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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-conducting Polymers'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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1

Pratt, F. L., S. J. Blundell, Th Jestädt, B. W. Lovett, A. Husmann, I. M. Marshall, W. Hayes, et al. "μSR of conducting and non-conducting polymers." Physica B: Condensed Matter 289-290 (August 2000): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(00)00297-0.

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2

Kausar, Ayesha, Ishaq Ahmad, M. H. Eisa, and Malik Maaza. "Avant-Garde Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites for Corrosion Protection: Design, Features, and Performance." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 4, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd4010004.

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Polymeric coatings have been widely selected for the corrosion resistance of metallic surfaces. Both the conducting and non-conducting polymers have been applied for corrosion confrontation. The conducting polymers usually possess high electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance features. On the other hand, non-conducting hydrophobic polymers have also been used to avert the metal erosion. To improve the corrosion inhibition performance of the polymer coatings, nanocarbon nanofillers have been used as reinforcement. Graphene, especially, has gained an important position in the research on the corrosion-protecting nanocomposite coatings. Here, graphene dispersion and matrix–nanofiller interactions may significantly improve the anti-corrosion performance to protect the underlying metals. The graphene nanofiller may form an interconnecting percolation network in the polymers to support their electrical conductivity and thus their corrosion confrontation characteristics. Further research on the polymer/graphene nanocomposite and its anti-corrosion mechanism may lead to great advancements in this field.

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3

Lawal, Abdulazeez T., and Gordon G. Wallace. "Vapour phase polymerisation of conducting and non-conducting polymers: A review." Talanta 119 (February 2014): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.023.

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4

Gu, H. B., S. Morita, X. H. Yin, T. Kawai, and K. Yoshino. "Electrical and optical properties of conducting polymer composites consisting of conducting polymers with non-degenerated structure." Synthetic Metals 69, no. 1-3 (March 1995): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(94)02525-4.

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5

Doblhofer, Karl. "The non-metallic character of solvated conducting polymers." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 331, no. 1-2 (January 1992): 1015–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(92)85021-t.

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6

SHARMA, SUDHIR KUMAR. "A NEW OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE FOR TELECOMMUNICATION APPLICATION." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 10, no. 04 (December 2001): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863501000784.

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Conducting polymer is a physical mixture of non-conducting polymer with electrically conducting material. Polyaniline is a class of conducting polymers that exists in four different forms depending on protonation and doping of the base. Starting with aniline, polyaniline is synthesized and doped with two different metals namely iron and aluminum separately. Using these films optical waveguides are fabricated. Their characteristics viz. Refractive index, propagation loss, number of modes etc., are studied using prism coupling technique. The results are discussed.

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7

Aghelinejad, Mohammadmehdi, and Siu Leung. "Thermoelectric Nanocomposite Foams Using Non-Conducting Polymers with Hybrid 1D and 2D Nanofillers." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091757.

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A facile processing strategy to fabricate thermoelectric (TE) polymer nanocomposite foams with non-conducting polymers is reported in this study. Multilayered networks of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are deposited on macroporous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) foam templates using a layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly technique. The open cellular structures of foam templates provide a platform to form segregated 3D networks consisting of one-dimensional (1D) and/or two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanoparticles. Hybrid nanostructures of GnP and MWCNT networks synergistically enhance the material system’s electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the polymer foam substrates possess high porosity to provide ultra-low thermal conductivity without compromising the electrical conductivity of the TE nanocomposites. With an extremely low GnP loading (i.e., ~1.5 vol.%), the macroporous PVDF nanocomposites exhibit a thermoelectric figure-of-merit of ~10−3. To the best of our knowledge, this ZT value is the highest value reported for organic TE materials using non-conducting polymers and MWCNT/GnP nanofillers. The proposed technique represents an industrially viable approach to fabricate organic TE materials with enhanced energy conversion efficiencies. The current study demonstrates the potential to develop light-weight, low-cost, and flexible TE materials for green energy generation.

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8

Babu, Veluru Jagadeesh, V. S. Pavan Kumar, G. J. Subha, Vasantha Kumari, T. S. Natarajan, Appukuttan Sreekumaran Nair, Seeram Ramakrishna, and B. S. Abdur Rahman. "AC Conductivity Studies on PMMA-PANI (HCl) Nanocomposite Fibers Produced by Electrospinning." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 155892501100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501100600408.

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Electrospinning is one of the techniques to produce non-woven fiber mats using polymers. The diameters of the fiber produced by this technique are in the range of 10 ^m to 10 nm. Electrically conducting ultra fine fibers are useful in many applications in the fields of sensors, and nanoelectronics. However, it is very difficult to obtain fibers of conducting polymers like polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole through electrospinning. Hence they are invariably mixed with other insulating polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to obtain a conducting composite depending on the percolation of the conducting polymer. Here, we report the preparation of PANI-PMMA composite fibers by electrospinning. The scanning electron micrographs and the frequency dependent complex conductivity (σ*(ω)) of these polymer fibers are investigated at room temperature with different concentrations of PANI (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% w/w). It is observed that there is a significant enhancement in the ac conductivity of these fibers with the increase in the concentration of PANI.

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9

Guo, Liang. "Stretchable Polymeric Neural Electrode Array: Toward a Reliable Neural Interface." MRS Proceedings 1795 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.567.

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ABSTRACTConducting polymers are often employed as coatings on smooth metal electrodes to improve the electrode performance with respect to the signal-to-noise ratio for neural recording, charge-injection capacity for neural stimulation, and inducement of neural growth for electrode-tissue integration. However, adhesion of conducting polymer coatings on metal electrodes is poor, making the coating less durable and the electrical property of the electrode less stable. Moreover, conventional conducting polymers have relative low conductance, preventing their direct use as the electrode and lead material; and they are brittle, making it difficult for flexible neural electrodes to incorporate conducting polymer coatings. We have developed a new polypyrrole/polyol-borate composite film with concurrent excellent electrical and mechanical properties. We further developed a method to fabricate a stretchable multielectrode array using this new material as the sole conductor for both electrodes and leads, in contrast with the conventional approach of incorporating conducting polymers only through coating on non-stretchable metal electrodes. The resulting stretchable polymeric multielectrode array (SPMEA) was stretchable up to 23% uniaxial tensile strain with minimal losses in electrical conductivity. Electrochemical testing revealed the SPMEA’s impressive advantage for recording local field neural potentials and for epimysial stimulation of denervated skeletal muscles. As a neural interface engineer, I would also like to compare the compliant neural interfacing technology to other technologies, such as optogenetics, radiogenetics, and even a living neural interface that is currently under development in our lab.

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10

Mabboux, P. Y., B. Beau, J. P. Travers, and Y. F. Nicolau. "Non-exponential NMR relaxation in heterogeneously doped conducting polymers." Synthetic Metals 84, no. 1-3 (January 1997): 985–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(96)04243-9.

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11

Maksymiuk, Krzysztof, Ann-Sofi Nybäck, Johan Bobacka, Ari Ivaska, and Andrzej Lewenstam. "Metallic and non-metallic redox response of conducting polymers." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 430, no. 1-2 (June 1997): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00251-9.

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12

Yang, Li, Xiao Huang, Fikret Mamedov, Peng Zhang, Adolf Gogoll, Maria Strømme, and Martin Sjödin. "Conducting redox polymers with non-activated charge transport properties." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 36 (2017): 25052–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp03939e.

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13

Otero, T. F., I. Boyano, M. T. Cortés, and G. Vázquez. "Nucleation, non-stoiquiometry and sensing muscles from conducting polymers." Electrochimica Acta 49, no. 22-23 (September 2004): 3719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2004.01.085.

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14

Çelik, Güler Bayrakli, and Duygu Kisakürek. "Microwave-Assisted Simultaneous Synthesis of Conducting and Non-Conducting Polymers from Potassium 2,4,6-Tribromophenolate." Polymer Journal 41, no. 12 (2009): 1129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.pj2009123.

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15

Sammanan, Bharath, J. Rosario Sekar, and Jeyabalan Thavasikani. "Synthesis and Characterization of Polyacid Doped Conducting and Non-Conducting Polymers: A Comparative Study." Asian Journal of Chemistry 30, no. 4 (2018): 799–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2018.21010.

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16

Maity, Nabasmita, and Arnab Dawn. "Conducting Polymer Grafting: Recent and Key Developments." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030709.

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Since the discovery of conductive polyacetylene, conductive electroactive polymers are at the focal point of technology generation and biocommunication materials. The reasons why this research never stops growing, are twofold: first, the demands from the advanced technology towards more sophistication, precision, durability, processability and cost-effectiveness; and second, the shaping of conducting polymer research in accordance with the above demand. One of the major challenges in conducting polymer research is addressing the processability issue without sacrificing the electroactive properties. Therefore, new synthetic designs and use of post-modification techniques become crucial than ever. This quest is not only advancing the field but also giving birth of new hybrid materials integrating merits of multiple functional motifs. The present review article is an attempt to discuss the recent progress in conducting polymer grafting, which is not entirely new, but relatively lesser developed area for this class of polymers to fine-tune their physicochemical properties. Apart from conventional covalent grafting techniques, non-covalent approach, which is relatively new but has worth creation potential, will also be discussed. The aim is to bring together novel molecular designs and strategies to stimulate the existing conducting polymer synthesis methodologies in order to enrich its fascinating chemistry dedicated toward real-life applications.

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17

Yuqing, Miao, Chen Jianrong, and Wu Xiaohua. "Using electropolymerized non-conducting polymers to develop enzyme amperometric biosensors." Trends in Biotechnology 22, no. 5 (May 2004): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.03.004.

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18

Schalkhammer, Thomas, Eva Mann-Buxbaum, Fritz Pittner, and Gerald Urban. "Electrochemical glucose sensors on permselective non-conducting substituted pyrrole polymers." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 4, no. 3-4 (June 1991): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(91)80122-z.

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19

Berry, V. K. "Low-Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy Investigation of Polymers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100103164.

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The morphological characterization of any polymer blend plays an important part in the development of a new blend system because the properties of blends are dictated by phase morphology which is dependent upon the chemistry and the processing conditions. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy are the most commonly used microscopical techniques for morphological characterization. Transmission electron microscopy techniques provide the best resolution (≈ 0.3 nm) but are limited in the size of sample area and require elaborate sample preparation procedures. Surface charging and beam damage problems have been some of the drawbacks of conventional scanning electron microscopy with non-conducting materials like polymers.The use of low accelerating voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) in the characterization of polymers and other non-conducting materials is beginning to be recognized.

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20

Kausar, Ayesha. "Polymeric nanocomposites reinforced with nanowires: Opening doors to future applications." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 35, no. 1 (August 15, 2018): 65–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087918794009.

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This article presents a state-of-the-art overview on indispensable aspects of polymer/nanowire nanocomposites. Nanowires created from polymers, silver, zinc, copper, nickel, and aluminum have been used as reinforcing agents in conducting polymers and non-conducting thermoplastic/thermoset matrices such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, polyurethane, acrylic polymers, polystyrene, epoxy and rubbers. This review presents the combined influence of polymer matrix and nanowires on the nanocomposite characteristics. This review shows how the nanowire, the nanofiller content, the matrix type and processing conditions affect the final nanocomposite properties. The ensuing multifunctional polymer/nanowire nanocomposites have high strength, conductivity, thermal stability, and other useful photovoltaic, piezo, and sensing properties. The remarkable nanocomposite characteristics have been ascribed to the ordered nanowire structure and the development of a strong interface between the matrix/nanofiller. This review also refers to cutting edge application areas of polymer/nanowire nanocomposites such as solar cells, light emitting diodes, supercapacitors, sensors, batteries, electromagnetic shielding materials, biomaterials, and other highly technical fields. Modifying nanowires and incorporating them in a suitable polymer matrix can be adopted as a powerful future tool to create useful technical applications.

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21

Rai, Raj, Saniya Alwani, and Ildiko Badea. "Polymeric Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy: New Avenues of Design and Optimization for Delivery Applications." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040745.

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The field of polymeric nanoparticles is quickly expanding and playing a pivotal role in a wide spectrum of areas ranging from electronics, photonics, conducting materials, and sensors to medicine, pollution control, and environmental technology. Among the applications of polymers in medicine, gene therapy has emerged as one of the most advanced, with the capability to tackle disorders from the modern era. However, there are several barriers associated with the delivery of genes in the living system that need to be mitigated by polymer engineering. One of the most crucial challenges is the effectiveness of the delivery vehicle or vector. In last few decades, non-viral delivery systems have gained attention because of their low toxicity, potential for targeted delivery, long-term stability, lack of immunogenicity, and relatively low production cost. In 1987, Felgner et al. used the cationic lipid based non-viral gene delivery system for the very first time. This breakthrough opened the opportunity for other non-viral vectors, such as polymers. Cationic polymers have emerged as promising candidates for non-viral gene delivery systems because of their facile synthesis and flexible properties. These polymers can be conjugated with genetic material via electrostatic attraction at physiological pH, thereby facilitating gene delivery. Many factors influence the gene transfection efficiency of cationic polymers, including their structure, molecular weight, and surface charge. Outstanding representatives of polymers that have emerged over the last decade to be used in gene therapy are synthetic polymers such as poly(l-lysine), poly(l-ornithine), linear and branched polyethyleneimine, diethylaminoethyl-dextran, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers, and poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate). Natural polymers, such as chitosan, dextran, gelatin, pullulan, and synthetic analogs, with sophisticated features like guanidinylated bio-reducible polymers were also explored. This review outlines the introduction of polymers in medicine, discusses the methods of polymer synthesis, addressing top down and bottom up techniques. Evaluation of functionalization strategies for therapeutic and formulation stability are also highlighted. The overview of the properties, challenges, and functionalization approaches and, finally, the applications of the polymeric delivery systems in gene therapy marks this review as a unique one-stop summary of developments in this field.

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22

Çakmak, O., M. Baştürkmen, and D. Kısakürek. "Synthesis and characterization of conducting and non-conducting polymers of sodium 2,4,6-trichlorophenolate by microwave initiation." Polymer 45, no. 16 (July 2004): 5451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.06.049.

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23

Gloukhovski, Robert, Viatcheslav Freger, and Yoed Tsur. "Understanding methods of preparation and characterization of pore-filling polymer composites for proton exchange membranes: a beginner’s guide." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 34, no. 4 (July 26, 2018): 455–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2016-0065.

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Abstract Composite membranes based on porous support membranes filled with a proton-conducting polymer appear to be a promising approach to develop novel proton exchange membranes (PEMs). It allows optimization of the properties of the filler and the matrix separately, e.g. for maximal conductivity of the former and maximal physical strength of the latter. In addition, the confinement itself can alter the properties of the filling ionomer, e.g. toward higher conductivity and selectivity due to alignment and restricted swelling. This article reviews the literature on PEMs prepared by filling of submicron and nanometric size pores with Nafion and other proton-conductive polymers. PEMs based on alternating perfluorinated and non-perfluorinated polymer systems and incorporation of fillers are briefly discussed too, as they share some structure/transport relationships with the pore-filling PEMs. We also review here the background knowledge on structural and transport properties of Nafion and proton-conducting polymers in general, as well as experimental methods concerned with preparation and characterization of pore-filling membranes. Such information will be useful for preparing next-generation composite membranes, which will allow maximal utilization of beneficial characteristics of polymeric proton conductors and understanding the complicated structure/transport relationships in the pore-filling composite PEMs.

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24

Смирнова, Н. В., И. Ю. Сапурина, М. А. Шишов, К. А. Колбе, Е. М. Иванькова, В. В. Матреничев, and В. Е. Юдин. "Композитные матрицы на основе сополиамида и полипиррола для тканевой инженерии." Журнал технической физики 90, no. 10 (2020): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2020.10.49794.42-20.

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It was demonstrated that conducting polymers can be used in development of bioactive matrices for tissue engineering. The most promising conducting polymer for biomedical applications is polypyrrole. Due to a number of useful properties, polypyrrole can be used in designing “smart” biologically active materials. In order to improve mechanical properties of the composite matrices, aliphatic copolyamide was used. Thin polymeric films were obtained from solution of this copolyamide; the solution was also used in preparation of non-woven fibrous mats by electrospinning. Copolyamide films were modified with pyrrole in the process of its oxidative polymerization to give the desired composite matrices. The obtained samples demonstrated suitable performance characteristics and a sufficient conductivity level for cell technologies. In vitro experiments showed that the matrices based on copolyamide and polypyrrole provide good survivability, adhesion and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts.

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25

Abel, Silvestre Bongiovanni, Evelina Frontera, Diego Acevedo, and Cesar A. Barbero. "Functionalization of Conductive Polymers through Covalent Postmodification." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010205.

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Organic chemical reactions have been used to functionalize preformed conducting polymers (CPs). The extensive work performed on polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and polythiophene (PT) is described together with the more limited work on other CPs. Two approaches have been taken for the functionalization: (i) direct reactions on the CP chains and (ii) reaction with substituted CPs bearing reactive groups (e.g., ester). Electrophilic aromatic substitution, SEAr, is directly made on the non-conductive (reduced form) of the CPs. In PANI and PPy, the N-H can be electrophilically substituted. The nitrogen nucleophile could produce nucleophilic substitutions (SN) on alkyl or acyl groups. Another direct reaction is the nucleophilic conjugate addition on the oxidized form of the polymer (PANI, PPy or PT). In the case of PT, the main functionalization method was indirect, and the linking of functional groups via attachment to reactive groups was already present in the monomer. The same is the case for most other conducting polymers, such as poly(fluorene). The target properties which are improved by the functionalization of the different polymers is also discussed.

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26

Zakaria, Mohd Yusuf, Hendra Suherman, Jaafar Sahari, and Abu Bakar Sulong. "Effect of Mixing Parameter on Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Black/Graphite/Epoxy Nanocomposite Using Taguchi Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.68.

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Polymer composite has attracted many researchers from various field of application due to its unique features and properties including light weight, low cost, ease to process and shaping and corrosion resistant [1-3]. Fillers is typically added to enhance the chemical and physical properties of polymers [4, 5]. One of the properties is the electrical conductivity. Carbon based filler such as graphite (G), carbon black (CB), carbon fibers (CF) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) has been extensively used to improve electrical properties of polymer composite [6-8]. Electrical properties of the composite can be explained from percolation theory which means electrical percolation in mixtures of electrically conducting and non-conducting materials [9]. The concentration of conducting phase must above the critical value called percolation threshold, in order for the material become electrically conductive [10].

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27

Kohl, Paul, Mrinmay Mandal, Mengjie Chen, Habin Park, and Parin Shah. "(Invited) Anion Conducting Solid Polymer Ionomers Electrolytes for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 46 (October 9, 2022): 1718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461718mtgabs.

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Ion conducting polymer electrolytes provide an enabling technology for the creation of low temperature fuel cells, hydrogen producing water electrolyzers, and flow batteries. The critical parameters of solid polymer electrolytes include ionic conductivity, ion selectivity, chemical resistance and dimensional stability in the presence of excess water. High pH operation using anion conductive polymer electrolytes has several potential advantages over acid-based polymer devices including low-cost catalysts, hydrocarbon (non-perfluorinated) polymer, and low cost cell components. However, the identification and synthesis of stable, hydroxide conducting solid polymer electrolytes has been elusive. In this study, a family of hydroxide conducting, poly(norbornene) solid polymer electrolytes were synthesized and used in high-performance, durable membrane electrode assemblies for fuel cells and electrolyzers. In addition to membranes, covalently bonded, self-adherent, hydroxide conducting ionomers were used to form high-performance, durable membrane electrode assembly for water electrolysis. Electrodes made by grind-spray method were compared to electrodes prepared by the solvent-cast method. The self-adhesive ionomers and membranes are based on hydroxide conducting poly(norbornene) polymers. The effect of porous transport layer material and porosity was examined. High performance electrolysis with very low degradation rates was achieved using stainless steel and nickel porous transport layers.

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28

GALEMBECK, FERNANDO, CARLOS A. R. COSTA, ANDRÉ GALEMBECK, and MARIA DO CARMO V. M. SILVA. "Supramolecular ionics: electric charge partition within polymers and other non-conducting solids." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 73, no. 4 (December 2001): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652001000400003.

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Electrostatic phenomena in insulators have been known for the past four centuries, but many related questions are still unanswered, for instance: which are the charge-bearing species in an electrified organic polymer, how are the charges spatially distributed and which is the contribution of the electrically charged domains to the overall polymer properties? New scanning probe microscopies were recently introduced, and these are suitable for the mapping of electric potentials across a solid sample thus providing some answers for the previous questions. In this work, we report results obtained with two of these techniques: scanning electric potential (SEPM) and electric force microscopy (EFM). These results were associated to images acquired by using analytical electron microscopy (energy-loss spectroscopy imaging in the transmission electron microscope, ESI-TEM) for colloid polymer samples. Together, they show domains with excess electric charges (and potentials) extending up to hundreds of nanometers and formed by large clusters of cations or anions, reaching supramolecular dimensions. Domains with excess electric charge were also observed in thermoplastics as well as in silica, polyphosphate and titanium oxide particles. In the case of thermoplastics, the origin of the charges is tentatively assigned to their tribochemistry, oxidation followed by segregation or the Mawell-Wagner-Sillars and Costa Ribeiro effects.

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29

Kanner, G. S., and Z. V. Vardeny. "Picosecond photomodulation spectroscopy of conducting polymers with a non-degenerate ground state." Synthetic Metals 41, no. 3 (May 1991): 1291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(91)91609-e.

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30

Berry, V. K. "Surface morphology characterization of industrial polymers by low-voltage scanning electron microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 1036–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100089494.

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There has been an increase in awareness in low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) of polymers in recent years because not only is it possible to use uncoated or very lightly coated (1-5nm) polymer samples but also due to an inherent advantage of limited beam damage of polymer samples by low energy beams. A steady increase in the use of low accelerating voltages for characterizing polymers has been made possible due to some major developments, such as high brightness field emission source, better lens and column design to minimize lens aberrations, and newer and improved detector systems with higher collection efficiency, incorporated by instrument manufacturers in their newer commercial models in recent years. Although there is still room for further improvements, the described instrumental changes have made possible the appreciation of LVSEM in characterization of polymers and non-conducting, beam sensitive materials.

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31

Suberlyak, Oleh, Oleksandr Hrytsenko, and Khrystyna Hishchak. "Synthesis of new conducting materials on the basis of polymer hydrogels." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2008): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.02.099.

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The new conducting polymer hydrogels on the basis of co-polymers of hydroxyethylenemethacrylate and polyvinylpyrrolidone with different nature non-organic fillers have been developed. The dependence of obtained materials electric characteristics on synthesis conditions, quantity and nature of powder filler, moisture content, ambient temperature and magnetic field action have been determined. The possibility of obtaining materials with anisotropic and unidirectional conductivity as well as the wide range of conductivity, which changes with moisture and ambient temperature, has been considered in this work

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32

Bagdžiūnas, Gintautas, and Delianas Palinauskas. "Poly(9H-carbazole) as a Organic Semiconductor for Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors." Biosensors 10, no. 9 (August 23, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10090104.

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Organic semiconductors and conducting polymers are the most promising next-generation conducting materials for electrochemical biosensors as the greener and cheaper alternative for electrodes based on transition metals or their oxides. Therefore, polycarbazole as the organic semiconducting polymer was electrochemically synthesized and deposited on working electrode. Structure and semiconducting properties of polycarbazole have theoretically and experimentally been analyzed and proved. For these electrochemical systems, a maximal sensitivity of 14 μA·cm−2·mM−1, a wide linear range of detection up to 5 mM, and a minimal limit of detection of around 0.2 mM were achieved. Moreover, Michaelis’s constant of these sensors depends not only on the enzyme but on the material of electrode and applied potential. The electrocatalytic mechanism and performance of the non- and enzymatic sensors based on this material as a conducting layer have been discussed by estimating pseudocapacitive and faradaic currents and by adding glucose as an analyte at the different applied potentials. In this work, the attention was focused on the electrochemical origin and mechanism involved in the non- and enzymatic oxidation and reduction of glucose.

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33

Çelik, Güler Bayrakli, and Duygu Kisakürek. "Microwave-assisted simultaneous synthesis of conducting, non-conducting and cross-linked polymers from sodium 2,4,6-tribromophenolate and LiOH." Designed Monomers and Polymers 10, no. 4 (January 2007): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855507781505138.

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Otero, T. F., and J. G. Martinez. "Electro-chemo-biomimetics from conducting polymers: fundamentals, materials, properties and devices." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, no. 12 (2016): 2069–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb00060f.

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The electropolymerization mechanism of conducting polymers is reviewed highlighting the presence of parallel reactions resulting in electroactive and non-electroactive fractions of the final material.

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Armel, Vanessa, Orawan Winther-Jensen, Meng Zhang, and Bjorn Winther-Jensen. "Electrochemical Reactivity on Conducting Polymer Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.489.

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Embedding macromolecules and active centers such as inorganic nanoparticles into conducting polymers (CPs) has been an ongoing challenge due to the normally harsh conditions required during chemical or electrochemical polymerization that limits the selection of the functional molecules to be incorporated. By developing alternative approaches for incorporating various organic and inorganic materials into CPs it has been possible to obtain efficient charge transfer within the alloys. In this report, two facile techniques are discussed for obtaining such composites: 1) In-situ polymerisation of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in the presence of non-conducting polymers and 2) electrochemical deposition in-organic nanoparticles inside PEDOT.

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Ghiggino, Kenneth P., Andrew J. Tilley, Benjamin Robotham, and Jonathan M. White. "Excited state dynamics of organic semi-conducting materials." Faraday Discussions 177 (2015): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00171k.

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Time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy has been applied to investigate the dynamics of excited state processes in oligomer models for semi-conducting organic materials. Following the photo-excitation of a pentamer oligomer that is a model for the conjugated polymer MEH-PPV, an ultrafast component of a few picoseconds is observed for the decay of the initially formed transient species. Variable temperature absorption and emission spectra combined with X-ray crystallography and calculations support the assignment of this rapid relaxation process to an excited state conformational rearrangement from non-planar to more planar molecular configurations. The implications of the results for the overall photophysics of conjugated polymers are considered.

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Felix, J. F., R. A. Barros, W. M. de Azevedo, and E. F. da Silva. "X-ray irradiation: A non-conventional route for the synthesis of conducting polymers." Synthetic Metals 161, no. 1-2 (January 2011): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.11.017.

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Kahol, P. K., and M. Mehring. "Exchange-coupled pair model for the non-curie-like susceptibility in conducting polymers." Synthetic Metals 16, no. 2 (November 1986): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(86)90118-9.

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Xu, Gu. "A novel model for the ionic conducting polymers with non-Arrhenius temperature dependence." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 6, no. 30 (July 25, 1994): 5833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/6/30/006.

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Zimmerer, Cordelia, Catalina Mejia, Toni Utech, Kerstin Arnhold, Andreas Janke, and Joachim Wosnitza. "Inductive Heating Using a High-Magnetic-Field Pulse to Initiate Chemical Reactions to Generate Composite Materials." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030535.

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Induction heating is efficient, precise, cost-effective, and clean. The heating process is coupled to an electrically conducting material, usually a metal. As most polymers are dielectric and non-conducting, induction heating is not applicable. In order to transfer energy from an electromagnetic field into polymer induction structures, conducting materials or materials that absorb the radiation are required. This report gives a brief overview of induction heating processes used in polymer technology. In contrast to metals, most polymer materials are not affected by electromagnetic fields. However, an unwanted temperature rise of the polymer can occur when a radio frequency field is applied. The now available high-field magnetic sources provide a new platform for induction heating at very low frequencies, avoiding unwanted thermal effects within the material. Using polycarbonate and octadecylamine as an example, it is demonstrated that induction heating performed by a magnetic-field pulse with a maximum flux density of 59 T can be used to initiate chemical reactions. A 50 nm thick Ag loop, with a mean diameter of 7 mm, placed in the polymer-polymer interface acts as susceptor and a resistive heating element. The formation of urethane as a linker compound was examined by infrared spectroscopic imaging and differential scanning calorimetry.

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El-Bery, Haitham M., Mahmoud R. Salah, Seddique M. Ahmed, and Soliman A. Soliman. "Efficient non-metal based conducting polymers for photocatalytic hydrogen production: comparative study between polyaniline, polypyrrole and PEDOT." RSC Advances 11, no. 22 (2021): 13229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra01218e.

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42

Vidal, Frederic, Cedric Plesse, Guillaume Palaprat, Jonathan Juger, Johann Citerin, Abderrahmane Kheddar, Claude Chevrot, and Dominique Teyssié. "Synthesis and Characterization of IPNs for Electrochemical Actuators." Advances in Science and Technology 61 (September 2008): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.61.8.

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Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) have been developed for many years leading to materials with controlled properties. When an electronic conducting polymer (ECP) is incorporated into an IPN, this one becomes a conducting IPN (CIPN). The synthetic pathway ensures a non homogeneous dispersion of the ECP through the IPN thickness of the material. The system is thus similar to a layered one with the advantage that the intimate combination of the three polymers needs no adhesive interface. The last step in making the CIPN into an actuator is to ensure the ionic conductivity by incorporation of an ionic salt. The highest ionic conductivity through the IPN matrix is necessary in order to ensure the best actuation. The chosen salt is an ionic liquid, i.e. 1-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMImTFSI). Based on IPN architectures electrochemical actuators have been designed and actuation in open air has been characterized.

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Weber, L. "Non-conducting inclusions in a conducting matrix: Influence of inclusion size on electrical conductivity." Acta Materialia 53, no. 7 (April 2005): 1945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2005.01.004.

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de Almeida, Victor Hugo Martins, Marcelo Bento Pisani, Jose Carlos Camargo, Ericksson Fabiano Moura Sousa, Vaneide Gomes, and Erica Cristina Almeida. "Metallic Surface Coating of Polymeric Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing Process." Materials Science Forum 1012 (October 2020): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1012.453.

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Metal coating films were deposited on the surface of the pieces of non-conducting polymers, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA). These three polymers have been used since they are the main raw materials available for fusion and deposition molding equipment. In order to achieve surface metallization by electrodeposition, it was necessary to apply a pre-treatment using the chemical polymerization technique in solution with the electroconductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) was deposited on the specimens. A uniform layer of PPy was deposited on the surface of the specimens of the ABS and HIPS polymers, while in the specimen of the polymer PLA this layer showed uniformity faults. After this pretreatment was possible to perform copper electrodeposition, creating the metallic coatings on the ABS / PPy, HIPS / PPy and PLA / PPy surfaces. This metallic coating was uniform in all specimens except the one of the PLA polymer that was not sanded. The adhesion of the coating was evaluated by the adhesion test with tape and the quality of the appearance (absence of visual defects), the morphology, the uniformity, the thickness, the conductivity and the adhesion quality of the films were analyzed.

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Özalp-Yaman, Ş., M. Baştürkmen, and D. Kısakürek. "Simultaneous novel synthesis of conducting and non-conducting halogenated polymers by electroinitiation of (2,4,6-trichloro- or 2,6-dichlorophenolato)Ni(II) complexes." Polymer 46, no. 18 (August 2005): 6786–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.06.005.

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46

Sawada, Toshiki, Yuta Murata, Hironori Marubayashi, Shuichi Nojima, Junko Morikawa, and Takeshi Serizawa. "High Thermal Diffusivity in Thermally Treated Filamentous Virus-Based Assemblies with a Smectic Liquid Crystalline Orientation." Viruses 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10110608.

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Polymers are generally considered thermal insulators because the amorphous arrangement of the polymeric chains reduces the mean free path of heat-conducting phonons. Recent studies reveal that individual chains of polymers with oriented structures could have high thermal conductivity, because such stretched polymeric chains effectively conduct phonons through polymeric covalent bonds. Previously, we have found that the liquid crystalline assembly composed of one of the filamentous viruses, M13 bacteriophages (M13 phages), shows high thermal diffusivity even though the assembly is based on non-covalent bonds. Despite such potential applicability of biopolymeric assemblies as thermal conductive materials, stability against heating has rarely been investigated. Herein, we demonstrate the maintenance of high thermal diffusivity in smectic liquid crystalline-oriented M13 phage-based assemblies after high temperature (150 °C) treatment. The liquid crystalline orientation of the M13 phage assemblies plays an important role in the stability against heating processes. Our results provide insight into the future use of biomolecular assemblies for reliable thermal conductive materials.

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Shirota, Yasuhiko, Il-Ryon Jeon, and Naoki Noma. "Synthesis, properties and application of electrically conducting non-conjugated polymers having a pendant perylenyl group." Synthetic Metals 55, no. 2-3 (March 1993): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(93)90155-p.

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Khattak, Noor Saeed, Mohammad Saleem Khan, Luqman Ali Shah, Muhammad Farooq, Abdullah Khan, Safeer Ahmad, Saeed Ullah Jan, and Noor Rehman. "The Effect of Low Weight Percent Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Dielectric Properties of Non-Conducting Polymer/Ceramic Nanocomposites for Energy Storage Materials." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 234, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2019-1370.

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AbstractHere in this study timing saving, easy and cost effective methods has been applied for fabricating the dielectric energy storage materials. Ceramic nanoparticles (FLZC’s) have been successfully synthesized by Sol-Gel method and its nanocomposites with non-conducting polymers (PVP, PVA, PEG, PEO) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT’s) by one-pot blending technique. Energy dispersive x-ray diffraction (EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA), AC impedance analyzer and dielectric properties were determined for all the samples. Dielectric properties showed good agreement with that of energy storage substances for electronic device fabrication. High dielectric constant was achieved when 0.5 wt% MWCNT’s was added to FLZC’s/MWCNT’s/Polymer nanocomposites. The stability and performance of the nanocomposites were dependent on the type of polymer used. These preparation materials can be employed in functional materials, such as high charge-storage capacitors, electrostriction for artificial muscles and smart skins etc.

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Sadeghi, Kambiz, Hyung-Woo Jee, Ki-Jung Paeng, and Jongchul Seo. "Photografting of conducting polymer onto polymeric substrate as non-migratory antioxidant packaging." Reactive and Functional Polymers 158 (January 2021): 104792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104792.

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Yang, Z., F. E. Karasz, and H. J. Geise. "Synthesis of electrically conducting copolymers with short alternating conjugated and non-conjugated blocks." Polymer 35, no. 2 (January 1994): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90709-9.

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