Journal articles: 'Non-Canonical Language'

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Polinsky, Maria. "Non-canonical agreement is canonical." Transactions of the Philological Society 101, no. 2 (August 2003): 279–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968x.00120.

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Matić, Dejan, and Brigitte Pakendorf. "Non-canonical SAY in Siberia." Studies in Language 37, no. 2 (June 7, 2013): 356–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.37.2.04mat.

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The use of generic verbs of speech in functions not related to their primary meaning, such as to introduce complements or adjuncts, is cross-linguistically widespread; it is also characteristic of some languages of Siberia. However, the distribution of non-canonical functions of generic verbs of speech among the languages of Siberia is very uneven, with striking differences even between dialects of one language. In this paper we attempt to elucidate whether shared inheritance, parallel independent developments, or areal convergence are the factors determining this distribution, using fine-scaled investigations of narrative data from a large number of Siberian languages and dialects. This enables us to uncover a wide range of non-canonical functions that the generic verb of speech has acquired in some of the languages investigated, as well as to highlight the very complex historical processes at play.

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Kimmelman, Vadim, Vanja de Lint, Connie de Vos, Marloes Oomen, Roland Pfau, Lianne Vink, and Enoch O. Aboh. "Argument Structure of Classifier Predicates: Canonical and Non-canonical Mappings in Four Sign Languages." Open Linguistics 5, no. 1 (August 8, 2019): 332–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2019-0018.

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AbstractWe analyze argument structure of whole-entity and handling classifier predicates in four sign languages (Russian Sign Language, Sign Language of the Netherlands, German Sign Language, and Kata Kolok) using parallel datasets (retellings of the Canary Row cartoons). We find that all four languages display a systematic, or canonical, mapping between classifier type and argument structure, as previously established for several sign languages: whole-entity classifier predicates are mostly used intransitively, while handling classifier predicates are used transitively. However, our data sets also reveal several non-canonical mappings which we address in turn. First, it appears that whole-entity classifier predicates can be used unergatively, rather than unaccusatively, contrary to expectations. Second, our data contain some transitive uses of whole-entity classifier predicates. Finally, we find that handling classifier predicates can express various complex event structures. We discuss what these findings imply for existing theories of classifier predicates in sign languages.

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M. Arkadiev, Peter. "Borrowing non-canonical inverse between Kabardian and Abaza." Word Structure 14, no. 2 (July 2021): 148–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2021.0185.

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Abaza, a polysynthetic ergative Northwest Caucasian language, shares with its neighbour and distant relative Kabardian a typologically peculiar use of the deictic directional prefixes monitoring the relative ranking of the subject and indirect object on the person hierarchy. In both languages, the cislocative (‘hither’) prefixes are used if the indirect object outranks the subject on the person hierarchy, and the translocative (‘thither’) prefixes are used in combinations of first person subjects with second person singular indirect objects. This pattern, reminiscent of the more familiar inverse marking and hence called ‘quasi-inverse’, is observed with ditransitive and bivalent intransitive verbs and is almost fully redundant, since all participants are unequivocally indexed on verbs by pronominal prefixes. I argue that this isogloss, shared by West Circassian (a close relative to Kabardian) but not with Abkhaz, the sister-language of Abaza, is a result of pattern replication under intense language contact, which has led to an increase of both paradigmatic and syntagmatic complexity of Abaza verbal morphology.

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Mühlhäusler, Peter. "More on Non-Canonical Creoles." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 14, no. 1 (August 6, 1999): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.14.1.06muh.

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Glaser, Elvira, and Sandro Bachmann. "Canonical and non-canonical (co)predicate agreement in Highest Alemannic dialects." Word Structure 15, no. 3 (November 2022): 329–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2022.0213.

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This paper deals with the distribution of agreement patterns for target adjectives or past participles in Swiss German dialects focussing on non-attributive domains. While agreement outside the nominal phrase has been lost in the development towards Standard German and in most dialects, in some Swiss German dialects certain syntactic domains still show formal agreement. Against this backdrop, two topics will be addressed in this paper. It gives an overview of the extent, function and distribution of formal agreement within the clausal domain on the basis of survey data, as far as possible. Another focus is default neuter inflection, which no longer shows canonical gender agreement with a neuter controller, but has developed a new function in the field of aspectuality.

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BÉJAR, SUSANA, and ARSALAN KAHNEMUYIPOUR. "Non-canonical agreement in copular clauses." Journal of Linguistics 53, no. 3 (May 15, 2017): 463–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222671700010x.

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In this paper we investigate cross-linguistic variation in the morphosyntax of copular clauses, focusing on agreement patterns in binominal structures [NP1 BE NP2]. Our starting point is the alternation between NP1 and NP2 agreement, which arises both within and across languages. This alternation is typically taken to be confined to specificational (i.e. inverted) clauses, and previous analyses have strongly identified NP2 agreement with the syntax of inversion. However, we show that NP2 agreement is attested in a broader range of contexts, specifically in (assumed identity) equative structures, suggesting that it should not be correlated with specificational syntax. We present contrasting data from two languages – Persian and Eastern Armenian – for which the syntax of copular clauses is understudied. Whereas in Persian we see NP2 agreement in specificational structures but NP1 agreement in assumed identity equatives, in Eastern Armenian both types of structure yield NP2 agreement. We argue that the contrast between Persian and Eastern Armenian supports an approach that takes the NP1–NP2 alternation to arise as a phi-sensitivity in the probe–goal mechanics of Agree in a minimalist framework. Under this view, NP2 agreement is independent of syntactic inversion and is the result of the probe structure being articulated in such a way that certain NPs fail to Agree.

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Leuckert, Sven, and Sofia Rüdiger. "Non-canonical syntax in an Expanding Circle variety." English World-Wide 41, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.00039.leu.

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Abstract This paper analyzes fronting constructions in spoken Korean(ized) English. Non-canonical syntax is an important means of structuring discourse, but its use by speakers of Expanding Circle Englishes has so far received only insufficient attention in studies of World Englishes. Taking a corpus-linguistic approach, this study determines to which extent topicalization and left-dislocation are used by South Korean speakers of English in informal conversations. In our explanation of the results, which show that fronting constructions are clearly part of the Korean English repertoire albeit used with varying frequencies, we mainly draw on notions of language contact (i.e. Korean as the substrate being a topic-prominent language) and language acquisition processes.

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SHUR, ARSENY M. "LANGUAGES WITH A FINITE ANTIDICTIONARY: SOME GROWTH QUESTIONS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 25, no. 08 (December 2014): 937–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054114400164.

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We study FAD-languages, which are regular languages defined by finite sets of forbidden factors, together with their “canonical” recognizing automata. We are mainly interested in the possible asymptotic orders of growth for such languages. We analyze certain simplifications of sets of forbidden factors and show that they “almost” preserve the canonical automata. Using this result and structural properties of canonical automata, we describe an algorithm that effectively lists all canonical automata having a sink strong component isomorphic to a given digraph, or reports that no such automata exist. This algorithm can be used, in particular, to prove the existence of a FAD-language over a given alphabet with a given exponential growth rate. On the other hand, we give an example showing that the algorithm cannot prove non-existence of a FAD-language having a given growth rate. Finally, we provide some examples of canonical automata with a nontrivial condensation graph and of FAD-languages with a “complex” order of growth.

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Li, Haojie, and Tongde Zhang. "On the Derivation of the Non-Canonical Object Construction in Mandarin Chinese." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1880–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1209.22.

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This paper makes a study of the derivation of the non-canonical object construction in Mandarin Chinese. In light of the transitivity of verbs, two cases in the NOC are discussed: a) the non-canonical object construction with transitive verbs and b) the non-canonical object construction with unergative verbs. Based on the theory of phase and phase extension, a mixture of direct object properties and PP object properties in the non-canonical object construction can be explained in that the non-canonical object is licensed by both the preposition and the verb.

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ALSHEHRI, ALI, JUERGEN BOHNEMEYER, RANDI MOORE, and GABRIELA PÉREZ BÁEZ. "The principle of canonical orientation: a cross-linguistic study." Language and Cognition 10, no. 3 (August 28, 2018): 494–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2018.12.

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abstractThis paper presents a cross-linguistic investigation of a constraint on the use on intrinsic frames of reference proposed by Levelt (1984, 1996). This proposed constraint claims that use of intrinsic frames when the ground object is in non-canonical position is blocked due to conflict with gravitational-based reference frames. Regression models of the data from Arabic, K’iche’, Spanish, Yucatec, and Zapotec suggest that this constraint is valid across languages. However, the strength at which the constraint operates is predicted by the frequency of canonical intrinsic frames in the particular language. The ratio of the incidence of intrinsic usage with canonical vs. non-canonical orientation appears to be remarkably uniform across languages, which suggests the possibility of a strong cognitive universal.

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Zhang, Yi. "Non-canonical passives in Chinese." Chinese Language and Discourse 11, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 84–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.19001.zha.

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Abstract This paper examines a non-canonical passive construction in Chinese. In this construction, the passive marker bei can proceed a constituent including intransitive verbs, adjectives and nouns, in such expressions as bei zisha/‘commit suicide,’ bei xingfu/‘happy’ or bei gaotie/‘high speed train.’ Following Mental Space Theory (Fauconnier 1994, 1997), this paper argues that the construction serves as a space builder, which prompts conceptualizers to build a counterfactual space to hold the event conveyed by the constituent but deny the event or its associated assumption in the base space. The Mental Space operations produce the interpretations of the construction featured by ambiguity and irony. This study demonstrates the existence of dedicated counterfactual constructions in Chinese. It showcases an attempt to posit cognitive operations as the constructional function and outlines a cognitively plausible procedure to derive specific interpretations of the construction in the context.

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Jeon, Yesol, and Youngmee Lee. "Parental Contingent Verbal Response to Early Vocalizations of Simultaneous Bilateral Cochlear Implantees." Communication Sciences & Disorders 28, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 847–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.231012.

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Objectives: The parental verbal response greatly influences infants’ speech-language development in early communication. This study aimed to investigate the features of parental verbal responses in infants who have undergone simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation compared to chronological age-matched (CA) and hearing age-matched (HA) children who have typical hearing.Methods: Thirteen pairs of infants with cochlear implants (CIs) and their parents, 13 pairs of CA infants and their parents, and 13 pairs of HA infants and their parents participated in this study. The parent-infant interaction task was conducted in a free-play situation. Infants’ vocalizations were classified into canonical and non-canonical vocalizations. Parental verbal responses were divided into parental contingent responses (PCRs), parental non-contingent responses (PNCRs), and no response (NR). PCRs were divided into the language expectant and language non-expectant responses.Results: There was no significant difference in the ratio of parental verbal responses between the three groups. The ratio of parental verbal responses to non-canonical vocalizations was higher than parental verbal responses to canonical vocalizations. Additionally, the ratio of PCRs was higher than that of PNCRs and NR, and the ratio of language expectant responses was higher than that of language non-expectant responses. However, the ratio of language development responses to non-canonical vocalizations is similar to that of canonical vocalizations in the CI group.Conclusion: Parents of the simultaneous bilateral CI group tend to respond quickly and sensitively to the vocalization of infants’ vocalizations. Parents in the CI group can adjust their language based on their infant’s vocalization and development. These findings can guide early intervention and coaching for parents of infants with CIs.

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WHITE-SUSTAITA, JESSICA. "Reconsidering the syntax of non-canonical negative inversion." English Language and Linguistics 14, no. 3 (October 1, 2010): 429–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674310000146.

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Two main hypotheses have been proposed to account for the word order of negative inversion (NI) in varieties of non-canonical English (e.g.Don't nobody else care). An auxiliary inversion analysis argues that the word order is derived via movement of the auxiliary to the left periphery, whereas an existential analysis argues that the word order is an artifact of deletion of the expletive subject, parallelingthere-insertion existential constructions. After reviewing these hypotheses, I provide empirical evidence that neither of these theories adequately explains the peculiarities of NI. I advance a third hypothesis, namely that NI is the result of negative movement to the specifier of NegP, and that this movement is pragmatically motivated by an existential meaning in NI constructions. Syntactically, NI is made possible through the Neg-Criterion (Haegeman & Zanuttini 1991, 1996). This analysis explains problems encountered by prior analyses, and offers a unified analysis for variation in NI across dialects. Finally, I explain cross-dialectal differences in NI by considering the relationship between subject requirements and agreement.

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Vajda, Edward J. "Non-Canonical Marking of Subjects and Objects (review)." Language 79, no. 2 (2003): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0137.

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Zhang, Niina Ning. "Non-canonical objects as event kind-classifying elements." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 36, no. 4 (January 17, 2018): 1395–437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-017-9397-5.

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Jones, Robert Morris. "Non-canonical Syntax: Predicative Demonstrative Clauses in Welsh." Journal of Celtic Linguistics 24, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 177–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.16922/jcl.24.7.

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Moon, Christine, Thomas G. Bever, and William P. Fifer. "Canonical and non-canonical syllable discrimination by two-day-old infants." Journal of Child Language 19, no. 1 (February 1992): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090001360x.

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ABSTRACTCanonical syllables may be important units in early speech perception as well as production. Twenty infants (mean age 51 hours) (and twenty controls) were tested for their ability to discriminate between members of syllable pairs which were either canonical (pæt and tæp) or non-canonical (pst and tsp). A discrimination learning method was used in which syllables signalled the availability of either a recording of the mother's voice or silence – one of which was presented if the infant began a sucking burst. Infants in the canonical condition changed sucking patterns during signals over an 18-minute experimental session and activated their mother's voice more than silence, consistent with previous experiments using mother's voice as a reinforcer. In the non-canonical condition, infants also changed sucking patterns but sucked more during the signal for quiet than mother's voice, contrary to previous findings. Differential sucking during the syllables indicated discrimination in both conditions, but infants responded differently depending upon whether the syllables were canonical or non-canonical. The activation of silence in the non-canonical condition may be the result of a preference for quiet, but it is better explained as a failure to progress to a level of differential responding that was reached by the canonical group.

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Holvoet, Axel. "Marja-Liisa Helasvuo & Tuomas Huumo (eds.). (2015) Subjects in constructions – canonical and non-canonical." Constructions and Frames 10, no. 1 (August 30, 2018): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00012.hol.

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Zhukova, Svetlana, Natalia Zevakhina, Natalia Slioussar, and Evgeny Glazunov. "Non-canonical control in Russian converbial clauses." Russian Linguistics 44, no. 2 (July 2020): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11185-020-09229-8.

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ZHANG, Niina Ning. "Agentless presupposition and implicit and non-canonical objects in Mandarin." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 51, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-bja10020.

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Abstract Mandarin Chinese allows implicit, non-canonical, and quantity-objects. The first type is seen in Wǒ zhǎo-guò-le ‘Lit.: I looked for’, which means ‘I have looked for some entity that is known to the interlocutors’. The second type is seen in Lìlì qiē-le nà bǎ dà dāo ‘Lit.: Lili cut that big knife’, which means that Lili cut something with that big knife. The third type is seen in zǒu-le yī lǐ ‘walked one mile’. From the perspective of the interaction of yòu ‘again’ with different kinds of objects, this paper shows that while implicit objects and quantity-objects behave like explicit canonical objects, non-canonical objects do not behave like canonical ones. This paper provides new evidence to support Zhang Niina Ning’s (2018, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 36: 1395–1437) claim that a non-canonical object restricts the meaning of the verb, rather than saturates any argument of the verb. It also supports the internal argument analysis of post-verbal quantity expressions.

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Luca, Samuel Di, Nathalie Lefèvre, and Mauro Pesenti. "Place and summation coding for canonical and non-canonical finger numeral representations." Cognition 117, no. 1 (October 2010): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.06.008.

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Montrul, Silvina, Israel de la Fuente, Justin Davidson, and Rebecca Foote. "The role of experience in the acquisition and production of diminutives and gender in Spanish: Evidence from L2 learners and heritage speakers." Second Language Research 29, no. 1 (January 2013): 87–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658312458268.

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This study examined whether type of early language experience provides advantages to heritage speakers over second language (L2) learners with morphology, and investigated knowledge of gender agreement and its interaction with diminutive formation. Diminutives are a hallmark of Child Directed Speech in early language development and a highly productive morphological mechanism that facilitates the acquisition of declensional noun endings in many languages (Savickienė and Dressler, 2007). In Spanish, diminutives regularize gender marking in nouns with a non-canonical ending. Twenty-four Spanish native speakers, 29 heritage speakers and 37 L2 learners with intermediate to advanced proficiency completed two picture-naming tasks and an elicited production task. Results showed that the heritage speakers were more accurate than the L2 learners with gender agreement in general, and with non-canonical ending nouns in particular. This study confirms that early language experience and the type of input received confer some advantages to heritage speakers over L2 learners with early-acquired aspects of language, especially in oral production.

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VARLOKOSTA, SPYRIDOULA, MICHAELA NERANTZINI, and DESPINA PAPADOPOULOU. "Comprehension asymmetries in language acquisition: a test for Relativized Minimality." Journal of Child Language 42, no. 3 (August 15, 2014): 618–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000914000257.

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ABSTRACTCross-linguistic studies have shown that typically developing children have difficulties comprehending non-canonical structures. These findings have been interpreted within the Relativized Minimality (RM) approach, according to which local relations cannot be established between two terms of a dependency if an intervening element possesses similar morphosyntactic features. In an extension of RM, Friedmann, Belletti, and Rizzi (2009) suggested that lexical NP restriction is the source of minimality effects in non-canonical sentences. The present study aimed at investigating whether the predictions of their account can be confirmed in Greek. Our results indicate that although lexical NP restriction is a crucial factor in generating minimality effects, it is not always sufficient to account for the comprehension difficulties that young children face with non-canonical sentences, since the internal structure (i.e. the feature specification) of the moved element and of the intervener affects their performance, as well.

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Pérez-Núñez, Antonio. "The Acquisition of Spanish Gender Marking in the Writing of Heritage and Second Language Learners." Heritage Language Journal 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 242–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.15.2.4.

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This study aims to expand on previous research on the acquisition of gender marking by examining the longitudinal written production of second language (L2) and heritage language (HL) learners. The written production of 24 participants (L2, n = 12; HL, n = 12) enrolled in the same course was traced over four weeks and all cases of canonical and non-canonical gender marking (i.e., gender assignment and gender agreement) were coded. The group results indicated that the HL learners were significantly more accurate than their L2 counterparts with both canonical and non-canonical ending nouns; however, close inspection of the participants’ individual accuracy patterns revealed a nonlinear process that was subject to great instability in their performance over time. Findings are discussed in light of interlanguage development and implications for research in second language acquisition are presented.

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Tran, Thuan. "Non-canonical word order and temporal reference in Vietnamese." Linguistics 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0256.

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Abstract The paper revisits Duffield’s (2007) (Duffield, Nigel. 2007. Aspects of Vietnamese clausal structure: Separating tense from assertion. Linguistics 45(4). 765–814) analysis of the correlation between the position of a ‘when’-phrase and the temporal reference of a bare sentence in Vietnamese. Bare sentences in Vietnamese, based on (Smith, Carlota S. & Mary S. Erbaugh. 2005. Temporal interpretation in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 43(4). 713–756), are argued to obtain their temporal interpretation from their aspectual composition, and the default temporal reference: bounded events are located in the past, unbounded events at present. It is shown that the correlation so observed in when-questions is superficial, and is tied to the syntax and semantics of temporal modification and the requirement that temporal adverbials denoting future time is base generated in sentence-initial position, and past time adverbials in sentence-final position. A ‘when’-phrase, being temporally underspecified, obtains its temporal value from its base position. However, the correlation between word order and temporal reference in argument wh-questions and declaratives is factual, depending on whether the predicate-argument configuration allows for a telic interpretation or not. To be specific, it is dependent on whether the application of Generic Modification (Snyder, William. 2012. Parameter theory and motion predicates. In Violeta Demonte & Louise McNally (eds.), Telicity, change, and state. Acrosscategorial view of event structure, 279–299. Oxford: Oxford University Press) or accomplishment composition is realized. Canonical declaratives, and argument wh-questions, with telicity inducing material, license GM or accomplishment composition, yielding bounded events, hence past; by contrast, their non-canonical counterparts block GM or accomplishment composition, giving rise to unbounded event descriptions, hence non-past.

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Al-Shara'h, Mais, Areej Allawzi, Haneen Amireh, and Arene Al-Shara’h. "Contextualizing Canonical Inclusion: The Case of Early Modern English Female-Authored Non-Canonical Verse." World Journal of English Language 14, no. 4 (April 12, 2024): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n4p231.

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The Early Modern English female-authored text is recently (to be specific since 2000s) introduced to the English literary canons as supplementary material to anthologized literary lists such as the Norton Anthology of English Literature. This recent shift in their inclusion is argued as insufficient to the abundantly abandoned English female-authored publications printed between 1450s until the early 1700s. The process of their inclusion in the literary anthologies of the English Renaissance is seen as integral towards building an equitable representation of this age. Offering an equitable inclusion of women’s literature in this era is the aim of this study. This paper will first offer an in-depth contextualization to the canonization of female-authored texts with focus mainly on their exclusion from literary canons. Then, the study offers methodized canonized inclusions of Early Modern female-authored texts. In conclusion, the paper provides a detailed sample of a course plan that aims at the inclusion of female-authors during this era in a general mandatory course (for undergraduate students at the School of Foreign Languages at the University of Jordan) titled “English Literature from the Beginning until 1660s.” This course plan has been prepared and revised by the researchers from the years 2019-2023 to ensure sampling the inclusion of female-authored texts in this survey course.

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Sarvasy, Hannah. "Breaking the clause chains." Studies in Language 39, no. 3 (October 26, 2015): 664–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.3.05sar.

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Clause chaining in Papuan languages is a keystone of the literature on switch-reference (Haiman & Munro 1983, Stirling 1993). Canonically, a clause chain is considered to comprise one or more ‘medial’ clauses, followed by a single ‘final’ clause. In Nungon and other Papuan languages, canonical clause chains coexist with non-canonical clause chains, which either feature medial clauses postposed after the final clause, or lack a final clause altogether. I examine the functions of non-canonical medial clauses in Nungon and other Papuan languages in a first attempt at a typology of these uses, given scanty data. Non-canonical medial clauses are argued to represent canny use of the features of clause chains and switch-reference systems to convey meaning efficiently. The exposition also solves an outstanding puzzle of the Amele switch-reference system (Roberts 1988, Stirling 1993).

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Kuno, Susumu, and Yuki Johnson. "On the non-canonical double nominative construction in Japanese." Studies in Language 29, no. 2 (August 2, 2005): 285–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.29.2.02kun.

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Japanese has two types of double nominative constructions — the first exemplified by sentences such as Taroo ga otoosan ga sinda “Taro — (his) father has died,” and the second by sentences such as Taroo ga eigo ga yoku dekiru “Taro can (speak) English well.” Kuno (1973a, b) claimed that the first is a double-subject construction, while the second is a subject–object construction. This analysis has recently been challenged by Shibatani (2001a, b, c), who claims that these double-nominative constructions are both double-subject constructions. This paper presents arguments against Shibatani’s double-subject analysis, and in support of the “Ga for Object Marking” analysis for the second construction.

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Ilioaia, Mihaela, and Marleen Van Peteghem. "Dative experiencers with nominal predicates in Romanian: a synchronic and diachronic study." Folia Linguistica 55, s42-s2 (October 14, 2021): 255–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2021-2031.

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Abstract This article investigates the evolution of the Romanian pattern [dative clitic + ‘be’ + N] (cf. Mi-e foame, lit. me.dat=is hunger, ‘I’m hungry’) from the 16th century until present-day Romanian. This pattern traces back to the Latin mihi est construction (lit. me.dat is), but is semantically more restricted than its Latin ancestor in that it can only express a physiological or psychological state. The aim of our study is to examine to what extent the dative experiencer behaves like a subject and the noun denoting a state like a predicate. We argue that, although certain subject diagnostics raise problems in Romanian, due to the obligatoriness of clitics and the scarcity of controlled infinitives, this pattern is clearly an instance of non-canonical subject marking with quirky dative case. The tendency toward expansion of this construction in present-day Romanian contradicts the hypothesis proposed in language typology according to which non-canonical subject marking tends to recede in favor of canonical marking in European languages.

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Ilioaia, Mihaela, and Marleen Van Peteghem. "Dative experiencers with nominal predicates in Romanian: a synchronic and diachronic study." Folia Linguistica 55, s42-s2 (October 14, 2021): 255–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2021-2031.

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Abstract This article investigates the evolution of the Romanian pattern [dative clitic + ‘be’ + N] (cf. Mi-e foame, lit. me.dat=is hunger, ‘I’m hungry’) from the 16th century until present-day Romanian. This pattern traces back to the Latin mihi est construction (lit. me.dat is), but is semantically more restricted than its Latin ancestor in that it can only express a physiological or psychological state. The aim of our study is to examine to what extent the dative experiencer behaves like a subject and the noun denoting a state like a predicate. We argue that, although certain subject diagnostics raise problems in Romanian, due to the obligatoriness of clitics and the scarcity of controlled infinitives, this pattern is clearly an instance of non-canonical subject marking with quirky dative case. The tendency toward expansion of this construction in present-day Romanian contradicts the hypothesis proposed in language typology according to which non-canonical subject marking tends to recede in favor of canonical marking in European languages.

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Deumert, Ana. "Markedness and salience in language contact and second-language acquisition: evidence from a non-canonical contact language." Language Sciences 25, no. 6 (November 2003): 561–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0388-0001(03)00033-0.

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Tjalve, Michael. "The non-native canonical accent—And how to use it." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 150, no. 4 (October 2021): A346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0008535.

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One of the key benefits of modern globalization is cross-pollination of cultures. This global community encourages diversity of thinking and communication across language boundaries. However, learning to speak a foreign language is predictably challenging and non-native speakers offer a quasi-infinite source of pronunciation variation. This variation presents a challenge to AI-based technologies where we make assumptions about user behavior and expected runtime input to the models. Inconsistent usage therefore is difficult to model successfully. A study of pronunciation patterns from a set of non-native speakers uncovered some of the underlying dynamics of different levels of non-nativeness. Anchored in key differences in phoneme inventory and phonotactic distance between L1 and L2, the notion of a non-native canonical accent is introduced. This accent captures a significant portion of the speakers in the data and allows us to describe the variation with the precision needed to model it. If we can more consistently anticipate the characteristics of the variation, we're better positioned to handle it. This means that by explicitly focusing on the pronunciation patterns that are likely to be challenging to non-native speakers, we can adapt the technology to build more robust speech recognizers and more personalized foreign language learning experiences.

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Imaz Agirre, Ainara. "The processing of gender assignment in Spanish." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.29.2.06ima.

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This paper reports on an experiment investigating the processing of accurate gender assignment in canonical and non-canonical inanimate nouns in Spanish by native speakers of Basque with nativelike proficiency in Spanish. 33 Basque/Spanish bilinguals and 32 native speakers of Spanish completed an online and an offline gender assignment task. Participants assigned gender to inanimate nouns with canonical (-o; -a) and non-canonical word endings (-e; consonants). The results revealed that the Basque/Spanish bilingual group obtained high accuracy scores in both tasks, similar to the Spanish native speaker group. Interestingly, unlike the Spanish group, the Basque speakers showed faster reaction times with feminine nouns than masculine ones. Canonicity seems to be a strong cue for both groups, since all participants were more accurate and faster with canonical word endings. Even though quantitatively Basque/Spanish bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals’ gender assignment accuracy rates do not differ, qualitatively, the Basque/Spanish bilinguals’ assignment patterns seem to differ somewhat from those of the native Spanish speakers.

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Emerton, J. A., and Eileen M. Schuller. "Non-Canonical Psalms from Qumran. A Pseudepigraphic Collection." Vetus Testamentum 37, no. 4 (October 1987): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1517590.

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Bono, Mariana. "L’influence des langues non maternelles dans l’acquisition du SN en espagnol L3." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 1, no. 2 (December 10, 2010): 251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.1.2.06bon.

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This article investigates the role of second or non-native languages (L2) in the acquisition of an additional language (L3). We study the impact of cross-linguistic influence on the placement of the adjective in the Noun Phrase. The analysis of oral data from learners of Spanish L3 shows that the position of adjectives departs from the canonical word order of both Spanish L3 and French L1, reflecting the word order that characterizes the other languages known by the speakers, English and German. We will attempt to identify the psycholinguistic factors underlying this phenomenon. Particular attention will be placed on the ‘foreign language effect,’ which can transform non-native languages into a default grammatical model for the processing of L3 linguistic input.

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Lai, Yong, Dayou Liu, and Minghao Yin. "New Canonical Representations by Augmenting OBDDs with Conjunctive Decomposition." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 58 (March 8, 2017): 453–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.5271.

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We identify two families of canonical knowledge compilation languages. Both families augment ROBDD with conjunctive decomposition bounded by an integer i ranging from 0 to ∞. In the former, the decomposition is finest and the decision respects a chain C of variables, while both the decomposition and decision of the latter respect a tree T of variables. In particular, these two families cover the three existing languages ROBDD, ROBDD with as many implied literals as possible, and AND/OR BDD. We demonstrate that each language in the first family is complete, while each one in the second family is incomplete with expressivity that does not decrease with incremental i. We also demonstrate that the succinctness does not decrease from the i-th language in the second family to the i-th language in the first family, and then to the (i+1)-th language in the first family. For the operating efficiency, on the one hand, we show that the two families of languages support a rich class of tractable logical operations, and particularly the tractability of each language in the second family is not less than that of ROBDD; and on the other hand, we introduce a new time efficiency criterion called rapidity which reflects the idea that exponential operations may be preferable if the language can be exponentially more succinct, and we demonstrate that the rapidity of each operation does not decrease from the i-th language in the second family to the i-th language in the first family, and then to the (i+1)-th language in the first family. Furthermore, we develop a compiler for the last language in the first family (i = ∞). Empirical results show that the compiler significantly advances the compiling efficiency of canonical representations. In fact, its compiling efficiency is comparable with that of the state-of-the-art compilers of non-canonical representations. We also provide a compiler for the i-th language in the first family by translating the last language in the first family into the i-th language (i < ∞). Empirical results show that we can sometimes use the i-th language instead of the last language without any obvious loss of space efficiency.

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Rozycki, William, and Neil H. Johnson. "Non-canonical grammar in Best Paper award winners in engineering." English for Specific Purposes 32, no. 3 (July 2013): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2013.04.002.

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RICHES, NICK G. "Complex sentence profiles in children with Specific Language Impairment: Are they really atypical?" Journal of Child Language 44, no. 2 (February 15, 2016): 269–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000915000847.

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AbstractChildren with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) have language difficulties of unknown origin. Syntactic profiles are atypical, with poor performance on non-canonical structures, e.g. object relatives, suggesting a localized deficit. However, existing analyses using ANOVAs are problematic because they do not systematically address unequal variance, or fully model random effects. Consequently, a Generalised Linear Model (GLM) was used to analyze data from a Sentence Repetition (SR) task involving relative clauses. seventeen children with SLI (mean age 6;7), twenty-one Language Matched (LM) children (mean age 4;8), and seventeen Age Matched (AM) children (mean age 6;5) repeated 100 canonical and non-canonical sentences. ANOVAs found a significant Group by Canonicity interaction for the SLI versus AM contrast only. However, the GLM found no significant interaction. Consequently, arguments for a localized deficit may depend on statistical methods which are prone to exaggerate profile differences. Nonetheless, a subgroup of SLI exhibited particularly severe structural language difficulties.

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Nevskaya, I. A., and O. A. Shalamay. "King of Kings and Song of Songs: An Elative-Superlative Construction in Turkic Languages." Philology 17, no. 9 (2018): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-9-9-21.

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The article describes superlative, hyperlative and elative use of formally possessive constructions in a number of Turkic languages from a comparative perspective, analyzing their structural and semantic types as well as their pragmatic properties. Similar non-canonical possessive constructions are found all over Eurasia in languages belonging to various language families. One of the most unclear issues of such constructions is their origin. They could have emerged spontaneously in Turkic languages due to the inner stimuli of language development: a. From possessive reading of possessive constructions featuring the following semantic development: The construction “king of the kings” first referred to the ruler of a state consisting of subordinate kingdoms with their own rulers. For them, the emperor was “their king, the king of the kings of subordinated kingdoms”. Such constructions became a part of the pattern of titles’ formation, and due to the frequent use could develop the meaning of an extreme/high extent of the qualities associated with the notion expressed by the nominals used as their components. b. Old Turkic canonical superlative constructions could be used with and without the superlative marker on the parameter. The economy of language means could have contributed to emergence of non-canonical superlative constructions. c. These constructions could be a result of contacts of Turkic peoples and their languages with world religions and translation of their sacred books into Turkic (beginning with Buddhism and followed by Christianity and Islam). These internal developments (e.g. economy) could be supported by external influences (structural copying of Bible prototypes) and common cultural paradigms. These issues should be addressed in more detail in the future.

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O’BRIEN, MARY GRANTHAM, and CAROLINE FÉRY. "Dynamic localization in second language English and German." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 3 (October 8, 2014): 400–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000182.

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Marking new and given constituents requires speakers to use morphosyntactic and phonological cues within a discourse context. The current study uses a dynamic localization paradigm whereby German and English native speakers, with the other language as a second language (L2), describe constellations of pictures. In each picture a new or reintroduced animal is localized relative to other animals, thereby allowing for control of newness vs. givenness of animals. Participants completed the task in their native language (L1) and L2. English native speakers use predominantly canonical word order and often mark the new object with a falling pitch accent. German native speakers use a given-before-new word order, even when this is non-canonical, and they use a rising pitch accent in non-final position. The results indicate that speakers easily transfer unmarked grammatical structures – both word order and pitch accents – from their L1 to their L2.

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Tovena, Lucia M. "A comparative corpus study on a case of non-canonical question." Linguistics Vanguard 8, s2 (January 1, 2022): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2020-0126.

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Abstract This paper concerns wh-interrogatives with French comment ‘how’ in their reason interpretation. Some of the peculiarities that make them non-canonical are the modified semantic type of the domain of the wh-item, which is closer to propositions than to ‘manners’, and a high base generation position. These questions are used by a speaker to put on hold a (possibly implicit) invitation from the interlocutors to admit the prejacent into the common ground, and tackle preconditions to admitting it. We aim to gain insight about the characterisation of reason-comment by testing potential constraints on its occurrences, using data about lack of subject-auxiliary inversion from corpora research. The paper reports on a survey that reveals that these questions facilitate the setting up a jousting discursive procedure, in monological texts. They are not among the characteristics of informal French.

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Melnik, Nurit. "Existentials and possessives in Modern Hebrew." Studies in Language 42, no. 2 (June 6, 2018): 389–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17041.mel.

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Abstract This paper considers the relationship between synchronic variation and language change in the context of the existential and possessive constructions in Modern Hebrew, which exhibit a normative – colloquial alternation. The study examines usage patterns across age groups and time periods, as represented in spoken-language corpora. It shows that the non-normative construction is used extensively in the contemporary speech of adults. Moreover, a comparison of the use of the normative – colloquial alternations by two populations, children and adults, in different time periods, provides evidence to suggest that these constructions are undergoing language change. A cross-linguistic perspective lends additional support: across languages the expression of existence involves non-canonical structures, which are particularly susceptible to language variation and, possibly, language change.

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Sung, Jee Eun, Jae Keun Yoo, Soo Eun Lee, and Bora Eom. "Effects of age, working memory, and word order on passive-sentence comprehension: evidence from a verb-final language." International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 6 (February 22, 2017): 939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217000047.

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ABSTRACTBackground:The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of working-memory (WM) capacity on age-related changes in abilities to comprehend passive sentences when the word order was systematically manipulated.Methods:A total of 134 individuals participated in the study. The sentence-comprehension task consisted of the canonical and non-canonical word-order conditions. A composite measure of WM scores was used as an index of WM capacity.Results:Participants exhibited worse performance on sentences with non-canonical word order than canonical word order. The two-way interaction between age and WM was significant, suggesting that WM effects were greater than age effects on the task.Conclusions:WM capacity effects on passive-sentence comprehension increased dramatically as people aged, suggesting that those who have larger WM capacity are less vulnerable to age-related changes in sentence-comprehension abilities. WM capacity may serve as a cognitive reserve associated with sentence-comprehension abilities for elderly adults.

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Trotzke, Andreas, and Anna Czypionka. "Non-canonical questions from a comparative perspective: Introduction to the special collection." Linguistics Vanguard 8, s2 (January 1, 2022): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2020-0106.

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Kim, Kitaek, William O’Grady, and Bonnie D. Schwartz. "Case in Heritage Korean." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8, no. 2 (January 13, 2017): 252–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.16001.kim.

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Abstract In a series of five experiments with 31 Korean heritage children, we show that knowledge of case and the ability to use it must be evaluated with careful attention to multiple factors that can influence access to morphological information in the course of comprehension and production. The first two experiments, which compared the canonical SOV pattern with the non-canonical OSV pattern, employed picture-selection comprehension tasks to assess knowledge of case. Poor performance on OSV sentences was mitigated by experimental manipulations that either enhanced the perceptual salience of case or provided felicitous conditions for the use of non-canonical word order. The next three experiments, all involving production tasks, revealed that many children who failed to demonstrate knowledge of case in the comprehension tasks actually produced nominative and accusative case correctly, thereby revealing their knowledge of this morphosyntactic system.

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Guchinova, Elza-Bair. "TO BUILD A BUDDHIST TEMPLE: INFRASTRUCTURE AND NON-CANONICAL PILGRIMAGE VALUES." Antropologicheskij forum 18, no. 55 (December 2022): 299–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2022-18-55-299-328.

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The aim of this fieldwork-based paper is to show the path to the businessman’s faith in the modern historical, social, and confessional context, as well as the language in which it is articulated. The decision to build a Buddhist temple “turnkey” to replace the one destroyed in the 1930s, in his home town leads to spiritual transformation. Buddhist teachers, who have unconditional authority, change the outlook and behaviour of the benefactor. The author examines the infrastructure and itinerary reflecting the political geography of the modern Buddhist world and the goals of the informant’s numerous travels. Special attention is paid to the experience of the “miraculous”, which emphasizes the confessional character of these regular travels and is one of the markers of faith. The interview material highlights a close connection between the confessional Buddhist affiliation and the ethnic identification of the Kalmyks, which was not so obvious a few decades ago. The language of spontaneous narrative shows the complexity of the respondent’s worldview, which combines Soviet and non-Soviet values.

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Zhu, Min, Fei Chen, Xiaoxiang Chen, and Yuxiao Yang. "The more the better? Effects of L1 tonal density and typology on the perception of non-native tones." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (September 21, 2023): e0291828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291828.

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This study investigates the effects of L1 tonal density and typology on naïve listeners’ perception of L2 Cantonese tones and pitch-equivalent pure tones. Native speakers of two canonical tone languages (Vietnamese and Mandarin) and a pitch-accent language (Japanese) with varying degrees of tonal density were recruited as listeners in a discrimination task followed by a perceptual assimilation task. Results implied that Mandarin listeners with a sparser tone inventory exhibited significantly better performance than Vietnamese listeners, suggesting that denser tonality in L1 did not facilitate or even interfere with L2 tone perception. Furthermore, both groups of canonical tone listeners processed pitch contours in a domain-general manner, with comparable performance in the perception of lexical tones and pure tones. However, Japanese listeners of the pitch-accent language perceived pure tones better than lexical tones, showing a domain-specific mechanism. These findings suggest that both L1 tonal density and typology may modulate the perception of non-native tones.

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Gravely, Brian. "DOM AND NON-CANONICAL WORD ORDER IN ROMANCE: THE CASE OF GALICIAN." Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics 22, no. 2 (2020): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/bwpl.22.2.1.

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In this article, I investigate the link between VSO-VOS orders and differential object marking (DOM) via novel data from Galician. I present an analysis that sheds light on what may be required for a language to license DOM via movement, a requirement once thought necessary for licensing DOM that has recently been discredited on the basis of an overwhelming amount of cross-linguistic data (cf. Kalin 2018). I also show evidence for the variation regarding featural specification of DPs that must be differentially marked, adding to the highly variable factors that contribute to the appearance of DOM on nominal objects in natural language. Focusing on full DP objects, I conclude that licensing DOM in Galician is predicated on both the level of animacy of postverbal nominals and object shift in VOS configurations.

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Hook, Peter. "Semantics and Pragmatics of Non-Canonical Word Order in South Asian Languages: of lag- ‘Begin’ as an Attitude-Marker in Hindi-Urdu." Lingua Posnaniensis 53, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10122-011-0010-9.

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Semantics and Pragmatics of Non-Canonical Word Order in South Asian Languages: <Verb-Left> of lag- ‘Begin’ as an Attitude-Marker in Hindi-Urdu This paper examines possible motivations for departures from canonical clause-final word order observed for the finite verb in Hindi-Urdu and other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Depiction of speaker attitude in Premchand's novel godān and the imperatives of journalistic style in TV newscasts are shown to be prime factors. The emergence of V-2 word-order in Kashmiri and other Himalayan languages may have had a parallel history.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-Canonical Language'

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