Academic literature on the topic 'Non-cellular diagnostics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Non-cellular diagnostics"
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Matulić, Maja, Paula Gršković, Andreja Petrović, Valerija Begić, Suzana Harabajsa, and Petra Korać. "miRNA in Molecular Diagnostics." Bioengineering 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090459.
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MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression on post-transcriptional level. Their biogenesis consists of a complex series of sequential processes, and they regulate expression of many genes involved in all cellular processes. Their function is essential for maintaining the homeostasis of a single cell; therefore, their aberrant expression contributes to development and progression of many diseases, especially malignant tumors and viral infections. Moreover, they can be associated with certain states of a specific disease, obtained in the least invasive manner for patients and analyzed with basic molecular methods used in clinical laboratories. Because of this, they have a promising potential to become very useful biomarkers and potential tools in personalized medicine approaches. In this review, miRNAs biogenesis, significance in cancer and infectious diseases, and current available test and methods for their detection are summarized.
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LIU, TIMON CHENG-YI, LING ZHU, and XIANG-BO YANG. "PHOTOBIOMODULATION-MEDIATED PATHWAY DIAGNOSTICS." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 06, no. 01 (January 2013): 1330001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545813300012.
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Cellular pathways are ordinarily diagnosed with pathway inhibitors, related gene regulation, or fluorescent protein markers. They are also suggested to be diagnosed with pathway activation modulation of photobiomodulation (PBM) in this paper. A PBM on a biosystem function depends on whether the biosystem is in its function-specific homeostasis (FSH). An FSH, a negative feedback response for the function to be performed perfectly, is maintained by its FSH-essential subfunctions and its FSH-non-essential subfunctions (FNSs). A function in its FSH or far from its FSH is called a normal or dysfunctional function. A direct PBM may self-adaptatively modulate a dysfunctional function until it is normal so that it can be used to discover the optimum pathways for an FSH to be established. An indirect PBM may self-adaptatively modulate a dysfunctional FNS of a normal function until the FNS is normal, and the normal function is then upgraded so that it can be used to discover the redundant pathways for a normal function to be upgraded.
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Gilmutdinova, Ilmira R., Irina S. Kudryashova, Elena Yu Kostromina, Maksim Yu Yakovlev, Inessa Kh Yafarova, Rinat G. Gilmutdinov, Irina A. Kaverina, Anton V. Ershov, Andrey N. Isaev, and Alexey A. Moskalev. "Modern Approaches to Diagnostics and Correction of Aging Biomarkers." Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 20, no. 6 (December 21, 2021): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2021-20-6-96-102.
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From the biomedicine point of, view ageing is a natural process, characterized by a gradual decrease in the physiological integrity and adaptive abilities of the body, leading to a violation of its functions and an increase in the risk of death with age. Demographic aging of the population is a serious socio-economic problem, both in Russia and around the world. The main cellular and molecular signs of aging include genome instability, telomere shortening, epigenetic alterations, impaired proteostasis, impaired nutrient recognition, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular aging, the stem cell pool depletion and changes in intercellular interaction, extracellular matrix rigidity, as well as activation of retrotransposons and chronic inflammation. For these reasons, in modern healthcare, preventing premature aging and treating age-related diseases is becoming a priority task. This review presents modern approaches to the quantitative assessment of the aging process using aging biomarkers as functional parameters reflecting the biological organism age at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. This work also considers the actual non-drug and drug interventions allowing to slow down the development of age-associated pathological processes, allowing you to increase the quality and duration of life.
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Grigoruk, O. G., T. A. Moskvina, D. A. Tsoy, A. S. Stepanova, L. M. Bazulina, E. S. Sigitova, T. V. Ponomareva, et al. "Endocervical adenocarcinomas. Cytological, histological, and molecular diagnostics." Tumors of female reproductive system 18, no. 2 (September 19, 2022): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1994-4098-2022-18-2-109-118.
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This study was undertaken to analyze the effectiveness of cytological diagnostics of endocervical adenocarcinomas. We compared conventional liquid-based cytology, histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular testing. A total of 25 endocervical adenocarcinomas, including endocervical adenocarcinomas in situ, were diagnosed using cytological methods over a year. Liquid-based cytology ensured better detection of glandular differentiation signs than conventional cytology. After molecular testing for human papillomavirus (HPV), we performed retrospective analysis of cytological characteristics of all endocervical adenocarcinomas (n = 15).We identified specific cellular characteristics of HPV-associated typical and mucinous adenocarcinomas. We also observed 1 case of non-HPV-related clear-cell and 1 case of non-HPV-related mesonephral adenocarcinoma.Our findings suggest that endocervical adenocarcinomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors. Endocervical adenocarcinomas accounted for 10.7 % of all primary cervical carcinomas (n = 214). Eighty percent of all endocervical adenocarcinomas were HPV-related, whereas the remaining 20 % were HPV-negative. We found no cytological differences between invasive endocervical adenocarcinomas and adenocarcinomas in situ.Mutations detected in some of the patients are an important diagnostic criterion that specifies whether the tumor is rare.
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Solevåg, Anne Lee, Svetlana N. Zykova, Per Medbøe Thorsby, and Georg M. Schmölzer. "Metabolomics to Diagnose Oxidative Stress in Perinatal Asphyxia: Towards a Non-Invasive Approach." Antioxidants 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111753.
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There is a need for feasible and non-invasive diagnostics in perinatal asphyxia. Metabolomics is the study of small molecular weight products of cellular metabolism that may, directly and indirectly, reflect the level of oxidative stress. Saliva analysis is a novel approach that has a yet unexplored potential in metabolomics in perinatal asphyxia. The aim of this review was to give an overview of metabolomics studies of oxidative stress in perinatal asphyxia, particularly searching for studies analyzing non-invasively collected biofluids including saliva. We searched the databases PubMed/Medline and included 11 original human and 4 animal studies. In perinatal asphyxia, whole blood, plasma, and urine are the most frequently used biofluids used for metabolomics analyses. Although changes in oxidative stress-related salivary metabolites have been reported in adults, the utility of this approach in perinatal asphyxia has not yet been explored. Human and animal studies indicate that, in addition to antioxidant enzymes, succinate and hypoxanthine, as well acylcarnitines may have discriminatory diagnostic and prognostic properties in perinatal asphyxia. Researchers may utilize the accumulating evidence of discriminatory metabolic patterns in perinatal asphyxia to develop bedside methods to measure oxidative stress metabolites in perinatal asphyxia. Although only supported by indirect evidence, saliva might be a candidate biofluid for such point-of-care diagnostics.
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Hauptman, Nina, and Damjan Glavac. "MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs: prospects in diagnostics and therapy of cancer." Radiology and Oncology 47, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raon-2013-0062.
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AbstractBackground. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulatory molecules in cellular processes, and are potential biomarkers in many diseases. Currently, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs are being pursued as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and as therapeutic tools in cancer, since their expression profiling is able to distinguish different cancer types and classify their sub-types.Conclusions. There are numerous studies confirming involvement of ncRNAs in cancer initiation, development and progression, but have only been recently identified as new diagnostic and prognostic tools. This can be beneficial in future medical cancer treatment options, since ncRNAs are natural antisense interactors included in regulation of many genes connected to survival and proliferation. Research is directed in development of useful markers for diagnosis and prognosis in cancer and in developing new RNA-based cancer therapies, of which some are already in clinical trials.
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Hoang, Johnson, Pooria Tajalli, Mina Omidiyan, Maria D. Marquez, Orawan Khantamat, Wirote Tuntiwechapikul, Chien-Hung Li, et al. "Self-Assembled Monolayers Derived from Positively Charged Adsorbates on Plasmonic Substrates for MicroRNA Delivery: A Review." Journal of Nanotheranostics 4, no. 2 (May 8, 2023): 171–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jnt4020009.
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MicroRNA (miRNA) has emerged as a promising alternative therapeutic treatment for cancer, but its delivery has been hindered by low cellular uptake and degradation during circulation. In this review, we discuss the various methods of delivering miRNA, including viral and non-viral delivery systems such as liposomes and nanoparticles. We also examine the use of nanoparticles for miRNA-based diagnostics. We focus specifically on non-viral delivery systems utilizing coinage metals in the form of nanoparticles and the use of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as a method of surface modification. We review the use of SAMs for the conjugation and delivery of small noncoding ribonucleic acid (ncRNA), particularly SAMs derived from positively charged adsorbates to generate charged surfaces that can interact electrostatically with negatively charged miRNA. We also discuss the effects of the cellular uptake of gold and other plasmonic nanoparticles, as well as the challenges associated with the degradation of oligonucleotides. Our review highlights the potential of SAM-based systems as versatile and robust tools for delivering miRNA and other RNAs in vitro and in vivo and the need for further research to address the challenges associated with miRNA delivery and diagnostics.
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Parekh, Palak R., Gregory M. Botting, Denise B. Thurber, Marika Boruszczak, William Murphy, and Greg P. Bertenshaw. "Predictive biomarkers for response to trametinib in non-small cell lung cancer." Tumor Biology 44, no. 1 (December 9, 2022): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/tub-220009.
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BACKGROUND: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths. Current companion diagnostics use driver mutation sequencing to select patients for molecularly targeted agents (MTA), even though most patients lack actionable mutations. These diagnostics utilize static biomarkers, ignoring real-time tumor cell biology. OBJECTIVE: Trametinib is FDA-approved in combination with dabrafenib for BRAF V600E-positive NSCLC, however, it has plausible utility beyond these patients. We sought to identify novel biomarkers for maximizing trametinib application. METHODS: Trametinib responses were evaluated in 12 EGFR/BRAF wild-type (WT) NSCLC cell lines with diverse RAS mutational status. We identified three response categories by colony assay. Trametinib-induced molecular dynamics were studied using immunoassays and apoptosis/necrosis assays, to identify predictive response biomarkers. RESULTS: p27 accumulation and cyclin D1 downregulation suggested universal cell cycle arrest with trametinib. However, 4 cell lines showed PARP cleavage and 8 showed increased phospho-4E-BP1, suggesting varied cellular outcomes from apoptosis, necrosis, senescence to autophagy. Cleaved PARP, phospho-4E-BP1 and phospho-AKT expression can predict these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Trametinib monotherapy outcome may depend upon cellular context more than oncogenic mutation status. In BRAF WT NSCLC, trametinib may be best suited for combination therapy and dynamic biomarkers could select combinations and predict responses.
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Shiv Swaroop and Thangminlal Vaiphei S. "Potential Roles of Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Stress Response Regulation." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 21, 2020): 2385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4482.
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The non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA transcripts involved in gene regulation at the level of transcription and post-transcription. There have been vital pieces of evidence to support the role of regulatory non-coding RNAs in the eukaryotic genome in recent years. The ncRNAs are also associated with post-translational modifications such as histone modification, heterochromatin formation, DNA methylation and other key molecules which are involved in regulating chromatin structures for gene expression. LncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) are the most diverse, biologically active transcripts without significant open reading frames (ORFs) and represent the majority of ncRNAs populations in the human genome. Emerging pieces of evidence suggest the role of ncRNAs in a wide range of human diseases, including cardiovascular, Alzheimer, and cancer. Several reports in the recent past also supported their involvement in the modulation of various cellular responses, although the mechanisms of ncRNAs mediated gene regulations are still not fully understood. This review paper highlights the importance of lncRNAs in cellular stress response such as DNA damaging ionizing radiation that will encourage research in thrust areas of therapeutics and diagnostics. The involvement of important lncRNAs in regulating biological processes, responses to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, as well as methods for the analysis of their cellular expression has been discussed.
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Gubenko, Marina S., Vitaliy I. Loginov, Aleksey M. Burdennyy, Irina V. Pronina, Svetlana V. Khokhlova, and Sergey S. Pertsov. "Role of Microribonucleic acid in the Carcinogenesis of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer." I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald 30, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pavlovj71395.
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INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm. Despite advances in target therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy, non-small cell lung cancer remains the major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Tumor development is a complex process that depends on the influence of environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Although oncogenic factors have received much attention, the main mechanisms for oncogenesis are still poorly understood. Thus, studying the oncogenic mechanisms, including those with the involvement of microribonucleic acid (microRNA), is important for the diagnostics and treatment of malignant neoplasms. MicroRNA (miRNA) belong to the class of small non-coding ribonucleic acids that are involved in various cellular biological processes, including epithelialmesenchymal transition, apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. Recent publications show that the course of the oncological disease can be predicted by evaluating the expressions of some miRNAs. Therefore, miRNAs serve as promising diagnostic and therapeutic targets in oncological diseases.
CONCLUSION: This review summarizes data on the role in carcinogenesis and prognostic significance of several miRNA (i.e., miRNA-128, -4500, -222, -224, -124, -125b, -127, -129-2, -137, and -375) in non-small cell lung cancer.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-cellular diagnostics"
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Görge, Julie. "Immunodiagnostic par agglutination magnétique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00610317.
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Les tests de diagnostic ont pour but de détecter et de quantifier un ou plusieurs analytes en milieu complexe. Depuis les années 80, leur évolution s'est concentrée sur la détection de très faibles quantités d'analytes. Actuellement, cette ligne directrice subsiste mais en parallèle les développements se portent sur de nouveaux objectifs comme la mise au point de tests simples, rapides, transportables et sensibles afin de répondre au mieux aux attentes des nouveaux marchés : le point of care et les pays émergents. Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes confrontés à ces nouvelles problématiques. Nous avons choisi d'améliorer la sensibilité du test d'agglutination magnétique précédemment développé au laboratoire en raison de sa simplicité (test homogène) et de sa rapidité (manipulation de billes magnétiques). Nous avons montré que deux paramètres conditionnaient le seuil de détection de ce test à savoir le bruit (variabilité du signal sans antigène) et le signal émis par les billes. Le premier facteur dépend principalement du nombre de billes et le deuxième nous a amené à travailler avec de grandes billes nécessitant une nouvelle méthode de détection, la cytométrie en flux. Le gain en sensibilité n'a pas été clairement démontré en raison de la très faible réactivité des billes utilisées (500 fois moins réactives que les billes "habituelles"). Une chose est sûre, de grandes billes améliorent le signal, la cinétique et la thermodynamique au détriment d'une plus faible mobilité des objets sous champ. Sous couvert d'une bonne réactivité, nous nous sommes aperçus que la première étape de notre test d'agglutination devenait thermodynamiquement et cinétiquement limitante aux faibles concentrations en analyte. Dans le cadre du projet européen DetectHIV, nous avons essayé d'une part de franchir ces barrières à travers un système microfluidique et d'autre part de mettre au point un test complètement intégré. De nouvelles technologies ont vu le jour à l'EPFL (plug magnétique) et à DTU (cytométrie sur puce). Le système développé par l'EPFL est thermodynamiquement favorable, valide l'idée de préconcentration mais nécessiterait un nouveau dimensionnement fluidique pour réellement supplanter les tests en volume. L'intégration, quant à elle, a permis d'acquérir un certain savoir faire dans le domaine de la microfluidique, d'identifier les verrous technologiques et de développer un nouveau mode de circulation des fluides. Pour conclure, ce travail a permis de cerner l'évolution possible des tests d'agglutination magnétique. La sensibilité du test originel c'est-à-dire en volume couplé à une détection turbidimétrique est fixée par le bruit de l'appareil de mesure. Ce paramètre étant peu optimisable, seule une augmentation de la taille des billes permettrait d'augmenter significativement la sensibilité du test (un facteur 10 en théorie). Au delà, une détection individuelle des objets via la cytométrie est nécessaire. D'une part, elle permet de travailler avec de gros objets afin d'amplifier grandement le signal et d'autre part, elle permet de s'affranchir du bruit de l'appareil de mesure. Le bruit mesuré est uniquement dû à la comptabilisation des populations, bruit inhérent au test de diagnostic. Avec cette configuration, un gain de sensibilité passe par une diminution du non-spécifique (relatif au comptage des populations) et par une augmentation de la réactivité des "grosses" billes. En dessous de la dizaine de femtomoles, la formation de complexe n'est plus assurée et devient longue, un changement de format fluidique est alors nécessaire. Le nouveau format fluidique testé, la microfluidique, s'avère très prometteur à condition d'intégrer une méthode de détection (cytométrique ou autre) et d'augmenter les débits.
Book chapters on the topic "Non-cellular diagnostics"
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Wattad, Mohammed. "Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas." In Cellular Diagnostics, 642–67. Basel: KARGER, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000209184.
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Juarez, Paul D., Darryl B. Hood, Min-ae Song, and Aramandla Ramesh. "Applying an Exposome-wide Association Study (ExWAS) Approach to Latino Cancer Disparities." In Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos, 17–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14436-3_2.
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AbstractLatinos have higher incidence rates of cervical, gall bladder, liver, and gastric cancer, and higher mortality rates for six cancer sites than US Whites. This review chapter focuses on Latino cancer disparities, how the exposome can be applied to understanding Latino cancer disparities, and how environmental exposures lead to alterations in key biological pathways at the cellular, molecular, and system level, helping to explain the increased risk for population level cancer disparities among Latinos. An exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) approach is proposed as a novel conceptual framework to assess the role of multiple chemical and non-chemical exposures in the cause and progression of cancer among Latinos across the life course. Also discussed is how this strategy could be exploited by using biomarkers of susceptibility, exposure, and effect; and how a trans-omics approach, using recent advances in genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and lipidomics, could be used to deploy new biomarkers that serve both prognostic and diagnostic purposes. Also outlined are the knowledge gaps and scope for future studies in this area with implications for public health and policy interventions.
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Tahseen, Rabia, Mohammad Parvez, G. Sravan Kumar, and Parveen Jahan. "Prognostic Importance of Th1:Th2 (IL-1β/IL-10) Cytokine Ratio in Adult Onset-Bronchial Asthma." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 176–87. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_18.
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AbstractBronchial asthma is a complex respiratory disorder, exhibits several endotypes and phenotypes due to different underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Globally it affects 300 million individuals, with the prevalence of 2–3% in India, contributing to morbidity and mortality. Over 50 cytokines have been identified in asthma. The dysregulation in Th1 and Th2 cytokines is implicated in the patho-mechanism of pulmonary inflammation and airway remodeling. The aim of the current study was to access the circulating levels of IL-1β (pro-inflammatory) and IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) cytokines using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this case-control study we recruited a total of 164 subjects (104 adult onset asthma patients and 60 non-asthmatic healthy controls) from south India. Data exhibited increased levels of IL-1β and decreased levels of IL-10 in asthma patients compared to the healthy controls. Subgroup analysis revealed significant elevation in the circulating levels of IL-1β and Th1:Th2 (IL-1β/IL-10) ratio in patients with uncontrolled and long-standing disease (>10 years). Receiver operating curve analysis of individual cytokines and ratios showed good and excellent discriminating capacity respectively for health vs disease and controlled vs uncontrolled. However, IL-1β showed better incisive capacity for disease duration. Based on our observation it appears that rather than individual cytokine(s), the balance between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines are crucial in the patho-mechanism of asthma. However, developing a signature profile of multiple cytokines using cut-off values may prove to be more promising for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes of bronchial asthma.
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Mhlanga, Nikiwe, Phumlani Tetyana, Sanele Nyembe, and Lucky Sikhwivhilu. "Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Biomedical Diagnostics." In Recent Developments in Atomic Force Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy for Materials Characterization. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99771.
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In vivo cellular imaging and in vitro assays or sensors are fundamentally used to study the spatiotemporal interaction of molecules at biological interfaces. The study of these interfaces informs various applications such as diagnostics/detection of foreign materials or processes in the biological system. Raman spectroscopy, an optical, non-destructive, label-free fingerprinting tool offers a wide array of applications in both in vitro and in vivo diagnostics owing to its relatively short acquisition time, non-invasiveness and ability to provide biochemical molecular information. It has been explored in tissue imaging, in vitro diagnosis, DNA/RNA analysis, metabolic accretions, single cell analysis photodynamic therapy, etc. The chapter details the application of the optical Raman platform in the detection and imaging of diseases/tissues. The challenges associated with SERS applications and the future outlook as a biomedical diagnostic tool are also discussed.
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Bhargav, Anjali, and Neeraj Kumar Rai. "SPR-Based Biosensors in the Diagnostics and Therapeutics." In Recent Advances in Biosensor Technology, 78–96. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815123739123010007.
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To analyze the physio-chemical measures of the cellular environment and display them in digital units, transducing methods are applied in biosensors. The label.free biosensors employ biophysical characteristics such as spectroscopic methods, crystallization, and Surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) to determine the availability or concentration of substances. SPR is a method to elucidate interaction among biomolecules exhibiting affinity binding, structural changes, or alteration in pathological conditions. SPR methods are now employed in conjunction with a variety of transducer topologies, including optical fibers, nanoparticle-based SPR, immobilized or localized SPR (LSPR), long-range SPR, image SPR, immune-assay-based SPR, and phase sensing SPR biosensors' versatile configuration allows for the early detection of several illnesses, such as COVID-19, dengue, non-invasive cancer, biomarker-based fetuses identification, therapeutic antibody characterization, drug monitoring, etc. SPR system is leading in diagnostics and therapeutics with various advantages, such as their portable size, cost-effectiveness, quick result, and easy-to-handle method, but at extension, this technique needs development to ensure high sensitivity, averting background effect and evolution of label-free direct detector to quantify real sample. This chapter reviews the model’s instrumentation and bioassay of clinical samples from SPR and its associated biosensor.
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"Genetics and Public Health." In Examining the Causal Relationship Between Genes, Epigenetics, and Human Health, 529–46. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8066-9.ch019.
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This chapter wraps up by discussing the crucial role played by public health specialists who must reconcile traditional public health concerns of health inequality and equity with safe and effective health interventions and diagnostics that meet individual health needs. Since most genetic diseases in the realm of public health are an interplay of different genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors, genomic science has given greater emphasis to the importance of molecular and cellular mechanisms in health and disease. New biological knowledge must be integrated with the social and environmental models to improve health at individual and population levels. Public health specialists must now be able to integrate genome-based knowledge into public health in a responsible, ethical, and effective way and anticipate the increase in the health service requirements likely to occur in the future. The foundational pillars of bioethics (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice) must be protected by all public health stakeholders.
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Wambuguh, Oscar J. "Genetics and Public Health." In Research Anthology on Public Health Services, Policies, and Education, 630–46. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8960-1.ch029.
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This chapter wraps up by discussing the crucial role played by public health specialists who must reconcile traditional public health concerns of health inequality and equity with safe and effective health interventions and diagnostics that meet individual health needs. Since most genetic diseases in the realm of public health are an interplay of different genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors, genomic science has given greater emphasis to the importance of molecular and cellular mechanisms in health and disease. New biological knowledge must be integrated with the social and environmental models to improve health at individual and population levels. Public health specialists must now be able to integrate genome-based knowledge into public health in a responsible, ethical, and effective way and anticipate the increase in the health service requirements likely to occur in the future. The foundational pillars of bioethics (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice) must be protected by all public health stakeholders.
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Sygitowicz, Grażyna, and Dariusz Sitkiewicz. "Organ Damage in Sepsis: Molecular Mechanisms." In Infectious Diseases and Sepsis [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98302.
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Sepsis is one of the most common reasons for hospitalisation. This condition is characterised by systemic inflammatory response to infection. International definition of sepsis mainly points out a multi-organ dysfunction caused by a deregulated host response to infection. An uncontrolled inflammatory response, often referred to as “cytokine storm”, leads to an increase in oxidative stress as a result of the inhibition of cellular antioxidant systems. Oxidative stress, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, initiate vascular endothelial dysfunction and, in consequence, impair microcirculation. Microcirculation damage leads to adaptive modifications of cell metabolism. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction takes place which results in increased apoptosis and impaired autophagy. Non-coding RNA, especially miRNA and lncRNA molecules, may play an important role in the pathomechanism of sepsis. Altered expression of various ncRNAs in sepsis suggest, that these molecules can be used not only as diagnostics and prognostic markers but also as the target points in the pharmacotherapy of sepsis. The understanding of detailed molecular mechanisms leading to organ damage can contribute to the development of specific therapy methods thereby improving the prognosis of patients with sepsis.
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Becker, Richard C., and Frederick A. Spencer. "Acute Coronary Syndromes." In Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195155648.003.0025.
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For over a century astute clinicians have recognized that prodromal symptoms often precede acute myocardial infarction (MI). The evolution of symptoms was subsequently found to correlate with changes in atherosclerotic plaque composition, morphology, and thrombogenicity, leading to the classification of symptoms that are currently categorized to better delineate diagnostic and management strategies. Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) are traditionally divided into two separate categories—ST-segment elevation and non–ST-segment elevation ACS—based on the presenting electrocardiogram. The latter category is then subdivided into unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation MI, based on the absence or presence of elevated cardiac biomarkers, respectively. This chapter considers ST-segment elevation MI and non–ST-segment elevation ACS based on pharmacologic and clinical (diagnostics and routine management) constructs. ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI), in a vast majority of cases, is caused by occlusive thrombosis at a site of plaque rupture. In others, particularly when the stimulus for thrombosis is strong, occlusion may follow minor disruption of the plaque surface (erosion) or occur in areas of endothelial cell injury (activation with inflammatory features and concomitantly impaired vascular thromboresistance). Coronary arterial spasm, in the absence of intrinsic vascular disease (as may be seen with cocaine use), can also impair restrictive blood flow to the myocardium, resulting in cellular death. The goal of pharmacology-based therapy (and mechanical intervention) is to restore myocardial blood flow as quickly and completely as possible. The “open vessel hypotheses” predicts that rapid, complete, and sustained myocardial perfusion through the prompt restoration of physiologic blood flow will minimize (salvage) myocardium, promote ventricular performance, and reduce mortality. Strong support for the open-vessel hypothesis can be traced to the Thrombolysis and Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial performed in the 1980s (Dalen et al., 1988; TIMI Study Group, 1985). Patients with patent infarct-related coronary arteries 90 minutes after the initiation of fibrinolytic therapy had an 8.1% mortality at 1 year, compared to a 14.8% mortality among those with an occluded vessel. Since that time, several large-scale clinical trials have confirmed the importance of an open infarct-related coronary artery for early, intermediate, and long-term outcome.
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Chandrasoma, Parakrama T. "Cellular Changes of Non-Neoplastic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease." In Diagnostic Atlas of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 157–83. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012373605-5/50006-0.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Non-cellular diagnostics"
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Toner, Mehmet. "Moving Living Cells and Fluids on Microchips for Diagnostics." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192786.
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Biomedical applications of microfabricated devices is no longer limited to non-living systems as genes-on-a-chip or lab-on-a-chip, recent advances in the understanding of cellular behavior in microenvironments have started to pave the way toward living micro-devices. These emerging devices are expected to become key technologies in the 21st century of medicine with a broad range of applications varying from diagnostic, tissue engineered products, cell-based drug screening tools, and basic molecular biology tools. They will also include multiple cell types and/or genetically engineered cells to investigate complex interactions between cells from different tissues. These sophisticated devices will contain micro-engineered tissue units coupled to each other by complex microfluidic handling network. Microfluidic mixing systems will also precisely regulate the composition and concentration of drugs to be tested. This presentation will briefly review the early historical literature on the use of microtechnologies in cellular systems and then focus on various applications in cancer biology, HIV/AIDS and global health, inflammation, and systems biology. The presentation will primarily focus on interesting transport phenomena at the microscale and how such information can be used for the development of microfluidic systems for diagnostics and other applications.
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Vasilenko, Irina, Vladislav Metelin, Marat Nasyrov, Vladimir Belyakov, Alexander Kuznetsov, and Evgeniy Sukhenko. "Quantitative phase imaging of cellular and subcellular structures for non-invasive screening diagnostics of socially significant diseases." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Gabriel Popescu and YongKeun Park. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2078661.
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Falang, A., G. M. Alessio, M. Donati, and T. A. Barbui. "DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC) AND ACUTE LEUKEMIA:IDENTIFICATION OF A NEW CELLULAR PROCOAGULANT." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643661.
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There is an enhanced incidence (>50%) of severe coagulopathy in association with several types of acute leukemias. Cell associated procoagulants are considered important in this context. So far only a Tissue Factor (TF)-type procoagulant has been described in leukemic cells. We have set up here the experimentalconditions to identify other possible cellular procoagulants in leukemia. We have tested blast cell extracts from 21 patients with 5 different cytological subtypes (from Ml to M5 of acute non lymphoid leukemia (ANLL), according to theFAB classification, in order to assay whether they express "cancer procoagulant" (CP), a F VH-independent FX activating cysteine proteinase (Falanga … Gordon, 1985; Donati, et al. 1986). All the samples shortened the recalcification time of normal human plasma, the effect being significantly greater (p<0.001) in the M3 group. The activity was 20% to 100% independent from the presence of FVII and was susceptible to 2 cysteine proteinase inhibitors (Iodoacetamide, 2 mM, and HgCl2 ,0.1 mM) in all of the extracts but the M5 type. In addition, M2 and M3 samples directly activated pure FX in a two stage clotting assay. Control cell extracts from 10 healthy donors did not show any procoagulant activity, under the same conditions. This study provides evidence for a new procoagulant expressed by cells of ANLL; the peculiar characteristics of this procoagulant (i.e. its confinement to the malignant phenotype, its shedding into the plasma, its possible modulation by vitamin K antagonists) make this observation of potential interest in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools in ANLL.
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Baghirzade, Mammadbaghir, Md Nayer Nasim, Behlol Nawaz, Jonathan Aguilar, Martia Shahsavan, Mohammadrasool Morovatiyan, and John Hunter Mack. "Analysis of Premixed Laminar Combustion of Methane With Noble Gases as a Working Fluid." In ASME 2021 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2021-67516.
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Abstract Hydrodynamic and diffusional-thermal instabilities affect the flame dynamics, which result in non-planar flame fronts with self-accelerating cellularities and wrinkles. In premixed flames, the driving mechanism for perturbations is hydrodynamic instabilities, which are associated with thermal expansion. Under high-pressure conditions, such as in spark-ignition engines, the flame curvature and morphology might be influenced by the hydrodynamic instabilities. This study focuses on the replacement of nitrogen with a noble gas (argon and krypton) as the working fluid in the premixed combustion of methane to investigate its effect on flame stability and dynamics. The utilization of noble gases can also enhance the ideal thermal efficiency of internal combustion engines due to the higher specific heat ratio they possess and may also reduce the NOx emissions markedly because of the lack of nitrogen in the working fluid. The experiments are conducted for various equivalence ratios (φ = 0.8, 1.0, 1.2) in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) at atmospheric and elevated initial pressures and atmospheric temperature. As an outcome of this study, to understand the influence of krypton on methane combustion, spherically propagating flames are analyzed in terms of the laminar flame burning velocity, cellular instability, unburned gas Markstein length, and flame morphology utilizing a Z-type Schlieren optical diagnostic technique and fractal analysis, which is a promising approach to analyze flame surfaces. The fractal dimension of the flame fronts is calculated by a box-counting algorithm. The results are compared against the previously examined case studies in which argon was used as the primary working fluid.
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Mizrahi, Natalya, Daphne Weihs, and Eitan Kimmel. "Low Intensity Therapeutic Ultrasound Effect on Nano-Particle Motion in a Viscous Medium." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59245.
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While low intensity therapeutic ultrasound irradiation (LITUS) has been shown to have biological effects on tissue and cells, the physical mechanism leading to those effects has yet to be characterized. As a model system to study effects of LITUS on intracellular organelles, we monitor the dynamics of nanoparticles suspended in a viscoelastic medium, before and during LITUS treatment. Particle motion dynamics can indicate: i) forces acting on similarly-sized intracellular organelles; ii) streaming flow induced in cells and in cavities in contact with cells; and iii) instantaneous (under LITUS) changes in the mechanical properties of viscoelastic media in general and cells in particular. Forces and flow can result in shear stresses that act on the cell membrane of, e.g., endothelial cells in blood vessels and may cause biophysical responses. Particle motion in a high-viscosity, viscoelastic model solution, methyl cellulose, was used as an indicator for sample response under LITUS. The ultrasound-induced motion of nano-particles was quantified by real-time particle-tracking microrheology methods. Particle motion without LITUS irradiation demonstrated diffusive-like behavior with no underlying convection. In contrast, during LITUS irradiation convective motion with a particle-velocity profile parabolic in time was observed. Particles were accelerated after initiation of LITUS irradiation, then a transient phase of constant velocity was observed, and finally the speed was reduced. Altogether the results of the study indicate that LITUS may apply considerable direct forces on suspended particles, a model system for cellular organelles. More studying will help elucidate the mechanisms of LITUS effects. Extending this approach to cells in vitro and evaluating their response can promote the use of ultrasound as a therapeutic tool for delicate manipulation of cells in vivo in a controlled, targeted, and non-invasive way. At the same time, one can define the safety limits and optimal range for therapeutic and diagnostic ultrasound by indicating the threshold for irreversible intracellular changes.
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Bucklen, B., M. Wettergreen, M. Heinkenschloss, and M. A. K. Liebschner. "Surface-Based Scaffold Design: A Mechanobiological Approach." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81985.
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Despite recent need-based advances in orthopedic scaffold design, current implants are unsuitable as “total” scaffold replacements. Both mechanical requirements of stiffness/strength and biological stipulations dictating cellular behavior (attachment, differentiation) should be included. The amount of mechanical stimulation in the form of stresses, strains, and energies most suitable toward implant design is presently unknown. Additionally unknown is if whole-bone optimization goals such as uniform and non-uniform driving forces are applicable to a scaffold-bone interface. At the very least, scaffolds ready for implantation should exhibit mechanical distributions (dependent on loading type) on the surface within the typical mechanical usage window. Scaffold micro-architectures can be strategically shifted into that window. The overall goal of this study was to produce microarchitectures tailored to a more uniform mechanical distribution, while maintaining the morphological properties necessary to sustain its mechanical integrity. The mechanical adjustment stimuli investigated were von Mises stress, strain energy density, maximum principle strain, and volumetric strain. Scaffold models of a similar volume fraction were generated of three initial architectures (Rhombitruncated Cuboctahedron, hollow sphere, and trabecular-like bone cube) using high resolution voxel mapping. The resulting voxels were translated into finite element meshes and solved, with a specially written iterative solver created in Fortran90, under confined displacement boundary conditions. The result was verified against a commercial software. Once the mechanical distributions were identified one of two methods was chosen to alter the configuration of material in Cartesian space. The success of the alteration was judged through a diagnostic based on the histogram of mechanical values present on the surface of the micro-architecture. The first method used a compliant approach and, for the case of stress, reinforced locations on the surface with large stresses with extra material (strategically taken from the least stressed portions). The second method used a simulated annealing approach to randomly mutate the initial state in a “temperature” dependent manner. Results indicate that the mechanical distributions of the initial scaffold designs vary significantly. Additionally, the end state of the adjustment demonstrated anisotropy shifts toward the direction of loading. Moreover, the adjustment methods were found to be sensitive both to the mechanical parameter used for adjustment and the portion of the surface adjusted at each increment. In conclusion, scaffolds may be adjusted using a mechanical surface-based objective, as the surface of the scaffold is crucial toward its in vivo acceptance. This technique provides some mathematical specificity toward the whole of computer-aided tissue engineering.