finite element analyses. The present results can be applied either to assess structural integrity of thick-walled nuclear piping with non-idealized through-wall cracks or to calculate elastic-plastic J-integral using the reference stress concept.
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Nejad, Amir Rasekhi, and Paul White. "Finite Element Modelling of Impact Loads on Offshore Containers Conforming to DNV 2.7-1 Regulations." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57999.
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Impact load analysis is an essential part of structural calculations for offshore containers resulting from shocks during lifting, shipping, loading & offloading. The impact loads are classified as non harmonic dynamic loads acting in short time. Calculating the dynamic nature of impact loads requires complicated calculation; therefore, a practical quasi-static approach can be very useful in the industry. DNV based on many years of experience in marine and offshore industry, has introduced certain procedures to calculate, check and test the offshore container’s structures against the impact loads under the DNV certification standard no. 2.7-1, offshore container, issued on Apr. 2006 [1]. In this paper we will determine the maximum vertical impact load as a function of the mass for free falling motion and compare with the DNV design load factor. We will detail a method to model the impact loads in FEA programs as per DNV recommendation and we will compare the results with the conservative method of individual beam calculations. The results will determine the accuracy and speed of this improved FEA calculation method.
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Zhang, Jing, Chang-Jun Liu, Fu-Zhen Xuan, and Pei-Ning Li. "Modified J Estimation by GE/EPRI Method for Circumferential Surface Cracked Pipes Under Bending or Combined Bending and Pressure Loads." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57334.
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In order to assess the structural integrity of the components in nuclear power plants, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the J-integral. EPRI J-integral estimation method has been widely used. However for the pipes with circumferential surface cracks, since the solutions of fully plastic factors H1 were few under the combined pressure and bending loading condition. In such a case, EPRI J-integral might be non-conservative in elastic-plastic transition zone. Considering the problems, detailed finite element analysis (FEA) were conducted in this work, and H1, shape factors F were provided for the pure pressure, pure bending, and combined pressure and bending conditions. The reasons for non-conservatism of EPRI method were discussed, and a modified J estimation method was developed. For validation, failure assessment curves (FACs) were employed to compare the proposed J-integral estimation, EPRI J-integral and FEA method. The results showed that FAC based on the proposed J-integral method agreed well with FEA result, which provided good confidence in the use of this method.
Reports on the topic "Non conservative loads"
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Boyle, Maxwell, and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cape Hatteras National Seashore: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2290019.
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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. The first year of conducting this monitoring effort at four SECN parks, including 52 plots on Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA), was 2019. Twelve vegetation plots were established at Cape Hatteras NS in July and August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cape Hatteras National Seashore in 2019. Data were stratified across four dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands, Maritime Nontidal Wetlands, Maritime Open Uplands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands) and four land parcels (Bodie Island, Buxton, Hatteras Island, and Ocracoke Island). Noteworthy findings include: A total of 265 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 52 vegetation plots, including 13 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens), swallow-wort (Pattalias palustre), and marsh fimbry (Fimbristylis castanea) Maritime Nontidal Wetlands: common wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), saltmeadow cordgrass, eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans), and saw greenbriar (Smilax bona-nox) Maritime Open Uplands: sea oats (Uniola paniculata), dune camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), and seabeach evening-primrose (Oenothera humifusa) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: : loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), common wax-myrtle, and live oak (Quercus virginiana). Five invasive species identified as either a Severe Threat (Rank 1) or Significant Threat (Rank 2) to native plants by the North Carolina Native Plant Society (Buchanan 2010) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides; 2%), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 10%), Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum; 2%), European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%), and common chickweed (Stellaria media; 2%). Eighteen rare species tracked by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (Robinson 2018) were found during this monitoring effort, including two species—cypress panicgrass (Dichanthelium caerulescens) and Gulf Coast spikerush (Eleocharis cellulosa)—listed as State Endangered by the Plant Conservation Program of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCPCP 2010). Southern/eastern red cedar was a dominant species within the tree stratum of both Maritime Nontidal Wetland and Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Other dominant tree species within CAHA forests included loblolly pine, live oak, and Darlington oak (Quercus hemisphaerica). One hundred percent of the live swamp bay (Persea palustris) trees measured in these plots were experiencing declining vigor and observed with symptoms like those caused by laurel wilt......less