Journal articles: 'Non-cognitive assessment'

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Mering, Aloysius, and Indri Astuti. "the Development of Assessment Instruments Non-Cognitive by Teachers." JETL (Journal Of Education, Teaching and Learning) 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.26737/jetl.v4i2.1696.

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This study aims to (1) describe clearly and comprehensively about the quality of non-cognitive assessment instruments made by elementary school teachers, (2) develop procedures for developing non-cognitive assessment instruments made by teachers, (3) develop non-cognitive assessment instruments made by teachers. To realize this goal, researchers used three structured research designs. The first design is survey research to describe the quality of non-cognitive assessment instruments made by teachers. The instruments studied are survey data, which are illuminated by non-cognitive instruments constructed by the teacher in the Lesson Plan (RPP). Furthermore, from the results of a review of the teacher's non-cognitive assessment instruments, a guidebook on the procedure for developing cognitive assessment instruments made by teachers will be developed. The development of the guidebook uses development procedures (R & D). In the third draft, the researcher and the teacher developed a non-cognitive assessment instrument in the workshop. This workshop is the application of the guidebook that has been prepared. The procedure for preparing instruments uses steps (a) development of instrument specifications, (b) instrument writing, (c) instrument review, (d) instrument assembly (for testing purposes), (e) instrument testing, (f) results analysis trial, (g) instrument selection and assembly, (h) printing instruments, (i) administration of instruments, and (j) preparation of scales and norms. The whole series of studies will produce outputs (a) research reports, financial reports, and logbooks, (b) articles that have been discussed, (c) guidelines for preparing non-cognitive assessment instruments made by teachers that can be used as teaching materials and alternative materials for drafting training assessment instruments, (d) scientific publications in accredited journals, (e) a collection of validated non-cognitive assessment instruments made by teachers.

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Garland, John. "Structured Groups for Non-Traditional College Students: Non-Cognitive Assessment and Strategies." Journal of College Student Development 50, no. 2 (2009): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0066.

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Diniz, Breno Satler, Paula Villela Nunes, Monica S. Yassuda, Fernanda S. Pereira, Mariana K. Flaks, Luciane F. Viola, Marcia Radanovic, et al. "Mild cognitive impairment: cognitive screening or neuropsychological assessment?" Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 4 (December 2008): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000400003.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the neuropsychological profile of mild cognitive impairment subtypes (amnestic, non-amnestic and multiple-domain) of a clinical sample. We further address the diagnostic properties of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination for the identification of the different mild cognitive impairment subtypes in clinical practice. METHOD: Cross-sectional clinical and neuropsychological evaluation of 249 elderly patients attending a memory clinic at a university hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: The performance of patients with mild cognitive impairment was heterogeneous across the different subtests of the neuropsychological battery, with a trend towards an overall worse performance for amnestic (particularly multiple domain) mild cognitive impairment as compared to non-amnestic subtypes. Screening tests for dementia (Mini-Mental State Examination and Cambridge Cognitive Examination) adequately discriminated cases of mild Alzheimer's disease from controls, but they were not accurate to discriminate patients with mild cognitive impairment (all subtypes) from control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The discrimination of mild cognitive impairment subtypes was possible only with the aid of a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. It is necessary to develop new strategies for mild cognitive impairment screening in clinical practice.

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Jones, Laura C., Catherine Dion, Philip A. Efron, and Catherine C. Price. "Sepsis and Cognitive Assessment." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 4269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184269.

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Sepsis disproportionally affects people over the age of 65, and with an exponentially increasing older population, sepsis poses additional risks for cognitive decline. This review summarizes published literature for (1) authorship qualification; (2) the type of cognitive domains most often assessed; (3) timelines for cognitive assessment; (4) the control group and analysis approach, and (5) sociodemographic reporting. Using key terms, a PubMed database review from January 2000 to January 2021 identified 3050 articles, and 234 qualified as full text reviews with 18 ultimately retained as summaries. More than half (61%) included an author with an expert in cognitive assessment. Seven (39%) relied on cognitive screening tools for assessment with the remaining using a combination of standard neuropsychological measures. Cognitive domains typically assessed were declarative memory, attention and working memory, processing speed, and executive function. Analytically, 35% reported on education, and 17% included baseline (pre-sepsis) data. Eight (44%) included a non-sepsis peer group. No study considered sex or race/diversity in the statistical model, and only five studies reported on race/ethnicity, with Caucasians making up the majority (74%). Of the articles with neuropsychological measures, researchers report acute with cognitive improvement over time for sepsis survivors. The findings suggest avenues for future study designs.

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Gamito, Pedro, Jorge Oliveira, Diogo Morais, Matthew Pavlovic, Olivia Smyth, Inês Maia, Tiago Gomes, and Pedro J. Rosa. "Eye Movement Analysis and Cognitive Assessment." Methods of Information in Medicine 56, no. 02 (2017): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me16-02-0006.

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SummaryBackground: An adequate behavioral response depends on attentional and mnesic processes. When these basic cognitive functions are impaired, the use of non-immersive Virtual Reality Applications (VRAs) can be a reliable technique for assessing the level of impairment. However, most non-immersive VRAs use indirect measures to make inferences about visual attention and mnesic processes (e.g., time to task completion, error rate).Objectives: To examine whether the eye movement analysis through eye tracking (ET) can be a reliable method to probe more effectively where and how attention is deployed and how it is linked with visual working memory during comparative visual search tasks (CVSTs) in non-immersive VRAs.Methods: The eye movements of 50 healthy participants were continuously recorded while CVSTs, selected from a set of cognitive tasks in the Systemic Lisbon Battery (SLB). Then a VRA designed to assess of cognitive impairments were randomly presented.Results: The total fixation duration, the number of visits in the areas of interest and in the interstimulus space, along with the total execution time was significantly different as a function of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores.Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that CVSTs in SLB, when combined with ET, can be a reliable and unobtrusive method for assessing cognitive abilities in healthy individuals, opening it to potential use in clinical samples.

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Benke, Thomas, and Elfriede Karner. "The Neuropsychological Assessment of Dementia." CNS Spectrums 7, no. 5 (May 2002): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s109285290001782x.

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ABSTRACTIt has become standard practice to base the diagnosis of dementia on the combination of neuropsychological and non-behavioral findings. The present article provides a short, clinically oriented synopsis of the targets, investigational procedures, and difficulties of the modern neuropsychological approach to the diagnosis of dementia. Over the years, neuropsychology has developed assessment tools to evaluate the cognitive and behavioral abnormalities of many dementias. Validated tests of memory, language, executive, and other cognitive functions are used to screen for dementia and identifying certain dementia profiles. Behavioral assessment procedures are available for non-cognitive neurodegenerative alterations. At present, problems arise mainly with the behavioral heterogeneity of certain dementia syndromes. Especially problamatic are discrimination of age-associated or mild cognitive impairments from incipient dementia and the impact of psychiatric symptoms on cognitive functions. It is concluded that neuropsychology offers a valuable contribution to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia.

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Mervielde, Ivan. "Cognitive processes and computerized personality assessment." European Journal of Personality 2, no. 2 (June 1988): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410020205.

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Several implications of the cognitive viewpoint on personality are tested and the predictive validity of cognitive processing variables is assessed with judgements of parents and friends as a criterion measure. Free recall of items was related to cognitive schemas but reaction time during score recall was not. Ease of faking as well as response latency during faking were not related to cognitive schemas. Intra‐individual analysis revealed a consistent non‐linear relationship between response latency and item score in all conditions of the experiment. Although some cognitive process variables were correlated with the criterion measures, adding these variables to item scores did not always increase the predictive validity.

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Wadsworth, Hannah E., Kaltra Dhima, Kyle B. Womack, John Hart, Myron F. Weiner, Linda S. Hynan, and C. Munro Cullum. "Validity of Teleneuropsychological Assessment in Older Patients with Cognitive Disorders." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 33, no. 8 (January 10, 2018): 1040–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx140.

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Abstract Objective The feasibility and reliability of neuropsychological assessment at a distance have been demonstrated, but the validity of this testing medium has not been adequately demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of video teleconferencing administration of neuropsychological measures (teleneuropsychology) in discriminating cognitively impaired from non-impaired groups of older adults. It was predicted that measures administered via video teleconference would distinguish groups and that the magnitude of differences between impaired and non-impaired groups would be similar to group differences achieved in traditional administration. Methods The sample consisted of 197 older subjects, separated into two groups, with and without cognitive impairment. The cognitive impairment group included 78 individuals with clinical diagnoses of mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease. All participants completed counterbalanced neuropsychological testing using alternate test forms in both a teleneuropsychology and a traditional face-to-face (FTF) administration condition. Tests were selected based upon their common use in dementia evaluations, brevity, and assessment of multiple cognitive domains. Results from FTF and teleneuropsychology test conditions were compared using individual repeated measures ANCOVA, controlling for age, education, gender, and depression scores. Results All ANCOVA models revealed significant main effects of group and a non-significant interaction between group and administration condition. All ANCOVA models revealed non-significant main effects for administration condition, except category fluency. Conclusions Results derived from teleneuropsychologically administered tests can distinguish between cognitively impaired and non-impaired individuals similar to traditional FTF assessment. This adds to the growing teleneuropsychology literature by supporting the validity of remote assessments in aging populations.

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Lemay, Jean-François, Jocelyn M. Lockyer, V. Terri Collin, and A. Keith W. Brownell. "Assessment of non-cognitive traits through the admissions multiple mini-interview." Medical Education 41, no. 6 (June 2007): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02767.x.

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Oetting, Alexis A., Nadia U. Garvin, Michael R. Boivin, and David N. Cowan. "Non-Cognitive Personality Assessment and Risk of Injuries Among Army Trainees." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 52, no. 3 (March 2017): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.025.

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Graciani, Auxiliadora, José R. Banegas, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Vicente Domínguez-Rojas, and Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo. "Cognitive Assessment of the Non-Demented Elderly Community Dwellers in Spain." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 21, no. 2 (2006): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000090509.

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Connolly, J. "CS11.1 Cognitive assessment of non-communicative patients using event-related potentials." Clinical Neurophysiology 117 (September 2006): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.07.037.

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Kang, Jee-eun, Karra Harrington, and Martin Sliwinski. "Loneliness and Cognitive Functioning Over Time: Using Ambulatory Cognitive Assessment." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1869.

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Abstract Loneliness has been investigated as a risk factor for cognitive health, but results were inconsistent. This study used three measurement bursts of ambulatory cognitive assessment to determine whether loneliness affects longitudinal changes in cognitive functioning in daily life. At each burst, participants performed cognitive assessment five times a day for 14 days. 138 adults (Mage=49.4) who completed all three bursts were included in this study. Growth curve modeling showed that, on average, scores of cognitive functioning were improved across a 2 year period (p<.001). The chronic lonely group (in the highest tertile at all 3 bursts) showed less improvement in scores compared to non-lonely people (p<.01), although there was no difference in cognitive functioning at the baseline between two groups. This study indicates that we need a repeated measurement of cognitive functioning and longitudinal approach to detect the effect of chronic loneliness on the rate of cognitive change. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Measurement, Statistics, and Research Design Interest Group.

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Yuniasih, Ni Kadek, Kadek Yudiana, and I. Gusti Ngurah Japa. "The Concept of Heat Transfer measured by Cognitive Domain Assessment Instruments." Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar 5, no. 1 (May 24, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v5i1.34328.

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The lack of availability in assessment instruments used and unmet cognitive levels of C3-C6 resulted in poor quality assessments. This study aims to develop cognitive domain assessment instruments on the concept of heat transfer material in grade V elementary school. This research was development research that used 4D models (Four-D models) to define, design, develop, and disseminate. The subject of study was the assessment instrument of the cognitive realm with the object of research, that was the instrument quality. Measurement of the validity of the content was done on two experts/judges using the non-test method and instruments of the expert validity sheet. Instrument quality measurement was conducted with field trials of 106 students using multiple-choice objective test instruments. The content validity data obtained were analyzed with the Gregory formula, while the field test result data analyzed the validity of the grain, reliability, different power, and difficulty level. The results showed that the validity of the content obtained by 0.97 (very high) with the test results of the item's validity got 30 points of the question was declared valid. The instrument reliability index was developed by 0.85 (very high). The average coefficient of different power obtained is 0.51 (good) with a test device difficulty of 0.52 (medium). The result demonstrated cognitive domain assessment instruments that were developed feasible and can be used in conducting learning assessments in the cognitive realm.

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Mullins, Linda L. "Cognitive Performance Assessment for Stress and Endurance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 11 (September 2002): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204601102.

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The U. S. Army Research Laboratory's stress research and cognitive readiness program focuses on developing methods that reliably measure stress and assess the effects of stress on performance and cognitive processing. The evaluation of changes in cognitive processing related to individual stress levels enhances the effectiveness of this area of research. This paper describes a Cognitive Performance Assessment for Stress and Endurance (CPASE), a battery of tests representing a range of skills that are sensitive indicators of human performance in stressful environments: memory recall, logical reasoning, working memory, and spatial manipulation. These tasks were selected through a literature search for functions that are sensitive to the effects of stress and could be generalized to higher level cognitive functioning. The focus was to develop a non intrusive battery that was amenable to testing a large group of participants in a field setting in a short amount of time. This battery has been successfully used to evaluate soldier performance during sleep deprivation (Fatkin, Knapik, Patton, Mullins, Treadwell, & Swann, 2000) and in the evaluation of military equipment (Glumm, Branscome, Patton, Mullins, & Burton, 1999).

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Tierney, Tim M., Niall Holmes, Sofie S. Meyer, Elena Boto, Gillian Roberts, James Leggett, Sarah Buck, et al. "Cognitive neuroscience using wearable magnetometer arrays: Non-invasive assessment of language function." NeuroImage 181 (November 2018): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.035.

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Chen, Huilin, and Jinsong Chen. "Retrofitting Non-cognitive-diagnostic Reading Assessment Under the Generalized DINA Model Framework." Language Assessment Quarterly 13, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2016.1210610.

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Berrios, G. E. "Non-Cognitive Symptoms and the Diagnosis of Dementia." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, S4 (May 1989): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s000712500029569x.

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The current characterisation of dementia as a state of global cognitive failure (DSM-III-R, 1987) cannot differentiate it reliably, in cross-sectional diagnosis, from other states of compromised cognition. This is likely to contribute to both the over- and under-diagnosis of dementia in clinical practice (Marsden & Harrison, 1972; Fleminger, 1975; Ron et al, 1979; Smith & Kiloh, 1981; Garcia et al, 1984; Klein et al, 1985). However, diagnostic discrimination between true dementia and its behavioural phenocopies (e.g. depressive pseudo-dementia, quiet delirium, etc.) can be improved in a number of ways. One such is the longitudinal assessment of symptom-clusters (e.g. those related to memory, personality, and cortical syndromes); another is the inclusion of new symptoms into the definition of dementia. The first of these strategies has been given more attention than the second.

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Steinke, Alexander, Florian Lange, Caroline Seer, Merle K. Hendel, and Bruno Kopp. "Computational Modeling for Neuropsychological Assessment of Bradyphrenia in Parkinson’s Disease." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041158.

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The neural mechanisms of cognitive dysfunctions in neurological diseases remain poorly understood. Here, we conjecture that this unsatisfying state-of-the-art is in part due to the non-specificity of the typical behavioral indicators for cognitive dysfunctions. Our study addresses the topic by advancing the assessment of cognitive dysfunctions through computational modeling. We investigate bradyphrenia in Parkinson’s disease (PD) as an exemplary case of cognitive dysfunctions in neurological diseases. Our computational model conceptualizes trial-by-trial behavioral data as resulting from parallel cognitive and sensorimotor reinforcement learning. We assessed PD patients ‘on’ and ‘off’ their dopaminergic medication and matched healthy control (HC) participants on a computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. PD patients showed increased retention of learned cognitive information and decreased retention of learned sensorimotor information from previous trials in comparison to HC participants. Systemic dopamine replacement therapy did not remedy these cognitive dysfunctions in PD patients but incurred non-desirable side effects such as decreasing cognitive learning from positive feedback. Our results reveal novel insights into facets of bradyphrenia that are indiscernible by observable behavioral indicators of cognitive dysfunctions. We discuss how computational modeling may contribute to the advancement of future research on brain–behavior relationships and neuropsychological assessment.

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Bettcher, Brianne M., and Virginia E. Sturm. "Neuropsychological Assessment of Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)." Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders 24, no. 4 (October 2014): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/nnsld24.4.128.

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The goal of this article is to outline the utility of both language and non-language testing in making a diagnosis of logopenic, nonfluent/agrammatic, and semantic variant primary progressive aphasias PPA as well as delineate important behavioral and speech features that can be detected via clinical observation. We review speech/language presentations, non-language cognitive domains, and behavioral manifestations associated with each disorder. Patients with logopenic variant PPA evidence non-language cognitive impairments that include acalculia, phonological working memory deficits, and mild/variable difficulties with memory and visuospatial functions. In contrast, patients with nonfluent/agrammatic variant PPA display non-language impairments in executive functions, and show relative preservation of memory and visuospatial functions. Finally, semantic variant patients display behavioral changes in social comportment as well as non-language difficulties with category fluency and arithmetic facts; they display relative preservation, if not enhancement, of visuospatial functions. In summary, broad neural networks that support both language and non-language functions are affected in PPA syndromes, thus a comprehensive assessment of additional neuropsychological domains may aid in solidifying and subtyping PPA diagnoses.

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Bonini, Milena V., and Márcia Radanovic. "Cognitive deficits in post-stroke aphasia." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 73, no. 10 (October 2015): 840–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20150133.

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The assessment of aphasics’ cognitive performance is challenging and such patients are generally excluded from studies that describe cognitive deficits after stroke. We evaluated aphasics’ performance in cognitive tasks compared to non-aphasic subjects. A sample of 47 patients (21 aphasics, 17 non-aphasics with left hemisphere lesions and 9 non-aphasics with right hemisphere lesions) performed cognitive tasks (attention, verbal and visual memory, executive functions, visuospatial skills and praxis). Aphasic patients performed poorer than all non-aphasics in Digit Span (p < 0.001), Clock-Drawing Test (p = 0.006), Verbal memory (p = 0.002), Visual Memory (p < 0.01), Verbal Fluency (p < 0.001), and Gesture Praxis (p < 0.001). Aphasia severity correlated with performance in Trail Making test part B (p = 0.004), Digit Span forward (p < 0.001) and backwards (p = 0.011), and Gesture Praxis (p = 0.002). Aphasia is accompanied by deficits not always easy to be evaluated by cognitive tests due to speech production and motor impairments. Assessment of cognitive functions in aphasics might contribute to optimize therapeutic intervention.

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Stip, E., I. Lussier, E. Ngan, A. Mendrek, and P. Liddle. "Discriminant cognitive factors in responder and non-responder patients with schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 14, no. 8 (December 1999): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(99)00223-0.

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SummaryTo identify which improvements in cognitive function are associated with symptom resolution in schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. Design: a prospective open trial with atypical neuroleptics (risperidone, clozapine, quetiapine). Setting: Inpatient and outpatient units, Institute of Psychiatry. Patients: Thirty-nine patients with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV criteria were included. Clinical and cognitive assessment were done at baseline (T0) and again after six months of treatment (T2). Twenty-five patients completed the trial. Interventions: New-generation antipsychotics during six months. Patients were considered as responders if their PANSS score decreased at least 20% (n = 15) and non-responders if it did not (n = 10). Outcome measures: a computerized cognitive assessment comprised tests of short-term-memory (digit span), explicit long-term memory (word pair learning), divided attention, selective attention and verbal fluency (orthographic and semantic). Clinical assessment included PANSS and ESRS. Results: A discriminant function analysis was performed to determine which changes in cognitive performance predicted symptomatic response status. Semantic fluency and orthographic fluency were significant predictors. Together they correctly predicted responder status in 88% of cases. Memory was not a significant predictor of symptomatic response. Conclusion: Verbal fluency discriminated the responder from the non-responder group during a pharmacological treatment.

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M, Splonskowski, and Jacova C. "A-033 Subjective Cognitive Decline Symptom Burden Predicts Acceptance of Cognitive Assessment." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.033.

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Abstract Objective Individuals endorsing subjective cognitive decline (SCD) are at risk for dementia, likely to endorse depression and anxiety but often don’t seek cognitive assessment. Here we examined the relationship between SCD and acceptance of cognitive assessment. Method A nation-wide sample of 483 adults age 50 and older completed an online survey via the crowdsourcing website, Amazon Mechanical Turk. The SCD-MyCog Questionnaire was used to calculate total SCD score and determine SCD and non-SCD groups (>7/24 = SCD). Items from The Perceptions Regarding Investigational Screening for Memory in Primary Care were summed to create total Assessment Acceptance. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured using Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System scales. Results A hierarchical regression showed SCD total score adding to the prediction of assessment acceptance (R2 change = 8.5%). Once age (R2 change = 0.2%), and depression and anxiety (R2 change = 0.5%) were entered in steps 1 and 2. Step 3 coefficients were − .016, −.047, .019, and .18. The SCD group had an overall acceptance score > 1 SD higher than non-SCD (17.4 ± 2.32 and 15.46 ± 3.46). Conclusion SCD endorsed more acceptance even when anxiety and depression symptoms were accounted for. This finding is at odds with reduced help-seeking behavior among SCD. Further research is warranted to understand the specific barriers to seeking assessment among SCD.

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Steinke, Alexander, and Bruno Kopp. "Toward a Computational Neuropsychology of Cognitive Flexibility." Brain Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10121000.

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Cognitive inflexibility is a well-documented, yet non-specific corollary of many neurological diseases. Computational modeling of covert cognitive processes supporting cognitive flexibility may provide progress toward nosologically specific aspects of cognitive inflexibility. We review computational models of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), which represents a gold standard for the clinical assessment of cognitive flexibility. A parallel reinforcement-learning (RL) model provides the best conceptualization of individual trial-by-trial WCST responses among all models considered. Clinical applications of the parallel RL model suggest that patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) share a non-specific covert cognitive symptom: bradyphrenia. Impaired stimulus-response learning appears to occur specifically in patients with PD, whereas haphazard responding seems to occur specifically in patients with ALS. Computational modeling hence possesses the potential to reveal nosologically specific profiles of covert cognitive symptoms, which remain undetectable by traditionally applied behavioral methods. The present review exemplifies how computational neuropsychology may advance the assessment of cognitive flexibility. We discuss implications for neuropsychological assessment and directions for future research.

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Palanisamy, Amirthalingam, Natham Rajendran, Mukundhu Narmadha, and Ruckmani Ganesvaran. "Comparative assessment of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) and Minimental State Examination (MMSE) in apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele carriers in epilepsy." International Journal of Epilepsy 03, no. 01 (June 2016): 007–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijep.2015.11.002.

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AbstractBackground/Aim Mini mental state examination (MMSE) is a widely accepted tool till date to investigate cognitive status; however, its sensitivity is questioned by few studies. Alternately, Montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA) is considered more effective with high sensitivity to assess cognitive status than MMSE. The usefulness of MOCA is well established in assessing cognitive status in patients in various disorders. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele is identified as one of the risk factors associated with cognitive impairment on MMSE; however, the usefulness of MOCA on the association between APOE ɛ4 allele and cognitive impairment is not clearly established and hence the present study.Methods This prospective study recruited 123 subjects diagnosed as tonic-clonic seizures in the study site during the study period.Results Gender and educational status showed normal cognitive function on MMSE but showed cognitive impairment on MOCA. Among epilepsy patients, all APOE ɛ4 carriers showed mild to severe cognitive impairment on MOCA but differences in cognitive status were observed in this population as well as in APOE ɛ4 non-carriers on MMSE.Conclusion Thus, the present study demonstrates the sensitivity of MOCA over MMSE in detecting cognitive impairment in epilepsy.

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Conti, Juliana. "Cognitive assessment: A challenge for occupational therapists in Brazil." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 11, no. 2 (June 2017): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-020004.

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ABSTRACT Cognitive impairment is a common dysfunction after neurological injury. Cognitive assessment tools can help the therapist understand how impairments are affecting functional status and quality of life. Objective: The aim of the study was to identify instruments for cognitive assessment that Occupational Therapists (OT) can use in clinical practice. Methods: The instruments published in English and Portuguese between 1999 and 2016 were systematically reviewed. Results: The search identified 17 specific instruments for OT not validated in Brazilian Portuguese, 10 non-specific instruments for OT not validated in Brazilian Portuguese, and 25 instruments validated for Portuguese, only one of which was specific for OT (Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment). Conclusion: There are few assessment cognitive tools validated for use in the Brazilian culture and language. The majority of the instruments appear not to be validated for use by OT in clinical practice.

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Jin, Roger, Alexander Pilozzi, and Xudong Huang. "Current Cognition Tests, Potential Virtual Reality Applications, and Serious Games in Cognitive Assessment and Non-Pharmacological Therapy for Neurocognitive Disorders." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 3287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103287.

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As the global population ages, the incidence of major neurocognitive disorders (major NCDs), such as the most common geriatric major NCD, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has grown. Thus, the need for more definitive cognitive assessment or even effective non-pharmacological intervention for age-related NCDs is becoming more and more pressing given that no definitive diagnostics or efficacious therapeutics are currently unavailable for them. We evaluate the current state of the art of cognitive assessment for major NCDs, and then briefly glance ahead at potential application of virtual reality (VR) technologies in major NCD assessment and in cognition training of visuospatial reasoning in a 3D environment, as well as in the alleviation of depression and other symptoms of cognitive disorders. We believe that VR-based technologies have tremendous potentials in cognitive assessment and non-pharmacological therapy for major NCDs.

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Itkonen, Esa. "An Assessment of (Mentalist) Cognitive Semantics." Public Journal of Semiotics 7, no. 1 (May 20, 2016): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37693/pjos.2016.7.15840.

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Common claims within cognitive semantics (e.g. Johnson 1987; Lakoff 1987; Langacker 1987) are that “the most fundamental issue in linguistic theory is the nature of meaning” and “meaning is a matter of conceptualization”. But the latter claim creates a problem. On the one hand, for many cognitive semanticists conceptualization takes place under the level of consciousness. On the other hand, semantic analysis is carried out on the level of consciousness, namely by means of (conscious) intuition-cum-introspection. What is, then, meaning? As Wittgenstein argues, meaning is use, understood as a web of intersubjective norms, comparable to rules of a game and accessible to conscious intuition. In this article I elaborate on this claim, and thus offer critique to those who equate linguistic meaning with conceptualizations understood as private mental representations. Furthermore, I argue that the non-causal study of norms (langue) must be kept separate from the causal study of (norm-following or norm-breaking) behaviour (parole). Because of its variationist nature, linguistic behaviour demands statistical explanation.

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Gardener, Hannah, Michelle Caunca, Chuanhui Dong, Ying Kuen Cheung, Tatjana Rundek, Mitchell S. V. Elkind, Clinton B. Wright, and Ralph L. Sacco. "Obesity Measures in Relation to Cognition in the Northern Manhattan Study." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 78, no. 4 (December 8, 2020): 1653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201071.

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Background: Mid-life obesity is associated with cognitive impairment, though the relationship for late-life obesity is equivocal, and may depend on the anthropometric measure. Objective: We examined the relationship between adiposity and cognition across age categories, cognitive domains, and by measures of obesity in a multi-ethnic population-based cohort. Methods: The study included 1,179 Northern Manhattan Study participants with obesity measures at baseline (44% overweight, 30% obese), an initial neuropsychological assessment conducted within 7 years (mean age = 70), and a second cognitive assessment conducted on average 6 years later. Z-scores were derived for cognitive domains (episodic and semantic memory, executive function, processing speed) and averaged to calculate global cognition. Body mass index (BMI) and waist:hip ratio (WHR) were examined in relation to cognitive performance and change over time, stratified by age, using linear regression models adjusting for vascular risk factors. Results: Among those age<65 years at baseline, greater WHR was associated with worse global cognitive performance at initial assessment and directly associated with decline in performance between assessments. The association with initial performance was strongest for non-Hispanic Whites (beta = –0.155/standard deviation, p = 0.04), followed by non-Hispanic Black/African Americans (beta = –0.079/standard deviation, p = 0.07), and Hispanics (beta = –0.055/standard deviation, p = 0.03). The associations were most apparent for the domains of processing speed and executive function. There was no association for BMI among those <65 years. Among those age ≥65, there was no association for BMI or WHR with cognitive performance at initial assessment nor decline over time. Conclusion: Our results support the detrimental effect of mid-life rather than later life obesity, particularly abdominal adiposity, on cognitive impairment and decline.

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Rosa, Pedro, Pedro Gamito, Jorge Oliveira, Diogo Morais, Matthew Pavlovic, and Olivia Smyth. "THE USE OF EYE TRACKING IN NON-IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY FOR COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT." Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças 17, no. 1 (March 2016): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15309/16psd170104.

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Vall, Berta, and Lluís Botella. "Narrative assessment." Narrative Inquiry 24, no. 1 (October 28, 2014): 132–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.24.1.07val.

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Studies on clients’ language processes in psychotherapy have focused on specific non-narrative aspects rather than on narrative processes. This study’s goal was to test the commonalities and differences between a group of narratives from 15 depressed patients and 14 anxious patients. Patients’ narratives were obtained through self-characterizations written by the client and, were analyzed by means of the Narrative Assessment Grid — a combination of narrative analysis dimensions. Results indicated that both groups could be distinguished by six of the 22 dimensions assessed: (a) Variety of characters, (b) Objectifying, (c) Intelligibility/Clarity, (d) Cognitive Subjectifying, (e) Metaphorizing; and (f) Intelligibility/Stability. Clinical implications of our results are discussed.

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Kume, Yu, Tomoko Takahashi, Yuki Itakura, Sangyoon Lee, Hyuma Makizako, Tsuyosi Ono, Hiroyuki Shimada, and Hidetaka Ota. "Characteristics of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Northern Japanese Community-Dwellers from the ORANGE Registry." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11 (November 10, 2019): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111937.

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A gradually increasing prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is recognized in the super-aging society that Japan faces, and early detection and intervention in community-dwellers with MCI are critical issues to prevent dementia. Although many previous studies have revealed MCI/non-MCI differences in older individuals, information on the prevalence and characteristics of MCI in rural older adults is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate differential characteristics between older adults with and without MCI. The investigation was conducted over one year from 2018 to 2019. Participants were recruited from Akita in northern Japan. Neuropsychological assessments were applied to classify MCI, including the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Functional Assessment Tool (NCGG-FAT) and the Touch panel-type Dementia Assessment Scale (TDAS) based on the Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale. Our samples consisted of 103 older adults divided into 54 non-MCI and 49 MCI. The MCI group had lower scores of all cognitive items. Our results showed that individuals with MCI had significantly slower walking speed (WS) and worse geriatric depression scale (GDS) compared to non-MCI. In addition, WS was significantly associated with some cognitive items in non-MCI, but not in MCI. Finally, we showed that predictive variables of MCI were WS and GDS. Our study provides important information about MCI in rural community-dwellers. We suggest that older adults living in a super-aging society should receive lower limb training, and avoiding depression in older adults through interaction of community-dwellers may contribute to preventing the onset of MCI.

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M, Splonskowski, Smith S, and Jacova C. "A-025 Subjective Cognitive Decline and Likelihood of Participation Across Home-Based Cognitive Assessment Modalities." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.025.

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Abstract Objective Individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) are approximately twice as likely to develop dementia and less likely to seek cognitive assessment. Home-based cognitive assessment (HBCA) could reduce many practical and emotional barriers associated with in-person cognitive testing. We aimed to explore the relationship between SCD and likelihood of HBCA participation across various modalities. Method A nation-wide sample of 483 community-dwelling adults age 50 years and older (M = 63.61 ± 5.47) were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk, an online crowdsourcing website, to complete a survey. SCD was measured using the SCD-MyCog Questionnaire. A score of 7/24 endorsed symptoms classified respondents into SCD and non-SCD. Likelihood of participation in HBCA was measured using 4 likert-scale items (e.g., “How likely would you be to participate in HBCA via computer?”). Total likelihood was calculated by summing items. Results Regression revealed SCD symptom burden predicted likelihood of participation in HBCA [F(1, 481) = 12.42, B = .097, [.043–.150], p < .001, r^2 = .025]. Likelihood was higher in SCD (15.25 ± 3.3) than non-SCD (14.23 ± 3.5). When looking at specific HBCA modalities, SCD were more likely than non-SCD to participate in computer and videoconferencing modalities (1.36 ± 0.6 vs1.68 ± 0.87, p < .001; 2.26 ± 1.11 vs 2.58 ± 1.16, p < .001). There was no relationship with iPad or smartphone modalities. Conclusion SCD endorsement was associated with increased likelihood of engagement in HBCA. It is possible that HBCA can help overcome barriers to help-seeking in this group. SCD may prefer videoconferencing and computer modalities.

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Pachana, Nancy A., Bernice A. Marcopulos, and Janet Leatham. "Cognitive Rehabilitation with Older Adults." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 4, no. 2 (1998): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200001289.

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The proportion of older adults seeking rehabilitation services are certain to rise as the population ages. Cognitive rehabilitation techniques can be successfully adapted and used with older adults with a range of clinical diagnoses. An understanding of cognitive changes which could be expected as a result of “normal” (non-disease-related) aging is essential for both assessment and treatment planning for this group. Age-related changes in attention, memory and executive functioning are briefly noted. Common cognitive sequelae of head-injury, depression and dementia are discussed, and useful assessment and rehabilitation strategies described. Case illustrations are used to illustrate major points.

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Umegaki, Hiroyuki, Yusuke Suzuki, Yosuke Yamada, Hitoshi Komiya, Kazuhisa Watanabe, Masaaki Nagae, and Masafumi Kuzuya. "Association of the Qualitative Clock Drawing Test with Progression to Dementia in Non-Demented Older Adults." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 2850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092850.

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To evaluate the predictability of progression of cognitive impairment to dementia using qualitative clock drawing test (CDT) scores, we administered both the CDT using Cahn et al.’s qualitative scoring system and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to assess cognitive function in non-demented older individuals attending a memory clinic at a university hospital. Patients visiting the clinic for assessment of cognitive function between January 2015 and December 2019 were enrolled, and only those who were diagnosed as not having dementia at the time of initial assessment completed a follow-up assessment at 1 y (n = 163). To examine any association of qualitative CDT score with progression to dementia, multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted with the change in diagnosis from non-dementia to dementia at 1 y as the dependent variable. A total of 26 participants (16.0%) were diagnosed as having converted to dementia. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that both the qualitative CDT score using Cahn et al.’s scoring system and the existence of conceptual deficits were significantly associated with progression to dementia at 1 y after initial assessment of cognitive function, irrespective of the MMSE score, among non-demented older individuals. The CDT may be a useful predictor of progression to dementia in primary care settings.

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Dandachi-FitzGerald, Brechje, Annelien A. Duits, Albert F. G. Leentjens, Frans R. J. Verhey, and Rudolf W. H. M. Ponds. "Performance and Symptom Validity Assessment in Patients with Apathy and Cognitive Impairment." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 26, no. 3 (October 29, 2019): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617719001139.

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AbstractObjective:Performance and symptom validity tests (PVTs and SVTs) measure the credibility of the assessment results. Cognitive impairment and apathy potentially interfere with validity test performance and may thus lead to an incorrect (i.e., false-positive) classification of the patient’s scores as non-credible. The study aimed at examining the false-positive rate of three validity tests in patients with cognitive impairment and apathy.Methods:A cross-sectional, comparative study was performed in 56 patients with dementia, 41 patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 41 patients with Parkinson’s disease. Two PVTs – the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) and the Dot Counting Test (DCT) – and one SVT – the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) – were administered. Apathy was measured with the Apathy Evaluation Scale, and severity of cognitive impairment with the Mini Mental State Examination.Results:The failure rate was 13.7% for the TOMM, 23.8% for the DCT, and 12.5% for the SIMS. Of the patients with data on all three tests (n = 105), 13.5% failed one test, 2.9% failed two tests, and none failed all three. Failing the PVTs was associated with cognitive impairment, but not with apathy. Failing the SVT was related to apathy, but not to cognitive impairment.Conclusions:In patients with cognitive impairment or apathy, failing one validity test is not uncommon. Validity tests are differentially sensitive to cognitive impairment and apathy. However, the rule that at least two validity tests should be failed to identify non-credibility seemed to ensure a high percentage of correct classification of credibility.

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Moss, Steve, and Pradip Patel. "Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Dementia in Older People with Learning Disability." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 5 (November 1995): 663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.5.663.

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BackgroundThis paper describes a study of non-cognitive features of dementia in a population of 105 people over 50 years of age, with learning disability.MethodThe study involved psychiatric assessment using the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with a Developmental Disability (PAS-ADD), a semi-structured psychiatric interview developed specifically for people who have learning disability. Dementia was diagnosed using a combination of informant interviewing and observation of cognitive change over a three year period.ResultsSample members with definite dementia had higher levels of sleep difficulty, hypersomnia, irritability, inefficient thought, loss of interest and anhedonia. Discriminant function analysis showed that non-cognitive features could help discriminate between definite and probable cases.ConclusionsResults support the previously reported observation for the general population that cognitive and non-cognitive features are only weakly related. The study suggests that psychiatric symptom information may be useful in screening for dementia in people with learning disability.

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Walker, M. P., G. A. Ayre, J. L. Cummings, K. Wesnes, I. G. McKeith, J. T. O'Brien, and C. G. Ballard. "The Clinician Assessment of Fluctuation and the One Day Fluctuation Assessment Scale." British Journal of Psychiatry 177, no. 3 (September 2000): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.3.252.

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BackgroundThe identification of fluctuating confusion is central to improving the differential diagnosis of the common dementias.AimsTo determine the value of two rating scales to measure fluctuating confusion.MethodThe agreement between the clinician-rated scale and the scale completed by a non-clinician was determined. Correlations between the two scales were calculated; variability in attention was calculated on a computerised cognitive assessment and variability in delta rhythm on an electroencephalogram (EEG).ResultsThe Clinician Assessment of Fluctuation and the computerised cognitive assessment were completed for 155 patients (61 Alzheimer's disease, 37 dementia with Lewy bodies, 22 vascular dementia, 35 elderly controls). A subgroup (n=40) received a further evaluation using the One Day Fluctuation Assessment Scale and an EEG. The two scales correlated significantly with each other, and with the neuropsychological and electrophysiological measures of fluctuation.ConclusionsBoth scales are useful instruments for the clinical assessment of fluctuation in dementia.

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Nowicka-Sauer, K., Z. Czuszyńska, M. Majkowicz, Ż. Smoleńska, K. Jarmoszewicz, M. Olesińska, and J. Siebert. "Neuropsychological assessment in mixed connective tissue disease: comparison with systemic lupus erythematosus." Lupus 21, no. 9 (March 20, 2012): 927–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203312441511.

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Objective: The aims of the study were to assess cognitive functions (CF) in patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and to compare MCTD patients with systemic lupus erythematosus patients with and without neuropsychiatric manifestations (NP-SLE and non-NP-SLE, respectively) in terms of CF. Methods: Neuropsychological examination was performed in 141 patients: 30 with MCTD (24 women, 6 men), mean age: 48.07 years, 37 with non-NP-SLE (36 women, 1 man), mean age: 40.76 years and 74 with NP-SLE (68 women, 6 men), mean age: 41.97 years. Neuropsychological tests and structured interview were used. Emotional state was assessed by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and clinical review. Results: We observed cognitive impairment in six MCTD patients (20%); in one (3%) the impairment was severe. MCTD patients achieved significantly higher results in seven out of 11 tests compared with patients with NP-SLE. MCTD and non-NP-SLE patients did not differ significantly. The differences were irrespective of premorbid IQ, education, disease duration and steroid treatment. Conclusions: In the majority of MCTD patients, CF were not impaired and severe impairment was unusual. Cognitive functioning was most disturbed in NP-SLE. The cognitive deficits observed in connective tissue diseases can be connected with nervous system involvement.

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Sánchez-Torres, A., M. R. Elosúa, R. Lorente-Omeñaca, L. Moreno-Izco, V. Peralta, J. Ventura, and M. J. Cuesta. "Assessment of cognitive impairment with the cognitive assessment interview (CAI) was useful for identifying poor psychosocial functioning outcome in patients with psychosis." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S106—S107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.093.

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IntroductionCognitive impairments clearly impact the daily functioning of patients with psychosis.ObjectivesTo assess cross-sectionally whether there are differences in the cognitive domains assessed with the CAI, for considering the real-world functioning of a sample of patients with psychosis.MethodsThe sample consisted of 76 patients with a DSM-IV psychotic disorder. Patients were assessed with the cognitive assessment interview (CAI), which is an interview-based measure of cognitive functioning that is intermediate between cognitive functioning and daily functioning, and three subscales of the specific levels of functioning (SLOF), an informant-rated measure of functioning. The CAI was used to assess the patient and an informant, and these scores were integrated into a rater composite score. We divided the sample by a median-split procedure for each of the three functional domains, and then applied ANOVAs to compare the two groups (impaired/not impaired) in the six cognitive domains of the CAI: working memory, attention, verbal memory, problem solving, processing speed, and social cognition.ResultsWe found significant differences between the impaired vs. non-impaired groups in most of the cognitive domains assessed with the CAI (Fig. 1).ConclusionsInterview-based assessment of cognition with the CAI allows for the prediction of everyday functioning in patients with psychosis. Impairment in almost all CAI cognitive domains, except for social cognition, was associated with poorer psychosocial functioning.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Szalontay, Andreea Silvana, Ilinca Untu, Dania Radu, and Alexandra Boloș. "The therapeutic management of non-cognitive symptoms of dementia." Psihiatru.ro 58 (3), no. 1 (September 24, 2019): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26416/psih.58.3.2019.2523.

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It is estimated that, with the increase of the life expectancy of the population, one in two people at the age of 85 years old will have a form of dementia. This will represent a real burden for medical systems, and an increasing responsibility for their families and for society. The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia continue to receive insufficient attention. These symptoms can be observed some years before an adequate diagnosis of dementia, and they can be the first signs of alarm before the development of specific cognitive pathology. Patients suffering from dementia can benefit from integrated medical services, specialized care at home or at the hospital, day care services, specialized health services, memory assessment services, psychological and home care therapies, together with a specific drug therapy. Taking into account all of these aspects presented above, the aim of the paper is to analyze if an earlier diagnosis of dementia can be done in clinical practice, because the initiation of earlier treatment, in the mild-to-moderate phase, can lead to a considerable improvement of cognitive functions. In this context, as dementia is diagnosed earlier, an appropriate treatment can also improve the behavioral symptomatology. Also, a multidisciplinary approach can be of real help in assessing, anticipating and managing all these issues.

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Krishnan, Syam, Sunitha Justus, Radhamani Meluveettil, RamshekharN Menon, SankaraP Sarma, and Asha Kishore. "Validity of Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Non-English speaking patients with Parkinson′s disease." Neurology India 63, no. 1 (2015): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.152637.

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McDade, E., K. Bieniek, B. Boeve, R. Roberts, Y. Geda, D. Knopman, T. Christianson, and R. C. Petersen. "094 ASSESSMENT OF DYNAMIC GAIT ANALYSIS BETWEEN AMNESTIC AND NON-AMNESTIC MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 16 (February 2010): S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8020(10)70095-x.

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Becker, Sara, Alena Bäumer, Walter Maetzler, Susanne Nussbaum, Maarten Timmers, Luc Van Nueten, Giacomo Salvadore, et al. "Assessment of cognitive‐driven activity of daily living impairment in non‐demented Parkinson's patients." Journal of Neuropsychology 14, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12173.

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Macías Islas, Miguel, and Ethel Ciampi. "Assessment and Impact of Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview." Biomedicines 7, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines7010022.

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Cognitive impairment affects 40–60% of patients with multiple sclerosis. It may be present early in the course of the disease and has an impact on a patient’s employability, social interactions, and quality of life. In the last three decades, an increasing interest in diagnosis and management of cognitive impairment has arisen. Neuropsychological assessment and neuroimaging studies focusing on cognitive impairment are now being incorporated as primary outcomes in clinical trials. However, there are still key uncertainties concerning the underlying mechanisms of damage, neural basis, sensitivity and validity of neuropsychological tests, and efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The present article aimed to present an overview of the assessment, neural correlates, and impact of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis.

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Yuliani, Nani, Yatti Sugiarti, and Dwi Lestari Rahayu. "Using technology for formative assessment in food preservation learning." Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Pendidikan 13, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jpipfip.v13i2.32555.

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Abstract The research aims to determine the cognitive and affective aspects of learning outcomes on food preservation learning that applies formative assessment using Plickers app. The study used quasi experimental method with non equivalent control group design. The research sample consisted of 22 students as an experimental class and 22 students as a control class. Measurement of learning outcomes of cognitive aspects was based on the reults of the pretest and posttest. Measurement of learning outcomes for affective aspects was based on the results of assessment of indicators of visual, verbal, listening, drawing, writing, motor, mental, and emotional activity. The results showed that the experimental group that implemented formative assessment using the Plickers app had cognitive learning outcomes better than the control class. The average score of the N-Gain experiment class was 0.486 (in the medium category), while the control class was 0,266 (in the low category). The average results of the indicators assessment of affective aspects on the experiment class was in a very good category whereas the control class was in a good category. Applying formative assessments with the Plickers app not only provides assessments but also increases student learning activities and involvement in the learning process. Penilaian formatif menggunakan teknologi pada materi pengawetan bahan panganPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil belajar pada aspek kognitif dan afektif siswa pada pembelajaran materi pengawetan bahan pangan yang menerapkan formative assessment menggunakan aplikasi Plickers. Penelitian menggunakan quasi experimental method dengan non equivalent control group design. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 22 siswa sebagai kelas eksperimen dan 22 siswa sebagai kelas kontrol. Pengukuran hasil belajar aspek kognitif dilakukan berdasarkan hasil pre-test dan post-test. Pengukuran hasil belajar aspek afektif didasarkan pada hasil penilaian indikator aktivitas visual, lisan, mendengarkan, menggambar, menulis, motorik, mental, dan emosional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelas eksperimen yang menerapkan formative assessment menggunakan aplikasi Plickers memiliki hasil belajar pada aspek kognitif yang lebih baik dari kelas kontrol. Nilai rata-rata N-Gain kelas eksperimen adalah 0,486 (kategori sedang) sedangkan pada kelas kontrol adalah 0,266 (kategori rendah). Rata-rata penilaian indikator hasil belajar aspek afektif kelas eksperimen berada pada kategori sangat baik sedangkan kelas kontrol berada pada kategori baik. Penerapan penilaian formatif dengan aplikasi selain memberikan penilaian juga meningkatkan aktivitas belajar dan keterlibatan siswa.

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Gottesman, Rebecca F., Jonathan T. Kleinman, Cameron Davis, Jennifer Heidler-Gary, Melissa Newhart, and Argye E. Hillis. "The NIHSS-Plus: Improving Cognitive Assessment with the NIHSS." Behavioural Neurology 22, no. 1-2 (2010): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/123903.

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Background:The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) has been criticized for limited representation of cognitive dysfunction and bias towards dominant hemisphere functions. Patients may therefore receive a low NIHSS score despite a fairly large stroke. A broader scale including simple cognitive tests would improve the clinical and research utility of the NIHSS.Methods:We studied 200 patients with acute non-dominant hemispheric stroke who underwent cognitive testing and had MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) within 5 days of presentation. We measured DWI volumes and retrospectively calculated NIHSS scores. We used linear regression to determine the role of selected cognitive tests, when added to the NIHSS, in predicting DWI volume.Results:The NIHSS predicted DWI volume in a univariate analysis, as did total line cancellation and a visual perception task. In a multivariate model, using log-transformed variables, the NIHSS (p= 0.0002), line cancellation errors (p= 0.02) and visual perception (p= 0.004) each improved prediction of total infarct volume.Conclusion:The addition of line cancellation and visual perception tasks significantly adds to the model of NIHSS alone in predicting DWI volume. We propose that these two cognitive tests, which together can be completed in 2–3 minutes, could be combined with the NIHSS to create an “NIHSS-plus” that more accurately represents a patient’s ischemic tissue volume after a stroke. This scale requires further validation in a prospective study.

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Kumar, Naveen, Veer Bahadur Singh, Babu Lal Meena, Deepak Kumar, Harish Kumar, and Arun Tiwari. "Diabetes control, dyslipidemia, hsCRP and mild cognitive impairment in non-elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20190337.

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Background: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia has been observed more in people with diabetes when compared with general population. The risk factors for MCI in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been defined in elderly patients and aging may itself contribute to declining in cognitive functions. As the large number people with T2DM are under 60years, the prevalence of MCI and factors contributing to it are not much studied. So, this study aimed to find out the factors contributing to MCI in non-elderly T2DM patients.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 257 patients with T2DM underwent cognitive assessment by Montreal cognitive assessment test and the cognitive levels were correlated with their glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid profile, and highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP).Results: The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was 64.2%. MCI significantly correlated with duration of diabetes, socioeconomic status, HbA1c, serum triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein and hsCRP levels. The factors that were statistically insignificant were body mass index and high-density lipoprotein levels.Conclusions: Cognitive impairment is seen even in non-elderly T2DM patients. It should be considered along with the other complications of diabetes and individuals with T2DM should be screened for cognitive impairment to prevent progression to dementia.

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Leeds, Daniel D., Annie Nguyen, Christopher D’Lauro, Jonathan C. Jackson, and Brian R. Johnson. "Prolonged concussion effects: Constellations of cognitive deficits detected up to year after injury." Journal of Concussion 5 (January 2021): 205970022110065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20597002211006585.

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Concussions are associated with an array of physical, emotional, cognitive, and sleep symptoms at multiple timescales. Cognitive recovery occurs relatively quickly – five-to-seven days on average. Yet, recent evidence suggests that some neurophysiological changes can be identified one year after a concussion. To that end, we examine more nuanced patterns in cognitive tests to determine whether cognitive abilities could identify a concussion within one-year post injury. A radial-basis (non-linear boundary) support vector machine classifier was trained to use cognitive performance measures to distinguish participants with no prior concussion from participants with prior concussion in the past year. After incorporating only 10 cognitive measures, or all 5 composite measures from the neurocognitive assessment (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT)), over 90% accuracy was achieved in identifying both participants without prior concussions and participants with concussions in the past year, particularly when relying on non-linear patterns. Notably, classification accuracy stayed relatively constant between participants who had a concussion early or late in the one-year window. Thus, with substantial accuracy, a prior concussion can be identified using a non-linear combination of cognitive measures. Cognitive effects from concussion linger one-year post-injury, indicating the importance of continuing to follow concussion patients for many months after recovery and to take special note of constellations of cognitive abilities.

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Wilmoth, K., K. Mau, N. Guzowski, B. Brett, M. McCrea, and L. Nelson. "Direct Comparison of Multidimensional Clinical Assessment Tools: Sensitivity to Concussion in Student Athletes." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 5 (July 2019): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz026.07.

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Abstract Purpose Consensus guidelines recommend multidimensional assessment for concussion diagnosis and management. Among cognitive, oculomotor, and postural stability, it remains unclear which modalities perform best in the acute/subacute periods. We conducted a direct comparison to identify those with the strongest sensitivity to sport-related concussion. Methods High school and collegiate football players (aged 14–24) completed preseason baseline assessments. Concussed (n=91) and matched non-concussed teammates (n=85) underwent repeat testing at 48 hours, 8 days, and 15 days post-injury. Postconcussive symptoms (SCAT-3 symptom severity), cognition (Standardized Assessment of Concussion, Immediate Post-Concussion and Cognitive Testing, Trail Making Test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Processing Speed Index), oculomotor functioning (King-Devick Test), and postural stability (Balance Error Scoring System) were compared using Cohen’s d and Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses. Results Symptom severity had the greatest sensitivity at 48 hours and 8 days post-injury (Cohen’s d=1.43 and 0.53, AUC=.93 and .63, p<.01). Of the performance-based assessments, BESS was most sensitive to SRC at 48 hours post-injury (Cohen’s d=.74, AUC=.70, p<.01). Oculomotor and cognitive testing via ImPACT, WAIS-IV PSI, and TMT-A were sensitive to a lesser degree (Cohen’s d=.35–.58, p<.05). Verbal memory was the only significant performance-based assessment at days 8 and 15, with small-to-medium effect sizes (Cohen’s d=.37 and .44, p<.05). Other cognitive measures (SAC, TMT-B) were not sensitive to SRC across timepoints (p>.05). Conclusion We observed heterogeneity in clinical assessment performance such that the clinical domains strongest in the initial days post-injury (symptom severity, balance) were less sensitive at later follow-up, supporting the potential need for multidimensional assessment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-cognitive assessment'

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