Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Non-codants'
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Fontaine, Arnaud. "Classification d'ARN codants et d'ARN non-codants." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00401991.
Full textBoivin, Vincent. "Quantification simultanée des ARN codants et non-codants dans le séquençage d’ARN." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11867.
Full textAbstract : RNA are molecules with a wide range of properties that can interact with one another to mediate specific function. The evaluation of RNA abundance is a crucial step in understanding the stoichiometry needed for these functions. However, many limitations and biases come with the use of different techniques, including RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), which affects the estimation of the abundance of different RNA types. Recent studies have exposed the advantages of a new RNA-Seq protocol using a thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase (TGIRT) of bacterial origin to reduce these biases. This thesis makes the comparison between different RNA-Seq techniques to elucidate if the use of TGIRT in RNA-Seq offers a more representative depiction of the transcriptome. The comparisons with the abundance values given in literature and obtained experimentally by our group agree with the fact that TGIRT gives a better estimation of the relative abundance of RNA, especially highly structured RNA. This better estimation of the transcriptomic landscape allows many observations on the abundance relations between coding and non-coding RNA that are functionally related. Namely, constant expression ratios between RNP associated noncoding RNA and the mRNA that codes for their associated proteins have been observed. This suggests the presence of a common transcriptional regulation which is necessary for the stoichiometry of these complexes. A strong disparity in the expression of snoRNA and their host genes depending on snoRNA and host gene types has also been observed and corroborate a distinct regulation of these transcripts’ stability. In summary, our data suggest that the TGIRT-Seq method is the most appropriate to evaluate the transcriptome and thus opens the way to more holistic RNA-Seq analyses by giving a better estimation of RNA transcripts relative abundance.
Marchais, Antonin. "Étude de la co-évolution des éléments codants et non-codants des génomes bactériens." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112289.
Full textNon-coding RNAs (ncRNA) form a heterogeneous group of transcribed, non-translated elements that play, through their structure, sequence and mechanistic diversity, an important role in many cellular processes. In recent years, thousands of ncRNA have been experimentally detected in genomes and ncRNAs are now accepted as key components of the cellular biology of Eukaryota, Prokaryota and Archaea. Despite these recent advances, the experimental detection of ncRNAs remains a timeconsuming task and is rarely followed by a functional analysis of the identified transcripts. To address this issue, we developed an in-silico method for ncRNA detection in bacterial genomes, named NAPP - Nucleic Acid Phylogenetic Profiling. This method derives from phylogenetic profiling, a method used to predict the function of unknown proteins. Based on a reference genome sequence, NAPP computes the co-inheritance of coding and non-coding elements in all available bacterial genomes and clusters elements that share a similar phylogenetic history. Several of these clusters are enriched in known ncRNAs, which enables using NAPP as an ncrNA classifier. Performance benchmarks indicate that NAPP predictive accuracy is equivalent to that of methods designed specifically for ncRNA detection. We further validate our predictions by the description of seven new ncRNAs in S. Aureus. We further studied RsaOG, one of the new S. Aureus small RNAs identified by NAPP. RsaOG is highly expressed and specifically conserved in the Staphylococcus genus. This RNA may involve a pseudoknotted structure, a new observation for a trans-acting ncRNA. After a round of computational target predictions, we are now trying to validate RsaOG targets to integrate this small RNA in Staphylococcus physiology. The most attractive feature of NAPP, however, is its intrinsic capacity to provide functional information on the classified elements. Indeed, functional enrichment of coding and non-coding clusters can, in favorable cases, provide clues about the function of unannotated elements in these clusters. Using this type of functional analysis in B. Subtilis, we focused on CsfG, an ncRNA detected by NAPP. Half of the genes in the CsfG cluster are involved in sporulation and we inferred that CsfG could be a sporulation-related RNA. Experimental and in-silico studies confirmed this prediction, demonstrating that CsfG is directly regulated by two Sigma factors sigG and sigF, that are specific to the prespore formation
Masquida, Benoît. "Identification, caractérisation et études structurales d'ARN non-codants." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00271873.
Full textSeitz, Hervé. "Empreinte génomique parentale et petits ARN non-codants." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007781.
Full textGuilbaud, Marine. "Identification d'ARNs non-codants impliqués dans les dystrophinopathies." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS042/document.
Full textDuchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) muscular dystrophies are due to mutations in DMD gene, encoding Dystrophin. Many aspects of pathophysiological mechanisms of these diseases are not yet well understood. We were interested in the study of non-coding RNAs that could be involved in these pathological processes. A first study focused on micro-RNAs (miRNAs) that could modulate expression of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), a partner of Dystrophin which is linked to pathological features as muscular fatigability. 617 miRNAs were screened by Taqman Low Density Array in muscle biopsies of healthy subjects or BMDdel45-55 patients. 4 candidate miRNAs were selected from this study since they were overexpressed in BMDdel45-55 patients and for their theoretical ability to target nNOS. Experiments modulating the expression of these miRNAs in healthy or dystrophic human myoblasts enabled us to identify that miR-708-5p and miR-34-5p could target nNOS and modulate its expression.A second axis was conducted on long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Introns 44 and 55, which bound exons 45-55 deleted in BMDdel45-55 patients, are large regions containing lncRNAs described as regulating Dystrophin. Since intronic breakpoints of DMD mutations of these pateints were not described, we have assumed the existence of different profiles of lncRNAs. DNA analysis of these patients actually showed different lncRNAs profiles, thus revealing the significance of a more precise analysis of deletion areas in DMD gene of BMDdel45-55 patients
Zytnicki, Matthias. "Recherche d'ARN non-codants par réseaux de contraintes pondérées." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00258877.
Full textDans cette approche, nous combinons plusieurs techniques de \textit{pattern-matching} avec le formalisme des réseaux de contraintes pondérées afin de modéliser simplement le problème, de décrire finement les signatures et d'attribuer un coût à chaque solution. Nos travaux nous ont conduit à élaborer plusieurs techniques de filtrage ainsi que des algorithmes de pattern-matching originaux que nous présentons ici.
Nous avons de plus conçu un logiciel, appelé DARN!, qui implante notre approche, ainsi qu'un module de génération de signatures. Ceux-ci permettent de rechercher efficacement de nouveaux ARNnc.
Zytnicki, Matthias. "Localisation d'ARN non-codants par réseaux de contraintes pondérées." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/236/.
Full textFollowing recent discoveries about the several roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), there is now great interest in identifying these molecules. Numerous techniques have been developed to localize these RNAs in genomic sequences. We use here an approach which supposes the knowledge of a set of structural elements called signature that discriminate an ncRNA family. In this work, we combine several pattern-matching techniques with the weighted constraint satisfaction problem framework. Together, they make it possible to model our biological problem, to describe accurately the signatures and to give the solutions a cost. We conceived filtering techniques as well as novel pattern-matching algorithms. Furthermore, we designed a software called DARN! that implements our approach and another tool that automatically creates signatures. These tools make it possible to localize efficiently new ncRNAs
Zytnicki, Matthias Schiex Thomas Gaspin Christine. "Localisation d'ARN non-codants par réseaux de contraintes pondérées." Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3), 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/236.
Full textNomane, Yanoura. "Réponse au stress et ARN non codants chez Escherichia coli." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112034.
Full textThis work realised in the Gram-negative model bacterium Escherichia coli is divided in two parts. The first part focuses on adaptive response and more precisely the response to extracytoplasmic stress. This part is illustrated by a paper on the global analysis of the five pathways that responde to extracytoplasmic stress. It shows that i) all pathways are activated by the same signals but the specificity of induction is dose-dependent and that II) responses displayed are complementary but not redundant. The second part of this work concerns non-coding RNAs in Escherichia coli. The results’ part introduces a biochemical method to “fish” non-coding RNAs targets (targetome). This part is followed by a paper on Ral, a non-coding RNA antisens of lon protease gene. The targetome method is still in development but it allows the identification of a new putative target for micC RNA. This method was also used to identify Ral putative targets which are lon and topB messenger RNAs. Ral mechanism of action is still unclear but phenotypes associated to the presence of its multicopy plasmid have been isolated. Ral is one of the few cis antisens RNAs that are encoded in the chromosome of Escherichia coli
Legendre, Matthieu. "Recherche de motifs d'ARN non-codants : du messager au microARN." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22066.pdf.
Full textThéry, Frédérique. "L'importance biologique des ARN non codants : perspectives historique et philosophique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010620/document.
Full textResearch on non-coding RNAs and their biological roles has transformed the way biologists conceptualize genomic properties and the regulation of genetic expression. This work analyzes this research from both a historical and philosophical perspective. It helps characterize some theoretical, conceptual and methodological transformation currently affecting moleculau biology. I stress that multiple modes of investigation are employed in research on non coding RNAs. Particularly important among them is exploratory experimentation, which brings about major conceptual and theoretical changes. I temper the claim that the discovery of non-coding RNAs has triggered a scientific revolution and characterize the multifaceted contributions of this discovery. I identify some limits faced by the gene concept in post-genomic biology, and relate them to the history of this concept. I suggest a possible status for the gene, which to study the relation between genotype and phenotype. Besides, research on non-coding RNAs leads to question the theoretical relevance of informational concepts to describe the diverse functions fulfilled by nucleic acids. Finally, I show that explanations of the regulatory roles of RNAs involve different explanatory schemes, which do not fit the mechanistic framework. I advocate an explanatory pluralism, and clarify the status of the concept of mechanism in contemporary molecular biology
Jousselin, Ambre. "Étude structurale et fonctionnelle d'ARN non codants exprimés chez Staphylococcus aureus." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S072.
Full textNon coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are non conventionnal RNAs ususally untranslated. They are involved in regulation of physiological processes such as replication, transcription, translation and for some of them bacterial virulence. They are divided in two groups : (i) those interacting with target(s) mRNA(s), the pairing being assisted, in Escherichia coli (E. Coli) by the RNA chaperone Hfq; (ii) and those exerting direct regulation on protein activities. Staphylococcus aureus (S. Aureus) is an opportunistic Gram positive bacterium responsible of twenty per cent of hospitally acquired infections in France. It is a causative agent of diseases ranging from minor skins infections to life threatening conditions as well as toxin mediated diseases. The expression of virulence in S. Aureus is mediated by an RNA known as RNAIII. In our laboratory, a previous work lead to the identification of seven new ncRNAs expressed by S. Aureus. At first, we showed, through gel shifts and Northern Blot experiments and microarrays, that Hfq has a limited role in ncRNAs mediated regulation in S. Aureus compared to E. Coli. Secondly, we have studied structure and function of one of the new ncRNAs : SprA (Small pathogenicity island RNA). Enzymatic et chemical probing lead to the discovery of two central pseudoknots in solution. SprA is much more structured than expected, suggesting that it belongs to the second class. We also constructed genetic tools to characterize SprA’s functions : (i) a strain overproducing SprA and (ii) a strain where the SprA gene is disrupted. The phenotypical effects induced by the modulation of SprA expression are still in progress
Dancer, Marine. "Étude de la régulation de la triglycéridémie chez l’homme par des variants codants de LMF1 et non codants d’APOC3 et LMF1." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1126/document.
Full textHyperchylomicronemia is a rare and complex disease involving several genes which are themselves highly regulated by several mechanisms and whose metabolic pathways are closely dependent on environmental factors. The occurrence of this disease due to the presence of variants or a combination of variants on these genes is not always clearly defined. This suggests the intervention of other ill-defined mechanisms in the development of hyperchylomicronemia and the regulation of triglyceride metabolism. We have tried to understand certain causal mechanisms in the occurrence of hyperchylomicronemia in relation to the presence of variants on the APOC3 and LMF1 known regulatory genes of triglyceride metabolism. APOC3 gene carries the SstI variant (rs5128) in the 3' untranslated region significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia in our cohort. We sought to characterize its possible post-transcriptional regulation by hepatic or intestinal microRNA. Our results obtained in vitro do not support the hypothesis of a regulation of the SstI variant of the APOC3 gene by a hepatic or intestinal microRNA directly targeting the 3'UTR of APOC3 gene. LMF1 gene, a new candidate gene for studying the mechanisms of hyperchylomicronaemias, is still under investigation. We have established its genetic diagnosis in the laboratory and set up an in vitro method to evaluate the impact of LMF1 coding variants by measuring the release of post-heparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. We found decreased LPL activities suggesting a LMF1 dysfunction in the presence of variants p.Gly172Arg (rs201406396), p.Arg354Trp (rs143076454), p.Arg364Gln (rs35168378), and the two nonsense variants already described p.Tyr439Ter (rs121909397) and p.Trp464Ter (rs587777626). This study confirms the functional effect of LMF1 variants on the regulation of LPL secretion. In addition, we found 18 variants on the 3' untranslated region of LMF1 gene. For three variants : c*231C>A (rs75476513), c*512G>A (rs117039680), and c*530G>A (rs139657279), in vitro results suggest a post-transcriptional regulation by microRNA. These findings are an involvement of these untranslated variants in the occurrence of hypertriglyceridemia.Thus, complex interrelations of multiple genes involved in triglyceride metabolism and their simultaneous multi-level regulation modulate the phenotype of hyperchylomicronemic patients. It is necessary to study all the complex mechanisms involved in the regulation of triglyceridemia in order to better understand pathophysiology of hyperchylomicronemia and to develop new therapeutic targets
Lazorthes, Sandra. "Identification de très longs ARN non codants ou vlincRNA régulés au cours de la sénescence et caractérisation d'un vlincRNA nommé VAD requis pour le maintien de la sénescence." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2497/.
Full textSenescence is an anti-tumor mechanism which leads to a stable and irreversible arrest of cell proliferation. During this process there are major changes in chromatin structure, characteristic of senescent cells, called SAHFs (Senescence Associated Heterochromatin Foci) in which proliferative genes are repressed. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are known to be major actors of the formation of chromatin domains, e. G. Assembly of pericentric heterochromatin in mammals. Our working hypothesis is that ncRNAs may be involved in the formation of SAHFs and more generally in senescence process. To characterize the role of ncRNAs in senescence, we analyzed the transcriptomic changes in a model of RAF1 oncogene-induced human senescence. A large-scale strand-specific analysis, by tiling array, was performed on chromosomes 1 & 6 in proliferative and senescent cells. Comparison between the obtained profiles identified a number of transcripts differentially expressed during senescence. Surprisingly, while RNAs differentially expressed during the induction of senescence are largely repressed; ncRNAs, belonging to the recently described vlincRNA (very long intergenic non-coding (>50kb)) class, are mainly activated. This suggests that vlincRNAs may be involved in the establishment of senescence. During my PhD, I focused on one of these long ncRNAs, partially antisense to DDAH1 gene, hitherto unknown. I could show that this RNA is transcribed from a single transcription unit longer than 200 kb, and is weakly polyadenylated and most probably non-coding. This RNA has all the characteristics of very long RNAs recently described as vlincRNA, without any known functions up to date. We term this RNA VAD (VlincRNA Antisense to DDAH1). I showed that VAD is required for stable arrest of proliferation and the establishment of SAHFs. Moreover, VAD is involved in the regulation of the expression of tumor suppressor genes (p15INK4b, p16INK4a, p14ARF and p21) that control the cell cycle and the establishment of senescence. I also showed that VAD has an epigenetic repressive action in cis; whereas in trans, VAD has an epigenetic activating action on INK4 locus (encoding p15 INK4b, p16 INK4a and p14ARF). These data represent the first demonstration of the role of a vlincRNA in senescence. In order to analyze more extensively vlincRNA involvement in senescence, we performed strand-specific sequencing of total RNAs from proliferative cells compared to senescent cells. This was correlated with the analysis of chromatin landscape through ChIPseq experiments. These approaches led to identify other vlincRNAs and to analyze their regulation during senescence. These experiments should provide a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating vlincRNAs and their importance in the epigenetic control during senescence. These broader approaches would provide insights into mechanisms regulating cellular processes by non-coding RNAs
Anney, Princia. "Utilisation du long ARN non codant conservé Tuna pour comprendre la biologie des IncRNAs." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37015.
Full textPostic, Guillaume. "Régulation de la virulence de Francisella tularensis par les petits ARN non codants." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T034.
Full textSmall non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) are regarded as important regulators in prokaryotes and play essential roles in diverse cellular processes. Francisella tularensis is a highly pathogenic Gramnegative bacterium that causes the disease tularemia in humans and animals. Relatively little is known about the regulatory networks existing in this organism that allows it to survive in a wide array of environments and no sRNA regulators have been identified so far. Using a cDNA cloning and sequencing approach, we have shown that F. Tularensis strain LVS expresses homologues of several sRNAs that are well-conserved among diverse bacteria. We have also discovered three abundant sRNAs that share no sequence similarity or conserved genomic context with any previously annotated regulatory transcripts. We called these sRNAs FtrA, FtrB and Fvr1 for Francisella tularensis sRNA A and B, and Francisella virulence RNA 1, respectively. Deletion of either of ftrA or ftrB loci led to significant changes in the expression of several mRNAs that likely include the cognate target(s) of these sRNAs. However, only overexpression of Fvr1 significantly altered F. Tularensis replication in murine and human cells, or its ability to induce disease in a mouse model of F. Tularensis infection. We have identified FTL_1293, a putative transcriptional regulator, as a Fvr1 target. Many bacterial sRNAs, together with the chaperone Hfq, act by imperfect base-pairing with target mRNAs in the 5' region to prevent ribosomes from initiating translation. Surprisingly, we report here that Fvr1 silences F. Tularensis FTL_1293 mRNA via a base-pairing within the coding sequence, in an Hfq-independent fashion
Jarroux, Julien. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des longs ARN non codants associés à la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. https://theses.hal.science/tel-02882448.
Full textIn the last decade, new high-throughput sequencing techniques have revealed the complexity of the human transcriptome, allowing the characterization of long non-coding (lnc)RNAs. These transcripts have been reported as very specific to tissues, developmental stages and pathological variations such as cancer. However, mechanisms through which they may act in the promotion of cancer are still poorly characterized. In my PhD project, I investigated the role of lncRNAs and their association to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a biological process which has been linked to metastasis and cancer progression.Using transcriptomic approaches from total and subcellular-fractionated RNA extracts from a cell system that models EMT (Castro-Vega et al, 2013), I identified over a thousand differentially expressed yet unannotated lncRNAs. Then I validated their expression, subcellular localization and the chromatin marks associated with their regulation.In order to assess whether these new lncRNA are functional in the EMT, I designed a CRISPR-activating (CRISPRa) screen using a dead Cas9 fused to transcription activating proteins (in collaboration with the lab of Neville Sanjana, NYU). This screen is based on two main phenotypes associated with the EMT: invasion capacity of the cells, and expression of an epithelial surface marker (EpCAM).In addition to the CRISPRa screening, I identified a novel lncRNA in mesenchymal cells which leads to a loss of epithelial markers and an increase in migration capacities when overexpressed in epithelial cells.Altogether, I used a combination of high-throughput methods to characterize the non-coding transcriptome associated to the EMT and identify yet unannotated transcripts which are functional in its regulation
Moyon, Lambert. "Annotation et hiérarchisation de variants non-codants dans le contexte de maladies humaines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEE030.
Full textWhole genome sequencing is increasingly used in patients with genetic diseases to diagnose the mutations responsible for the phenotype. However, for a large proportion of sequenced genomes, none of the genes associated with the phenotype have a coding mutation. In these cases, it is possible that a non-coding mutation, located in a cis-regulatory region, modifies the expression of a gene involved in the disease. Despite the existence of methods for annotating and predicting regulatory sequences on the basis of biochemical and epigenetic properties, it remains difficult to define objective criteria for effectively selecting candidate mutations from the millions of non-coding variants present in each patient. In addition, the target genes of these regulatory sequences are generally not known, making it difficult to associate a non-coding mutation with the patient's phenotype.I propose here a supervised learning strategy using random forests, adapted to complex and heterogeneous data sets, to classify and select non-coding mutations deregulating genes responsible for diseases. A notable innovation of my approach is to take into account data of associations between non-coding regions and target genes. In addition, I propose a method for extracting the biological rules identified by the model for each mutation evaluated, allowing an informed selection of candidate mutations.I discuss the functional properties identified by the learning model, based on examples of non-coding variations associated with Mendelian diseases. I also illustrate the potential of this method by analyzing 255,106 de novo variants identified by complete sequencing in 1,902 children with autism spectrum disorders, in whom no pathogenic coding mutations have been identified. This method thus makes it possible to prioritize mutations, the most promising of which become experimentally testable hypotheses to confirm their involvement in the development of the diseases in question. Thus, for whole genome sequencing projects of patient cohorts, a systematic application of our method would contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating gene expression, and to an improvement in patient diagnosis
Meseure, Didier. "Evaluation du rôle des longs ARN non codants dans les carcinomes mammaires infiltrants." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS471/document.
Full textBreast cancer is the second most common cancer and the first malignancy of women. Currently, only few biomarkers (ER, PR, receptor HER2, index Ki67) and transcriptomic signature PAM50 are included in the morphological classification and therapeutic orientation. Transcriptome genome-wide analyses unexpectedly revealed that over 80% of the DNA is transcribed into RNA. Among these noncoding RNAs, transcripts longer than 200 nt are arbitrarily qualified as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). LncRNAs play a crucial role in maintenance of cellular homeostasis and present abnormal expression patterns in various diseases, including cancer. The main objective of my project was to analyze expression of lncRNAs, their functionality and their roles in breast oncogenesis. The first part focused on the study of ANRIL and MALAT1 genes, two lncRNAs whose mechanisms of action and clinical significance in breast carcinogenesis are still controversial. ANRIL and MALAT1 respectively overexpressed in 20% and 14% of tumors in our series, confirming their pro-oncogenic roles in mammary carcinogenesis. MALAT1 overexpression results in RNA-FISH by presence of huge intranuclear speckles. Complexity of their deregulation is associated with presence of various isoforms and interaction networks with miRNAs, mRNAs and other lncRNAs. Concerning PRC2/PRC1 polycomb sub-units interacting with ANRIL, EZH2 (PRC2) is normally targeted by 3 onco-suppressor miRNAs (miR-26A1, miR-125B and miR-214) that are under-expressed in our series of CCIs. The 2 oncomiRs miR-181B1 and miR-181A2 that normally target and inactivate CBX7 (PRC1) appear overexpressed in our series of CCIs, resulting from activation of the oncogene HMGA1. Concerning MALAT1, the miRNAs biogenesis complex Drosha-DGCR8-Microprocessor regulates expression levels of the splicing variant Δ-MALAT1 and the latter is involved in activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Significant correlations were observed between MALAT1 and genes involved in alternative splicing, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair and migration. Aberrant transcriptomic profiles of these two lncRNAs seem characteristics of mammary carcinomas. Thus, ANRIL (i) presents an unexpected positive association with the p16-CDKN2A/p15-CDKN2B/p14-ARF cluster in our series of CCIs, whereas this association appears negative in prostate carcinomas and (ii) epigenetically inactivates onco-suppressor miRNAs miR99a/miR-449a in gastric carcinomas, but not in our series. From a clinic point of view, two independent prognostic signatures were identified, one incorporating two protein partners of ANRIL belonging to the polycomb complexes (EZH2 overexpression / CBX7 under-expression) and the other represented by under-expression of the variant Δ-MALAT1 observed in 20% of tumors in our series. The presence of alternative splice variants, multiple interactions with mRNAs and miRNAs and organ specificity should be considered when evaluating epigenetic antitumoral drugs designed to target ANRIL (bromodomains and oncoMIRs inhibitors) and MALAT1 (ASOs) in breast cancers. The second part of the project involved analysis of non-coding transcriptome of mammary carcinomas to identify new types of lncRNAs, including new antisens lncRNAs, circular lncRNAs, induced lncRNAs, noncoding ultraconserved transcripts and lncRNAs associated with resistance to systemic treatments. The preliminary analysis performed on a small cohort of breast cancers (n=8) will allow the implementation of the main (n=40) which will enhance robustness of identified signatures
Merdrignac, Aude. "Etude de la voie TGFβ dans le cholangiocarcinome intrahépatique : implication des ARN longs non-codants." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B020/document.
Full textIntrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a primary liver tumor developed from bile ducts. ICC prognosis is poor with current treatments that slightly increase patient survival. ICC carcinogenesis is complex and involves multiple signaling pathways including TGFβ pathway. Our hypothesis relies on the involvement of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) as mediators of TGFβ pathway in the development of ICC. The aim of the study was to identify and to characterize TGFβ regulated lncRNA as ICC potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. We identified a specific transcriptomic signature after stimulation of ICC cell lines with TGFβ. Among the novel TGFβ target genes, several lncRNAs were identified including CASC15 renamed TLINC standing for TGFβ-induced long intergenic non-coding RNA. TLINC may play a role in the remodeling of an inflammatory microenvironment involved in ICC carcinogenesis, including the regulation of IL8. This role could be exerted by the interaction with other lncRNAs already identified in the ICC e.g. NEAT1. TLINC is overexpressed in human ICC tumors and may represent a relevant diagnostic biomarker. Circular isoforms of TLINC found in tumors may be detectable in serum and be noninvasive biomarkers. Transcriptomic analysis of tumors from a cohort of patients divided into 2 prognostic groups identified a lncRNAs signature predictive for survival. LncRNA ANRIL, already known to be upregulated in other cancers, is one of the lncRNAs that could be a prognostic biomarker in ICC
Van, Grembergen Olivier. "Portrait, caractérisation et intérêt clinique des ARNs non codants dans le cancer du sein." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/246014.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
De, Clara Etienne. "Etude des longs ARNs non codants dans la leucémie aiguë myéloblastique à caryotype normal." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30280/document.
Full textLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as RNA transcripts that are larger than 200 nt but do not appear to have protein- coding potential. Recent studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs regulate many processes such as transcription, translation, cellular differentiation, gene expression regulation, cell cycle regulation, and chromatin modification. Cumulative evidence points towards an important role of lncRNAs in cancer initiation, development, and progression. However, our overall knowledge of lncRNAs in cancer, including leukemia, remains extremely limited. In this study, we investigated lncRNA expression by RNA-sequencing in 40 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with normal karyotype. Among 11065 lncRNA expressed in our samples, we identified specific lncRNA signature associated with the presence of NPM1 mutation. To go further into the putative function of these lncRNAs, we used catRAPID Omics algorithm to predict potential protein partners. Interestingly, the majority of the selected lncRNAs contains putative SUZ12 binding sites, a PRC2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2) component known to be linked to lncRNAs and to epigenetically regulates target genes. By using SUZ12 RNA Immunoprecipitation, we identify one lncRNA named XLOC_087120 linked to SUZ12. XLOC_087120 is located in a region enriched in histone genes. Pearson correlation showed a significative anti-correlation between XLOC_087120 and histone neighboring coding gene expression suggesting a role of this lncRNA in the regulation of histone genes. The impact on histone genes expression was confirmed by overexpression and inhibition of XLOC_087120 in AML cell lines. Overexpression of NPM1 mutant in an AML cell line showed that NPM1 modulates the nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of XLOC_087120 and consequently its repressive function. Altogether, these data suggest that lncRNAs should be considered as key players in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemias
Héricher, Gaultier. "Étude du rôle de l’ARN Tuna dans le contexte de pluripotence des cellules souches." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66709.
Full textEmbryonic development is a complex process finely regulated in time and place by numerous actors such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. Emerging evidence suggests a key role in development and disease for a subcategory of RNAs implicated in those mechanisms, the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Characterized by their incapacity to produce proteins, they have proven to be challenging to study due to the lack of sequence conservation and their tissue-specific expression. Here, we focus on a conserved lncRNA, Tuna (Tcl1 Upstream Neuron-Associated lncRNA), that is required for maintaining embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in an undifferentiated state but is also essential for their differentiation towards a neuronal cell fate. However, the mechanism behind this dual role remains largely unknown. To address this, we analyzed available RNA-seq data on mouse ESC differentiation towards neurons. We identified two novel isoforms specifically expressed in ESCs, sht.Tuna and alt.Tuna. The latter isoform was the result of alternative splicing of the exon 1 of Tuna. This alternative splicing was also observed in human ESCs demonstrating a conserved processing of the RNA between mouse and human cells. Both new isoforms were ~1.5kb shorter at the 3'-end than the predicted full transcript of Tuna (full.Tuna). In fact, we failed to detect the full.Tuna isoform in ESCs, and overexpression of sht.Tuna isoform enhanced reprogramming to a pluripotent stem cell state. This suggests that the role of Tuna is mechanistically different in ESCs than in neurons. Besides, Tuna also contains a highly conserved region (~200bp) harboring a predicted 48-amino-acids coding sequence that is detectable upon overexpression if FLAG-tagged. Mutating the start codon of this peptide's coding sequence abrogated the enhanced reprogramming effect. This infers a role for the peptide in the acquisition of a pluripotent state. Moreover, Tuna was detected in poly-ribosomal and cytoplasmic RNA fractions further supporting a peptide coding potential. Taken together, our results demonstrate that alternative splicing and coding potential of a particular lncRNA locus is complex and that a lncRNA may have multiple functionality depending on cell state.
Galipon, Joséphine Françoise. "La régulation de longs arn non-codants chez la levure S. Pombe pendant la réponse au stress par manque de glucose." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066213.
Full textThe transcription of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) in cis of the gene coding for fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (fbp1+) is necessary for its induction in response to glucose starvation in fission yeast. This gene encodes an enzyme that is essential for gluconeogenesis (Hirota et al. 2008). This study redefines these lncRNAs as « metabolic stress-induced long non-coding RNAs » (mlonRNA). Strand-specific RNA sequencing also revealed the presence of an overlapping antisense RNA (as-lncRNA) that promptly disappears upon glucose starvation (Oda et al. Unpublished data). The half-lives of mlonRNA and as-lncRNA are significantly shorter than that of fbp1+ messenger RNA (mRNA). They carry a 5’-methylguanosine cap and are partially degraded by the nuclear exosome cofactor Rrp6, which promotes the degradation of transcripts in the 3’-to-5’ direction. Both sense and antisense lncRNAs are however exported to the cytoplasm where they are bound by multiple ribosomes. These mlonRNA and as-lncRNA carry significantly more short open reading frames (ORF) than the genomic average, but only as-lncRNA is targeted by the nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) pathway. On the other hand, since most short ORFs on mlonRNA are enriched in rare codons compared to the fbp1+ ORF, they may constituted one of the first natural targets of the recently discovered no-go decay (NGD) pathway (Galipon et al. 2013)
Moreno, Leon Laura. "Étude d'un long ARN non codant induit par l'hypoxie et associé à l’agressivité des adénocarcinomes bronchopulmonaires." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4144.
Full textNon Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with poor prognosis and a high rate of recurrence despite early surgical removal. It is therefore essential to identify new prognostic markers and new therapeutic targets. We are interested in gene regulation related to hypoxia, a factor associated with relapse of lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD). The roles of long non coding RNAs (incRNAs) in cancer development and hypoxic response are largely unexplored. A transcriptome profiling of early-stage LUAD samples indicated that a set of incRNAs was correlated to a metagene hypoxic signature. Some of these transcripts were also sensitive to hypoxia in LUAD cell lines. We focused on a new "hypoxaLinc", named NLUCAT1 that is strongly up-regulated by hypoxia in vitro and correlated to hypoxic markers and bad prognosis in LUAD samples. Full molecular charactherization of NLUCAT1 showed that LUCAT1 is mainly regulated by NF-kβ and NRF2 transcription factors. Targered deletion of NLUCAT using CRISPR/CAS9 in A549 LUAD cell line, revelated a decrase in proliferative and invasive properties, an increase in oxidative stress and a higher sensisivity to displatin-induced apoptosis. We identified genes of the NRF2-regulated and anti-oxidant response whose RNA interference partially mimicked the consequences of NLUCAT1 inactivation on ROS-dependent caspase activation. Overall, our data strongly demonstrate that NLUCAT1 exerts pro-tumoral activities in early stages hypoxic LUADs ans suggest it could represent a new potential therapeutic target in lung cancer
Morelle, Geoffrey. "Les ARN de transfert, une nouvelle source de petits ARN non-codants chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ015/document.
Full textDuring the last decade, a new class of small non-coding RNAs called tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) has emerged. Whilst the canonic role of tRNA is well-known, the reason(s) why stable tRFs remains in the cell is unknown. Indeed, the number of tRFs has rapidly increased in various evolutionary divergent organisms. To date, only few data on their biogenesis and on their biological roles is known but their importance in the regulation of gene expression and in cell life is expanding. In plants, the existence of tRFs has also been reported but only few data are available. Using deep-sequencing on various small RNA libraries from Arabidopsis thaliana and Northern blots experiments, we confirmed the existence of a large but specific population of tRFs. Following these observations, three questions are addressed. First, what are the enzymes responsible for tRFs biogenesis, second where are tRFs generated and third, are tRFs merely degredation by-products or do they have biological functions?
Marques, Mandin Pierre. "Régulation de la virulence de Listeria monocytogenes : systèmes à deux composants et ARN non codants." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077133.
Full textListeria monocytogenes, a gram positive bacterium, is the causative agent of listeriosis, a relatively rare disease but associated with a high mortality rate. Two component Systems are couples of proteins which allow bacteria to sense and respond to their environment. In a first part of this thesis. We characterized the role of a previously unidentified two component system of L. Monocytogenes, VirR/VirS, in the virulence of the bacterium. Usinq macroarrays, we have determined the genes controlled by VirR. This System regulates genes implicated in the modification of bacterial surface components, which may explain the role of VirR/VirS in virulence. Non coding RNAs (ncRNAs) modulate gene expression by pairing to messenger RNAs or by interacting requlatory proteins. In a second part of this thesis, we have searched for ncRNA genes in the genome of L. Monocytogenes using various bioinformatic approaches. 12 ncRNA were discovered and experimentally characterized, includinq RnpB. SsrA and SsrS which are conserved in all bacteria. The 9 other novel ncRNAs were named Rli for ncRNA in Listeria. In order to better characterize the function of the Rlis. We developed a program to predict potential mRNA targets of ncRNAs. Pur first experimental data validate pur method and suggest that it could be used as a general tool to search for ncRNA targets. These results allow a better understanding of the complex regulatory networks involved in the bacterial adaptive process
Chevalier, Clément. "Fonctions et mécanismes d'action de l'ARNIII et de nouveaux ARN non codants de Staphylococcus aureus." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/CHEVALIER_Clement_2009.pdf.
Full textTo date, it is well established that RNA play a key role in gene regulation. In bacteria, more than 10% of the genome is supposed to encode for regulatory RNAs. Whereas in Gram-negative bacteria more than 80 non coding RNAs (ncRNA) have been identified to be involved in various processes (virulence, stress, environmental changes), only few were identified in Gram-positive bacteria when I started my thesis. Thus, the aim of my work was to identify and analyze the function and the mechanisms of action of new ncRNAs in the pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus expresses more than 50 virulence factors that are tighly regulated by proteins but also, in some cases, by RNAs. For example, RNAIII which responds to cell density, was known since several years to regulate by itself the expression of 40 virulence factors. Using different complementary approaches, we have shown that RNAIII acts mainly as an antisens RNA and binds multiple mRNAs encoding either virulence factors or the transcriptional regulator Rot. In each case, RNAIII uses a conserved C rich motif to interact with its mRNA targets. According to the structure of the mRNAs, these interactions lead either to the formation of an extending duplex or a loop-loop complex. These interactions prevent the formation of the ternary complex of translation initiation and further allow a rapid degradation of mRNAs by the RNAse III. Thus, RNAIII and RNase III act in a coordinated way to irreversibly repress the expression of the virulence factors. In addition, by repressing rot mRNA, which encodes for a repressor of toxins, RNAIII indirectly regulates many others genes. These data confirmed that RNAs may be key factors in a complex regulatory network of virulence. In order to unravel whether other non coding RNAs could be involved in virulence regulation, we decided to identify new ncRNAs in S. Aureus. We focused our attention on intergenic regions and using different bioinformatic tools, we finally identified 11 new ncRNAs (RsaA-K) in S. Aureus. Whereas most of these RNA are stable and expressed in stationary growth phase, their size and their conservation vary. Interestingly, most of Rsa RNA carry the same C rich motif than RNAIII suggesting a common mechanism to regulate gene expression. Although the function of most of Rsa RNA is still unknown, we showed that RsaE, whose expression is induced by the agr system, represses the translation of several proteins involved in the metabolism. All together, our data suggest the existence of a link between metabolism, stress response and virulence
Sellem, Eliaou. "Les petits ARN non codants du spermatozoïde bovin : de potentiels biomarqueurs de la fertilité mâle ?" Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASB008.
Full textMost dairy cows are inseminated and sub-fertile bulls can have an overall dramatic negative impact on the sustainability of the dairy sector. The bull fertility prediction, through efficient quality control (QC) procedures is thus crucial for the cattle breeding sector. Over the last decades, several biomarkers and quality control procedures have been proposed to guarantee semen fertility, including assessment of key functional parameters using flow cytometry. However, their relevance for routine QC has yet to be ascertained and their predictive value is too limited to confidently discard subfertile bulls. Thus, studies have been conducted by LabCom SeQuaMol to explore to what extent the bull sperm epigenome may be relevant to improve fertility prediction. In this respect, this PhD thesis was focused on small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs), which have been shown to play a role in spermatogenesis and fertilization. We aimed at improving the scientific knowledge on bull sperm sncRNA content in order to develop a routine tool to predict bull fertility. The work has been organized according to three main themes: providing a comprehensive overview of cattle sperm sncRNA, studying their expression dynamics during sperm maturation along epididymis and identifying biomarkers associated with bull fertility
Tran, Van Giang. "Régulation de l'expression du gène Igf2 : nouveaux promoteurs et implication de longs ARN non-codants." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20022/document.
Full textIn mammals, the expression of the Igf2 gene, which is subject to parental genomic imprinting, is tightly regulated during embryonic development and the perinatal period through several transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. These mechanisms are involving long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) produced within the locus; among them the best known is probably the H19 RNA. Using a genetic complementation assay consisting in transfections of an H19 transgene into H19 KO myoblasts, we discovered several novel Igf2 promoters in the mouse. One of these promoters, that is conserved in the human, can be activated by ectopic H19 antisens RNAs (91H lncRNAs) despite a complete methylation of the Imprinting-Control Region located in cis on the same allele. We also show that the 91H lncRNAs possess some tissue-specific features and that their transcription can be initiated from the CS4, CS5 and CS9 conserved sequences located downstream of the H19 gene. On the other hand, the H19 RNA, that is the major lncRNA of the locus, appears to regulate its antisense transcripts in H19 KO myoblasts complemented with the H19 transgene, but its major function seems to be in regulating post-transcriptionally the Igf2 gene expression. Indeed, we have observed that it favours the endoribonucleolytic cleavage of the Igf2 messenger RNAs through a mechanism that remains to be elucidated. Finally, we reveal the existence of a premature transcriptional elongation stop of the Igf2 gene, for which we propose a regulation model involving another lncRNA of the locus: the PIHit lncRNA. Beyond the mechanisms that remain to be explored, our results strengthen the idea that, in mammals, the three-dimensional organization of the chromatin is involved in regulating gene expression
Zangrando, Jennifer. "Implication des ARNs non codants dans l'infarctus du myocarde et le remodelage ventriculaire post-infarctus." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0109/document.
Full textMyocardial infarction (MI responsible for left ventricular remodeling which can be deleterious and the development of heart failure (HF). HF is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide and despite many improvements, it remains a major challenge in clinical practice. Recent discoveries in genomics have showed the involvement of non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), in physiological and pathological processes and notably linked to cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this work was to study the potential of miRNAs and lncRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and as therapeutic targets in MI and left ventricular remodeling leading to HF. First, we evaluated the diagnostic value of miRNAs in patients with chest pain. MiRNA-208b and miR-499 have shown a good diagnostic capacity for MI. However, these miARNs failed to improve the diagnosis of MI by troponins. MiRNA-208b could also predict patient mortality after MI but this capacity was modest. Then, we observed that miR-150 was present at a low level in the blood of patients with left ventricular remodeling post-MI compared to patients without remodeling. Therefore, miRNA-150 is an interesting prognostic biomarker. Finally, we have shown a significant regulation of several lncRNAs in mouse heart, 24 hours after MI, and 2 lncRNAs, MIRT1 and MIRT2, have been demonstrated for their association with left ventricular remodeling. In conclusion, our studies have shown the utility of non-coding RNAs to improve the identification of patients at risk of developing HF after MI and also allowed to identify potential therapeutic targets to prevent left ventricular remodeling
Girard, Marie-Josée. "Implication du long ARN non-codant Neat2 dans la prolifération et le métabolisme énergétique des hépatocytes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30273/30273.pdf.
Full textNEAT2 is a long ncRNA overexpressed in a various type of cancer. However, whether NEAT2 directly impacts on carcinogenesis remains poorly investigated. Here, we report the role of NEAT2 and its functional domains on proliferation and energy metabolism of hepatocytes. In this study, we show a significant decrease in proliferation (14-35%) after knocked-down or knockout of NEAT2 expression in both human hepatocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. On the other hand, we observed a significant increase in proliferation (27-33%) in mice hepatocytes overexpressing NEAT2 and the mascRNA domain. The overexpression of the mascRNA domain also resulted in a significant increase in cellular glucose uptake, suggesting a role in glucose utilization. Our study highlights the significance of NEAT2 and its mascRNA domain in cellular proliferation and glucose metabolism. These data suggest an important role for the mascRNA domain in the regulation of hepatocyte proliferation by NEAT2.
Endale, Ahanda Marie-Laure. "Etude du transcriptome non-codant chez le poulet." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA110339.
Full textIn the last decade, the complexity of the transcription in the eukaryotic genomes was discovered, and revealed thousands of noncoding RNAs involved in a large range of biological processes. This work explores their expression and involvement in infectious and genetic diseases in chicken and human. First we identified noncoding RNAs from chicken immune-related cDNA libraries. Their expression profiles following a viral infection suggested that they could act as regulators of genes involved in the chicken immune defences. We showed also in an in vitro cystic fibrosis context, that several microRNAs are upregulated, including miR-125a which targets a gene that could be involved in the disease. We investigated then microRNAs expression following enteric pathogens infection in chicken and showed a diffrential expression of microRNAs reported to act as negative regulators of inflammation and inducers of cell-cycle arrest. Finally, we have revealed microRNAs differentially expresses between epithelial cells infected by a wild-type H1N1 influenza virus or an H1N1 influenza virus defective for a virulence foctor, and identified signaling pathways targeted by these micro RNAs
Liu, Yuchen. "Meiotic ncRNA expression and regulation in saccharomyces cerevisiae." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S039.
Full textAlors que le transcriptome des ARNs non-codants a été décrit dans la levure bourgeonnante (S. Cerevisiae) au cours de la croissance mitotique, la description et l’analyse de ce programme d’expression au cours de la différenciation méiotique demeurent très peu caractérisées et sont au cœur de mes travaux de doctorat. J’ai ainsi contribué à l’exploration du transcriptome de S. Cerevisiae au cours de la mitose dans des conditions de fermentation et de respiration ainsi qu’au cours de la sporulation (progression méiotique et formation des spores). Cette étude à ultra-haut-débit, utilisant la technologie des puces de type « tiling », a conduit à l’identification massive de nouveaux évènements transcriptionnels différentiellement et/ou spécifiquement exprimés au cours de la sporulation. Ces derniers ont particulièrement été investigués, parmi lesquelles une nouvelle classe de transcrits non-codants nommés MUTs ainsi que de nouvelles régions non-traduites méiotique (mUTRs) d’ARNs messagers connus. Mes travaux de recherche ont permis de mieux comprendre des mécanismes de régulation participant à l’accumulation spécifique des MUTs au cours de la sporulation. D’une part, les MUTs sont des cibles mitotiques de la sous-unité Rrp6 de l’exosome nucléaire. En l’absence de cette exoribonucléase, les cellules perdent leur habilité à sporuler normalement par une incapacité à transiter de la mitose à la méiose. J’ai également démontré que le complexe APC/C ainsi qu’Ime1 sont responsables de la dégradation de la protéine Rrp6 au cours de la sporulation de façon concomitante à l’accumulation de MUTs. D’autre part, des facteurs de transcription spécifiques connus pour réguler les gènes dans la méiose peuvent également participer à l’expression méiotique de MUTs. Enfin, j’ai également contribué à l’analyse fonctionnelle de transcrits non-codants localisés sur des promoteurs de gènes codants ou sur des origines de réplication (ARS). L’ensemble des résultats de cette thèse contribue à mieux comprendre la régulation ainsi que la fonction des ARNs non-codants dans la reproduction sexuelle de l’organisme modèle S. Cerevisiae
Ulvé, Vincent. "Recherche d’ARN non codant dans les génomes bactériens : étude chez Sinorhizobium meliloti." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S106.
Full textNon coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a fundamental role in bacterial genomes but are still poorly characterized. The main objective of this thesis was to thoroughly analyse Sinorhizobium meliloti’s ncRNAs. We first studied the only one annotated (the tmRNA), so as to get a better grasp of its cellular role. We next searched for other ncRNAs. In order to carry out this search, we performed an in silico screen using comparative genomics tools, followed by biologic validation. This allowed us to identify more than 60 new candidates conserved among alpha-proteobacteria subgroup 2. Fifteen of them were validated by northern blotting and their expression was measured on microarrays during growth and under different stress conditions. The last part of the work focused on the global expression of ncRNAs in E. Coli, which allowed us to link the rates of expression with given conditions, as a necessary first step towards their functional characterisation
Douchin, Véronique. "Adaptation aux stress et modulation des proteines d’enveloppe par des arn non-codants chez eschérichia coli." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112089.
Full textIn Escherichia coli, adaptation to extra-cytoplasmic stress depends on the activation of sigmaE, normally sequestered by the membrane protein RseA. SE is released in response to stress generated by accumulation of denatured proteins in periplasm through the successive RseA cleavage by DegS and the RIP protease RseP. SE and proteases that free it from RseA are essential. We isolated a multicopy suppressor that alleviated RseP and DegS requirement. The suppressor encodes a novel small non-coding RNA, RseX. Its activity and its stability require the RNA-binding protein Hfq. In order to identify mRNA RseX-targets, we developed an in vitro screen to capture RseX putative partners. OmpA and ompC mRNA, which encode two major outer membrane proteins, were identified. RseX activity was shown to confer an Hfq-dependent coordinate OmpA and OmpC down-regulation. We show that RseP is no longer essential in a strain lacking OmpA and OmpC; we conclude that the suppression phenotype is explained by the loss of toxicity of these two specific outer membrane proteins, giving the adaptation to extra-cytoplasmic stress signaling pathway partially dispensable. This work contributes to reveal the importance of quantity control of outer membrane proteins by regulatory small RNAs in the maintenance of envelope integrity
Gourvest, Morgane. "Etude des longs ARNs non codants dans les leucémies aiguës myéloïdes : relevance clinique et caractérisation fonctionnelle." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30117.
Full textLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides without protein-coding potential. Long considered as useless, their recent study has demonstrated that lncRNAs have important roles in gene expression regulation. Cumulative evidence points toward the implication for lncRNAs deregulation in tumorigenesis. In this study, we sought to evaluate specific lncRNAs expression profiles among cytogenetically normal AML patients (CN-AML), their involvement in this pathology being barely referenced. The RNA sequencing that we performed on forty CN-AML patients allowed us to highlight a minimal set of 12 differentially expressed lncRNAs in AML patients bearing the mutation in the Nucleophosmin gene (NPM1). These results were confirmed by RT-qPCR (Fluidigm) on a validation set of 134 CN-AML patients. Among these, we identified one putative biomarker, the lncRNA XLOC_109948, whose low expression indicates a good prognosis, especially for NPM1-mutated patients. Consistently, the downregulation of XLOC_109948 using GapmeRs in a NPM1-mutated AML cell line enhances apoptosis of these cells treated with aracytine, suggesting the role of XLOC_109948 in drug sensitivity. We also functionally characterized another lncRNA of the NPM1 signature, that we named LONA (lncRNA overexpressed in NPM1-mutated AML patients). On one hand, we observed that the mutation of NPM1 leads to a nuclear delocalization of LONA lncRNA, which consequently modulates its cellular functions. Loss and gain of functions strategies allowed us to show that LONA seems to have oncogenic effects in a NPM1 mutated AML context, where it is implicated in vitro in myeloid differentiation and in vivo cellular growth processes by regulating the expression of master genes such as THSB1, ASB2, and MAFB. At the contrary, the deregulation of LONA lncRNA in a NPM1 wild type AML context leads to opposite and tumor suppressor effects, suggesting a different regulation depending on the mutational status of NPM1. On the other hand, the LONA’s genomic locus is located on chromosome 6, within a cluster of histone coding genes. In NPM1 mutated AML patients, we observed that the expression of LONA inversely correlates with the expression of some neighboring histones genes. Consistently, the downregulation of LONA lncRNA by using GapmeRs in a NPM1 mutated AML cell line leads to the upregulation of some proximal histones genes of the cluster. By RNA immunoprecipitation, we showed that LONA interacts with the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), suggesting its contribution to epigenetic regulation of histone genes transcription and chromatin remodeling. More preliminary, we also think that LONA could regulate the maturation step of histone messengers by sequestrating, as a molecular sponge, the snRNA U7, a small regulatory RNA implicated in the maturation of histone messengers 3’ ends. Altogether, these data suggest that lncRNAs could be considered as strong prognostic biomarkers and emerged as key players in the pathogenesis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Gautier-Isola, Marine. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de longs ARNs non codants induits par l’hypoxie et impliqués dans l’agressivité des cancers pulmonaires non à petites cellules." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ6026.
Full textLung cancers, and notably Lung Adenocarcinomas (LUAD) are the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Their high rate of recurrence despite early, requires new prognostic markers and new therapeutic targets. The combined study of local cohort (CHU of Nice) and large scale (TCGA) transcriptomes of LUAD allowed the identification of a shortlist of 28 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) correlated with hypoxia, a factor of tumor aggressiveness, and a poor prognosis. LncRNAs are transcripts that modulate gene expression through the recruitment of proteins and/or nucleic acids and represent an interesting source of new therapeutic targets. Two lncRNAs candidate were selected and molecular characterization was undertaken by sequencing, RT-PCR and smRNA FISH and concern the nuclear lncRNA NLUCAT1 of 9,8kb and the cytosolic lncRNA LINC01116 of 1,2kb. Experiments with loss of function via CRISPR/Cas9 systems, interference RNA and gain of function allowed to characterize the function of these transcripts. Invalidation of NLUCAT1 by CRISPR/Cas9 reduces proliferation, migration, invasion and increases cisplatin sensitivity and ROS production. Bioinformatic analysis of transcriptomes from cells invalidated or not for NLUCAT1 has demonstrated its involvement in the mechanisms of regulation of oxidative stress via a positive feedback from the NRF2 antioxidant pathway. On the other hand, lncRNA LINC01116 is mainly expressed in endothelial cells of the tumor microenvironment and its inhibition by interfering RNA reduces the adhesion capacities and increases the permeability of the endothelium. Mechanistic characterization was perform for LINC01116 via RNA pulldown-MS co-precipitation experiments and idenfied a list of potential partner proteins. The proteins of RNA metabolism and stability, ILF3 and PABPC1 were identified and their interactions with LINC01116 were validated by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). Overall, during my thesis, I determine the pro-tumoral action of the NLUCAT1 in LUAD and the involvement of LINC01116 in the modification of the tumor microenvironment. These two transcripts could represent potential therapeutic targets in the management of lung cancer
Tisseur, Mathieu. "Rôle de Hda1 dans la régulation de l'expression gènes par les longs ARN." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112100/document.
Full textNcRNAs are involved in gene regulation in Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes and Archaea. This regulation could be transcriptional or post-transcriptional. Histone modifications could be involved such as methylation or acetylation. I studied TIR1 gene whose expression is highly reduced when an antisense ncRNA called TIR1axut is stabilized. I showed that this regulation is Hda1-dependant. In addition to that, I showed that H3K14ac and H3K18ac are not directly responsible for TIR1 repression but a polar residue is required for a proper silencing of TIR1 in a XUT depending manner. Moreover, I showed that TIR1 repression is due to a post-transcriptional effect but does not affect mRNA stability. Finally, I tried in vain to understand Hda1 targeting on TIR1 searching for RNA/DNA hybrids using an antibody that recognizes such structures
El, Barouk Marianne. "Étude de l'impact de la perte de répression des rétrovirus endogènes sur l'intégrité du génome chez la drosophile." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT055/document.
Full textEndogenous retrovirsuses are genetic parasites which are inserted in the genomic DNA. Although their deleterious insertions are eliminated by natural selection, they proliferate and are a source of genomic plasticity. The study of the impact of their mobility on the host genome is made difficult by the transposition’s low rate of these elements, suppressed by a class of small RNA, called piRNA. We have developed a genetic approach to inactivate this control and determine the impact on Drosophila’s genome, after one replicative transposition. We noticed the establishment of other endogenous retroviruses repression mechanisms that are awakened after the loss of the piRNA and they are able to limit their spread. We identified new integrations sites of endogenous retrovirus after one replicative transposition. But we noticed that the transposition rate still low. This project combines different approaches (genetics, high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics) and show the piRNA pathway is not essential to maintain genome integrity but other mechanisms involving small RNA can be implicated in the genome stability
Ritchie, William. "La régulation post-transcriptionelle : des mécanismes adaptés et intégrés." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX22070.
Full textMegel, Cyrille. "Petits ARN non codants dérivant d’ARN de transfert et endoribonucléases impliquées dans leur biogenèse chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ104/document.
Full textAmong the small ncRNAs, tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) were identified in all domains of life. However, only few data report on plants tRFs. Short tRF were retrieved from A. thaliana small RNA libraries (various tissues, plants submitted to abiotic stress or argonaute immunoprecipitated fractions). Mainly tRF-5D or tRF-3T (cleavage in the D or T region respectively) were found, and fluctuations in the tRF population were observed.Using in vitro approaches, A. thaliana RNase T2 endoribonucleases (RNS) were shown to cleave tRNAs in the anticodon region but also in the D or T region. Through a whole study of RNS expression, we show that two RNS are also strongly expressed in the siliques at a late stage of development. Thus, we analyzed the tRF population of this particular developmental stage. Upon phosphate starvation, we demonstrate also the implication of one RNS in the production of tRFs in planta. Altogether, our data open new perspectives for RNS and tRFs as major actors of gene expression inplants
Lalande, Stéphanie. "Biogenèse et fonctions de petits ARN non-codants dérivant d'ARN de transfert, les tRF, chez les plantes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ109.
Full textSmall non-coding RNAs derived from transfer RNAs (tRFs) have been identified in all domains of life, and more and more important functions are attributed to them in many organisms. In this work on the model plant Arabidopsis, we first showed that the tRF population varies according to tissues and stress conditions. With regard to their biogenesis, the endoribonucleases responsible for tRNA cleavage were identified, it is the RNases T2, RNS1, 2 and 3. In order to carry out a structure / function analysis, heterologous expression in yeast has been developed with the hope to get sufficient amount of purified RNS1. The question of tRF functions has also been studied. It has been shown that some tRFs are associated with AGO1, that they often seem to target transposable elements and could have a nuclear localization. Finally, the study of the involvement of the tRFs in the regulation of translation was tackled. Two tRFs, tRF-5D (Ala) and tRF-5D (Asn) efficiently inhibit translation in vitro. An association of tRF-5D (Ala) with polyribosomes of Arabidopsis seedlings could be visualized suggesting that some plant tRFs could as global regulator of the translation process
Benko, Sabina. "Altérations génomiques à grande distance d'éléments non-codants conservés et dérégulation d'expression tissu-spécifique au locus SOX9." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T039.
Full textSQX9 is a major developmental gene mapping to a vast gene desert that encompasses its regulatory domain. The SOX9 gene coding equence mutations result in campomelic dysplaisa (CD), a complex polymalformative syndrome. We showed that alterations of non-coding sequences (translocations, deletions or point mutations) at the SOX9 locus result in isolated CD endophenotypes namely Pierre Robin sequence (iPRS) and disorders of sex developpement (iDSD). Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that those alterations, located at great distance with respect to SOX9 coding sequences (>1,2Mb/iPRS; >500kb/iDSD), comprise regions conserved throughout the evolution that function as regulatory elements driving tissue specific gene expression of SOX9. We suggest that alterations identified in iPRS and iDSD patients represent a tissue specific loss of SOX9 expression in the mandibular mesenchyme or the developing gonad respectively, while other territories of normal SOX9 expression remain intact
Laporte, Philippe. "Rôle des ARN non-codants pour des protéines (npcRNAs) dans la régulation de l'architecture de la racine." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112135.
Full textPlants are able to modulate their root architecture in order to adapt them to the Abiotic and biotic constraints in soil environment, modifying primary root growth and lateral root organogenesis. Leguminous plants form two types of lateral root organs, lateral roots and nodules. The latter are able to fix nitrogen via the interaction with symbiotic bacteria Rhizobium. In the last years, several non-protein coding RNAs have emerged as new regulators of development, they include small RNAs (mi/tasiRNAs) but also other classes whose mechanisms are unexplored. During this PhD, we explored the role and mechanism of action of npcRNAs in root architecture in Medicago truncatula. First, we identified and characterised the MtMIR166a precursor, containing two tandem copies of MIR166 in a single transcriptional unit. Overexpression of this precursor in M. Truncatula roots affected vascular tissue and both lateral root organogeneses. Secondly, we analysed protein-partners of npcRNA Enod40, a gene involved in M. Truncatula nodule organogenesis. This led to the identification of a novel peptide family, the SNARP genes (for Small Nodulin Acidic RNA-binding Protein). The purified SNARP2 could bind single-stranded RNA and a functional approach based on RNAi revealed a role in the regulation of nodule invasion. The relevance of the Enod40 RNA-SNARP2 interaction was analysed in vitro and in vivo. Finally, I participated in an effort to search for npcRNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana. Several of these novel genes were regulated by abiotic stresses in roots. Altogether, these results contribute to reveal novel roles of npcRNAs and their protein interactors in the control of root architecture
Harfouche, Lamia. "Caractérisation de deux nouveaux ARN non-codants régulateurs impliqués dans le métabolisme du fer chez Pseudomonas Brassicacearum." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4034.
Full textRegulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), act as regulators of translation and message stability. They modulate a wide range of physiological responses to environmental stimuli. Due to their biological interest, different bioinformatics tools and experimental approaches have been developed for detecting new ncRNA. Transcriptome analysis of the plan root-associated bacterium Pseudomonas brassicacearum NFM421 strain in response to various stresses, using microarrays containing coding as well as non-coding DNA fragments, revealed the modulation of two potentials ncRNA in response to heavy metals (Cd and U), named IrsZ and IrsY. Furthermore, P. brassicacearum genome was completely sequenced and hundreds of potentials ncRNA have been predicted by using computational tools. This work aims at characterizing the two potentials ncRNA, IrsZ and IrsY, and to determine their function in P. brassicacearum. No homologous was found in the ncRNA database. We validated the expression of the two potential ncRNA by different experimental approaches in different culture conditions and under different stresses. This led to reveal that both IrsZ and IrsY are modulated by iron. Their expression is strongly activated by high concentrations of iron. However, the expression of both Irs ncRNA is suppressed under oxidative stress generated by hydrogen peroxide. This repression is exacerbated in P. brassicacearum overexpressing oxyR. Our work suggests that IrsZ and IrsY act as sensors of intracellular iron status
Bouckenheimer, Julien. "Rôle fonctionnel des longs ARN non codants dans l'adaptation et la pluripotence des cellules souches en culture." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONT3505.
Full textThe actual and future applications of human pluripotent stem cells (PSC) in the biomedical field are highly promising. Their use for the discovery of new therapeutic drugs through the development of high-throughput screening tests, cytotoxicity tests and in vitro disease modeling has been added to their tremendous interests in regenerative medicine and cellular therapy. As a source of biological material that can be used to restore partially or totally the lost functions of a damaged organ or tissue, or as a source of normal cells to study human development or test putative new drugs, their genomic integrity has to be thoroughly assessed. Therefore, an effective optimization of their culture conditions has to be considered, in order to control the absence of genomic instability and prevent their potential emergence. Any genetic or epigenetic alteration resulting from cell culturing must be detected in order to define and characterize acceptance criteria for scientific and medical purposes.PSC are particularly sensitive to stress resulting from unappropriated passaging techniques, which cause rapid genetic drift. Indeed, our team observed that many genomic abnormalities arise from aggressive single cell, enzymatic based, passaging methods, and that substantial phenotypical changes such as increased survival after cell dissociation and variation in cell shape can then occur.In order to understand the mechanisms governing the emergence of those adverse alterations, the team focused on the consequences resulting from the adaptation of PSC to single-cell dissociation. By using new generation sequencing techniques as RNA-Seq, we compared transcriptomics of PSC passaged by standard techniques (such as mechanical passaging) versus single-cell enzymatic dissociation (such as TRyPLE-based single-cell passaging). This comparison showed that the most striking difference in the gene expression pattern between adapted and non adapted cells concerned the dramatic overexpression of RNAs from a recently discovered class: long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).The aim of this thesis work was to determine to which extent some of these lncRNAs were functionally linked to adaptation of PSC. In order to address this matter, we first investigated in silico which lncRNAs were upregulated by single-cell dissociation, and after experimental validation of lncRNA candidates by molecular biology, we performed functional in vitro analysis (notably by siRNA-mediated loss of function) and sought their cellular localization in order to decipher their role in the cellular machinery and their level of implication. Beside this main project, other auxiliary projects were grafted. The observation of major changes in cell phenotype and behavior led to the investigation of the global mechanisms governing these modifications, underlining the potential role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition provoked by single-cell dissociation. Finally, the global attractiveness of lncRNAs and the emergence of exponential documentation concerning non-coding RNAs prompted the writing of an extensive review and meta-analysis concerning the implications of lncRNAs during embryo development and in pluripotent stem cells
Almeida, Costa Da Cruz José António. "Development of evolutionary models for non-coding RNAs." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6099.
Full text[. . . ]To answer the need for a fast and reliable ncRNA annotation in the context of large scale genome sequencing projects (Génolevures and Dikaryome projects), I implemented two automatic annotation pipelines, integrating publicly available tools, for homology and \emph{de novo} ncRNA search in genomes. Both pipelines were applied to 15 yeast genomes and 1051 ncRNA genes were found, corresponding to more than 80% of the expected ncRNAs (assuming the number of ncRNAs from S. Cerevisiae as reference). Additionally I identified : (i) several new potential ncRNAs; (ii) several new synteny relationships between ncRNA loci; and (iii) new examples of extended structural domains in well known essential ncRNAs. These results show the feasibility of automatic search for ncRNAs in full genomes and the utility of such approaches in large genome annotation projects. Finally, I developed a new algorithm to detect structural RNA modules in sequences : RMDetect. It was designed to identify 3D structural modules in RNA sequences. It uses a Bayesian Network to represent the searched modules and the joint base pair probability estimation to select candidates. Four modules can be searched for: G-bulges, Kink-turns, C-loop and Tandem-GAs. In test sequences all of the known modules were found with a false discovery rate of 0. 23. In 1444 publicly available alignments 21 yet unreported and 141 known modules were identified. RMDetect is a step to bridge the gap between sequence analysis and 3D RNA studies. It can be used in the refinement of RNA 2D structures, the assembly of RNA 3D models, and the search of structured ncRNAs in genomic data
Vennin, Constance. "Contribution et rôles dans la tumorigenèse des ARN non codants transcrits au locus H19/IGF2 : H19 et 91H." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10016/document.
Full textThe H19/IGF2 locus is submitted to the genomic imprinting. From the maternal allele, two long non-coding RNA are transcribed: H19 and 91H. The H19 RNA is a precursor of microRNA (miR-675). Few targets have been identified but neither in breast cancer cells lines. I have identified and checked three targets of miR-675 involved in H19 RNA oncogenic properties. Indeed, the miR-675 regulate expression of c-Cbl, Cbl-b and FADD mRNA. These new regulation promotes cell proliferation, cell migration/invasion and resistance of cell apoptosis. Moreover, surprisingly, in these studies, I have highlight new mechanism of microRNA recruitment and function. Indeed, I have established that proteins associated to mRNA regulate microRNA recruitment and function.In cancers, the H19 could be associated with protein, for example the P53 protein in gastric cancer, in order to regulate their function. In breast cancer cells, the H19/P53 association prevents the P53 function and promotes its degradation. This new P53 regulation could be involved in drug resistance in cancer. Otherwise, I have shown that H19 is involved in stem cell formation and maintenance. This new H19 function could be involved in tumor initiation or in tumor recurrence. To finish, I have also determined the function of the H19 antisense long non-coding RNA, 91H. In breast cancer cells, I have demonstrated that 91H acts as an oncogene and promotes H19 and IGF2 expression by modulating chromatin conformation at the locus. In conclusion, I have identified several H19 mechanism involved in tumor formation, progression or resistance to treatment. I have also decipher 91H function in tumorigenesis and at the H19/IGF2 locus