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Books on the topic 'Non-cognitive assessment'
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1
Lüdemann, Elke. Schooling and the formation of cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes. München: Ifo Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität München e.V., 2011.
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2
Structured groups for non-traditional college students: Non-cognitive assessment and strategies. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2008.
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3
Kipps, Christopher, and John Hodges. Clinical cognitive assessment. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0010.
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Cognitive symptoms arise from the location of brain dysfunction and are not linked directly to any particular pathology. In the early stages of disease, symptoms may be non-specific, and while certain symptom clusters are commonly seen in particular disorders, atypical presentations are not infrequent. For example, in Alzheimer’s disease, patients may present with a focal language syndrome instead of the more commonly appreciated autobiographical memory disturbance despite identical pathology. In our approach to the cognitive assessment, we maintain a symptom oriented approach. This facilitates the localisation of pathology and subsequent clinical diagnosis, which may then be supplemented by associated neurological signs, imaging or other investigations.
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Exercise-Based Physiotherapy Management of Patients With Persistent, Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Cognitive-Behavioural Approach to Assessment and Treatment ... Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations, 881). Uppsala Universitet, 1999.
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5
Hodges, John R. Testing Cognitive Function at the Bedside. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192629760.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 covers testing cognitive function at the bedside, and how the first part of the examination should assess distributed cognitive functions; deficits in these indicate damage to particular brain systems, but not to focal areas of one hemisphere. The second part of the assessment should deal with more localized functions, divided into those associated with the dominant (i.e. the left side, in right-handers) and non-dominant hemispheres.
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Hodges, John R. Testing Cognitive Function at the Bedside. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the second component of assessment in patients with suspected cognitive dysfunction: testing cognitive function at the bedside. The first part of the examination should assess distributed cognitive functions, notably orientation and attention, episodic and semantic memory, and frontal executive function (initiation in the form of verbal fluency, abstraction, response inhibition, and set shifting); deficits in these indicate damage to particular brain systems, but not to focal areas of one hemisphere. The second part of the assessment deals with localized functions, divided into those associated with the dominant (i.e. the left side, in right-handers) and non-dominant hemispheres. The former relates largely to tests of spoken language with supplementary tests of reading, writing, calculation, and praxis when applicable. Testing right hemisphere function focuses on neglect (personal and extrapersonal), visuospatial and constructional abilities, and the agnosias including object and face agnosia.
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Bowker, Lesley K., James D. Price, Ku Shah, and Sarah C. Smith. Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738381.003.0009.
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This chapter provides information on cognitive ageing, impairments in cognitive function without dementia, overview of dementia, assessment of dementia, dementia and common diseases, dementia and parkinsonism, normal pressure hydrocephalus, dementia and less common diseases, general management of dementia, risk management and abuse in dementia, prevention of dementia, use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in dementia, other drug treatments for dementia, managing behavioural problems in dementia, compulsory detention and treatment, psychosis, diagnosis of delirium, causes of delirium, clinical assessment of delirium, treatment issues in delirium, non-drug management of delirium, drug treatments for delirium, confusion and alcohol, squalor syndrome, presentation of depression, clinical features of depression, non-drug management of depression, drug treatments for depression, and suicide and attempted suicide.
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Giuseffi, Jennifer, John McPherson, Chad Wagner, and E. Wesley Ely. Acute cognitive disorders: recognition and management of delirium in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0074.
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Delirium is the most common acute cognitive disorder seen in critically ill patients in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. It is defined as a disturbance of consciousness and cognition that develops suddenly and fluctuates over time. Delirious patients can become hyperactive, hypoactive, or both. The occurrence of delirium during hospitalization is associated with increased in-hospital and long-term morbidity and mortality. The cause of delirium is multifactorial and may include imbalances in neurotransmitters, inflammatory mediators, metabolic disturbances, impaired sleep, and the use of sedatives and analgesics. Patients with advanced age, dementia, chronic illness, extensive vascular disease, and low cardiac output are at particular risk of developing delirium. Specialized bedside assessment tools are now available to rapidly diagnose delirium, even in mechanically ventilated patients. Increased awareness of delirium risk factors, in addition to non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments for delirium, can be effective in reducing the incidence of delirium in cardiac patients and in minimizing adverse outcomes, once delirium occurs.
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McPherson, John, Jennifer Giuseffi, Chad Wagner, and E. Wesley Ely. Acute cognitive disorders: recognition and management of delirium in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0074_update_001.
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Delirium is the most common acute cognitive disorder seen in critically ill patients in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. It is defined as a disturbance of consciousness and cognition that develops suddenly and fluctuates over time. Delirious patients can become hyperactive, hypoactive, or both. The occurrence of delirium during hospitalization is associated with increased in-hospital and long-term morbidity and mortality. The cause of delirium is multifactorial and may include imbalances in neurotransmitters, inflammatory mediators, metabolic disturbances, impaired sleep, and the use of sedatives and analgesics. Patients with advanced age, dementia, chronic illness, extensive vascular disease, and low cardiac output are at particular risk of developing delirium. Specialized bedside assessment tools are now available to rapidly diagnose delirium, even in mechanically ventilated patients. Increased awareness of delirium risk factors, in addition to non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments for delirium, can be effective in reducing the incidence of delirium in cardiac patients and in minimizing adverse outcomes, once delirium occurs.
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Hodges, John R. Illustrative Cases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0008.
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This chapter comprises 16 case histories that illustrate methods of assessment described in the rest of this book and the use of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE)-III. Each case begins with a brief history from the patient and observations by the family followed by findings on cognitive examination focusing on the profile shown on the ACE-III, the results of imaging investigations, and a discussion of the diagnosis and its differential, with a final summary of the principal conclusions, indicating whether the services of a neuropsychologist are required or not. The cases present important common conditions (such as mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease in the mild and moderate stages, behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia, semantic dementia, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Huntington’s disease) as well as interesting neuropsychological syndromes (such as prosopagnosia, amnestic stoke, and transient epileptic amnesia).
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Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. Geriatric medicine. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0010.
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Geriatric medicine is a complex specialty often complicated by factors such as multiple causation, chronic fluctuating course, and attendant functional and social factors. Such complex aetiology mandates multifactorial assessments and multifactorial interventions. Not all older people need the skills of a specialist geriatric team, but appropriate skills must either be embedded within systems managing older people, or else effective screening tools developed that enable non-specialists to recognize patients who benefit from more specialist assessment. Older people, as a group, face the greatest burden of disease and stand to benefit most from quality research—yet there is less of it. Determining the effect of complex interventions on heterogeneous populations afflicted by complex disease is inherently difficult and is made more so by high fatality, difficult follow-up, and cognitive impairment. Such patients are routinely excluded from trials that seek answers to simpler—but less common and less important—clinical questions.
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Koutroumanidis, Michalis, and Robin Howard. Encephalopathy, central nervous system infections, and coma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0032.
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This chapter provides an overview of the indications for and the diagnostic and prognostic value of acute video-electroencephalogram (EEG) and continuous video-EEG monitoring in patients with encephalopathies, encephalitides, and coma. Particular emphasis is placed on the detection of non-convulsive seizures and non-convulsive status epilepticus secondary to acute and sub-acute cerebral insults, including post-cardiac arrest hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury, and on the related pitfalls and uncertainties. It also discusses key technical aspects of the EEG recording, including artefact identification and limitation, timing and type of external stimulation and assessment of EEG reactivity, and highlights the main relevant pitfalls. Finally, it explores the role of evoked potentials (EPs) in outcome prediction and the value of Cognitive EPs and quantitative EEG in the assessment of chronic disorders of consciousness.
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Pickering, Gisèle. Pain in later life. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198785750.003.0040.
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The population of Europe is ageing, caused by fewer births and increased longevity. Increasingly the demand for pain assessment and treatment will change and the patients requesting help will present with more complex demands. In this chapter of European Pain Management we focus on the need for translational research, evidence-based randomized clinical trials, and non-pharmacological approaches in older persons, to assess the real-life risk/benefit ratio of recommendations in a context of multiple medication, co-morbidity, cognitive impairment, and frailty. It is essential to study the cognitive and emotional consequences of pain and analgesia in older persons, who are often prone to depression, and to improve their quality of life. Therapeutic education must be developed for older patients, who often have a fatalistic attitude toward pain, with age-related expectations and demands. Pain prevention remains the key to avoiding the consequences of pain, maintaining autonomy, and enabling healthy ageing.
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Graham, Christopher D. Investigating the psychology of assistive device use in ALS: Suggestions for improving adherence and engagement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757726.003.0012.
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In ALS, assistive devices—such as wheelchairs, augmentative, and alternative communication devices (AAC) and environmental controls—are often used to compensate for the functional impairments caused by the condition. These devices may help maintain meaningful functioning and help preserve quality of life. Yet adherence to and uptake of such devices is sub-optimal. Drawing on the literature from ALS and other diseases, this chapters explores the psychosocial challenges of assistive device use, and factors that might affect usage—cognitive impairment and mood, threats to identity, social context, illness adjustment/acceptance, and the desire to maintain control over one’s health care. Methods that clinicians can use to intervene to improve non-adherence are then suggested—bio-psychosocial assessment (formulation) informed by cognitive and mood screens, voice-banking for appropriate accents in AAC devices, increasing illness acceptance via counselling, or acceptance and commitment therapy, and empathetic clinician-facilitated discussions with patient-significant other dyads and families.
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Covarrubias Díaz, Felipe. Evaluación de la Contribución de las Capacidades Numéricas Básicas y de la Memoria de Trabajo al Rendimiento Aritmético en Niños de Edad Escolar. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/20.500.12728/88642019mnc12.
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Introduction: There are several causes and explanations of the cognitive mechanisms that underlie the deficits of mathematical learning difficulties. Several studies have evaluated the relations among general domain cognitive abilities (like intellectual coefficient and working memory (WM)) or cognitive abilities of specific domain; However, there are a few studies that evaluate simultaneously the contribution of cognitive variables of both domains to the arithmetic efficiency. Aim: The present study aims to simultaneously evaluate the unique contribution of the basic numerical capacities (BNC-subitizing, counting and symbolic and non-symbolic comparison) and the different components of WM (verbal and visual-spatial) to the explanation of the variance in academic achievement in basic arithmetic, in third-year students of Basic General Education with and without difficulties in basic arithmetic Methodology: A sample of 93 children was evaluated through computerized tests of BNC and working memory tasks: A group of 25 children with arithmetic learning difficulties (ALD) and 68 children without difficulties in arithmetic (NAD). Results: We found that the symbolic comparison and visuo-spatial WM contribute significantly to efficiency in basic arithmetic. Discussion: The results support the hypothesis of a deficit in the access to the symbolic numerical representations as the origin of the difficulties in the performance in arithmetic and show that certain skills of general domain (WM) contribute significantly to the development of mental numerical representations. Conclusions: It is interesting to evaluate the predictive capacity of these variables, delving into pedagogical issues related to assessment and intervention in mathematics.
16
Burrell, James R., and John R. Hodges. Dementia. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199658602.003.0010.
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Cognitive neurology has exploded over the last century, and especially over the last 20 years. From the distinction of dementia as a pathological entity, rather than just ‘normal’ ageing, to more sophisticated sub-classification of dementia syndromes, much has been learned, though great challenges remain. From an incredible array of worthy research studies, ten landmark papers in the field of dementia are presented in this chapter. With regard to Alzheimer’s disease, the following are discussed: the initial description of the disease, both clinically and pathologically; the development of meaningful clinical assessment measures; the early clinical manifestations and genetic causes; the precursors to symptomatic treatment; the use of neuroimaging to identify amyloid pathology in vivo; and the staging of Alzheimer’s pathology. The clinical features and genetic causes of frontotemporal dementia, an important non-Alzheimer’s primary dementia syndrome seen especially in younger patients, are also discussed.
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Chasen, Martin, and Gordon Giddings. Management issues in chronic pain following cancer therapy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0135.
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With improved surveillance, diagnoses, and treatment of patients with cancer, an increased life expectancy, and specifically an increased number of ‘cancer cured’ patients, is noted. However, the long-term effects of the disease and treatment have a bearing on obtaining optimal physical, psychological, and cognitive functioning for cancer survivors. Pain impacts on all dimensions of quality of life and is one of the most distressing symptoms for patients. Patients often under-recognize pain and are unsure if optimum pain control is achievable. In addition, members of the interdisciplinary team often fail to assess the patient’s pain adequately, due to a lack of knowledge of the principles of pain relief and side effect management. Treatment requires an interprofessional approach that details a comprehensive assessment, with ongoing reassessment, utilizing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures. Empowerment of the cancer survivor, respect for survivors’ individuality and collaboration among team members are key elements of any successful strategy to optimize a patient’s quality of life.
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Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Anaesthesia for the Elderly Patient (Oxford Anaesthsia Library). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.001.0001.
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This book provides a timely and authoritative synopsis of the current state of anaesthesia and the elderly patient at a time when the challenge of caring for the growing numbers of elderly patients is probably the greatest faced by healthcare across the globe. The book reviews important developments in the understanding of clinical practice serving the elderly. It describes the need for anaesthesia to deliver ‘best care’ to the elderly, with the aim to maintain their independent living. It then details the key features of ageing and the effect these have on physiology and pharmacology. Specific aspects of practice, including preoperative assessment; day surgery; emergency surgery; anaesthesia for orthopaedic, urological, and gynaecological surgery, as well as major abdominal surgery; neurosurgery; and critical care. Emphasis is placed on managing postoperative care and cognitive dysfunction (POCD), with additional discussion of ethical issues and the law pertaining to the elderly patient. A new chapter reviews the challenges of treating elderly patients in non-theatre environments.
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O’Dowd, Mary Alice, and Maria Fernanda Gomez. Insomnia and HIV: A Biopsychosocial Approach. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0023.
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Insomnia is a common complaint across populations and can influence health in many ways. Individuals with HIV may be at higher risk for insomnia owing to direct effects of the virus, pain, psychiatric comorbidities, and other health- and treatment-related issues and lifestyles. This chapter reviews the physiology of healthy sleep and sleep hygiene and addresses assessment and treatment of insomnia in persons with HIV. Careful interview of a patient and accompanying family or friends with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale or Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index may help define the nature of the insomnia and target interventions. Treatment for insomnia can include a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy designed specifically for insomnia as well as education aimed at restructuring bedtime habits in order to promote better sleep. Medication use, such as benzodiazepines, melatonin, orexin, and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, in this population must take into consideration the specific risks and benefits these medications may present in persons with HIV.
20
Stamp Dawkins, Marian. The Science of Animal Welfare. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848981.001.0001.
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This book is intended as a guide for anyone who is interested in animals and how their welfare can be assessed scientifically. It addresses the question of why, despite growing public interest in how animals are treated, it has proved so difficult to arrive at an agreed definition of what ‘animal welfare’ is and it then provides an answer. A definition of animal welfare as ‘health and animals having what they want’ can be easily understood by scientists and non-scientists alike, expresses in simple words what underlies many existing definitions and shows what evidence we need to collect to improve animal welfare in practice. Above all, it puts an animal’s own point of view at the heart of the assessment of its welfare. The book shows how ‘health and what animals want’ also helps us to make sense of the long and often confusing list of welfare measurements that are now in use, such as ‘stress’ and ‘feel-good hormones’, expressive sounds and gestures, natural behaviour, cognitive bias and stereotypies. Animal sentience (conscious feelings of pleasure and suffering) are discussed in the context of our current knowledge of human and animal consciousness. Finally, the book highlights some key ideas in the relationship between animal welfare science and animal ethics and shows how closely the well-being of humans and that of animals are linked together.